第十一章财务报表分析

合集下载

《财务管理》(张玉英)PPT 财务管理11

●
●●
●
●
●●
●
●
●
●
第一节财务报表分析概述
二、财务报表分析评价标准 (三)社会标准
行业标准
社会
地区标准
标
准
国内标准
国际标准
●
●●
●
●
●●
●
●
应用广泛
内容讲解
第二节财务报表分析的基本方法
一、比率分析法二、因素分析法三、趋势分析法
●
●●
●
●
●●
●
●
●
第二节财务报表分析的基本方法
一、比率分析法
●
●●
●
●
●●
●
●
●
第二节财务报表分析的基本方法
三、趋势分析法
(一)多期比较分析
【例11-2】表11-2是N公司连续4年的利润表资料，按此编制的变动差额与百分比报表如表11-3所示。
表11-2 单位：万元
项目营业收入
减：营业成本营业毛利
减：营业税费减：期间费用营业利润加：营业外损益利润总额减：所得税净利润
●
●●
●
●
●●
●
●
●
第一节财务报表分析概述
一、财务报表分析目的
财务报表分析
是以企业财务报表及其他有关财务资料为基础，
对企业财务活动的过程和结果进行的研究评价过程。
●
●●
●
●
●●
●
●
●
第一节财务报表分析概述
一、财务报表分析目的
财务报表基本分析内容
企业偿债能力资产管理比率盈利能力发展能力分析

财务报表分析与运用杰拉尔德课后答案英文版第十一章

Chapter 11 SolutionsOverview:Problem Length Problem #s{S} 1 - 4, 9, 11, 12, 15, 16, 21, 22{M} 5, 7, 8, 10, 13, 14, 17, 18, 20, 23, 24 {L} 6, 19, 251.{S}(i) Interest expense = 12% x $10,000 (beginning balance oflease obligation) = $1,200.(ii)The lease obligation will be reduced by $100 ($1,300 - $1,200) leaving an obligation of $9,900.(iii)Cash from Operations will be reduced by the interest payment of $1,200. Cash from investing activities willnot be affected. (However, the firm will report thecapi tal lease as a “noncash investment and financingactivity.” Cash from financing will be reduced by theamount of the principal payment of $100.(iv)Under an operating lease there is no lease obligation on the balance sheet. The only effect on income isRent Expense of $1,300. Similarly, CFO is reduced by$1,300. (CFI and CFF are not affected).2.{S}(i) In a take-or-pay arrangement, a company contracts tobuy or pay for a certain amount of a supplier’scommodity at a predetermined price over a stated timeperiod. The company, by entering the contract, incursan economic liability. However, since it is only acontract, no accounting liability is recorded on thebalance sheet – it is off balance sheet.(ii) In a sale of receivable, a company “sells” its receivables to a third-party, usually a financialinstitution. Typically, the sale is made at adiscounted price from the face value and the sellermay retain some or all of the default risk. The sale,in substance, is a financing arrangement with thereceivables being used as collateral. However, underGAAP, the transaction is treated as a sale and thedebt does not appear on the balance sheet.(iii)A joint venture represents an investment of 50% or less by one company (the “investor”) in anothercompany. Under GAAP, since ownership is not over 50%,the assets and liabilities of the joint venture neednot be consolidated with the parent’s assets andliabilities. Hence, any debt taken on by the jointventure remains off balance sheet even when theinvestor is liable for the debt.11-13.{S} Effect of choice of interest rate on lessee:4.{S}a. Pallavi must capitalize the lease because the leaseagreement contains a bargain purchase option. Notethat the lease also meets one other capitalizationcriterion: The present value of minimum lease paymentsexceeds 90% of the fair market value of the equipment(see part b for computations).b. The fair market value of the asset is $125,000. Thepresent value of the MLPs is $127,785 (at 8%, thelower of the lessee and lessor rates); the asset mustbe capitalized at the (lower) fair market value. (Notethat the lease obligation is the sum of the presentvalues of the MLPs and the bargain purchase option –the latter is not provided.)11-2c.Leases must be capitalized at the lesser of thepresent value of lease payments or the fair value ofthe lease; in this case, the lease must be capitalizedat the fair value of $125,000.d. The existence of the bargain purchase option requiresdepreciation over the estimated economic life of theasset rather than the (shorter) lease term.e. The option creates the presumption that the asset willbe held past the expiration date of the lease.Otherwise it must be assumed that use of the assetwill revert to the lessor at expiration, requiring thelessee to depreciate the leased asset over the(shorter) lease term.5.{M}a. The following states the effects of Tolrem using thecapital lease method as compared with the operatinglease method.(i) Cash from operations is higher as only theinterest portion of lease expense is deductedfrom operating cash flows; total lease expense isdeducted for operating leases.(ii) Financing cash flow is lower for capital lease, as part of lease rental is treated asamortization of liability and classified asfinancing cash outflow.(iii)Investing cash flow is not affected by the lease treatment. However, the firm will report capitalleases in the statement of cash flows (or afootnote) as noncash investment activities.(iv) Net cash flow reflects the actual rental payment and is unaffected by the financial reportingtreatment of the lease.(v) Debt/equity ratio is higher for capital lease, as it records the present value of minimum leasepayments as debt and reduces net income (andtherefore equity) in first year.(vi) Interest coverage ratio is usually (not always) lower for capital lease method, which reportsinterest expense but also higher EBIT, see (vii).For coverage ratios well above 1.0, the ratiowill decline. If the increase in interest expenseexceeds the increase in EBIT, the ratio willdecline even for firms with very low coverageratios.11-3(vii)Operating income is lower for operating lease because the total lease payment is an operatingexpense; for capital lease, interest portion oflease expense is nonoperating.(viii)Net income is higher for operating lease; total lease expense (interest plus depreciation) ishigher for capital lease.(ix) Deferred tax assets are higher for capital lease;as lease treatment for tax purposes is unaffectedby accounting choice, capital lease will generatea deferred tax asset as taxable income (operatinglease) exceeds pretax income (capital lease).(x) Taxes paid are unaffected by choice of method.(xi) Pretax return on assets is higher for operating leases as pretax income is higher and no assetsare reported as the result of the lease; acapital lease reduces income and reports leaseassets. Post-tax return on assets is higher forthe same reasons.(xii)Pretax return on equity: both pretax income and equity are higher for operating than for capitalleases. The higher pretax income should increasethe ratio in all but exceptional cases. Post-taxreturn on equity should be higher for same reason.However as increase in post-tax income equals(for first year) increase in equity, there may bemore exceptional cases.b. Net income (viii) will be lower for the operatinglease after the "crossover" point. As total net income over the life of the lease is unaffected by the accounting choice, higher net income (operating lease) in the early years must be offset by lower net income in later years.c. Consistent use of the operating lease method in placeof capitalization will not change the direction of the effects shown in part A, but will increase their magnitude. In aggregate, new leases will keep Tolrem from reaching the crossover point for net income, keeping net income and return ratios higher than if the leases were capitalized.11-46.{L}a. and b.4 payment annuity of $10,000 per year at 8%). Assuming zero residualvalue, depreciation = $43,121/5 = $8,624.2Interest expense = 8% x ($43,121 - $10,000) = $2,650Caramino's EBIT is $1,376 higher; Aglianico reportsrental expense but no depreciation expense since itdoes not record an asset. Because total lease expense(depreciation plus interest) is higher than the leaserental, Caramino's EBT is lower by $1,274. After adeferred income tax offset of $510, Caramino's netincome is $764 lower.Caramino's deferred tax debit (asset) results from thedifference between financial reporting (capital lease)and tax reporting (operating lease). The $1,274 timingdifference results in a deferred tax debit of $1,274x .40 = $510c. andd. Comparison of Cash Flow Statementshave been collected by the end of the year.11-5Caramino reports higher cash from operations by $10,000. Since the tax rate is 40%, Aglianico (operating lease firm) reports aftertax operating cash outflow of $6,000. Caramino (capital lease firm) pays no interest but, since it uses the operating lease method for taxes, receives a tax deduction of $4,000 for the annual payment of $10,000. Caramino's aftertax operating cash inflow is $4,000.The difference ($6,000 + $4,000 = $10,000) is recorded by Caramino as a financing cash outflow; this is the amount of the lease payment considered a reduction of the capitalized lease liability for 2002. [Note that the lease payment made on January 1, 2002 has no interest component; there is no accrued interest as the lease has just begun. Interest accrued during the year will be paid January 1, 2003.]e. There is no impact on investing cash flow for eitherfirm. Caramino would report the present value of the capital lease as a noncash investment activity.f. The net cash outflow for each firm is the leasepayment of $10,000 less the tax deduction of $4,000 (40% tax rate). Only the classification of cash flow components is affected by the lease method used.g. By using the capital lease method, Caramino reportshigher debt and lower income. However the firm also reports higher cash from operations. The choice of method may reflect different debt covenants or simplya preference among financial characteristics.11-67.(M) a. Since it is the first year:Capital lease obligations $2,596,031Repayment of capital lease obligations 3,969Capital lease at inception $2,600,000b. Amortization expense =$2,600,000 - $2,479,570 = $120,430Assuming the asset is being amortized on a straightline basis over the lease term, the lease term =$2,600,000/$120,430 = 21.6 or 22 yearsTotal expense = interest + amortization =$120,430 + $223,733 = $344,163c. CFO was reduced by the interest expense of $223,733and CFF was reduced by the “repayment of capital leaseobligations” of $ 3,969d. Free cash flows should be reduced by $2,600,000 – the“cost” of the leased asset.e. (i) Lease expense would be lease payment =$223,733 + $3,969 = $227,702(ii) CFO would be reduced by lease payment of $227,702f. Using 1999 payment only: $223,733/$2,600,000 = 8.6%Using all the payments, we have exact MLP’s for thesix years 1999 –2004. The “thereafter” MLP’s totaling$4,596 thousand are spread over 16 years; i.e. $287.25thousand/year. Equating this stream to the presentvalue of $2,600,000 yields a rate (IRR) of 9.3%.The two methods yield rates within “range” of eachother especially when we consider that the ratederived from the first method is typically downwardbiased.11-78.{M}a. The adjustment involves the addition of the interestcomponent of minimum lease payments to stated interestexpense. The adjustment reflects a partial, de factocapitalization of operating leases.(i)Unadjusted Ratio of Earnings to Fixed Charges:Pretax earnings $ 2,363,646Interest on indebtedness 68,528Earnings before interest and taxes (EBIT) $ 2,432,174Fixed Charges:Interest on indebtedness $ 68,528Unadjusted Ratio of Earnings to Fixed Charges 35.5X(ii) The unadjusted ratio is almost four times the adjusted ratio. Note: the SEC rule that governsthis calculation assumes that the interestcomponent is one-third of the MLP. The trueinterest component may be higher or lower,changing the coverage ratio.b. Reported debt-to-equity = $550,000/$2,233,303 = 0.25c. Calculation of amounts adjusted for leasecapitalization:The Limited, Inc.1999 Working Capital Position and Capitalization Table1 Working capital is reduced by the principal component of the 2000MLPs calculated as$436,670 = [($643,828 - (.06 x $3,452,628)],where $3,452,628 is the present value calculated in note 2 below.2 Present value of MLPs using an interest rate of 6%. The “thereafter”MLPs are spread using the constant rate assumption; ($502,880 in 2005and 2006 and $422,102 in 2007).11-89.{S} Note: all amounts in $millionsa. Debt to equity = ($2,416 + $235)/$4,448 = 0.60b. (i) Interest portion of 2001 payment = $63-$39 = $24Therefore interest rate = $24/$235 = 10.2%(ii)Using the constant rate assumption yields theThe IRR that equates the above to $235 is 7.9%c. Under the constant rate assumption, the payment streamto be discounted at 10.2% isThe present value is $7,435d. Adjusted debt-to-equity is($2,416 + $235 + $7,435)/$4,448 = 2.27The adjustment increases the ratio almost four-fold.The real effect is greater as equity would be lower ifDelta had capitalized its operating leases at theirinception.e. After adjustment, both AMR’s and Delta’s ratios are atsimilar levels of 2.3x.Had the lower rate been used, the present value ofDelta’s operating lease would be significantly higheras would its debt-to-equity ratio.f. The adjustments are appropriate for two reasons(1)To obtain the appropriate levels of the ratio foreach firm. For both companies, the reported ratiosunderstate their financial leverage.(2)For comparison purposes. Before adjustment,Delta’s ratio at 0.6x is 50% lower than AMR’s 0.9x.After adjustment, that superiority is removed asboth firms have similar ratios.11-910.{M}a. The following MLP stream is assumed (€ million):At a rate of 7%, the present value is €505.3 millio nb. (i) €1,294/€14,145 = 0.09(ii)(€1,294 + €505)/€14,145 = 0.13c.Another assumption would be to find a decline ratefrom the initial payment of €166.5 such that the sumof the years 2 to 5 payments using that decline rateequals €275.2; i.e. solve for d i n the followingequation(d + d2 + d3 + d4 ) x €166.5 = €275.2The above can be solved by trial and error and thesolution is d = 67.66% with a MLP stream of €112.6,€76.2, €51.5 and €34.9.Using this MLP stream would increase the present valueof the operating lease obligation.11.{S}a. We use the constant rate assumption, yielding thefollowing payment stream (€ millions)At a discount rate of 7%, the present value is €12,543.b. (i) Reported debt-to-equity = €1,294/€14,145 = 0.09Adjusted for part a:(€1,294 + €12,543)/€14,145 = 0.98(ii) Adjusting for operating leases as well(€1,294 + €12,543 + €505)/€14,145 = 1.0111-1012.{S}a. The cash outflow of $25.6 million represents thedecrease in the balance of sold but uncollectedreceivables ($192.8 - $167.2). It represents netcollections (by Arkla as the firm continues to servicethe receivables) of receivables sold; amountscollected from previously sold receivables were paidto the purchasers of those receivables.b. Receivables sold but uncollected as of 12/31/93 can bededuced to be:Outstanding 3/31/94 $118.7 millionDecrease during quarter 107.7Outstanding 12/31/93 $226.4 millionc. The required adjustments to Arkla's CFO for quartersended:March 31, 1994 March 31, 1995 Cash outflow $107.7 $25.6These amounts are the decrease in receivables soldduring the respective quarters. The adjustment isrequired because the cash flow was recognized when thereceivables were sold rather than when customers paid.This adjustment produces a measure of CFO based onwhen the receivables were collected.13.{S} All amounts in $millionsa. (i) Current ratio was increased by 15% from 1.61 to1.86 as a result of receivable sale.Reported = $686/$369 = 1.86Adjusted = ($686 + $153.1)/($369 + $153.1) = 1.61 (ii) & (iii)Average receivables as reported =.5($546 + $312) = $429Adjusting for sale of receivables would increaseaverage receivables by.5($153.1 + $115) = $134 to $563Reported turnover = $2,951/$429 = 6.88# of days = 365/6.88 = 53 daysAdjusted turnover = $2,951/$563 = 5.24# of days = 365/5.24 = 70 daysAs a result of the receivable sale the cash cyclelooked better than it really was by (70 –53) =17 days and the receivables turnover “improved”from 5.24 to 6.8811-11b. Reported debt/equity = $1,096/$950 = 1.15Debt should be adjusted upwards by the receivablessold to ($1,096 + $153.1 =) $1,249.1 with a resultantdebt to equity ratio of $1,249.1/$950 = 1.31.c. Reported cash flow from operations increased by $154million from ($96) million to $58 million. Theseamounts were inflated by the increase in receivablessold and should be adjusted by that increase:Adjusted CFO 1998 = ($96) – ($115 – $103.3) = ($107.7)Adjusted CFO 1999 = $58 - ($153.1 – $115) = $19.9After removing the effects of the receivable sales,CFO increased by $127.6 million from ($107.7) millionto $19.9 million. The actual level and trend in CFO isconsiderably lower than the amounts reported.14.{M}a.11-12The sale of receivables allowed the company to show an improved receivable turnover and cash cycle; the improvement was more significant for 1999 as the amount of receivables sold increased and sales declined.b. The effect on the current ratio is minimal as the sameamount is added to both numerator and denominator of the ratio and that ratio is close to 1. The debt-to-equity ratio adjustment is more significant in 1999 due to the increase in receivables sold and the lower equity amount.c. As the calculation below indicates, both the level andtrend in CFO are overstated as a result of the sale of receivables.11-1315.{S}a. The cash from investment amounts are equivalent to thechange in the “Receivables sold by Funding topurchaser”. (Reca ll that 1997 was the first year ofreceivable sales.)b.receivable balances 17% to 21% less than their actuallevels.c. The sale of receivables should be reported as cashfrom financing as they are, in effect, borrowings(using receivables as collateral).16.{S} Aluminum producers that have take-or-pay contracts forenergy and/or bauxite have converted significantvariable costs into fixed costs. Therefore, theirmarginal costs are much lower than if these contractshad not been entered into. Under these conditions,aluminum producers will continue production as long asrevenue exceeds marginal costs, even though they losemoney based on total costs.17.{M}a. By transferring receivables to a (unconsolidated)subsidiary, Lucent removed the receivables from itsreceivable balance and reported them as “Investments,”a somewhat different asset category. Analyticaladjustment is required to eliminate the artificialreported “improvements” in receivables turnover, thecurrent ratio and the cash cycle.b. The adjustment requires adding $700 million (inaddition to the balance of uncollected receivables) tothe 1999 accounts receivable and current assets. Theeffect is to increase the growth in receivables,reduce the receivable turnover and increase the numberof days receivables outstanding. This adjustmentreinforces the conclusion (see text page 381) thatLucent’s receivables growth outpaced the growth insales. On the other hand, the adjustment improves the1999 current ratio.11-14Note: The bold values indicate which amounts were altered from Exhibit 11-4. The Exhibit 11-4 amounts for those items affected by the adjustment are shown in parentheses.11-1518.{M}a. Debt should be increased by:$ 20 million (present value of operating lease)5 (guarantee)7 (present value of take-or-pay agreement)$ 32 millionThere is no effect on equity as each obligation isoffset by a corresponding asset:Leased assets for operating leaseReceivable for Crockett's obligation to repay debtSupply agreementThe recomputed debt-to-equity ratio is:($12 + $32)/$20 = 2.2X as compared to .6X beforeadjustmentb. Additional interest expense is:Lease (effective interest rate is about 18%).18 x $20 = $3.6 millionBond guarantee .10 x 5 = 0.5Total $ 4.1 millionBefore adjustment, the interest expense is $1.0 millionand the times interest earned ratio is 5.0, implyingEBIT of $5.0 million.After adjustment, the ratio is:($5.0 + $4.1)/($1.0 + $4.1) = 1.78XNo adjustment has been made for the take-or-paycontract, as it does not affect 1993 interest expense.Adjustments in future years will be based on theimplicit interest rate of 21%.c. Reasons for entering into off-balance-sheet obligations:1. Avoidance of or mitigation of the risk of violatingdebt covenant restrictions.2. Leased assets revert to lessor after eight years,limiting risk of obsolescence.3. Guarantee of Crockett's debt may lower interestcosts, increasing profitability of investment.4. Contract with PEPE secures source of supply andpossibly advantageous pricing.11-16d. Additional information needed for full evaluation:1. (Lease) Useful life of leased assets; conditionsunder which lease can be canceled; nature ofleased assets.2. (Guarantee) Financial condition of Crockett; bondcovenants.3. (Take-or-pay) Alternate sources of supply;quantity to be purchased relative to total needs;price provisions of contract.19.{L}a. As the table below indicates, the declining paymentassumption using a 92% declining rate (the averagerate over the first five years (2000 - 2004)) is agood approximation for JC Penney. The present value is$3,320; a deviation of one-half of one percent fromthe stated present value of $3,302. If the constantpayment assumption is made, the error is about fourpercent.11-17b. Using only the first year payment: Payment = $66 andcurrent portion = $16; therefore interest portion = $50 and interest rate = $50/$417 =12%.Using all payments:Constant payment assumption implies MLP’s of $54 from 2004 through 2017 and $12 in 2018. Equating this payment stream to $417 yields an IRR of 11.8%For the declining payment assumption, we would use a declining rate of 95%, the average of (2000 - 2004).Using this rate yields an IRR of 10.44%The rate seems to be between 10.4%-12%. Given that two of the methods yield estimates closer to the high end of the range, using a rate of approximately 11.5% would be an appropriate estimate.c. The rate used by Sears is somewhat higher than that ofJ.C. Penney. That may be a function of (1)higher credit rating for Penney, (2)differing risk characteristics of the leased properties, or (3) Sears leases were entered into in periods of higher interest rates.d. Given the rapid decline over the first four years, wechoose to use the declining payment assumption. Usinga decline rate of .86 (the average over the first fiveyears) and a discount rate of 11.5% (from part b), the present value of the operating leases is $1,375 million.11-1820.{M} Adjusting for the operating lease results in adeterioration of the ratios in each case.* Year 2000 MLP = $352. Interest portion is equal to 11.5% x $1,325 = $158; Therefore, current portion of debt = $352 -$158 = $194** Present Value of operating leases as calculated in Problem 19 part d.† Assumes interest this year (1999) is approximately equal to next year’s (2000) interest levels.Note: No adjustment is made for pretax income, which maybe higher or lower depending on the age” of the lease.The earlier (later) in the lease term, expense is higher(lower) for the capital lease. On average the expense isidentical.As we do not know the relative age of theleases we assume no change.11-1921.{S} Sears’ MDA reports securitized (credit card) balancessold of $6,579 and $6,626 million in 1999 and 1998respectively. Adjusting for these balances (in 1999)requires adding $6,579 to accounts receivable andcurrent liabilities (assuming the debt is short-term)and increasing CFO by ($6,626 – $6,579) $47 million. Asthe table below indicates, the impact on these threeratios is considerable.22.{S} The adjusted ratios are poorer than those based on Sears’reported data. The adjustment for securitization ofreceivables accounts for far more of the impact than theoperating leases.Note: See problems 11-19, 11-20, and 11-21 for explanation of these adjustments11-2023.{M}a. Using th e constant rate assumption (MLP’s of $59million from 2004 - 2017 and $8 million in 2018), theimplicit interest rate is 4.19%.Note that Texaco has not guaranteed all of this lease.The total present value of the guaranteed portion ofthe lease is approximately ($336/44%) $764 million.b. The rate is somewhat lower than the 5% - 5.5% ratecalculated for Texaco in the chapter (page 385).c. Equilon may have less debt (in relation to theirassets) than Texaco, or the nature of its business (orof the leased assets) may be operationally less risky.The leases may have been entered into when interestrates were especially low.Assets are higher because inventory is replaced with (higher) receivables because of the recognition of manufacturing profit. Assets remain higher throughout the lease term.Revenues are higher in Year 1 as the sales-type lease recognizes a sale whereas the operating lease method does not. In later years, interest revenue from the sales-type lease should be lower than lease revenue for the operating lease. This effect is more pronounced over time; in year 9, interest income is low given the small remaining receivable.The revenue effect increases the asset turnover ratio in the first year. But the revenue effect reduces turnover in the ninth year.11-21Expenses are higher in year 1 due to the recognition of cost of goods sold. In later years, there is no expense for the sales-type lease; the operating lease method reports depreciation expense in every year, however.Initial period income and income-related ratios are higher for the sales-type lease because the sale (and income) is recognized at the inception of the lease. In later years, however, income is higher for the operating lease.Income taxes paid are the same since the lease cannot be considered a completed sale for tax purposes.Cash from operations is higher for the first year due to recognition of the sale (the investment in the lease is classified as an investing cash outflow). In later years the operating lease method shows higher cash from operations as rental income exceeds the interest income recorded for the sales-type lease (income taxes paid are the same).[See Exhibit 11-8 and the accompanying text for further explanation of these effects.]25.{L}a. The present value of the minimum lease paymentsreceivable of $170,271 (at 10%, the lower of lesseeand lessor rates) is more than 90% of the fair marketvalue of $185,250. Therefore, the lessee, Baldes,should capitalize the lease. It would be useful toknow whether the lessee has guaranteed the residualvalue of the leased asset.b. Leased assets $ 170,271Long-term lease obligation 167,298Current portion of lease obligation 2,973Total lease obligation $ 170,271Note that there are no income or cash flow statementeffects at the inception of the lease.11-2211-23c. (i) Balance sheet effects of capital lease:No impact on balance sheet if operating lease method applied. [Deferred tax assets reflecting the difference between total expense under the two methods would also be reported.](ii) Income statement effects of capital lease:1Interest expense for: 2001 = .10 x $170,271 2002 = .10 x $167,298 2Deprecation expense = $170,271/20 for each yearThe income statement would show lease expense of $20,000 each year under the operating lease method.(iii) Statement of cash flow effects of capital lease:The operating lease method reports $20,000 cash outflow from operations for each year.。

《审计学：原理与案例》教学课件11舞弊

B 已向注册会计师披露了其对舞弊导致的财务报表重大错报风险的评估结果
C 已向注册会计师披露了已知的涉及管理层、在内部控制中承担重要职责的员工以及其舞弊行为可能对财务报表产生重大影响的其他人员的舞弊或舞弊嫌疑
D 已向注册会计师披露了从现任和前任员工、分析师、监管机构等方面获知的、影响财务报表的舞弊指控或舞弊嫌疑
释与心态）
- 漠视监控和降低盗用资产风险的需要。
- 凌驾于现有控制之上，漠视对盗用资产的控制。
- 容忍不重要的偷窃行为。
机会
- 对资产的内部控制不足，例如职责分离或独立核查、管理层对员工的监督等。
- 有大量现金经手。 - 固定资产体积小，适于销售，或者缺乏显而易见的所有权标识
思考1（单选题）下列哪项属于侵占资产的手段（）。 A 贪污收入款项 B 隐瞒可能影响财务报表金额的事实 C 滥用或随意变更会计政策 D 构造复杂的交易以歪曲财务状况或经营成果
询问待续
1.注册会计师应当向管理层询问的事项包括：（1）管理层对舞弊导致的财务报表重大错报风险的评估；（2）管理层对舞弊风险的识别和应对过程；（3）管理层就其对舞弊风险的识别和应对过程与治理层沟通的情况；（4）管理层就其经营理念及道德观念与员工沟通的情况。
2.向内部审计人员询问的主要内容包括：（1）内部审计人员对被审计单位舞弊风险的认识；（2）内部审计人员在本期是否实施了用以发现舞弊的程序；（3）管理层对通过内部审计程序发现的舞弊是否采取了适当的应对措施；（4）内部审计人员是否了解任何舞弊事实、舞弊嫌疑或舞弊指控。这里，舞弊事实是指已经实际发生的舞弊行为的有关情况；舞弊嫌疑是指怀疑可能会构成舞弊行为的有关情况；舞弊指控是指对舞弊行为的举报、投诉等方面的有关情况。

中级会计实务难度章节排行

中级会计实务难度章节排行1. 引言中级会计实务是财经类专业学生在本科阶段学习的一门重要课程。

通过学习中级会计实务，学生可以掌握一定的会计知识和技能，为将来从事财务管理、审计等相关职业打下坚实的基础。

本文将从难度角度对中级会计实务的各个章节进行排行，并详细介绍每个章节的内容和难点。

2. 章节排行根据大多数学生反馈和教师经验，以下是中级会计实务各个章节的难度排行：1.第六章：固定资产与无形资产2.第七章：投资性房地产3.第九章：金融工具4.第十二章：所得税5.第十一章：企业合并与购并业务6.第四章：财务报表分析7.第三章：成本核算与管理会计8.第五章：预算与预测下面将对每个章节进行详细介绍。

3. 章节内容与难点3.1 第六章：固定资产与无形资产本章主要介绍了固定资产和无形资产的会计处理方法。

其中，固定资产包括房屋、设备、机器等长期使用的资产，无形资产包括专利权、商标权等非物质性的资产。

难点：固定资产的计量和摊销方法，如何确定无形资产的使用寿命。

3.2 第七章：投资性房地产本章主要介绍了投资性房地产的会计处理方法。

投资性房地产是指企业为获取租金或增值而持有的房地产。

难点：投资性房地产的初始确认和后续计量，如何确定租金收入和评估增值。

3.3 第九章：金融工具本章主要介绍了金融工具的会计处理方法。

金融工具包括股票、债券、衍生品等各种金融合同。

难点：金融工具分类和确认标准，如何进行公允价值计量和准确披露。

3.4 第十二章：所得税本章主要介绍了企业所得税的会计处理方法。

企业所得税是指企业根据利润额向国家交纳的一种税收。

难点：所得税负债计算和确认，如何处理递延所得税资产和负债。

3.5 第十一章：企业合并与购并业务本章主要介绍了企业合并与购并业务的会计处理方法。

企业合并是指两个或多个独立存在的企业通过合并形成一个新的企业，购并是指一家企业通过收购另一家企业来实现扩张。

难点：合并方式选择和会计处理，如何确定被购买方的公允价值。

《财务分析》教学大纲(含章节知识点)

《财务分析》教学大纲教学目的：财务分析实际上是在会计信息供给（会计学）与会计信息需求（财务学、经济学、管理学等）之间架起的一座桥梁。

财务分析是财务分析主体为实现财务分析目标，以财务信息及其他相关信息为基础，运用财务分析技术，对分析对象财务活动的可靠性和有效性进行分析，为经营决策、管理控制及监督管理提供依据的一门具有独立性、边缘性、综合性的经济应用学科。

通过本课程的教与学，一方面使学生掌握财务分析的基本理论与基本方法；另一方面使学生明确作为财务分析师或分析人员应如何阅读与分析财务报表、如何分析财务活动状况、如何评价财务绩效等等。

财务分析无论对企业的所有者、债权人、经营者、职工，还是对政府、客户、供应商等都是十分重要的。

财务分析将为各分析主体进行财务预测、财务决策、财务控制和财务评价等提供可靠信息。

课程概述：财务分析是以财务报告资料及其他相关资料为依据，采用一系列专门的分析技术和方法，对企业等经济组织过去和现在有关筹资活动、投资活动、经营活动、分配活动的盈利能力、营运能力、偿债能力和增长能力状况等进行分析与评价，为企业的投资者、债权人、经营者及其他关心企业的组织或个人了解企业过去、评价企业现状、预测企业未来，做出正确决策提供准确的信息或依据的经济应用学科。

本课程将全面系统地介绍财务分析的基本理论、基本方法和基本应用领域，包括四篇十三章内容：第一篇为财务分析概论，本篇包括财务分析理论、财务分析信息基础和财务分析程序与方法三章内容。

第二篇为财务报告分析，本篇包括资产负债表分析、所有者权益变动表分析、利润表分析和现金流量表分析四章内容。

第三篇为财务效率分析，本篇包括企业盈利能力分析、企业营运能力分析、企业偿债能力分析和企业发展能力分析四章内容。

第四篇为财务分综合分析和评价，本篇包括综合分析和业绩评价和企业价值评估两章内容。

课程性质：财务分析是会计学专业和财务管理专业的专业基础课和专业核心课，也是金融学专业及工商管理其他专业的基础课程。

会计学11章习题及答案

第十一章财务报表一、单项选择题1.会计报表中项目的数字直接来源于（）。

A.原始凭证B.记账凭证C.日记账D.账簿记录2.财务报表是指企事业单位对外提供的反映企事业单位某一特定日期财务状况以及某一会计期间经营成果、现金流量等会计信息的文件，主要是由（）组成的。

A.资产负债表和利润表B.资产负债表、利润表和现金流量表C.会计报表和财务情况说明书D.会计报表和附注3.将报表分为静态报表和动态表示按报表的（）划分的。

A.服务对象B.编报主体C.编报时间D.经济内容4.资产负债表中的报表项目（）。

A.都是根据账户余额直接填列B.都是对账户发生额进行分析计算后填列C.大多数项目可以直接根据账户余额填列，少数报表项目需要根据有关账户发生额分析计算后才能填列D.大多数项目可以直接根据账户余额填列，少数报表项目需要根据有关账户余额分析计算后才能填列5.资产负债表中，“应收账款”项目应根据（）填列。

A.“应收账款”总分类账户期末余额B.“应收账款”总分类账户所属明细账的期末余额C.“应收账款”和“应付账款”中所属各明细分类账户的期末借方余额合计D.“应收账款”和“预收账款”总分类账所属各明细分类账户的期末借方余额合计6.多步式利润表是通过多步计算来确定当期损益的，通常把利润的计算分解为（）。

A.营业利润、利润总额、净利润和每股收益B.营业收入、营业利润、应税利润和净利润C.营业收入、营业利润、利润总额和净利润D.营业利润、利润总额和净利润二、多项选择题1.会计报表主要包括（）。

A.资产负债表B. 利润表C.现金流量表D.所有者权益变动表E.报表附注2. 财务报告的使用者有（）。

A.投资者B.债权人C.捐赠者D.上级主管部门和财税部门E.其内部管理人员和广大职工群众3.下列报表中，属于内部报表的是（）。

A.单位报表B.商品产品成本表C.制造费用明细表D.期间费用明细表E.产品成本明细表4. 资产负债表中的“存货”项目应根据（）等账户的期末借方余额之和填列。

陈国辉基础会计第三版第十一章财务会计报告

资产项目：借方余额
教材P216 编制单位：表11—3
教材P215 表11—2
负债、所有者权益项目：贷方余额
资产负债表
会企01表
年月日
单位：元
资产
期末余额年初余额负债和所有者权益期末余额年初余额
流动资产：
流动负债：
货币资金
交易性金融资产其他应收款
应收票据期末余额 160 000 应收账款
正常（预付性质）
总账
预付账款
期末余额 94 000 （预付性质）
教材P215 表11—2
编制单位：
教材P216 表11—3
资产
期末余额
流动资产：
货币资金
交易性金融资产
应收账款
预付账款
200 000
存货预付账款－D企业
（略）期末余额 100 000 （预付性质）
非流动资产：
固定资产应付账款－H企业
资产
期末数负债和所有者权益期末数
正流动资产：
★
货币资金
资产
交易性金融资产总额
及其
应收票据
结构
表应收账款
状况
（略）
流动负债：
短期借款
应财付票务据应状付账况款
实收资本
（略）
★ 负债总额及其结构状况
★ 所有者权益总额及其结构状况
（三）资产负债表正表的格式 1.账户式 ★因其外表形式像“T”形账户而得名。
财务会计的目标
（三）财务会计报告的种类 ●按编报时间可分为年度财务会计报告和中期财务会计报告。
资产负债表
（财务状况）
资产负债
会计所有者权益主体
1234

会计原理与实务：财务报表分析

#
例题：某一公司的流动比率是1.65，用其盈余的现金归还流动负债的20%，这对流动比率有什么影响？〔〕
A、流动比率下降大于20%
B、流动比率下降小于20%
C、流动比率提高大干20%
D、流动比率提高小于20%
参考答案：D
#
11.3 获利能力分析
评价企业是否成功，利润的多少是个非常重要的指标。但是，通过与以前年度的业绩相比〔纵向〕以及与同一市场的竞争对手的业绩相比〔横向〕，从而推断企业是如何成功经营的，同样很重要。
#
应该了解的几个小知识：
购置原材料后应付账款马上投入生产周转天数
原/生
20天
产品完工后马上销售出去
完/销
收回现金
现金
30天
存货周转天数
30天
应收账款周转天数
60天经营周期
60-20=40天，叫现金周期，即现金缺口
#
3、存货周转天数=平均存货额/销售本钱X365 平均存货额=〔期初存货+期末存货〕/2
赊销净额=销售收入-现金销售-销售退回、折扣平均应收账款=(期初应收账款+期末应收账款)/2 这个指标反映了应收账款的平均收款时间。如果应收账款周转时间比以前年度缩短了，则说明企业的偿债能力提高了。
#
应收账款周转时间用月来计算，则为30天，用季度，则为90天。按季度做时，最好用移动法，即1－3月计算一次， 2－4月计算一次，3－5月计算一次，依此类推。假设1－5月的计算结果分别是20天、25天、30天，就要注意：看看各个季度应收账款的变化情况。假设应收账款随着时间的推移不断提高，则没问题，否则可以是客户的信用出现了问题。#11.Fra bibliotek 偿债能力分析

第十一章行政单位财务报表解析

少应当披露下列内容：遵循《行政单位会计制度》的声明；单位整体财务状况、预算执行情况的说明；财务报表中列示的重要项目的进一步说明，包括其主要构成、增减变动情况等；重要资产处置、资产重大损失情况的说明；以名义金额计量的资产名称、数量等情况，以及以名义金额计量理由的说明；（天然起源的资产）或有负债情况的说明、一年以上到期负债预计偿还时间和数量的说明；（行政诉讼）以前年度结转结余调整情况的说明；有助于理解和分析财务报表的其他需要说明事项。
一、“年初各项资金结转结余”项目及其所属各明细项目，反映行政单位本年初所有资金结转结余的金额。
应当与上年度收入支出表中“年末各项资金结转结余”中各明细项目的数额相等。
收入支出表年报的填列
二、“各项资金结转结余调整及变动”项目及其所属各明细项目，反映行政单位因发生需要调整以前年度各项资金结转结余的事项，以及本年因调入、上缴或交回等导致各项资金结转结余变动的金额。
预算会计
第十一章行政单位财务报表
财务报表的概念及分类
财务报表是反映行政单位财务状况和预算执行结果等的书面文件，由会计报表及其附注构成。会计报表包括资产负债表、收入支出表、财政拨款收入支出表等。
资产负债表：反映行政单位在某一特定日期财务状况的报表。应当按照资产、负债、净资产分类、分项列示。
?一年初各项资金结转结余?六年末各项资金结转结余财政拨款收入支出表年报项目年初财政拨款结转结余调整年初财政拨款结转结余归集调入或上缴单位内部调剂本年财政拨款收入本年财政拨款支出年末财政拨款结转结余结转结余结转结余结转结余一公共财政预算资金项目年初财政拨款结转结余调整年初财政拨款结转结余归集调入或上缴单位内部调剂本年财政拨款收入本年财政拨款支出年末财政拨款结转结余结转结余结转结余结转结余一公共财政预算资金一基本支出1

第十一章财务报表趋势分析方法

第二节趋势报表分析方法
趋势报表分析方法的含义

（一）趋势报表分析方法的基本含义

趋势报表分析是将一定时期内（两期或连续数期）的财务报表数据在同一报表上予以并列列示，直接观察比较各期有关项目的增减变动的方向、数额和幅度，以判断企业的财务状况和经营成果变动情况及发展趋势的一种财务报表分析方法。
财务报表分析方法
陈少华/主编
厦门大学出版社
21世纪会计学系列教材
Hale Waihona Puke 第十一章–第一节 –第二节 –第三节 –第四节
财务报表趋势分析方法
财务报表趋势分析概述趋势报表分析方法财务报表时间序列预测方法预测财务报表及其敏感性分析方法
第一节
财务报表趋势分析概述
财务报表趋势分析的含义

（一）财务报表趋势分析的基本含义
趋势报表分析方法的类型

通过表11-3财务比率的趋势比较，结合财务比率视角一章的内容，我们可以对春兰公司作出如下的判断：（1）净资产收益率：1999年度春兰公司净资产收益率为18%，2000年度为16%，降低了2个百分点，春兰股份指标值的下降反映了运营效益的降低。（2）主营业务毛利率：春兰股份在家电行业竞争激烈的情况下仍能取得1999年的获利水平，在行业中排名亦属于前列。主营业务比率与1999年基本持平，仍达到97%的水平，说明若2001年行业情况变动不大，企业收益可保持相对稳定。
趋势报表分析方法的类型
（3）总资产报酬率：春兰股份2000年总资产报酬率较 1999年略有下降，但是在同行业中仍保持相对较高的水准。另外，春兰股份2000年该指标值高于市场资本利率，说明企业可适当扩大举债规模，充分利用财务杠杆为股东赚取更多的收益。（4）流动能力和现金能力：根据表11-3，春兰股份短期偿债能力和现金能力的各项比率中，2000年度的流动比率、速动比率比1999年度显著提高。（5）资产负债率：春兰股份的资产负债率2000年不超过30%，一方面反映出企业的经营稳健，另一方面也反映企业未能充分利用财务杠杆。

第11章以财务报告为目的的评估(资产评估学PPT)

（二）合并对价分摊基准日
合并对价分摊除了考虑购买日之外，在可能的情况下尽量选择有利于开展评估工作的时点作为基准日。合并对价分摊是确认被收购方可辨认资产、负债及或有负债的公允价值，这里的关键因素是估值，估值就要合理确定基准日。从评估角度来看，通常评估基准日的选择以会计报表日为基础，便于获取比较完整的财务数据和时点的资产负债数据。所以，在可能的情况下，评估师应当与会计师、审计师商量，建议选择合理的基准日。
第三部分要素贡献了企业利润的一部分，但无法通过一定的物质载体来显示，在进行合并对价分摊时不作为考虑因素。从资产评估的角度看，通常可以采用适当的方法确定各项资产、负债或有负债的公允价值，从而求取净资产公允价值，收购价格与净资产公允价值之间的差额即为商誉或负商誉。由此说来，合并对价分摊的过程，其实就是寻找被合并方的核心价值构成要素的过程。
5、以财务报告为目的评估的价值类型通常为公允价值或特定价值，有关公允价值或特定价值的定义、要求需遵从会计准则的要求。
需要指出的是狭义的以财务报告为目的的评估对评估主体，即注册资产评估师或执业评估师有着严格的定义，但广义的以财务报告为目的的评估对评估主体并无严格要求。
二、以财务报告为目的的评估在国际上的产生与发展
我国以财务报告为目的评估的定义秉承了资产评估基本准则对评估定义的模式，对以财务报告为目的的评估的主体、依据、手段、评估对象、价值类型等予以了明确。
1、以财务报告为目的评估的的评估主体是注册资产评估师，基于我国对资产评估行业的管理，其主体不仅指注册资产评估师，也包括注册资产评估师所在的资产评估机构。
（四）合并对价分摊的内容
从会计的角度讲，构成企业核心价值的要素主要分三部分：
（1）记录在资产负债表中的资产、负债，它们是企业生产经营的基础和前提，如流动资产、固定资产等。

房地产企业财务报告

• 通过资产负债表的比较,可以显示企业资本结构的合理性和财务风险, 尤其是为债权人评价企业资本对负债的保障程度提供了信息.通过资产负债表并结合利润表资料,还有助于向投资者解释、评价企业的经营绩效以及综合发展能力.
• 二、资产负债表的结构和内容
• 资产负债表是以“资产＝负债＋所有者权益”会计恒等式为理论基础的.
上一页下一页返回

第二节资产负债表的编制
• 资产负债表由表首、基本部分和补充资料三部分组成. • 表首列有报表名称、编制单位、报表编号、编报日期和金额单位等项
目.由于资产负债表是反映期末资金静态的报表,所以编报的日期应填写报告期末最后一天的日期. • 基本部分是资产负债表的主体,分为左、右两部分. • 资产负债表左部分的项目分为流动资产和非流动资产两大类.
上一页下一页返回
第五章儿童舞蹈创编
• 第一节儿童律动、歌表演、集体舞的创编 • 第二节儿童表演舞的创编
第一节儿童律动、歌表演、集体舞的创编
• 一、儿童律动 • 律动是儿童所喜爱的音乐活动之一，它以音乐为基础，以
模仿为标志为手段。通过艺术特殊的美感作用，可以使儿童加深对音乐形象的理解，，以舞蹈提高儿童对自然事物的艺术表现能力。律动教学是幼儿园对儿童进行节奏训练的一门主课，不仅给儿童以艺术美的享受，而且作为一种教育手段也能培养儿童良好的生活习惯，陶冶他们的心灵和情操。 • 律动的内容可以是单一动作的模仿，也可以是几个动作的组合;还可以让儿童在音乐伴随下，全身心地投入活动气氛中，按自己的想象，根据音乐的特点，编出各种动作。在这种欢乐的气氛中，可以很好地发展儿童的想象力和创造力。幼儿园的律动活动，是为了配合唱歌、音乐游戏和舞蹈学习而选择的;
• 二、财务报告的构成

《财务管理》第11章财务分析

（一）按比较内容分类 1.会计报表项目比较 2.会计报表项目构成比较
构成比率效率比率相关比率
3.财务比率比较
2019/12/20
14
第十一章财务分析
（二）按比较对象分类 1.与本企业历史比——趋势分析法 2.与同类企业比——横向比较 3.与计划预算比——差异分析 •应注意的问题计算口径一致性剔除偶发因素运用例外原则
2019/12/20
11
第十一章财务分析
三、财务分析的内容 •一般内容
偿债能力、营运能力、盈利能力、发展能力和获取现金能力 •不同利益相关人财务分析的重点内容
投资人、债权人、经营者、供应商、客户、政府、雇员、中介机构
2019/12/20
12
第十一章财务分析
四、财务报告本身的局限性 •1.以历史成本报告资产 •2.假设币值不变 •3.要求预计损失而不预计收益 •4.按年度分期报告，不能提供反映长期潜力的信息 •5.会计政策选择的影响 •6.财务报告的真实性问题
注意是否规范、是否有遗漏、是否有反常现象 •7.审计报告及注册会计师的信誉 •8.比较基础问题——参照标准
同业标准、历史数据、计划或预算本身问题
2019/12/20
13
第十一章财务分析
第二节财务分析方法
一、比较分析法比较分析法是指将两个或两个以上可比数据进行对
比，从而揭示差异和矛盾的财务分析方法。
①
项目
第一20次05替年代：6%2×006.年8×2=9.6% ②
权益净利率第二8次% 替代：6%×9%0.5×2=6% ③ 销售净利率第三5次% 替代：6%×6%0.5×3=9% ④
资产周转率 0.8
0.5

(整理)十一章财务分析题库 (2).

第十一章财务分析一、单项选择题：1．企业的财务报告不包括（）。

A．现金流量表B．财务状况说明书C．利润分配表D．比较百分比会计报表2．资产负债表不提供下列（）财务信息。

A．资产结构B．负债水平C．经营成果D．资金来源状况3．现金流量表中的现金不包括（）。

A．存在银行的外币存款B．银行汇票存款C．期限为3个月的国债D．长期债券投资4．下列财务比率反映企业短期偿债能力的有（）。

A．现金流量比率B．资产负债率C．偿债保障比率D．利息保障倍数5．下列财务比率反映企业营运能力的有（）。

A．资产负债率B．流动比率C．存货周转率D．资产报酬率6．下列经济业务会使企业的速动比率提高的是（）。

A．销售产成品B．收回应收账款C．购买短期债券D．用固定资产对外进行长期投资7．下列各项经济业务不会影响流动比率的是（）。

A．赊购原材料B．用现金购买短期债券C．用存货对外进行长期投资D．向银行借款8．下列各项经济业务会影响到企业资产负债率的（）。

A．以固定资产的账面价值对外进行长期投资B．收回应收账款C．接受所有者以固定资产进行的投资D．用现金购买股票9．在财务分析中，最关心企业资本保值增值状况和盈利能力的利益主体是（）。

A．企业所有者B．企业经营决策者C．企业债权人D．政府经济管理机构10．如果流动比率大于1，则下列结论成立的是（）。

A．速动比率大于1 B．现金比率大于1C．营运资金大于零D．短期偿债能力绝对有保障11．衡量企业偿还到期债务能力的直接标志是（）。

A．有足够的资产B．有足够的流动资产C．有足够的存货D．有足够的现金12．运用杜邦财务分析体系的核心指标是（）。

A．总资产报酬率B．总资产周转率C．自有资金利润率D．销售利润率13．下列分析方法中，属于财务综合分析方法的是（）。

A．趋势分析法B．杜邦分析法C．比率分析法D．因素分析法14．权益乘数是指（）A．1÷（1－产权比率）B．1÷（1－资产负债纺）C．产权比率1÷（1－产权比率）D．资产负债率1÷（1－资产负债率）15．有形净值债务率中的“有形净值”是指（）。

第十一章非营利组织与政府财务管理

事业发展计划和任务编制的年度财务收支预算。
（一）非营利组织的预算管理
1．年度收入预算可以按照以下项目编制：（1）捐赠收入，是非营利组织接受其他组织或个人捐赠所取
得的收入。（2）会费收入，是非营利组织按规定向会员收取的会费收入。（3）提供服务收入，是非营利组织向服务对象提供服务取得
的收入。（4）政府补助收入，是非营利组织接受政府机构财政拨款取
二、非营利组织财务管理的特征
（一）非营利组织的财务活动
由于非营利组织不以营利为目的，其财务活动与企业组织的财务活动有所不同。
非营利组织的财务活动亦表现为资金运动。由于非营利组织的非营利性与公益性，非营利组织的资金运动不谋求资金提供者的经济利益。非营利组织的财务活动包括两个环节。
（一）非营利组织的财务活动
9、我们的市场行为主要的导向因素，第一个是市场需求的导向，第二个是技术进步的导向，第三大导向是竞争对手的行为导向。21.8.1921.8.19Thursday, August 19, 2021
10、市场销售中最重要的字就是“问”。15:59:2815:59:2815:598/19/2021 3:59:28 PM
（三）非营利组织财务管理特征
2.财务活动以当期收支平衡为目标。非营利组织资金的取得与使用，尽量做到当期收支平衡。在正常情况下，资金流入会略大于资金流出，形成财务资源的结余，但财务资源结余一般不能超过一定的比例。
（三）非营利组织财务管理特征
3.以社会责任为目标。非营利组织管理者的受托责任是一种广泛的社会责任，其目的在于按照财务资源提供者的意愿，为社会提供良好的公益服务。非营利组织管理者的业绩考评，不但包括财务指标体系，更主要的是社会指标体系。

财务报告分析电子书(3篇)

第1篇目录第一章引言第二章财务报告概述第三章财务报表分析第四章财务比率分析第五章财务报表综合分析第六章财务报表分析工具与方法第七章财务报表分析在实际中的应用第八章财务报表分析的风险与注意事项第九章总结第一章引言随着市场经济的发展，企业财务报告分析已成为企业管理者、投资者和分析师等各界人士关注的重要领域。

财务报告是企业对外展示其财务状况、经营成果和现金流量等方面的信息窗口。

通过对财务报告的分析，可以了解企业的经营状况、盈利能力、偿债能力、发展潜力等，为决策提供有力支持。

本电子书旨在为读者提供系统、全面的财务报告分析知识，帮助读者掌握财务报告分析的技巧和方法。

第二章财务报告概述2.1 财务报告的定义与作用2.2 财务报告的构成2.3 财务报告的编制原则2.4 财务报告的披露要求第三章财务报表分析3.1 资产负债表分析3.1.1 资产分析3.1.2 负债分析3.1.3 股东权益分析3.2 利润表分析3.2.1 收入分析3.2.2 成本费用分析3.2.3 利润分析3.3 现金流量表分析3.3.1 经营活动现金流量分析3.3.2 投资活动现金流量分析3.3.3 筹资活动现金流量分析第四章财务比率分析4.1 偿债能力比率4.1.1 流动比率4.1.2 速动比率4.1.3 资产负债率4.2 运营能力比率4.2.1 存货周转率4.2.2 应收账款周转率4.2.3 总资产周转率4.3 盈利能力比率4.3.1 毛利率4.3.2 净利率4.3.3 净资产收益率4.4 发展能力比率4.4.1 营业收入增长率4.4.2 净利润增长率4.4.3 资产增长率第五章财务报表综合分析5.1 财务报表综合分析的意义5.2 财务报表综合分析方法5.2.1 趋势分析法5.2.2 对比分析法5.2.3 因素分析法5.3 财务报表综合分析案例第六章财务报表分析工具与方法6.1 财务报表分析软件6.2 数据分析软件6.3 财务模型构建6.4 案例分析第七章财务报表分析在实际中的应用7.1 投资决策7.2 信贷决策7.3 企业并购7.4 企业绩效评价第八章财务报表分析的风险与注意事项8.1 数据来源风险8.2 分析方法风险8.3 分析结论风险8.4 注意事项第九章总结通过对财务报告的分析，可以全面了解企业的经营状况和财务状况，为决策提供有力支持。