施工组织设计中英文对照外文翻译文献
施工组织设计英文版
CONTENTS1.SCOPE ----------------------------------------------------------------------12.BASIS--------------------------------------------------------------------- --13.PROJECT DESCRIPTION-----------------------------------------------14.ENVIRONMENT OF FIELD CONSTRUCTION--------------------25.CONSTRUCTION PERIOD AND FIELD CONSTRUCTION-----26.RETEST OF BASE--------------------------------------------------------27.STEEL ELEMENTS ENTERING SITE AND ACCEPTANCE-----28.ERECTION PLAN OF DOOR TYPE STRCTURE STEEL---------29.ERECTION PLAN OF GRID STRUCTURE--------------------------410.FIELD WELDING---------------------------------------------------------411.FIELD PATCHING-UP----------------------------------------------------512.MIDDLE STRUCTURE ACCEPTANCE------------------------------513.INSTALLATION PLAN OF CLADDING SYSTEM-----------------5PLETION ACCEPTANCE-----------------------------------------615.CONSTRUCTION OVERALL ARRANGEMENT-------------------716.QUALITY GUARANTEE SYSTEM-----------------------------------817.QUALITY GUARANTEE MEASUREMENT------------------------918.QUALITY CONTROL AND GUARANTEE MEASUREMENTFOR SUBITEMS---------------------------------------------------------10 APPENDIX TABLE A: USING EQUIPMENT FORCONSTRUCTION--------------------------------------------------------------11 APPENDIX TABLE B: USING TOOL FOR CONSTRUCTION TABLEA--------------------------------------------------------------------------12 APPENDIX TABLE C：LABOR PLAN ARRANGEMENT TABLE----------------------------------------------------------------------------13 APPENDIX 1: FIELD GROUND PLANE DRAWING (WITH EXPLANATION)APPENDIX 2: CONSTRUCTION PROGRESS PLAN TABLE1.SCOPEThis construction management plan is written for the construction management of Yanbu petrochemical Complex U&O project plant building steel structure and it is the guiding document in the course of construction of this project.This construction management plan is only valid after being checked and approved.2.BASISContract2.1.1Buying contract for structure steel2.1.2Installment contract for structure steel2.2Drawing2.2.1Approved structure drawing by owner2.2.2Approved fabrication drawing by owner2.3References:2.3.1AWS D 1.1: 20002.3.2GB-50205-20012.3.3GB/T 50326-20062.3.4A01-S022.3.5B02-S012.3.6B02-S022.3.7ASTM2.3.8MANUAL OF HSE3Project Description3.1Introduction of Project3.1.1Project Name:YanBu petrochemical complex u&o project plantbuilding steel structure3.1.2 Project site: Yanbu of Saudi3.1.3 Project contents: light steel structure shop, grid3.1.4 Main structure: door type steel frame with part of second floor and grid3.1.5 Construction area: approximate 20600㎡3.2 Structure Description:3.2.1 Unit maintenance shop: axis:25m×25.6m;area:625㎡;cornice height:6m; roof panel:630㎡;wall panel:450㎡.3.2.2 Chemical warehouse: axis: 49.2m×92.4m;area:4546㎡;cornice height: 7.935; roof panel:4550㎡;wall panel:2200㎡.3.2.3 Central warehouse building(temporary dimension):axis:76.9m×64m; area:4921㎡;with high and low span(cornice of high span is 14.95m and cornice of low span is 7.95m); roof panel:4800㎡;wall panel:3100㎡3.2.4 Central maintenance building: projective axis of first floor:103m×64m; projective axis of second floor:103m×28.9m; area:6592㎡+2977㎡; cornice of primary shop:9.7m; cornice of secondary shop:7.95m; roof panel:6700㎡; wall panel:3100㎡3.2.5Grid 1(temporary): elevation of canopy top:9.2m; 42m×41m 1722㎡; top panel is polycarbonate lighting panel3.2.6 Grid 2(temporary): elevation of canopy top:8.2m; 26m×43m 1118㎡; top panel is polycarbonate lighting panel3.2.7 EPS sandwich panel will be used for the cladding of this project (temporary)4. Environment of field construction4.1 Field environment requirements:Jobsite is located in petrochemical industrial area of Yanbu economic and technical development district, residential area and office are separated from jobsite. Residential area is equipped with electricity and water facility, dormitory, office and canteen, jobsite is well equipped with safety facility.4.2 Requirements for construction condition:Base bolts of Unit maintenance shop, central maintenance shop and chemical warehouse will be completed before Feb.10,2007, backfilling is completed. Concrete cure will satisfy the strength requirement of erection and movement of 25T crane and 8T lift truck in jobsite. There should besufficient space to pile up steel elements.5. Construction period and field construction5.1 The overall construction period of this project is 60 days. If every shop is constructed separately, the construction period should be counted as 45 days for each shop.5.2 The construction order of each shop is: base retest→erection of steel column→erection of bea m→forming of frame uni t→installment of brace, purlin, wall beam and tie ro d→adjustment of structur e→acceptance of structur e→applying of claddin g→installment and adjustment of flashing plat e→complete acceptance6. Base Retest6.1 Base retest must be conveyed before the erection of structure.6.2 Base retest should be done after receiving of measuring data of base bolts.6.3 Base construction accuracy should the following requirements:6.3.1 Allowable tolerance for base top elevation is±3mm.6.3.2 Base flatness should be less than L/1000.6.3.3 Central deflection of anchor bolt should be less than 5mm.6.3.4 Central deflection of pre-punched hole is less than 10mm.7. Steel elements entering jobsite and Acceptance7.1 The first batch of steel elements are elements of chemical warehouse,central maintenance shop and unit maintenance shop; The second batch of steel elements are elements of central warehouse and grid. The erection and construction should conform to this plan.7.2 The steel elements of this project will be transported by sea so the long and big elements will be bulk and short and small members will be transported in container.7.3 Check the packing list when the steel members are transported to jobsite and check the number of members according to packing list and goods sending list. If there are any discrepancies in the number, check with goods-delivery company.7.4 convey visual inspection, if there are any problems such as paint dropping or deflection caused by transportation, report it in time.7.5 Apply for inspection for jobsite entering materials and provide relative test data and report. Full-scale acceptance should be done for configuration and dimension of steel members and submit handling plan for unqualified items.8 Erection plan of door type structure steel8.1 Requirements for jobsite equipmentsLift truck and truck crane will be used in this project. For central maintenance building, two 25T cranes will be used in the same time to promote efficiency and one 25T crane for the erection of other threebuilding. In erection, there should be good driving condition for crane and lift truck to move on jobsite. Assure that the ground is flat and has been tamped and the base is up to design strength before erection.8.2 Preparation before erection:Before erection, make sure that positioning axis, base axis and elevation, anchor bolt diameter and length have been checked and transfer acceptance has been conveyed. Check the number, diameter, bolt hole position and diameter and place of connection plate; mark erection central line of column top and bottom end and horizontal elevation in 1m high position of column; check all mark of steel column. Construction will be started only after it conforms to the requirements of design drawing and any rectifications such as incorrect horizontal position and incorrectly setting connection bolts should be submitted in written documents to owner and be approved by owner.8.3 Auxiliary preparation before the erection of steel column:Before the erection of steel column, rig, rope and falling-resistance machine should be fixed on the column and wind bracing rope should also be prepared according to specification.8.4 The erection and rectification of steel column:8.4.1 Use crane to erect the steel columns after they have been put in the right position. In order to promote the efficiency, in transportation, uselifting truck to put the steel column in the right position according to its axis. In laying the column, try to let the bundling point, central point of base column and foundation in the same circle.8.4.2 In erection, hoist should slowly erect the bundled column away from ground about 20cm and then stop; check the stability of cable and hoist, open rotating brake then put down column about 40-100mm from ground; aim at the base line, direct the hoist then insert the column into anchored bolt for temporary fixation. Hoist can only be removed from cable after the column has been preliminarily rectified and the verticality tolerance is within 20mm. The verticality of steel column should be checked by theodolites and rectify it if there is any tolerance. In rectification, notice whether there is any separation between the bottom of column and elevation backing plate and avoid any horizontal tolerance caused in the course of rectification.18.4.3 Two theodolites will be installed on the longitudinal and transverseaxis to vertically rectify and measure the column. First, aim at vertical flange of column base plate or central line then gradually aim above to the top of column, the deviation of central line from sight indicates that the column is not vertical and make it vertical by adjusting the tie rope or bracing as well as knocking the column. In the actual practice, rectification often happens after rows of columns have been erected and at that time install the two theodolites on one side of longitudinal and transverse axis, the deviation from central line should not be large than 2m. Re-rectification of steel column should be done in erecting roof frame or vertical steel elements.8.5 The erection and rectification of steel beam8.5.1 The main testing item in this project is verticality and it can be tested by hung ball. After test, the qualified roof frame should be fixed with high strength bolts.8.5.2 Moveable platform should be used in the connection of bolts and the installment of close joint plate to ensure the safety of working in high place.8.5.3 Moveable platform should be used to fixation and final tweak of high strength bolts.8.6 Installment of purlin and bracing system8.6.1 Purlin and bracing system should be helpful for the erection of steelstructure and cross operation should be taken.8.6.2 Pulley will be used in the installment of purlins and the installment requirements should be: bolts’hole should be aimed corrected and tweaking and fastening extent should be reasonable. According to the specification of purlin and using location, it should be put in the relative position of roof and wall by manual work using pulley and then be installed.8.6.3 Bracing should be installed in time according to relative requirements and installment location should be correct and up to design requirements; ensure the overall rigidity and stability of steel structure. 8.6.4 Wind bracing rope shall be installed to ensure the stability of frame and avoid instability caused by strong wind.8.7 Structure rectificationAfter erection, rectification of verticality and flatness between steel members should be conveyed in time. In order to ensure the installment position correctness of continuous steel members, column and horizontal bracing should be installed in time and these bracing also need rectification. When adjusting column bracing, lock one end and loose another and in the time column has been rectify to vertical, lock the bracing to a tense condition but avoid cause any damage to elements by locking too tensely. Adjust horizontal bracing using ridge point as thecentral point from eaves to roof ridge system and rectify roof beam to keep roof vertical. Anyway, lock the oblique bracing only after all elements have been rectified to vertical position.8.8 Set life lineSet life line in time after frame has been completed, for detail safety plan, see EHS.8.9 Installment of corner bracingOrdinary beam corner bracing should be connected from ground to roof beam and fixed to roof purlin with bolts after erection.8.10 The installment of tie rod and barAdjust the flatness of purlin in the time of installing tie rod and bar of wall and roof and rectify the deflection of purlin caused by transportation or piling up.8.11 The connection of high strength bolts8.11.1 Fastening order of joint bolt: fastening order in the same plane: fasten from middle to two ends.8.11.2 Construction order of high strength boltsUnless required by design, Inserting direction of high strength bolts should be based on the convenience of construction. Bolts around the frame should be fixed into the interior side of steel structure; bolts inside frame should be fixed according to specification. Fixing direction of highstrength bolts in the same joint should be uniform.8.12. Construction of high strength bolts8.12.1 The high strength bolts are large hex head high strength bolts and “torque method” will be taken as the construction method.8.12.2 Use torque wrench in the construction of high strength bolts and control torque strictly in the course of construction.8.12.3 Initial tweak and final tweak will be used in the tweaking of high strength bolts and the torque of initial tweak is 0.5 time of construction torque.8.12.4 The test for torque coefficient of high strength bolts should be taken before the construction of high strength bolts.8.12.5 Torque inspection of final tweak should be done within 48h after 1h later of the completion of final tweak of high strength heavy hex head bolts set.8.12.6 The calculation equation of torque value: construction torque value=torque coefficien t×standard construction pretension valu e×bolt nominal diameter8.12.7 Record in the course of tweaking9. Erection plan for grid structure9.1 construction preparation9.1.1 Scaffold shall be used in the erection of grid and the advantage of itis convenient and fast, the platform of scaffold can also be used for the materials piling platform.9.1.2 In order to control and rectify the coordinate position, four controlling point should be set for each grid.9.1.3 Tamp the area around temporary platform of spliced grid to ensure the stability of scaffold.9.1.4Scoring and positioning: position the scaffold according to dimension and upper and low chord of grid.9.2 Erection order of grid:Preparatio n→scoring and positionin g→organization of scaffol d→install upper chord, fastening central chord and rectify small unit gri d→initial installment of grid complete d→rectificatio n→weld pedesta l→acceptance9.3 Splicing order of grid9.3.1 The method of splicing triangular support is: first, find the ball and rod in this position and then one installing worker find out the ball hole position, butt connect two central rod separately, tweak sleeve bolt with wrench or pipe tongs, then another worker install upper chord, the third worker aim bolt to relative ball hole, fasten the upper chord with wrench or pipe tongs. In the course of fastening, central chord installing worker shake the rod member to tweak the rod member to ball as tight as possible.After above procedure is completed, install another upper chord.9.3.2 The working method of pushing triangular support in the course of grid construction: dispatch two workers on the upper joint of chord and another two workers on the lower joint of chord; these four workers find out ball holes correspondent with member bar and quickly fasten the bolt between member bar and ball. The four workers should work at the same time and cooperate dexterously and last two works install lower chord bar and ball.10. Field welding10.1 Groove weld shall be used for the field welding of this project and for the welding connection type, refer the construction drawing.10.2 For welding material and workmanship, refer general explanation of design drawing.10.3 weld rods should be baked before welding and keep in insulate bucket in the time of field welding.10.4 Check the mark of the steel members before welding and begin to weld after making sure there are no mistakes.10.5 Strictly control the quality of welds in the course of welding and operate in strict accordance with welding workmanship.10.6 Clear away slag after the completion of each weld; grind the welds and stamp the number of welder.10.7 Nondestructive flaw detection test will be used for welds.10.8 Weld the base plate after the rectification of steel structure.10.9 The welding of platform beam will be carried out only after it has been rectified and the final tweak of high strength bolt has been completed.10.10 For the welding of backing plate of crane beam, weld the surrounding area of backing plate after the crane beam has been erected and rectified. Safety measure such as “hung basket” shall be used in the process of welding.11. Field patching up11.1 Field patching up should be done if there is any damage to paint caused by delivery, loading, unloading, cutting or electric welding and patching up must conform to SES A01-02.11.2Sample areas of each finish shall be provided before proceeding with remainder of field painting.11.3 Sample areas shall be retained as project standard for the remainder of work.11.4 Areas used as project standard shall be one (1) square meter minimum surface area.11.5 Surrounding area of damaging place shall be grinded to smooth transitional layer to ensure the smooth transition of patching-up place.11.6 Evaluate the damaged paint film and make out a patching-up plan before the start of patching up.11.6 .1 Finish damaged(primer in good condition): grind with abrasive paper or grinding sheet and clean surface with thinner, patch up intermediate paint to design thickness then patch up finish paint.11.6.2 Primer damaged (without rust): grind with abrasive paper or grinding sheet, patch up primer to design film thickness then patch up intermediate and finish paint.11.6.3 Damage to plate and the place of burning out paint film rusted: grind to St 3 grade with grinding sheet, patch up the primer to design dry film thickness and then patch up intermediate and finish.12 Acceptance of intermediate structure12.1 Inform owner to check and accept the steel structure in written form after the erection and rectification has finished and the final tweak of high strength bolt has been completed.12.2 Provide relative structure acceptance data in the time of check and acceptance.13. Installment plan of cladding system13.1 Jobsite-entering inspectionCladding panel shall be transported in container and by sea. Check the cladding panel seriously according to goods-sending list and packing listafter it enters into the jobsite, the damage and deflection condition of plate is the focus of inspection.13.2 General requirements for installment13.2.1 The installment of cladding panel should take account of normal wind direction and lap connection of rib plate shall be against normal wind direction.13.2.2 Fix self drilling screw vertically to cladding panel and purlin, aim the center on purlin and make sure that the screws are drilled in one line.13.2.3 Check the flatness of two ends of plate after installing every 5-6 plates and rectify in time if tolerance occurs.13.3 Piling and delivery of material13.3.1 Handling: Professional shoulder pole and erecting band shall be used for the erection and delivery of bundled sandwich plate. Erection style such as triangle type formed by lifting hook and sandwich is forbidden. Begin to erect only after finding erecting balance point and erect one bundle after another, put on ground lightly. During erection, put plate on roof in the installment direction and avoid unnecessary turning of panel. For the handling of single panel, according to the length and weight of panel, use 3-5 workers to handle to avoid the deflection of panel. During handing, don’t drag panel on other panels or objects to avoid causing damage to finish.13.3.2 Field storage: Sleeper, foamed plastics or other materials shall be used to underlay panels and don’t put sandwich panels on the ground. 13.3.3 Piling up place of sandwich panels should be far away from other naked material to avoid the rusting materials of those steel materials float on the color panels and contaminate it.13.3.4 When sandwich panels are piled up, heavy objects are forbidden to put on panels and stomping on panels is forbidden to avoid any damage to finish. Roof panels should be put nearby the roof frame and piling up other materials on the installed panel is forbidden.13.3.5 Lighting panel should be placed separately and steel plate or other objects are forbidden to put on it.13.4 Installment of roof and wall panel13.4.1 Check the verticality and spacing of roof purlin and wall beam in accordance with dimensions on drawing.13.4.2 Be familiar with drawing and typeset according to the requirements of drawing.13.4.3 Self drilling screw shall be used in the fixation of roof and wall panels.13.5 Other notes13.5.1 Only nailless and flat soft shoes are permitted to wear when walking on the roof panel.13.5.2 The fixing order of screw should be in the same direction of panel installment and fixing screw in the opposite direction is forbidden.13.5.3 Field cutting or treating of plate ends is advised to be done on the ground and it is forbidden to cut adjacent to other plates. In the condition of operation on the roof, cutting on other roof panels is forbidden. When cutting, the face of panel should face to ground and clear away the swarf on the panel and neighboring panel in time. Electric scissor may be used to clear away the rusted swarf caused by cutting.13.5.4 Clear away all swarf and sundries on the roof and wall everyday after the finish of daily installment.13.5.5 The panel that has been erected to roof and waited to be installed next day needs to be bundled.13.6 The installment of flashing plateColorful plate shall be used for the flashing plate of roof and wall and it shall be fixed to the roof and wall panels with self drilling screw and rivet. For the specification, spacing and number of flashing plate and self drilling screw, see construction drawing.13.7 The installment of gutterDuring the installment of gutter hung outside of colorful plate, care should be taken for the connection between gutter and roof panel, waterproof treatment of lap joint between gutters.14. Completion acceptance14.1 Completion acceptance may be submitted in written form after the application of cladding panel has finished and local defects have been patched up.14.2 Completion acceptance of steel structure is the symbol of finish of steel structure.14.3 Whole steel structure data need to be submitted in the time of completion acceptance.15. Construction overall arrangement15.1 For Construction management institution, see following diagram15.2 The arrangement of field personnel:One project manager of jobsite project department, five managerial staff, 30 installment workers dispatched from China for field installment. If there is any need, Employ workers from local labor market at the busy time of construction.15.3 The responsibility of project managerial staff15.3.1 Project manager15.3.1.1 Responsible for organizing and directing the application of this project and responsible for owner.15.3.1.2 Responsible for establishing project management department; manage production factor needed for this project, such as talent, capital, material and equipment.15.3.1.3 Responsible for handling exterior relationship relative for this project.15.3.1.4 Responsible for the cooperation relationship between contractor and subcontract.15.3.1.5 Overall responsible for quality, safety, construction period, cost and civilized construction of project.15.3.2 Constructor and quality inspector15.3.2.1 responsible for field management and cooperation in the course of construction and handle other things under the leading of project manager.15.3.2.2 Responsible for labor management, civilized construction, equipment maintenance and the management of operator.15.3.2.3 Responsible for quality management and control in the course of construction.15.3.3 Technician who are also in charge of data:15.3.3.1 Responsible for the coordination and handling of technology in the whole course of construction.15.3.3.2 Responsible for compiling of construction plan, construction technology management data and statistics plan.15.3.3.3 Responsible for quality inspection and test data of all sub-items in the process of construction; collection and settling of all quality records data; collection, settling and package of construction completion data.15.3.4 People in charge of materials15.3.4.1 Responsible for buying and counting of steel members, the check of members’ mark and the management of piling up area.15.3.4.2 Responsible for summing up, counting and check of installmentproject volume.15.3.4.3 Responsible for the usage and management of jobsite materials and installment equipments.15.3.5 People in charge of safety15.3.5.1 Responsible for the safety inspection and control in the whole course of construction, check the reliability and effectiveness of safety technology measurements.15.3.5.2 Responsible for checking the hidden danger of jobsite and compiling and carrying out rectification measures.15.3.5.3 Supervise and control safety measures such as operation in high place, edge operation, power cut, providing electricity and sparking caused in operation and ensure the construction safety of this project. 16. Quality assurance system16.1 For the quality assurance system, see following diagram16.2 Quality responsibility of managerial staff:16.2.1 Quality responsibility of project manager:As the most senior leader of project, project manager should be responsible for the whole project and on the base of guaranteeing quality, project manager balance the completion situation of progress plan and economic effectiveness and urge all other managerial staff to bear the “quality first” idea in mind and ensure the implement of quality plan. 16.2.2 Quality responsibility of people in charge of project technology AS the executor of quality control and management of this project, the people who in charge of project technology should be responsible for the whole quality work of this project, such as compiling of quality plan, settlement and implement of quality assurance system, organize and convene technology analysis meeting, carrying out of quality responsibility of all managerial staff and he is also the quality assurance manager.16.2.3 Quality responsibility of constructorAs the project leader who is responsible for production, constructors should take construction quality of project as the primary task and should take account of the impact that construction difficulties bring to construction quality in arranging construction tasks. In normal production inspection, the constructor should carry out inspection according to planand guideline book and organize internal acceptance such as self check, mutual check, shifting check according to specification.16.2.4 Quality responsibility of quality inspector:As the main staff carrying out overall inspection of project construction quality, quality inspectors are required to have relative rich experience and should be hard working, they should have independent handling ability for the discovered quality problems and have relative foreseeing ability in the course of quality inspection. They should provide correct and whole check data, send rectification informing list for discovered hidden danger in time and supervise rectification to let it conform to relative quality requirements.16.2.5 Quality responsibility of construction foreman:As the jobsite director, construction foreman must himself bear in mind the idea “quality first” and carry out quality inspection for construction groups at any time and point out irregular operation. Supervise rectification if the quality can’t be up to grade. Construction foreman is the main compiler of all sub-item construction plan and operation guiding book and conduct the technology communication of every sub-item. 17. Quality assurance measures17.1 quality aim17.1.1 contract performing rate: 100℅。
施工组织设计英文文献翻译 施工组织设计英语翻译 模板
CONSTRUCTION PLANNINGConstruction planning is a basic and challenging activity in the management and execution of project construction. It involves the choice of technology, the definition of work tasks, the estimation of resources and duration required for a single task, and the identification and definition of the interweaving of different work tasks. A good construction planning design is the basis for the budget and work plan. Even if the plan is not written or the plan is formally recorded in other ways, developing a construction planning design is a key task in construction management. In addition to these technical aspects of construction planning design, it may also be necessary to make organizational decisions about the relationships between project participants, and even the relationships between organizations to be included in the project. For example, the extent to which subcontractors are used on a project is often determined during the design of the construction planning.Developing a construction planning design is a very challenging task. The planner starts with the result (that is, the design of the facility) and must synthesize the steps needed toarrive at the result. The basic aspects of construction planning design include generating the required activities, analyzing the meaning of these activities, and choosing among various other ways of performing the activities. Construction planners are also faced with the normative issue of choosing the best of many alternatives. The planner must imagine the final facility described in the plan and specifications.When designing the construction planning, it usually focuses on cost control or schedule control, as shown in the figure below.Some projects are mainly divided into expense categories with associated costs.In these cases, the construction planning design is cost or expense oriented. In the expenditure category, a distinction is made between costs incurred directly in the execution of anactivity and costs indirectly used to complete the project. For example, borrowing costs for project financing and indirect projects are often considered as indirect costs. For other projects, it is important to schedule work activities over time and to emphasize this during the planning process. In this case, planners will ensure that proper priority is maintained between activities and that effective resources are effectively scheduled. Traditional schedulers emphasize maintaining task priorities (causing a critical path scheduler) or efficient use of resources over time (causing a job shop scheduler). Finally, most complex projects need to consider both cost and schedule, so planning, monitoring, and record keeping must consider both. In these cases, the integration of schedule and budget information is a major issue.施工组织设计施工组织设计是项目施工的管理和执行中的一项基本且具有挑战性的活动。
建筑施工中英文对照外文翻译文献
建筑施工中英文对照外文翻译文献建筑施工中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)外文：Building construction concrete crack ofprevention and processingAbstractThe crack problem of concrete is a widespread existence but again difficult in solve of engineering actual problem, this text carried on a study analysis to a little bit familiar crack problem in the concrete engineering, and aim at concrete the circumstance put forward some prevention, processing measure.Keyword:Concrete crack prevention processingForewordConcrete's ising 1 kind is anticipate by the freestone bone, cement, water and other mixture but formation of the in addition material of quality brittleness not and all material.Because the concrete construction transform with oneself, control etc. a series problem, harden model of in the concrete existence numerous tiny hole, spirit cave and tiny crack, is exactly because these beginning start blemish of existence just make the concrete present one some not and all the characteristic of quality.The tiny crack is a kind of harmless crack and accept concrete heavy, defend Shen and a little bit other use function not a creation to endanger.But after the concrete be subjected to lotus carry, difference in temperature etc. function, tiny crack would continuously of expand with connect, end formation we can see without the aid of instruments of macro view the crack be also the crack that the concrete often say in the engineering.Concrete building and Gou piece usually all take sewer to make of, because of crack of existence and development usually make inner part of reinforcing bar etc. material creation decay, lower reinforced concrete material of loading ability, durable and anti- Shen ability, influence building of external appearance, service life, severity will threat arrive people's life and property safety.A lot of all of crash of engineerings is because of the unsteady development of the crack with the result that.Modern age scienceresearch with a great deal of of the concrete engineering practice certificate, in the concrete engineering crack problem is ineluctable, also acceptable in certainly of the scope just need to adopt valid of measure will it endanger degree control at certain of scope inside.The reinforced concrete norm is also explicit provision:Some structure at place of dissimilarity under the condition allow existence certain the crack of width.But at under construction should as far as possible adopt a valid measure control crack creation, make the structure don't appear crack possibly or as far as possible decrease crack of amount and width, particularly want to as far as possible avoid harmful crack of emergence, insure engineering quality thus.Concrete crack creation of the reason be a lot of and have already transformed to cause of crack:Such as temperature variety, constringency, inflation, the asymmetry sink to sink etc. reason cause of crack;Have outside carry the crack that the function cause;Protected environment not appropriate the crack etc. caused with chemical effect.Want differentiation to treat in the actual engineering, work°out a problem according to the actual circumstance.In the concrete engineering the familiar crack and the prevention1.Stem Suo crack and preventionStem the Suo crack much appear after the concrete protect be over of a period of time or concrete sprinkle to build to complete behind of around a week.In the cement syrup humidity of evaporate would creation stem Suo, and this kind of constringency is can't negative.Stem Suo crack of the creation be main is because of concrete inside outside humidity evaporate degree dissimilarity but cause to transform dissimilarity of result:The concrete is subjected to exterior condition of influence, surface humidity loss lead quick, transform bigger, inner part degree of humidity variety smaller transform smaller, bigger surface stem the Suo transform to be subjected to concrete inner part control, creation more big pull should dint but creation crack.The relative humidity is more low, cement syrup body stem Suo more big, stem the Suo crack be more easy creation.Stem the Suo crack is much surface parallel lines form or the net shallow thin crack, width many between 0.05-0.2 mm, the flat surface part much see in the big physical volume concrete and follow it more in thinner beam plank short todistribute.Stem Suo crack usually the anti- Shen of influence concrete, cause the durable of the rust eclipse influence concrete of reinforcing bar, under the function of the water pressure dint would creation the water power split crack influence concrete of loading dint etc..Concrete stem the Suo be main with water ash of the concrete ratio, the dosage of the composition, cement of cement, gather to anticipate of the dosage of the property and dosage, in addition etc. relevant.Main prevention measure:While being to choose to use the constringency quantity smaller cement, general low hot water mire and powder ash from stove cement in the adoption, lower the dosage of cement.Two is a concrete of stem the Suo be subjected to water ash ratio of influence more big, water ash ratio more big, stem Suo more big, so in the concrete match the ratio the design should as far as possible control good water ash ratio of choose to use, the Chan add in the meantime accommodation of reduce water.Three is strict control concrete mix blend with under construction of match ratio, use of concrete water quantity absolute can't big in match ratio design give settle of use water quantity.Four is the earlier period which strengthen concrete to protect, and appropriate extension protect of concrete time.Winter construction want to be appropriate extension concrete heat preservation to overlay time, and Tu2 Shua protect to protect.Five is a constitution the accommodation is in the concrete structure of the constringency sew.2.The Su constringency crack and preventionSu constringency is the concrete is before condense, surface because of lose water quicker but creation of constringency.The Su constringency crack is general at dry heat or strong wind the weather appear, crack's much presenting in the center breadth, both ends be in the centerthin and the length be different, with each other not coherent appearance.Shorter crack general long 20-30 cm, the longer crack can reach to a 2-3 m, breadth 1-5 mm.It creation of main reason is:The concrete is eventually almost having no strength or strength before the Ning very small, perhaps concrete just eventually Ning but strength very hour, be subjected to heat or compare strong wind dint of influence, the concrete surface lose water to lead quick, result in in the capillary creation bigger negative press but make a concrete physical volume sharplyconstringency, but at this time the strength of concrete again can't resist its constringency, therefore creation cracked.The influence concrete Su constringency open the main factor of crack to have water ash ratio, concrete of condense time, environment temperature, wind velocity, relative humidity...etc..Main prevention measure:One is choose to use stem the Suo value smaller higher Huo sour salt of the earlier period strength or common the Huo sour brine mire.Two is strict the control water ash ratio, the Chan add to efficiently reduce water to increment the collapse of concrete fall a degree and with easy, decrease cement and water of dosage.Three is to sprinkle before building concrete, water basic level and template even to soak through.Four is in time to overlay the perhaps damp grass mat of the plastics thin film, hemp slice etc., keep concrete eventually before the Ning surface is moist, perhaps spray to protect etc. to carry on protect in the concrete surface.Five is in the heat and strong wind the weather to want to establish to hide sun and block breeze facilities, protect in time.3.Sink to sink crack and preventionThe creation which sink to sink crack is because of the structure foundation soil quality not and evenly, loose soft or return to fill soil dishonest or soak in water but result in the asymmetry sink to decline with the result that;Perhaps because of template just degree shortage, the template propped up to once be apart from big or prop up bottom loose move etc. to cause, especially at winter, the template prop up at jelly soil up, jelly the soil turn jelly empress creation asymmetry to sink to decline and cause concrete structure creation crack.This kind crack many is deep enter or pierce through sex crack, it alignment have something to do with sinking to sink a circumstance, general follow with ground perpendicular or present 30 °s-45 °Cape direction development, bigger sink to sink crack, usually have certain of wrong, crack width usually with sink to decline quantity direct proportion relation.Crack width under the influence of temperature variety smaller.The foundation after transform stability sink to sink crack also basic tend in stability.Main prevention measure:One is rightness loose soft soil, return to fill soil foundation a construction at the upper part structure front should carry on necessity ofHang solid with reinforce.Two is the strength that assurance template is enough and just degree, and prop up firm, and make the foundation be subjected to dint even.Three is keep concrete from sprinkle infusing the foundation in the process is soak by water.Four is time that template tore down to can't be too early, and want to notice to dismantle a mold order of sequence.Five is at jelly soil top take to establish template to notice to adopt certain of prevention measure.4.Temperature crack and preventionTemperature crack much the occurrence is in big surface or difference in temperature variety of the physical volume concrete compare the earth area of the concrete structure.Concrete after sprinkling to build, in the hardening the process, cement water turn a creation a great deal of of water turn hot, .(be the cement dosage is in the 350-550 kg/m 3, each sign square the rice concrete will release a calories of 17500-27500 kJ and make concrete internal thus the temperature rise to reach to 70 ℃or so even higher)Because the physical volume of concrete be more big, a great deal of of water turn hot accumulate at the concrete inner part but not easy send forth, cause inner part the temperature hoick, but the concrete surface spread hot more quick, so formation inside outside of bigger difference in temperature, the bigger difference in temperature result in inner part and exterior hot the degree of the bulge cold Suo dissimilarity, make concrete surface creation certain of pull should dint.When pull should dint exceed the anti- of concrete pull strength extreme limit, concrete surface meeting creation crack, this kind of crack much occurrence after the concrete under construction period.In the concrete of under construction be difference in temperature variety more big, perhaps is a concrete to be subjected to assault of cold wave etc., will cause concrete surface the temperature sharply descend, but creation constringency, surface constringency of the concrete be subjected to inner part concrete of control, creation very big of pull should dint but creation crack, this kind of crack usually just in more shallow scope of the concrete surface creation.The alignment of the temperature crack usually none settle regulation, big area structure the crack often maneuver interleave;The size bigger structure of the beam plank length, the crack run parallel with short side more;Thorough with pierce throughsex of temperature crack general and short side direction parallelism or close parallelism, crack along long side cent the segment appear, in the center more airtight.Crack width the size be different, be subjected to temperature variety influence more obvious, winter compare breadth, summer more narrow.The concrete temperature crack that the heat inflation cause is usually in the center the thick both ends be thin, but cold Suo crack of thick thin variety not too obvious.The emergence of the this kind crack will cause the rust eclipse of reinforcing bar, the carbonization of concrete, the anti- jelly which lower concrete melt, anti- tired and anti- Shen ability etc..Main prevention measure:One is as far as possible choose to use low hot or medium hot water mire, like mineral residue cement, powder ash from stove cement...etc..Two is a decrease cement dosage, cement dosage as far as possible the control is in the 450 kg/m 3 following.Three is to lower water ash ratio, water ash of the general concrete ratio control below 0.6.Four is improvement the bone anticipate class to go together with, the Chan add powder ash from stove or efficiently reduce water etc. to come to reduce cement dosage and lower water to turn hot.Five is an improvement concrete of mix blend to process a craft, lower sprinkle of concrete to build temperature.Six is the in addition that the Chan add a have of fixed amount to reduce water and increase Su, slow Ning etc. function in the concrete, improvement the concrete mix to match a thing of mobility, protect water, lower water to turn hot, postpone hot Feng of emergence time.Seven is the heat season sprinkle to build can the adoption take to establish to hide sun plank etc. assistance measure control concrete of Wen Sheng, lower to sprinkle temperature of build the concrete.Eight is the temperature of big physical volume concrete should the dint relate to structure size, concrete structure size more big, temperature should dint more big, so want reasonable arrangement construction work preface, layering, cent the piece sprinkle to build, for the convenience of in spread hot, let up control.Nine is at great inner part constitution of the physical volume concrete cool off piping, cold water perhaps cold air cool off, let up concrete of inside outside difference in temperature.Ten is the supervision which strengthen concrete temperature, adopt to cool off in time, protection measure.11 is to reserve temperature constringency to sew.12 is to let up to control, sprinkle proper before building concrete in the Ji rockand old concrete top build a 5 mm or so sand mat a layer or usage asphalt etc. material Tu2 Shua.13 is to strengthen concrete to protect, the concrete after sprinkle build use moist grass Lian in time, hemp slice's etc. overlay, and attention sprinkle water to protect, appropriate extension protect time, assurance the concrete surface be slow-moving cool off.At the cold season, concrete surface should constitution heat preservation measure, in order to prevent cold wave assault.14 is the allocation be a little amount in the concrete of reinforcing bar perhaps add fiber material concrete of temperature crack control at certain of scope inside.5.Crack and prevention that the chemical reaction causeAlkali bone's anticipating the crack that reaction crack and reinforcing bar rust eclipse cause is the most familiar in the reinforced concrete structure of because of chemical reaction but cause of crack.The concrete blend a future reunion creation some alkalescence ion, these ion with some activity the bone anticipate creation chemical reaction and absorb surroundings environment in of water but the physical volume enlarge, make concrete crisp loose, inflation open crack.In this kind of crack general emergence concrete structure usage period, once appear very difficult remediable, so should at under construction adopt valid the measure carry on prevention.Main of prevention measure:While being to choose to anticipate with the alkali activity small freestone bone.Two is the in addition which choose to use low lye mire with low alkali or have no alkali.Three is the Chan which choose to use accommodation with anticipate to repress an alkali bone to anticipate reaction.Because the concrete sprinkle to build, flap Dao bad perhaps is a reinforcing bar protection layer thinner, the harmful material get into concrete to make reinforcing bar creation rust eclipse, the reinforcing bar physical volume of the rust eclipse inflation, cause concrete bulge crack, the crack of this kind type much is a crack lengthways, follow the position of reinforcing bar ually of prevent measure from have:One is assurance reinforcing bar protection the thickness of the layer.Two is a concrete class to go together with to want good.Three is a concrete to sprinkle to note and flap Dao airtight solid.Four is a reinforcing bar surface layer Tu2 Shua antisepsiscoating.Crack processingThe emergence of the crack not only would influence structure of whole with just degree, return will cause the rust eclipse of reinforcing bar, acceleration concrete of carbonization, lower durable and anti- of concrete tired, anti- Shen ability.Therefore according to the property of crack and concrete circumstance we want differentiation to treat, in time processing, with assurance building of safety usage.The repair measure of the concrete crack is main to have the following some method:Surface repair method, infuse syrup, the Qian sew method, the structure reinforce a method, concrete displacement method, electricity chemistry protection method and imitate to living from heal method.Surface repair the method be a kind of simple, familiar of repair method, it main be applicable to stability and to structure loading the ability don't have the surface crack of influence and deep enter crack of processing.The processing measure that is usually is a surface in crack daubery cement syrup, the wreath oxygen gum mire or at concrete surface Tu2 Shua paint, asphalt etc. antisepsis material, at protection of in the meantime for keeping concrete from continue under the influence of various function to open crack, usually can adoption the surface in crack glue to stick glass fiber cloth etc. measure.1, infuse syrup, the Qian sew methodInfuse a syrup method main the concrete crack been applicable to have influence or have already defend Shen request to the structure whole of repair, it is make use of pressure equipments gum knot the material press into the crack of concrete, gum knot the material harden behind and concrete formation one be whole, thus reinforce of purpose.The in common use gum knot material has the cement the syrup, epoxy, A Ji C Xi sour ester and gather ammonia ester to equalize to learn material.The Qian sew a method is that the crack be a kind of most in common use method in, it usually is follow the crack dig slot, the Qian fill Su in the slot or rigid water material with attain closing crack of purpose.The in common use Su material has PVC gum mire,plastics ointment, the D Ji rubber etc.;In common use rigid water material is the polymer cement sand syrup.2, the structure reinforce a methodWhen the crack influence arrive concrete structure of function, will consideration adopt to reinforce a method to carry on processing to the concrete structure.The structure reinforce medium in common use main have the following a few method:The piece of enlargement concrete structure in every aspect accumulate, outside the Cape department of the Gou piece pack type steel, adoption prepare should the dint method reinforce, glue to stick steel plate to reinforce, increase to establish fulcrum to reinforce and jet the concrete compensation reinforce.3, concrete displacement methodConcrete displacement method is processing severity damage concrete of a kind of valid method, this method be first will damage of the concrete pick and get rid of, then again displacement go into new of concrete or other material.The in common use displacement material have:Common concrete or the cement sand syrup, polymer or change sex polymer concrete or sand syrup.4, the electricity chemistry protection methodThe electricity chemistry antisepsis is to make use of infliction electric field in lie the quality of electricity chemical effect, change concrete or reinforced concrete the environment appearance of the place, the bluntness turn reinforcing bar to attain the purpose of antisepsis.Cathode protection method, chlorine salt's withdrawing a method, alkalescence to recover a method is a chemistry protection method in three kinds of in common use but valid method.The advantage of this kind of method is a protection method under the influence of environment factor smaller, apply reinforcing bar, concrete of long-term antisepsis, since can used for crack structure already can also used for new set up structure.5, imitate to living from legal moreImitate to living from heal the method be a kind of new crack treatment, its mimicry living creature organization secrete a certain material towards suffering wound part auto, but make the wound part heal of function, join some and special composition(suchas contain to glue knot of the liquid Xin fiber or capsule) in the concrete of the tradition the composition, at concrete inner part formation the intelligence type imitate to living from heal nerve network system, be the concrete appear crack secrete a parts of liquid Xin fiber can make the crack re- heal.ConclusionThe crack is widespread in the concrete structure existence of a kind of phenomenon, it of emergence not only will lower the anti- Shen of building ability, influence building of usage function, and will cause the rust eclipse of reinforcing bar, the carbonization of concrete, lower the durable of material, influence building of loading ability, so want to carry on to the concrete crack earnest research, differentiation treat, adoption reasonable of the method carry on processing, and at under construction adopt various valid of prevention measure to prevention crack of emergence and development, assurance building and Gou piece safety, stability work.From《CANADIAN JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING》译文：建筑施工混凝土裂缝的预防与处理混凝土的裂缝问题是一个普遍存在而又难于解决的工程实际问题，本文对混凝土工程中常见的一些裂缝问题进行了探讨分析，并针对具体情况提出了一些预防、处理措施。
施工组织设计英文参考文献
施工组织设计英文参考文献以下是关于施工组织设计的英文参考文献，供您参考：1. C.J. Anumba, J.E. Bouchlaghem, and R.J. Evbuomwan (1997). The integration of process planning with 3D CAD models for construction project management. Robotics andComputer-Integrated Manufacturing, 13(1), 47-57.2. M.A. Becerik-Gerber, and K.L. Rice (2010). Construction informatics in the 21st century: a review and outlook. Automation in Construction, 19(7), 829-835.3. A. Chao-Duivis, and H.S.M. Schoenmakers (2012). Planning and control of construction projects: a systems approach based on fuzzy logic and simulation. Automation in Construction, 22, 217-225.4. J. Fan, and X. Li (2010). Application of BIM technology in construction project management. Journal of Computing in Civil Engineering, 24(3), 236-243.5. E. Kheradmand, and M.R. Nikakhtar (2012).Multi-objective optimization of construction site layout using genetic algorithms. Automation in Construction, 26, 85-91.6. M. Liao, Y. Luo, and S. Wu (2011). A system dynamics model for construction project management. Automation in Construction, 20(2), 107-114.7. G. Shen, and J. Liu (2004). Integrating case-based reasoning and rule-based reasoning for construction project management decision support. Automation in Construction, 13(1), 11-23.8. T. Tezel, and I. Aziz (2008). Building information modeling (BIM) adoption and implementation for architectural practices. Structural Survey, 26(1), 7-25.9. J. Wang, Y. Wang, and X. Zhang (2010). Construction project management using building information modeling (BIM) in China. Proceedings of the 2010 International Conference on Construction & Real Estate Management, 924-928.10. L. Yi, and L. Chan (2009). A fuzzy set approach for construction project risk assessment and control. Automation in Construction, 18(6), 731-736.以上文献涵盖了施工组织设计中的多个方面，包括计划与控制、BIM技术应用、风险评估与控制等。
施工组织设计外文文献翻译中英文.docx
外文文献翻译(含：英文原文及中文译文)文献出处：Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research, 2015, 3(2):281-294.英文原文Importance of construction organization designG BaeckerAbstractDuring the construction process of a construction project, the advantages and disadvantages of the construction organization scheme not only directly affect the quality of the project, but also have an important impact on the duration and the safety of the personnel during the construction process. The construction organization is an important technical and economic document for the project construction and guidance of project construction. Can adjust the contradiction of personnel, machinery, raw materials, environment, process, equq)ment9 civil construction, installation, management, production, etc. in construction. It is necessary to supervise and control the construction organization design so as to ensure the project quality with high quality, low cost, and lessEnergy consumption is conpleted.Key words: Project Management, Construction Organization, Program ImportanceConstruction organization design is the conception and specific arrangement of the entire construction process of the engineering construction project. It is the core and soul of the construction organization management work. Its purpose is to make the project faster, better quality, and more efficient. Make the whole project get relatively optimal results in the construction.1.The reason for the importance of the design of construction organizationThe construction project and its construction have three characteristics: fixed and fluidity, diversity and individuality, large body and long construction period. Therefore, the construction of each construction project must be carried out. This is because: The production of other general industrial products has its own fixed, long-term factory. The construction of the building is fluid, and it is impossible to establish such a factory. It is only when each construction project is constructed that a corresponding, temporary construction site preparation like thenature of the plant is employed・The unique features of construction and the characteristics of construction mobility determine that each construction project must select the appropriate equipment and labor organization. The selection of construction methods, the formulation of construction technology plans, and the organization of workforces and implements are collectively referred to as construction work capacity allocation. The characteristics of the construction cycle have determined that the supply of various labors, equq)ment and many materials and materials technologies will take a long time・ This will result in the construction and design of materials and technologies that are compatible with the overall construction schedule・From this we can see that construction organization design is very important in project management.2.The importance of construction organization designAs a product, building products play an extremely important role in project management throughout the construction process. The construction organization of the engineering construction project has a close relationship with its engineering cost. The basic contents of the construction organization design include:project overview and construction condition analysis, construction plan, construction process, construction schedule plan, and general plan of construction. There are also economic analysis and construction preparation work plans. Among them, the determination of the construction plan and construction process is more important. For examp le, the selection of construction machinery, the selection of horizontal transportation methods, the construction methods of the earthwork, the construction methods of the main structure and the selection of the construction technology all directly affect the project budget. The price changes・ Under the premise of guaranteeing project quality and satisfying the owners use requirements and construction period requirements, optimizing the construction plan and construction process is an important measure and method to control investment and reduce construction project cost2.1The construction organization plan affects the quality of the project to a great extent. Therefore, a reasonable project organization plan is not only the basis for ensuring the successful completion of the project, but also the basis for project safety. The construction organization design is an important part of theconstruction engineering design documents・ It is the main basis for prq)aring the project investment budget and the main reference for the preparation of bidding documents・ Therefore, careful construction of the construction organization will have a very important role in determining the project cost and reducing the investment in the project, which will help control the construction cost.2.2The construction organization plan is an important means for scientific management of construction activities. It has the dual role of strategic deployment and tactical arrangements・ It embodies the requirements for realizing the basic construction plan and design, provides the contents of the construction preparation work in each phase, and coordinates the mutual relations between each construction work area, each construction work type, and each voluntary work in the construction process. The construction organization plan must be able to determine the basic combination of various factors of production based on the characteristics and requirements of the engineering product and the current and possible winning construction conditions. It is impossible to carry out any production without effectively solvingthe problem・・3.Index calculation and analysis of construction organizationdesignAt present, what indicators should be established in the construction organization design are not uniform and the calculation method is not standardized・ As it is a yardstick for evaluating the overall effect of construction organization design and evaluation of implementation status, it is also the basis for examining the level and effect of production, operation and management of the unit (project department) that undertakes construction. We should pay attention to the following suggestions ・3. 1 indicator system. The index system should be set up to reflect the level reached by the construction organization's design goals and provide convenience for evaluation, assessment, and implementation.3. 2 Index calculations・(1) Construction preparation period. From the start of site preparation to the full time of formal project start-up. (2) Unit project duration. The construction period arranged by the unit construction schedule・(3) Labor。
工程施工组织设计外文翻译
嘉兴学院本科毕业设计（论文）外文翻译题目：君山二期工程施工组织设计一、外文原文：1. Design project management1.1 Choosing the planning practiceChoosing a suitable planning practice is extremely important. Introducing a pre-qualification process provides essential insights about efficiency, specialist knowledge and quality: three to five applicants receive preliminary design documents and the building programme. Then interviews are held, reference evidence examined and the practices visited on the spot. But the key features are planning quality, knowledge of materials, degree of detail, and CAD and office equipment. The ability to coordinate building and technical planning is particularly relevant.1.2 Design and authorization planningCoordination and control of the planning process and content are particularly important in this planning phase. In no circumstances should planning in China be leftto the design institute alone. Regular planning and coordination meetings examine the planning process in its entirety to ensure that guidelines and standards are being met. It is important to coordinate routing and to check for collision points.1.3 Working plansRegular coordination, control and support are also required at the final planning stage. Coordinating building and technical workers within the planning team is often a weak point as well. Important details and technical specifications have to be demanded. It is not usual in China to present details on a scale of 1:20 to 1:5, and these planning features have to be insisted on; a great deal of convincing argument will be needed.1.4 Invitation to tender and tender awardsTender documents drawn up to Chinese standards are less detailed than comparable Western tender documents. Considerable importance should be attached to detailed working drawings. Drawings should be ranked before tender documents. It is not permissible to insist on specific product makes. Materials must be described neutrally in terms of product. This means that the building firm is able to use inferior materials without the client's agreement. This often results in buildings with serious deficiencies in quality and execution. To avoid these negative consequences, architects try to go beyond the standard guidelines to prevent the use of inferior quality materials. Also, Chinese planning and industrial standards are antiquated and do not yet meet national or international standards.As a rule, five to ten firms (general contractors or firms offering individual services) are invited to tender. Often foreign firms with branches in China are invited as well. Bids from such firms come out well above those of their Chinese competitors.After the bids have been evaluated, negotiations are conducted with the most reasonable bidders. Awards are decided on the basis of reference projects, quality of execution and evaluations of special proposals. Because the subsoil is so poor, the use of deep foundations on alluvial land is widespread. To gain time, the underground engineering work can be put out to earlier tender and award to specialist building firms.1.5 Building and completion phaseThe legislation requires using local site supervision and a quantity surveyor (see Chapter B 2.2). Site supervision requirements are not the same as the standard German site supervision requirements laid down in HOAI, Phase 8. Chinese site supervision practices offer the following service pattern under the headings "quality monitoring" and "safety management":- examining the working plans- quality control for building materials- quality control for building plant and equipment- building site safety- checking current building progress- examining the qualifications of the building site personnel- demanding and examining inventory documentsOnly building sites that also convey an impression of an orderly approach can produce quality and work effectively. This includes cleanliness and safety. Chinese building sites need pioneering work in this field. It does not make any sense to compel the contractor to adopt a particular working programme that runs counter to his own ideas. It is in fact advisable to make concessions in order to make best use of the available production and fitting methods. Quality control starts even in the planning phase. In the actual building phase, care should be taken to ensure that the required materials are really used, and that product-specific fitting requirements are met.The contractor can make alternative proposals to the tender standards. These are examined and approved on the basis of specimens and references. It has turned out to be worthwhile to build specimen rooms before the actual building phase starts, to test the guidelines for details and materials and introduce improvements to materials and details in good time. It is essential to check and approve the quality of finish in the form of mock-ups before production begins for facades, roof areas and other critical parts of the building.1.6 DocumentationThe quality control process ends with the correction of faults and the start-up phase. Buildings are officially accepted in China at the point of final acceptance. The quality bureau, the fire prevention department and the environmental health office have to approve in order to ensure successful acceptance. The as-complete plans should be drawn up by the planning practice, as the building firm usually delivers these too late,and in poor quality.1.7 CommunicationIt is a characteristic feature of Chinese building projects that a large number of participants have to work together, under pressure from deadlines and cost factors, on the basis of differing information from various locations. This creates the necessity for a "digital platform" that gives those involved in the project access to up-to-date documents and the ability to communicate with the same aims in mind and to keep up with the work as it needs to be done. But the project management team should have access to central scheduling and work monitoring, including reporting. These systems link those involved in the project, control the workflow, and distribute news, documents and information.2 Planning and building costs2.1 Quantity surveyingChinese quantity surveyors provide the same services as their English model. Quantity surveying is the generic term for cost planning and cost control. Quantity surveying includes tender award and contract management, both of which are part of the cost control process. The quantity surveyor is commissioned by the client directly and assists with planning and controlling project investment. He represents the client's financial interests throughout the entire course of the project. During the realization phase the quantity surveyor evaluates the level of work completed so that part payments and supplementary demands can be fixed, assists in warding off complaints, or evaluates and negotiates with the company over justifiable additional demands. Effective cost control is carried out within the project management framework. All the costings are noted in a cost monitoring system. Cost monitoring is not a passive system. Precise project control means that cost changes can be identified even in the initial phase. Causes and effects of measures affecting costs are conveyed to the project management team at an early stage so that counter-measures can be introduced where necessary.Cost reduction opportunities are largely exhausted by the end of the planning phase.The diagram makes it clear that realization decisions made in the early planning phases crucially influence fixing the cost framework. The importance of control increases when planning is concluded and during the realization phase.Despite the overwhelming volume of investment by Western standards, professional cost and schedule control rarely occurs in China. Moreover, clients who are commercially successful and put a great deal of money into building projects often have no knowledge of how to implement and control planning and building work, and often rely on their experience in other industries. Even though the predominant Chinese enterprise culture is not comparable with the Western world, professional project management will be indispensable in future if building investment is to accomplish its aims.二、外文译文：1.1选择一个切实可行的规划方式选择一个切实可行的规划方式是很重要的。
施工组织设计英文文献翻译
Construction of the Project Management of the imp ortance of organization designAbstract: The construction organization is a construction project and guide the important technical and economic documents. Can regulate the construction workers, machinery, raw mate rials, environment, technology, equipment, construction, installation, management, production a nd other conflicts, to supervise the construction and control of organizational design in order to e nsure scientific and rational project high-quality, low cost, less the completion of energy.Keywords: project management; construction organization; design; importance Constru ction design and project construction is an important document guiding construction, constructio n enterprises are able to high-quality, high speed, low cost, low consumption of completed buildi ng projects to ensure effective measures, but also strengthen the management, the importance o f improving economic efficiency means, is also properly handle the construction workers, machin ery, raw materials, methods, environment and technology and equipment, civil works and installa tion of collaboration, consumption and supply, management and production and other kinds of c ontradictions, scientific and rational, planned and orderly , the equilibrium organization of produc tion and an important guarantee for project construction.With the establishment of socialist market economy, an increasingly competitive construc tion market, the objective situation of construction enterprises have become increasingly deman ding, not only in technology and equipment, personnel quality, the construction put forward high er requirements of the organizers, and engineering economic management Pre-settlement work i n the project is also facing new challenges. Strict construction market situation, some constructio n companies are not actively taken measures, professional and technical staff is not updated, trai ning, science and technology management level is very backward, with the preparation of constr uction design review did not attract enough attention, so there will be the following common situ ations:(1) audit is not compiled before the start of construction organization design: not to pursue the construction of floor plans, materials, cluttered, moving out of import of machinery and eq uipment, unplanned demand for labor, quality, security, construction without assurance measure s, resulting in nest Workers serious waste management lower.(2) whether it is the preparation of construction design professionals: In order to cope with the higher authorities and supervisory agencies, Party member or check the information to the construction workers on behalf of the Code construction design, because the data simply do not know right now who is a leading construction management recent arrangements, had casually made up, just go.(3) the preparation of the low level of construction organization design:Some construction units, construction organizations do not understand the importance of th e construction process, to write about the sub-construction process, draw a floor plan, schedule progress, it regarded construction organization design.(4) to abandon technology economy: a considerable number of construction enterprises in the preparation of construction organization design, construction organization which only concer ned the various sub-project of the technical measures, without considering the sub-project aspec ts of economic indicators, leading to the completion of settlement disputes about economic loss.[Example 1] in a district of Nanning City, the life of a dormitory building to be a form of wa ter renovation project, but because the dormitory was built in the eighties, has been twenty year s, the owners between buildings without authorization of their own debris occupied the public sp ace of normal channels, resulting in too narrow passage between two buildings, traffic problems, so the resulting need for manual handling of construction materials to construction sites, constru ction materials are stated not to enter the venue and request for additional materials secondary t ransportation fee, Party A will not sign recognition, resulting in economic losses. If the constructi on units in the field before the start of the investigation, carefully review the preparation of const ruction design and engineering contract be described in the notes, you can reduce unnecessary tr ouble.[Example 2] of a residential building project excavation, construction site is not large, the c onstruction unit construction with construction design, but no earth survey program, no excavati on of the slope coefficient of discharge, nor the accumulation of pre-construction earthwork calc ulation, the original machine in the pit excavation uppercut on it, because there is no constructio n design survey on the ground, resulting in ruptured a nearby residential building to the water, re sulting in increased costs of grading required to show there is no clear , resulting in a Jixietaiban i ncrease moving away more, but also back when the backfill backfill, resulting in construction ente rprises in the economy by the economic loss in vain.[Example 3] Construction of a residential building products business in the construction pr ocess, when preparing to start construction organization is very simple, even the template sub-pr oject calculations are not, in the basement of the construction of the installation template templa te installation height of 5 m, maximum beam for the 600 × 1200, thickness 250, in the erection o f experience by the workers under their erection, supervision and acceptance can not be accepta nce of the results, but also re-checking, the results support the strength of pole did not meet the template requirements of a full return to work. Rework the economic losses can be imagined.Such as steel is now more fitting to discuss the situation, the tender list or did not say by w elding sleeve, you said in the welding construction organization, it can talk with the sleeve constr uction of a visa; Earthwork and temporary facilities in the Shih group calculated as long as the exc ess of the quota rules set paved the way is part of the claim. The problem is now that this file is is olated, not construction, not cost, because it is not targeted.The above three examples fully show that the construction design in the construction pro cess as well as pre-settlement project plays an important role, not only organized the constructio n of organizational design, guiding production role in the objective economic management has be come a very important can not be ignored component.Construction design is the arrangement of a construction company building a comprehensive technical and economic documentation of construction products. The depth of the content of th eir preparation, can be divided into construction design, construction organization design, constr uction design outline and so on.Meaning: in order to process the entire project implementation macro-control. Complet e the construction of a sub-organization design should include: project overview, construction me thods, quality assurance measures, manpower and machinery plan and guarantee measures, con struction of network diagrams, and bar charts, safety measures, details of resources, energy cons ervation measures, construction period to ensure measures.Implementation of the project in the construction of the session, the price of construction projects through the construction drawings to determine the general preparation of the budget, the determination of the construction contract price, engineering and project final settlement pri ce to determine price and other processes. Construction design of which is the main factor of the project cost, therefore, project cost management, construction design must pay close attention a s an important link in this regard should address the following two aspects of the relations.Fixed construction budget to reflect the actual construction of each sub-part of the constr uction process of each project component of labor, materials, Jixietaiban consumption standards. It is to identify and control the construction and installation cost base; is to design technical and economic comparison, based on technical and economic analysis; is the construction unit based o n the analysis of economic activities; the preparation of bidding price, bidding price of the base; i s the preparation of the fixed budget and estimates based on indicators; is construction drawing b udget, project contracts, project budget and project an important basis for final prices, but the bu dget is fixed under normal construction conditions, the majority of the construction unit to the cu rrent level of machinery and equipment, the reasonable construction period , construction techn ology, labor organizations based on each sub-part of the preparation of the consumption of the p roject. However, construction of the project there are many special cases in which sub-part of theproject construction method is not necessarily the same under a fixed budget, as currently stipul ated in the budget scale, "based on construction design OK" and so on. Such as "consumption of f ixed construction Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region", the earth and stone work on the manual calculation rules. Trenchdigging, earthwork grading time required to "construction design" shall be calculated, "const ruction design" no clearly defined, put the slope coefficient by a fixed proportion of the impleme ntation of the provisions.Construction projects with construction design is closely related to project cost. The basic construction design includes: project overview and analysis of construction conditions, constructi on programs, construction technology, construction schedule, construction general layout. There are economic analysis and construction preparation work plan. Among them, the construction pr ogram and construction process is more important to determine, for example: the choice of const ruction machinery, horizontal transport method of choice, moving the main structure of the cons truction methods and construction methods and construction technology of choice, etc., are a dir ect impact on project budget price changes. In ensuring the quality and meet the owners require ments and schedule requirements of the premise, optimize the construction program and constr uction process is to control the cost of investment projects and reduce the importance of measur es and means.Construction design is not only an important guiding document production and managem ent activities, preparation of construction plans is an important basis for the budget. Therefore, t he construction unit leaders before the start of the unit project to tissue engineering, materials a nd equipment, industrial scale, economic planning, project cost and other personnel to seriously f amiliar with the drawings, in-depth on-site field survey of the technical and economic organizatio nal measures. Project cost in the preparation of construction design is directly related to the econ omic interests of enterprises, because, in the project cost management and implementation of th e provisions of the budget scale, the cost of personnel staff plays the role of business manager in charge; in the bidding and construction contract, the cost commissioned by the enterprise legal p erson can be used as the legal representative of the agent, the exercise of powers conferred by en terprise legal person; in the construction and budget work, supervision plays a role in the econom y. Therefore, the full cost of in-house staff not only understands technology, understand the polic y, but also understands the role of legal expertise and is prepared well construction design and im prove an important aspect of economic efficiency of enterprises, but also works to overcome and avoid an economic dispute settlement reasonable and effective way.Finally, the construction organization of this document is very important, it is the technic al and economic documents. Construction of the project, be sure to supervise the construction and control of organizational design to ensure the project's construction order, to prevent the cons truction design a mere formality. Engineering construction design is the quality, safety, effective measures to guarantee progress.浅谈项目管理中施工组织设计重要性摘要:施工组织是项目建设和指导工程施工的重要技术经济文件。
工程施工组织设计外文翻译
题目：君山二期工程施工组织设计一、外文原文：1. Design project management1.1 Choosing the planning practiceChoosing a suitable planning practice is extremely important. Introducing a pre-qualification process provides essential insights about efficiency, specialist knowledge and quality: three to five applicants receive preliminary design documents and the building programme. Then interviews are held, reference evidence examined and the practices visited on the spot. But the key features are planning quality, knowledge of materials, degree of detail, and CAD and office equipment. The ability to coordinate building and technical planning is particularly relevant.1.2 Design and authorization planningCoordination and control of the planning process and content are particularly important in this planning phase. In no circumstances should planning in China be left to the design institute alone. Regular planning and coordination meetings examine the planning process in its entirety to ensure that guidelines and standards are being met. It is important to coordinate routing and to check for collision points.1.3 Working plansRegular coordination, control and support are also required at the final planning stage. Coordinating building and technical workers within the planning team is often a weak point as well. Important details and technical specifications have to be demanded. It is not usual in China to present details on a scale of 1:20 to 1:5, and these planning features have to be insisted on; a great deal of convincing argument will be needed.1.4 Invitation to tender and tender awardsTender documents drawn up to Chinese standards are less detailed than comparable Western tender documents. Considerable importance should be attached to detailed working drawings. Drawings should be ranked before tender documents. It is not permissible to insist on specific product makes. Materials must be described neutrallyin terms of product. This means that the building firm is able to use inferior materials without the client's agreement. This often results in buildings with serious deficiencies in quality and execution. To avoid these negative consequences, architects try to go beyond the standard guidelines to prevent the use of inferior quality materials. Also, Chinese planning and industrial standards are antiquated and do not yet meet national or international standards.As a rule, five to ten firms (general contractors or firms offering individual services) are invited to tender. Often foreign firms with branches in China are invited as well. Bids from such firms come out well above those of their Chinese competitors.After the bids have been evaluated, negotiations are conducted with the most reasonable bidders. Awards are decided on the basis of reference projects, quality of execution and evaluations of special proposals. Because the subsoil is so poor, the use of deep foundations on alluvial land is widespread. To gain time, the underground engineering work can be put out to earlier tender and award to specialist buildingfirms.1.5 Building and completion phaseThe legislation requires using local site supervision and a quantity surveyor (see Chapter B 2.2). Site supervision requirements are not the same as the standard German site supervision requirements laid down in HOAI, Phase 8. Chinese site supervision practices offer the following service pattern under the headings "quality monitoring" and "safety management":- examining the working plans- quality control for building materials- quality control for building plant and equipment- building site safety- checking current building progress- examining the qualifications of the building site personnel- demanding and examining inventory documentsOnly building sites that also convey an impression of an orderly approach can produce quality and work effectively. This includes cleanliness and safety. Chinese building sites need pioneering work in this field. It does not make any sense to compel the contractor to adopt a particular working programme that runs counter to his own ideas. It is in fact advisable to make concessions in order to make best use of the available production and fitting methods. Quality control starts even in the planning phase. In the actual building phase, care should be taken to ensure that the required materials are really used, and that product-specific fitting requirements are met.The contractor can make alternative proposals to the tender standards. These are examined and approved on the basis of specimens and references. It has turned out to be worthwhile to build specimen rooms before the actual building phase starts, to test the guidelines for details and materials and introduce improvements to materials and details in good time. It is essential to check and approve the quality of finish in the form of mock-ups before production begins for facades, roof areas and other criticalparts of the building.1.6 DocumentationThe quality control process ends with the correction of faults and the start-up phase. Buildings are officially accepted in China at the point of final acceptance. The quality bureau, the fire prevention department and the environmental health office have to approve in order to ensure successful acceptance. The as-complete plans should be drawn up by the planning practice, as the building firm usually delivers these too late, and in poor quality.1.7 CommunicationIt is a characteristic feature of Chinese building projects that a large number of participants have to work together, under pressure from deadlines and cost factors, on the basis of differing information from various locations. This creates the necessity for a "digital platform" that gives those involved in the project access to up-to-date documents and the ability to communicate with the same aims in mind and to keep up with the work as it needs to be done. But the project management team should have access to central scheduling and work monitoring, including reporting. These systems link those involved in the project, control the workflow, and distribute news, documents and information.2 Planning and building costs2.1 Quantity surveyingChinese quantity surveyors provide the same services as their English model. Quantity surveying is the generic term for cost planning and cost control. Quantity surveying includes tender award and contract management, both of which are part of the cost control process. The quantity surveyor is commissioned by the client directly and assists with planning and controlling project investment. He represents the client's financial interests throughout the entire course of the project. During the realization phase the quantity surveyor evaluates the level of work completed so that part payments and supplementary demands can be fixed, assists in warding off complaints, or evaluates and negotiates with the company over justifiable additional demands.Effective cost control is carried out within the project management framework. All the costings are noted in a cost monitoring system. Cost monitoring is not a passive system. Precise project control means that cost changes can be identified even in the initial phase. Causes and effects of measures affecting costs are conveyed to the project management team at an early stage so that counter-measures can be introduced where necessary.Cost reduction opportunities are largely exhausted by the end of the planning phase.The diagram makes it clear that realization decisions made in the early planning phases crucially influence fixing the cost framework. The importance of control increases when planning is concluded and during the realization phase.Despite the overwhelming volume of investment by Western standards, professional cost and schedule control rarely occurs in China. Moreover, clients who are commercially successful and put a great deal of money into building projects often have no knowledge of how to implement and control planning and building work, and often rely on their experience in other industries. Even though the predominant Chinese enterprise culture is not comparable with the Western world, professional project management will be indispensable in future if building investment is to accomplish its aims.二、外文译文：1.1选择一个切实可行的规划方式选择一个切实可行的规划方式是很重要的。
有关施工组织设计 英文译文与原文
英文译文与原文学院工程技术学院专业、班级土木工程1011 姓名杜军斌学号 ********** 指导老师刘强职称教授第一篇Civil engineering introduction papersAbstract: the civil engineering is a huge discipline, but the main one is building, building whether in China or abroad, has a long history, long-term development process. The world is changing every day, but the building also along with the progress of science and development. Mechanics findings, material of update, ever more scientific technology into the building. But before a room with a tile to cover the top of the house, now for comfort, different ideas, different scientific, promoted the development of civil engineering, making it more perfect.[key words] : civil engineering; Architecture; Mechanics, Materials.Civil engineering is build various projects collectively. It was meant to be and "military project" corresponding. In English the history of Civil Engineering, mechanical Engineering, electrical Engineering, chemical Engineering belong to to Engineering, because they all have MinYongXing. Later, as the project development of science and technology, mechanical, electrical, chemical has gradually formed independent scientific, to Engineering became Civil Engineering of specialized nouns. So far, in English, to Engineering include water conservancy project, port Engineering, While in our country, water conservancy projects and port projects also become very close and civil engineering relatively independent branch. Civil engineering construction of object, both refers to that built on the ground, underground water engineering facilities, also refers to applied materials equipment and conduct of the investigation, design and construction, maintenance, repair and other professional technology.Civil engineering is a kind of with people's food, clothing, shelter and transportation has close relation of the project. Among them with "live" relationship is directly. Because, to solve the "live" problem must build various types of buildings. To solve the "line, food and clothes" problem both direct side, but also a indirect side. "Line", must build railways, roads, Bridges, "Feed", must be well drilling water, water conservancy, farm irrigation, drainage water supply for the city, that is direct relation. Indirectly relationship is no matter what you do, manufacturing cars, ships, or spinning and weaving, clothing, or even production steel, launch satellites, conducting scientific research activities areinseparable from build various buildings, structures and build all kinds of project facilities.Civil engineering with the progress of human society and development, yet has evolved into large-scale comprehensive discipline, it has out many branch, such as: architectural engineering, the railway engineering, road engineering, bridge engineering, special engineering structure, water and wastewater engineering, port engineering, hydraulic engineering, environment engineering disciplines. [1]Civil engineering as an important basic disciplines, and has its important attributes of: integrated, sociality, practicality, unity. Civil engineering for the development of national economy and the improvement of people's life provides an important material and technical basis, for many industrial invigoration played a role in promoting, engineering construction is the formation of a fixed asset basic production process, therefore, construction and real estate become in many countries and regions, economic powerhouses.Construction project is housing planning, survey, design, construction of the floorboard. Purpose is for human life and production provide places.Houses will be like a man, it's like a man's life planning environment is responsible by the planners, Its layout and artistic processing, corresponding to the body shape looks and temperament, is responsible by the architect, Its structure is like a person's bones and life expectancy, the structural engineer is responsible, Its water, heating ventilation and electrical facilities such as the human organ and the nerve, is by the equipment engineer is responsible for. Also like nature intact shaped like people, in the city I district planning based on build houses, and is the construction unit, reconnaissance unit, design unit of various design engineers and construction units comprehensive coordination and cooperation process.After all, but is structural stress body reaction force and the internal stress and how external force balance. Building to tackle, also must solve the problem is mechanical problems. We have to solve the problem of discipline called architectural mechanics. Architectural mechanics have can be divided into: statics, material mechanics and structural mechanics three mechanical system. Architectural mechanics is discussion and research building structure and component in load and other factors affecting the working condition of, also is the building of intensity, stiffness and stability. In load, bear load and load of structure and component can cause the surrounding objects in their function, and the object itself by the load effect and deformation, and there is the possibility of damage, but the structure itself has certain resistance to deformation and destruction of competence, and the bearing capacity of the structure size is and component of materials, cross section, andthe structural properties of geometry size, working conditions and structure circumstance relevant. While these relationships can be improved by mechanics formula solved through calculation.Building materials in building and has a pivotal role. Building material is with human society productivity and science and technology improves gradually developed. In ancient times, the human lives, the line USES is the rocks andTrees. The 4th century BC, 12 ~ has created a tile and brick, humans are only useful synthetic materials made of housing. The 17th century had cast iron and ShouTie later, until the eighteenth century had Portland cement, just make later reinforced concrete engineering get vigorous development. Now all sorts of high-strength structural materials, new decoration materials and waterproof material development, criterion and 20th century since mid organic polymer materials in civil engineering are closely related to the widely application. In all materials, the most main and most popular is steel, concrete, lumber, masonry. In recent years, by using two kinds of material advantage, will make them together, the combination of structure was developed. Now, architecture, engineering quality fit and unfit quality usually adopted materials quality, performance and using reasonable or not have direct connection, in meet the same technical indicators and quality requirements, under the precondition of choice of different material is different, use method of engineering cost has direct impact.In construction process, building construction is and architectural mechanics, building materials also important links. Construction is to the mind of the designer, intention and idea into realistic process, from the ancient hole JuChao place to now skyscrapers, from rural to urban country road elevated road all need through "construction" means. A construction project, including many jobs such as dredging engineering, deep foundation pit bracing engineering, foundation engineering, reinforced concrete structure engineering, structural lifting project, waterproofing, decorate projects, each type of project has its own rules, all need according to different construction object and construction environment conditions using relevant construction technology, in work-site.whenever while, need and the relevant hydropower and other equipment composition of a whole, each project between reasonable organizing and coordination, better play investment benefit. Civil engineering construction in the benefit, while also issued by the state in strict accordance with the relevant construction technology standard, thus further enhance China's construction level to ensure construction quality, reduce the cost for the project.Any building built on the surface of the earth all strata, building weight eventually to stratum, have to bear. Formation Support building the rocks were referred to as foundation, and the buildings on the ground and underthe upper structure of self-respect and liable to load transfer to the foundation of components or component called foundation. Foundation, and the foundation and the superstructure is a building of three inseparable part. According to the function is different, but in load, under the action of them are related to each other, is the interaction of the whole. Foundation can be divided into natural foundation and artificial foundation, basic according to the buried depth is divided into deep foundation and shallow foundation. , foundation and foundation is the guarantee of the quality of the buildings and normal use close button, where buildings foundation in building under loads of both must maintain overall stability and if the settlement of foundation produce in building scope permitted inside, and foundation itself should have sufficient strength, stiffness and durability, also consider repair methods and the necessary foundation soil retaining retaining water and relevant measures.[3]As people living standard rise ceaselessly, the people to their place of building space has become not only from the number, and put forward higher requirement from quality are put car higher demands that the environment is beautiful, have certain comfort. This needs to decorate a building to be necessary. If architecture major engineering constitutes the skeleton of the building, then after adornment building has become theflesh-and-blood organism, final with rich, perfect appearance in people's in front, the best architecture should fully embody all sorts of adornment material related properties, with existing construction technology, the most effective gimmick, to achieve conception must express effect. Building outfit fix to consider the architectural space use requirement, protect the subject institutions from damage, give a person with beautifulenjoying, satisfy the requirements of fire evacuation, decorative materials and scheme of rationality, construction technology and economic feasibility, etc. Housing construction development and at the same time, like housing construction as affecting people life of roads, Bridges, tunnels has made great progress.In general civil engineering is one of the oldest subjects, it has made great achievements, the future of the civil engineering will occupy in people's life more important position. The environment worsening population increase, people to fight for survival, to strive for a more comfortable living environment, and will pay more attention to civil engineering. In the near future, some major projects extimated to build, insert roller skyscrapers, across the oceanBridges, more convenient traffic would not dream. The development of science and technology, and the earth is deteriorating environment will be prompted civil engineering to aerospace and Marine development, provide mankind broader space of living. In recent years, engineering materials mainly is reinforced concrete, lumber and brick materials, inthe future, the traditional materials will be improved, more suitable for some new building materials market, especially the chemistry materials will promote the construction of towards a higher point. Meanwhile, design method of precision, design work of automation, information and intelligent technology of introducing, will be people have a more comfortable living environment. The word, and the development of the theory and new materials, the emergence of the application of computer, high-tech introduction to wait to will make civil engineering have a new leap.This is a door needs calm and a great deal of patience and attentive professional. Because hundreds of thousands, even hundreds of thousands of lines to building each place structure clearly reflected. Without a gentle state of mind, do what thing just floating on the surface, to any a building structure, to be engaged in business and could not have had a clear, accurate and profound understanding of, the nature is no good. In this business, probably not burn the midnight oil of courage, not to reach the goal of spirit not to give up, will only be companies eliminated. This is a responsible and caring industry. Should have a single responsible heart - I one's life in my hand, thousands of life in my hand. Since the civil, should choose dependably shoulder the responsibility. Finally, this is a constant pursuit of perfect industry. Pyramid, spectacular now: The Great Wall, the majestic... But if no generations of the pursuit of today, we may also use the sort of the oldest way to build this same architecture. Design a building structure is numerous, but this is all experienced centuries of clarification, through continuous accumulation, keep improving, innovation obtained. And such pursuit, not confined in the past. Just think, if the design of a building can be like calculation one plus one equals two as simple and easy to grasp, that was not for what? Therefore, a civil engineer is in constant of in formation. One of the most simple structure, the least cost, the biggest function. Choose civil, choosing a steadfast diligence, innovation, pursuit of perfect path.译文：土木工程概论摘要：土木工程是个庞大的学科，但最主要的是建筑，建筑无论是在中国还是在国外，都有着悠久的历史，长期的发展历程。
施工组织设计外文文献翻译最新译文
文献出处: Phillip Yetton. The Study of Construction Organization Design [J]. International Journal of Project Management, 2015, 9(2): 33-43.原文原文The Study of Construction Organization DesignAuthor: Phillip YettonAbstractBuilding construction is a complex work, huge building products, the production cycle is long, is a collection of architectural art, architecture, function, structure, decoration, water supply, power supply, intelligent system for a wind. Need to complete a project unit, type of work well together, and in the process of implementing, also under the influence of various subjective and objective conditions around. In order to meet the quality, cost, time limit for a project, under the premise of safety goal task to complete a project, must according to the requirement of the construction unit and the characteristics of the proposed construction project, the various raw materials on the basis of full investigation, compile an used to guide the whole process of technology, economy and management of project construction comprehensive document, this document is the construction organizationKeywords: Construction; Organization design; Project cost1 IntroductionConstruction organization design is a construction project for the object establishment, to guide the project bidding, construction contracts, construction preparation, construction installation until the whole process of the final acceptance of the technology, economy and management comprehensive document, is to ensure that project smooth implementation effective programmatic document. Construction organization design is proper or not, will directly relate to the quality of the proposed construction project, cost, time limit, safety, etc. The smooth realization of the intended target. With the development of The Times, modern engineering project scale and the demand is higher and higher, project management has become increasingly complex, and the construction organization design also put forward higher requirements. The construction organization design, construction organizationdesign in the bidding documents, also known as technical standard, but the construction organization design not only contains the content of the constructiontechnology, but also covers the project management and investment control, is acomprehensive document. In the beginning used for planned economy in our countrys construction organization design, during the course of decades of operation, tostandardize the project management has played a vital role. At present, theconstruction organization design has become a indispensable in the bidding and the construction of the organization of a file. But in the process of establishment and implementation of the construction organization design, try to guide due to lack of special specifications, different regions, different enterprises of different construction organization and design of the proposed requirements, combined with different construction enterprise management level, the differences between the technology and equipment, and personnel quality, leading to the establishment and management of construction organization design is uneven, at present still exist, such as the contents stylized, generalization, and perform a series of problems such as too casual, these are seriously affecting the normal role in the construction organization design and construction enterprise trans-regional management bring certain difficulties.2 Construction organization designs of the application and developmentIn 1928, the Soviet union in the process of building the Diaper river hydropower station, construction personnel compiled the first relatively complete construction organization design, through the implementation has obtained the remarkable result, then set up the specialized research institute for the study of the theory of the construction organization design and promotion to the practice of project management step by step. In the 1940 s, the United States will develop the first atomic bomb mission as a project to manage, named "Manhattan project", but only pay attention to the project management plan and coordination. Appeared in the late 1950 s, the United States on the key route method (CPM) and program evaluation and review technique (PERT), and other new technology, marked the project management method has formed some scientific system, but this time is mainly used in national defense industry. Will promote system research project management as a discipline began inthe 1960 s, in Europe as the main body of international project management association (IPMA) and American project management institute (PMI) in which alarge amount of effective work, in order to promote the development of projectmanagement has played a positive role. In the 70 s of the 20th century, projectmanagement rapidly around the world, the application scope is from the military andaerospace project extended to the general civil projects. In addition to plan, coordinate,control, project management of contracts, progress, safety, cost, quality, risk, etc are given more attention, gradually formed the framework of modern project management. At present, the project management to become the international architectural project construction management general form.In the field of engineering construction, the appearance of many new changes in the construction organization and management: the project legal person responsibility system, the establishment of the system of bidding and project supervision system, combining government guidance price and the market price of construction market price reform, such as "FID1C contract conditions", computer application as the core of the development of modern management mode, etc., this a series of changes have put forward the new requirements of construction organization design, construction organization design is a new trend of development. Main show is: combined with design; With the advanced construction technology, construction method; The widely used of computers and network, the development trend of construction organization design, is to meet the needs of the construction enterprise market share. In a word, the requirement of the construction contract and the requirements of the construction enterprise benefit maximization.3 The basic theory of construction organization design3.1 The construction organization design task and roleConstruction organization design is planning to guide the whole process from construction preparation until the completion inspection and acceptance of the proposed construction project of the technology, economy and management of comprehensive files. It should reflect the design and use requirements of the proposed construction project on the one hand, on the other hand and accords with the objectivelaw of construction, the construction process have the effect of strategy or tactics. Overall planning, formulation of construction organization design must fully considerthe actual situation and construction of the proposed construction projectcharacteristics, scientific and reasonable organization construction, make full use ofspace, time and other factors, the use of advanced construction methods andconstruction technology, strive for with the minimum consumption of manpower andmaterial resources and other resources to obtain the best economic benefits.3.2 The content of the construction organization designAccording to the engineering properties, scale, structure characteristics, technicalcomplexity, construction conditions and demands of the construction unit, the depth ofthe construction organization design and content is also different, but a complete profile should include compilation basis, project construction organization design, construction deployment, construction progress plan, construction preparation and resource allocation plan, main construction scheme, construction site layout and construction management plan, etc.Compilation basis is an important part of the construction organization design, isto determine the construction organization design, the premise of other content on thebasis of accurate or not is related to the establishment can work smoothly and the quality is good or bad, related to the construction organization design can better play the role of guidance in the construction. Project summary is equivalent to the total of the proposed construction project, this paper mainly introduces general situation of engineering construction, the professional design and construction conditions. Deployment of construction is the construction organization design of the programmatic document, is to the whole project implementation process to make overall planning and reasonable arrangement, including project managementorganization, project management goal, the construction task partitioning, the period of the division of water and the construction process, key and the difficulty in the construction and countermeasures, etc. The construction organization design construction deployment for other content, you need to write. Construction schedule plan is to ensure to achieve the goals of the construction period, starting and endingtime of various construction process of the construction sequence, and the mutual connection relationship of overall planning and arrangement, generally in the form ofcrossing graph or network graph to express, is the basis of all kinds of resourceallocation plan, etc.4 The implementation of the construction organization designThe compilation of construction organization design is only for theimplementation of the proposed project provides a feasible scheme. How the plan detailed technical and economic effect, but also must through the implementation of the project to verify. The enforcement of the construction organization design, which will develop a plan of the static scheme, in a constantly changing dynamic construction environment, whether the inspection effect to the expected goal. So the construction organization design and implement of far-reaching significance for the realization of the project goals should do the following several aspects:4.1 Clarification construction organization designAfter the construction organization design has been verified, before formallystarted to make a detailed technical clarification step by step and fill in the"construction organization design disclosure form". Disclosure by clarification will,written disclosure forms, such as focus on the content of the construction organization design, requirements, difficulties and guarantee measures step by step to implement down, at the same time for all involved in the project construction under the guidance of related units in total control, to develop a more detailed work plan, ensure the implementation of the construction organization design.4.2 Improve the system of enterprise managementPractice has proved that construction organization design can be implementedsmoothly, to a large extent depends on the construction enterprise technology,management of quality and enterprise management level, establish and perfect the management system of the construction enterprises of various or not is the sign of enterprise quality and staff level. Only by construction enterprises to establish and perfect the reasonable management system and strictly enforced, to ensure the normal implementation of construction projects, ensure the smooth implementation ofconstruction organization design.4.3 Establish strict appraisal systemConstruction enterprises shall implement situation of the construction organization design into construction project assessment category, clear the responsibility of the personnel at all levels, set up technical and economic contract responsibility system, in the process of construction inspection on the implementation of construction organization design, construction technology, economic responsibility and material interests of the worker, such as the calculation technology progress prize, the time limit for a project in advance award, etc., to ensure that comprehensively implement the construction organization design.4.4 To be prepared for constructionConstruction preparation is important to ensure the smooth implementation of the construction organization design. In order to ensure the smooth construction of the engineering and the normal conduct of construction activities, not only before the start, and in the whole construction process is to do well the preparation of the corresponding human, material and financial resources, actively for the construction of the project is to create favorable conditions, the construction of the initiative, guarantee the construction systematically, thus ensuring the construction organization design be carried out in a timely manner, improve the construction enterprise economic benefits and social benefits.译文译文施工组织设计问题研究施工组织设计问题研究Phillip Yetton摘要摘要建筑工程施工是一项复杂的工作，建筑工程施工是一项复杂的工作，建筑产品体积庞大，生产周期长，是一个建筑产品体积庞大，生产周期长，是一个集建筑艺术、建筑功能、建筑结构、装饰装修、供水供电、釆暖通风、智能系统为一身的综合体。
施工组织设计中英文外文文献翻译.docx
外文文献翻译文献出处：Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research, 2015,3(2):281-294.英文原文Importance of construction organization designG BaeckerAbstractDuring the construction process of a construction project, the advantages and disadvantages of the construction organization scheme not only directly affect the quality of the project, but also have an important impact on the duration and the safety of the personnel during the construction process. The construction organization is an important technical and economic document for the project construction and guidance of project construction. Can adjust the contradiction of personnel, machinery, raw materials, environment, process, equipment, civil construction, installation, management, production, etc. in construction. It is necessary to supervise and control the construction organization design so as to ensure the project quality with high quality, low cost, and less Energy consumption is completed.Key words: Project Management, Construction Organization, Program ImportanceConstruction organization design is the conception and specific arrangement of the entire construction process of the engineering construction project. It is the core and soul of the construction organization management work. Its purpose is to make the project faster, better quality, and more efficient. Make the whole project get relatively optimal results in the construction.1.The reason for the importance of the design of construction organizationThe construction project and its construction have three characteristics: fixed and fluidity, diversity and individuality, large body and long construction period. Therefore, the construction of each construction project must be carried out. This is because: The production of other general industrial products has its own fixed, long-term factory. The construction of the building is fluid, and it is impossible to establish such a factory. It is only when each construction project is constructed that a corresponding, temporary construction site preparation like the nature of the plant is employed. The unique features of construction and the characteristics of construction mobility determine that each construction project must select the appropriate equipment and labor organization. The selection of construction methods, the formulation of construction technology plans, and the organization of workforces and implements are collectively referred to as construction work capacity allocation. The characteristics of the construction cycle have determined that the supply of various labors,equipment and many materials and materials technologies will take a long time. This will result in the construction and design of materials and technologies that are compatible with the overall construction schedule. From this we can see that construction organization design is very important in project management.2.The importance of construction organization designAs a product, building products play an extremely important role in project management throughout the construction process. The construction organization of the engineering construction project has a close relationship with its engineering cost. The basic contents of the construction organization design include: project overview and construction condition analysis, construction plan, construction process, construction schedule plan, and general plan of construction. There are also economic analysis and construction preparation work plans. Among them, the determination of the construction plan and construction process is more important. For example, the selection of construction machinery, the selection of horizontal transportation methods, the construction methods of the earthwork, the construction methods of the main structure and the selection of the construction technology all directly affect the project budget. The price changes. Under the premise of guaranteeing project quality and satisfying the owner's use requirements and construction period requirements, optimizing the construction plan and construction process is an important measure and method to control investment and reduce construction projectcost.2」The construction organization plan affects the quality of the project to a great extent. Therefore, a reasonable project organization plan is not only the basis for ensuring the successful completion of the project, but also the basis for project safety. The construction organization design is an important part of the construction engineering design documents. It is the main basis for preparing the project investment budget and the main reference for the preparation of bidding documents. Therefore, careful construction of the construction organization will have a very important role in detennining the project cost and reducing the investment in the project, which will help control the construction cost.2.2The construction organization plan is an important means for scientific management of construction activities. It has the dual role of strategic deployment and tactical arrangements. It embodies the requirements for realizing the basic construction plan and design, provides the contents of the construction preparation work in each phase, and coordinates the mutual relations between each construction work area, each construction work type, and each voluntary work in the construction process. The construction organization plan must be able to determine the basic combination of various factors of production based on the characteristics and requirements of the engineering product and the current and possible winning construction conditions. It is impossible to carry out any production without effectively solving the problem..3.Index calculation and analysis of construction organization designAt present, what indicators should be established in the construction organization design are not uniform and the calculation method is not standardized. As it is a yardstick for evaluating the overall effect of construction organization design and evaluation of implementation status, it is also the basis for examining the level and effect of production, operation and management of the unit (project department) that undertakes construction. We should pay attention to the following suggestions.3. 1 indicator system. The index system should be set up to reflect the level reached by the construction organization's design goals and provide convenience for evaluation, assessment, and implementation.3. 2 Index calculations. (1) Construction preparation period. From the start of site preparation to the full time of formal project start-up. (2) Unit project duration. The construction period arranged by the unit construction schedule. (3) Labor imbalance coefficient. The ratio of the peak number of construction period to the average number of people. (4) Reduce the cost. Technical organization measures to lower the cost of price results. (5) Reduce the cost rate. The percentage of cost reduction in contracted costs. (6) The degree of construction mechanization. The ratio of the completion value of mechanical construction to the project contracting cost. (7) The degree of factory construction. Prefabrication plant (quarry, quarry) The ratio of the completed production value to the engineering contracting cost. (8) Proportion of temporary engineering investment. The ratio of all temporaryengineering investment and project contracting cost. (9) Proportion of temporary engineering expenses. All Temporary Project Cost Reducing Ratio of Charges and Engineering Contract Costs.3.3 Indicators Analysis. Compared with the historical actual level of similar projects, the construction organization design index can evaluate the effect of the construction organization design; The comparison of indicators of different construction organization design schemes can be used to optimize the program; The weighted values of previous indicators of the same type of previous projects can be analyzed, which can be used as the future The basis of bidding.4.Management of construction organization designWith the establishment of a socialist market economy, the competition in the construction market has become increasingly fierce, and the objective situation has become increasingly demanding for construction companies. Not only does it require higher requirements in terms of technical equipment, personnel quality, and construction organizers, but it also faces new challenges in engineering economic management. In the rigorous construction market situation, some construction companies did not actively take response measures and did not update or train employees1 professional skills. The management level of science and technology is quite backward. In addition, it did not pay enough attention to the preparation of auditing construction organization design. Therefore, the following common situations will occur:4.1There is no preparation of auditing before the commencement of the construction of the organization design: do not engage in the layout of the construction plan, the material indiscriminately put. There are no guarantee measures for the shipment of earth moving in and out, mechanical equipment, unplanned labor demand, project quality, and safe construction. The phenomenon of wasting waste from workers is serious and the management level is low.4.2Whether it is a professional to compile the construction organization design: In order to deal with the inspections of the superior department and supervision unit and Party A, the construction personnel shall design the construction organization design on behalf of the construction worker or the information officer. Because the data was not known about the current constnjction management but was recently arranged by the leadership, it had to be created and dealt with indiscriminately.4.3The level of construction organization design is low: Some construction companies do not understand the importance of the construction organization in the construction process, write down the subitem construction process, draw the floor plan, and the project schedule, and they think that it is the constmction organization, designed.4.4Technology Abandonment Economy: A considerable number of construction enterprise units are preparing the construction organization design. Only pay attention to the technical measures of each sub-project in the construction organization. The content of the economic indicators of the。
施工组织设计英语文献翻译
Importance of construction organization designSummary:Construction work in the construction process, the construction organization scheme will not only directly affect project quality, duration and safety also has an important impact in the construction process. Construction organization projects and mentoring inconstruction of key technical and economic documents. Can regulate the construction people, mac hines, materials, environment, technology, equipment, construction, installation, management, pro duction and other conflicts , monitoring and control of the construction organization design , scien tific and reasonable assurance the completion of project of high quality, low cost, low energy cons umption.Key words:Project management construction management programme the importance Construction organizat ion design is the idea of the whole construction process of engineering construction project ideas a nd specific arrangements, organization and management of construction work is the heart and soul . Its aim is to enable high speed, high quality, efficiency. Engineering-best results when working in construction as a whole.1． Because of the importance of preparation of construction organization design Architectural engineering and construction with a fixed and liquidity, diversity and one-piece, for m a large and long construction period the three characteristics. Therefore, each construction engin eering construction organization design of construction must be carried out. This is because other general industrial products have their own fixed, long-term application factories. Building constru ction is characterized by mobility, impossible to build such a plant, only when each of the construc tion, and establishing an appropriate, provisional, as factory construction site preparation, namely, site. Constructioncharacteristics and construction of single pieces of mobility features, decided to select appropriate equipment for each construction and labor organizations. Construction technology of construction method of selecting, developing programmes and labour organizations and equipment configuratio n, collectively known as operation capacity configuration. Construction cycle features determines the labour supply of many material, equipment and technology is a long time, which raises the tota l progress plan of construction material that is appropriate for the construction organization design of technology content. It can be seen that is of considerable importance in construction organizati on design in project management.2 .Importance of construction organization designConstruction products as a commodity and engineering quality in project management plays a vita l role in the entire construction process. Construction organization design and engineering cost of construction projects has a close relationship. Construction organization design of basic content: p roject overview and analysis of construction conditions, implementation plan, construction technol ogy, construction progress plan and general plan of construction. Further economic analysis and c onstruction preparation plans. , Scheme and construction technology in construction of more impo rtant , such as : levels of selection, selection of transport method of construction machinery, earth-moving construction method and construction method and construction technology of main structu re of choice and so on , are directly affecting the estimated project price changes. In ensuring proje ct quality and meet the owners subject to the requirements and duration requirements , optimizingconstruction scheme and construction technology are important measures to control investment and reduce project cost and means.2.1 Construction organization scheme is to a large extent affect project quality, reasonable constru ction programme is not only to ensure that the basis for successful completion of the construction, safety basis. Construction organization design is an important part of construction design documen ts, is the main basis for preparation of the project investment budget and preparation of tender doc uments, the main frame of reference. Therefore, good job in construction organization design, corr ectly determine project cost, reduce engineering investment, thus enabling to control project cost would have a very important role.2.2 Construction organization plan of construction activities is an important means of implementing scientific management, it has the dual role of strategic deployment and tactical arrangements. It r eflects the requirements of implementing the capital master plan and design provides all phases of construction preparation, coordination of construction during the construction project, the construc tion trade, the relationship between voluntary. Construction organization scheme must be accordin g to the product's characteristics and requirements, based on existing and possible securing constru ction conditions, realistic, determine how the basic combination of various factors of production, d oes not solve problems, it is impossible for any production.3 Construction design calculation and analysis of indicators Construction organization design sho uld be to establish which indicators are not unified, calculation or specification. Because it is the e valuation of construction organization design of the overall assessment of the effectiveness and the status of implementation, as well as project construction units ( project ) production and managem ent levels and to test the effectiveness of the basis. Must be given to, and made the following com ments.3 .1 Index system. Sets as far as possible reflect the construction organization design of index syst em of the target level of, and to facilitate the evaluation, examination, implementation.3 .2 Index calculation. (1) construction preparation phase. Starting from site preparation to the offi cial project for all time. (2) project duration. Arranged by unit engineering construction progress pl an of construction. (3) labour imbalance coefficient. During peak and the average ratio of the num ber of. (4) reduce the cost amount. Technical measures to reduce the cost of results. (5) reduce the cost rate. Cost reduction percentage of total contract costs. (6) construction mechanization. Mecha nical construction completed production and engineering contract cost ratio. (7) the level of indust rial construction.Precast factory ( sand excavation, quarries ) completed production and engineering contract cost ra tio. (8) the investment proportion of temporary works. All temporary works investment and engine ering contracts cost ratio. (9) cost of temporary works. All temporary works cost recovery fees and contract cost reduction ratio.3.3 Indicator analysis. Construction organization design of indicators as compared to similar proje cts historical actual levels, can assess the impact construction organization design; different indicat ors of construction organization design in contrast to optimum programme; analysis of the weighte d numerical indicator of previous similar projects could serve as a reference for future bidding aga in.4 Management of construction organization designWith the establishment of the Socialist market economy , building increasingly fierce market com petition , objective conditions on the construction enterprise requirements getting higher and higher. Not only in terms of technical equipment, quality of personnel, organizer of construction put for ward higher requirements, but also in engineering economics and management work engineering b udget and settlement also faces new challenges. Strict construction market situation, some constru ction companies do not have a positive response , had no update on staff expertise and training. Sc ience and technology management level quite backward. And for the preparation of construction o rganization design of audit did not attract enough attention. Therefore, there will be several comm on scenarios:4.1 Before commencement of construction organization design of auditing has not been prepared : not to engage in the construction of floor plans , materials of rubble lying around. Earthwork out of transport, machinery and equipment, quality of labor demand planning, engineering, constructio n without guarantees of security. Caused the serious waste of idling , lower levels of management.4.2 Is the professional preparation of construction organization design: to cope with higher autho rities and supervision units, the customer shall check and construction construction organization d esignfor information or addendum. Because the information simply don't know about now, construction management and leadership has recently arranged, had to make up indiscriminately to deal with.4.3 Low levels of construction organization design preparation: some construction units, do not understand the importance of construction organization in the construction process, write about th e construction process, draw a floor plan, project schedule , is considered to be construction organi zation plan.4.4 Abandoned technology economy: a considerable number of units at the time of preparation of construction organization design in construction enterprise. Only importance to the construction of the project of technical measures. Content does not take into account economic indicators , leadin g to projects completion settlement of disputes continue , causing economic losses. Therefore, the management of construction organization design: (1) the introduction of dynamic m anagementConstruction process, inevitably will encounter unexpected problems, such as impact, natural fact ors such as design changes, change field programmes of each stage of the construction process adj ustments must therefore be based on dynamic management of engineering field, not suitable for co nstruction organization design section must be modified, supplemented, optimization, to reach the established goal.(2) Implementation of hierarchical managementProject law construction of introduced, management layer and job layer separation, and fixed wo rkers gradually reduced of situation, will leads total contract and points package of phenomenon, b id units from past of directly management, and directly technology low-down, becomes indirect m anagement, and indirect technology low-down, therefore should according to construction organiz ation design for tiered management, clear total package and points package units, and managemen t layer and job layer of technology permission, and duties and work program.5 ． Closing remarksIn the construction of the project, be sure to oversight and control of the construction organization design to ensure project construction in order to prevent construction organization design of forma lity. Progress of the construction organization design of project quality, security, strong measures o f protection. In conditions of considerable resources to achieve economic benefit of the project an d achieve the win-win purpose construction and economic benefit.施工组织设计的重要性摘要：建筑工程在施工过程中，施工组织方案的优劣不仅直接影响工程的质量，对工期及施工过程中的人员安全也有重要影响。
施工组织设计英文文献翻译
施工组织设计英文文献翻译Construction Organization Design - English Literature TranslationConstruction organization design is an essential aspect of construction project management. It involves the planning, coordination, and control of various activities and resources to ensure the successful execution of a construction project. This article aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the concept by translating relevant English literature on the subject.1. IntroductionConstruction organization design refers to the systematic arrangement of responsibilities, authorities, communication, and resources within a construction project. It aims to optimize project performance while considering factors such as project objectives, scope, constraints, and available resources.2. The Importance of Construction Organization DesignEfficient construction organization design is crucial for the successful completion of a construction project. It helps in optimizing resource allocation, reducing project delays, improving communication, and enhancing overall project performance. A well-designed construction organization structure ensures that project tasks are assigned to the right individuals or teams, thereby maximizing productivity.3. Factors Influencing Construction Organization DesignVarious factors influence the design of construction organization, including project size, complexity, location, contractual agreements, and stakeholder requirements. The project manager must assess these factors and develop an organizational structure that fosters effective coordination, communication, and collaboration among project participants.4. Construction Organization Design ApproachesSeveral approaches can be adopted for construction organization design, depending on the project's unique characteristics. These include functional, project-based, matrix, and hybrid organizational structures. Each approach has its advantages and disadvantages, and the selection depends on the project's specific requirements.4.1 Functional OrganizationIn a functional organization, employees are grouped based on their areas of expertise, such as engineering, procurement, and construction. This structure promotes specialization and allows for efficient resource utilization. However, it may result in limited communication and coordination between functional units.4.2 Project-Based OrganizationIn a project-based organization, teams are assembled specifically for each project. This structure promotes effective communication and coordination among team members. However, it may lead to duplication of resources and increase project costs.4.3 Matrix OrganizationThe matrix organization combines the functional and project-based structures. It involves a dual reporting system, where employees have both functional and project managers. This approach enhances communication and coordination while maintaining functional expertise. However, it can also create conflicts between functional and project managers.4.4 Hybrid OrganizationA hybrid organization structure is a customized approach that combines elements from various organizational structures. It allows for flexibility and can be tailored to meet the specific needs of a construction project. The hybrid structure may combine functional, project-based, or matrix elements.5. Challenges in Construction Organization DesignDesigning an effective construction organization structure is not without challenges. These challenges include the need for interdepartmental coordination, the dynamic nature of construction projects, changing stakeholder requirements, project uncertainties, and cultural differences among workers. Project managers must address these challenges to ensure the smooth functioning of the construction organization.6. ConclusionConstruction organization design plays a vital role in the successful execution of construction projects. It involves the systematic arrangement of responsibilities, communication, and resources, considering various project factors. The choice of organizational structure depends on factors such as project size, complexity, and stakeholder requirements. By addressingchallenges and adopting a suitable organizational structure, project managers can optimize project performance and achieve project objectives.In conclusion, construction organization design is a critical aspect of construction project management. This article aimed to provide an understanding of the concept by translating relevant English literature. It discussed the importance of construction organization design, factors influencing the design, different approaches, challenges, and the significance of effective organization design in construction projects.。
项目工程施工组织设计方案英文文献翻译
Construction of the Project Management of the importance of organization designAbstract: The construction organization is a construction project and guide the importanttechnical and economic documents. Can regulate the construction workers , machinery, raw materials, environment, technology, equipment, construc tion, installation, management, production and other conflicts, to supe rvise the construction and control of organizational design in order to ensure scientific and rational project high-quality, low cost, less the completion of energy.Keywords: project management; construction organization; design; importan ce Construction design and project construction is an i mportant document guiding construction, construction enterprises are abl e to high-quality, high speed, low cost, low consumption of completed building projects to ensure effective measures, but also strengthen the management, the importance of improving economic efficiency means, is also properly handle the construction workers, machinery, raw mat erials, methods, environment and technology and equipment, civil works and installation of collaboration, consumption and supply, management and production and other kinds of contradictions, scientific and rat ional, planned and orderly , the equilibrium organization of productio n and an important guarantee for project construction.With the establishment of socialist market economy, an increa singly competitive construction market, the objective situation of cons truction enterprises have become increasingly demanding, not only in t echnology and equipment, personnel quality, the construction put forwar d higher requirements of the organizers, and engineering economic mana gement Pre-settlement work in the project is also facing new challeng es. Strict construction market situation, some construction companies a re not actively taken measures, professional and technical staff is n ot updated, training, science and technology management level is very backward, with the preparation of construction design review did not attract enough attention, so there will be the following common sit uations:(1) audit is not compiled before the start of construction or ganization design: not to pursue the construction of floor plans, mat erials, cluttered, moving out of import of machinery and equipment, u nplanned demand for labor, quality, security, construction without assu rance measures, resulting in nest Workers serious waste management low er.(2) whether it is the preparation of construction design profe ssionals: In order to cope with the higher authorities and supervisor y agencies, Party member or check the information to the construction workers on behalf of the Code construction design, because the data simply do not know right now who is a leading construction managem ent recent arrangements, had casually made up, just go.(3) the preparation of the low level of construction organizat ion design:Some construction units, construction organizations do not understand t he importance of the construction process, to write about the sub-con struction process, draw a floor plan, schedule progress, it regarded construction organization design.(4) to abandon technology economy: a considerable number of co nstruction enterprises in the preparation of construction organization design, construction organization which only concerned the various sub-project of the technical measures, without considering the sub-project aspects of economic indicators, leading to the completion of settlem ent disputes about economic loss.[Example 1] in a district of Nanning City, the life of a dormitory building to be a form of water renovation project, but bec ause the dormitory was built in the eighties, has been twenty years, the owners between buildings without authorization of their own debr is occupied the public space of normal channels, resulting in too na rrow passage between two buildings, traffic problems, so the resulting need for manual handling of construction materials to construction s ites, construction materials are stated not to enter the venue and r equest for additional materials secondary transportation fee, Party A will not sign recognition, resulting in economic losses. If the const ruction units in the field before the start of the investigation, ca refully review the preparation of construction design and engineering contract be described in the notes, you can reduce unnecessary troubl e.[Example 2] of a residential building project excavation, const ruction site is not large, the construction unit construction with co nstruction design, but no earth survey program, no excavation of the slope coefficient of discharge, nor the accumulation of pre-construct ion earthwork calculation, the original machine in the pit excavation uppercut on it, because there is no construction design survey on the ground, resulting in ruptured a nearby residential building to th e water, resulting in increased costs of grading required to show th ere is no clear , resulting in a Jixietaiban increase moving away m ore, but also back when the backfill backfill, resulting in construct ion enterprises in the economy by the economic loss in vain.[Example 3] Construction of a residential building products business in the construction process, when preparing to start constructio n organization is very simple, even the template sub-project calculati ons are not, in the basement of the construction of the installation template template installation height of 5 m, maximum beam for the 600 ×1200, thickness 250, in the erection of experience by the workers under their erection, supervision and acceptance can not be a cceptance of the results, but also re-checking, the results support t he strength of pole did not meet the template requirements of a ful l return to work. Rework the economic losses can be imagined.Such as steel is now more fitting to discuss the situation, the tender list or did not say by welding sleeve, you said in the welding construction organization, it can talk with the sleeve const ruction of a visa; Earthwork and temporary facilities in the Shih gr oup calculated as long as the excess of the quota rules set paved the way is part of the claim. The problem is now that this file i s isolated, not construction, not cost, because it is not targeted.The above three examples fully show that the construction de sign in the construction process as well as pre-settlement project pl ays an important role, not only organized the construction of organiz ational design, guiding production role in the objective economic mana gement has become a very important can not be ignored component. Construction design is the arrangement of a construction company build ing a comprehensive technical and economic documentation of constructio n products. The depth of the content of their preparation, can be d ivided into construction design, construction organization design, const ruction design outline and so on.Meaning: in order to process the entire project imple mentation macro-control. Complete the construction of a sub-organization design should include: project overview, construction methods, quality assurance measures, manpower and machinery plan and guarantee measure s, construction of network diagrams, and bar charts, safety measures, details of resources, energy conservation measures, construction perio d to ensure measures.Implementation of the project in the construction of the ses sion, the price of construction projects through the construction draw ings to determine the general preparation of the budget, the determin ation of the construction contract price, engineering and project fina l settlement price to determine price and other processes. Constructio n design of which is the main factor of the project cost, therefore , project cost management, construction design must pay close attentio n as an important link in this regard should address the following two aspects of the relations.Fixed construction budget to reflect the actual constructionof each sub-part of the construction process of each project componen t of labor, materials, Jixietaiban consumption standards. It is to id entify and control the construction and installation cost base; is to design technical and economic comparison, based on technical and eco nomic analysis; is the construction unit based on the analysis of ec onomic activities; the preparation of bidding price, bidding price of the base; is the preparation of the fixed budget and estimates bas ed on indicators; is construction drawing budget, project contracts, p roject budget and project an important basis for final prices, but t he budget is fixed under normal construction conditions, the majority of the construction unit to the current level of machinery and equ ipment, the reasonable construction period , construction technology, l abor organizations based on each sub-part of the preparation of the consumption of the project. However, construction of the project there are many special cases in which sub-part of the project constructio n method is not necessarily the same under a fixed budget, as curre ntly stipulated in the budget scale, "based on construction design OK " and so on. Such as "consumption of fixed construction Guangxi Zhua ng Autonomous Region", the earth and stone work on the manual calcul ation rules. Trenchdigging, earthwork grading time required to "construction design" shall be calculated, "construction design" no clearly defined, put the slo pe coefficient by a fixed proportion of the implementation of the pr ovisions.Construction projects with construction design is closely re lated to project cost. The basic construction design includes: project overview and analysis of construction conditions, construction program s, construction technology, construction schedule, construction general layout. There are economic analysis and construction preparation work plan. Among them, the construction program and construction process is more important to determine, for example: the choice of construction machinery, horizontal transport method of choice, moving the main st ructure of the construction methods and construction methods and const ruction technology of choice, etc., are a direct impact on project b udget price changes. In ensuring the quality and meet the owners req uirements and schedule requirements of the premise, optimize the const ruction program and construction process is to control the cost of i nvestment projects and reduce the importance of measures and means.Construction design is not only an important guiding document production and management activities, preparation of construction plan s is an important basis for the budget. Therefore, the construction unit leaders before the start of the unit project to tissue engineer ing, materials and equipment, industrial scale, economic planning, project cost and other personnel to seriously familiar with the drawings, in-depth on-site field survey of the technical and economic organiza tional measures. Project cost in the preparation of construction desig n is directly related to the economic interests of enterprises, becau se, in the project cost management and implementation of the provisio ns of the budget scale, the cost of personnel staff plays the role of business manager in charge; in the bidding and construction cont ract, the cost commissioned by the enterprise legal person can be us ed as the legal representative of the agent, the exercise of powers conferred by enterprise legal person; in the construction and budget work, supervision plays a role in the economy. Therefore, the full cost of in-house staff not only understands technology, understand t he policy, but also understands the role of legal expertise and is prepared well construction design and improve an important aspect of economic efficiency of enterprises, but also works to overcome and av oid an economic dispute settlement reasonable and effective way.Finally, the construction organization of this document is very important, it is the technical and economic documents. Constructi on of the project, be sure to supervise the construction and control of organizational design to ensure the project's construction order, to prevent the construction design a mere formality. Engineering con struction design is the quality, safety, effective measures to guarant ee progress.浅谈项目管理中施工组织设计重要性摘要:施工组织是项目建设和指导工程施工的重要技术经济文件。
施工组织设计外文文献翻译中英文[管理资料]
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外文文献翻译(含：英文原文及中文译文)文献出处：Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research, 2015, 3(2):281-294.英文原文Importance of construction organization designG BaeckerAbstractDuring the construction process of a construction project, the advantages and disadvantages of the construction organization scheme not only directly affect the quality of the project, but also have an important impact on the duration and the safety of the personnel during the construction process. The construction organization is an important technical and economic document for the project construction and guidance of project construction. Can adjust the contradiction of personnel, machinery, raw materials, environment, process, equipment, civil construction, installation, management, production, etc. in construction. It is necessary to supervise and control the construction organization design so as to ensure the project quality with high quality, low cost, and less Energy consumption is completed.Key words: Project Management, Construction Organization, Program ImportanceConstruction organization design is the conception and specific arrangement of the entire construction process of the engineering construction project. It is the core and soul of the construction organization management work. Its purpose is to make the project faster, better quality, and more efficient. Make the whole project get relatively optimal results in the construction.1. The reason for the importance of the design of construction organizationThe construction project and its construction have three characteristics: fixed and fluidity, diversity and individuality, large body and long construction period. Therefore, the construction of each construction project must be carried out. This is because: The production of other general industrial products has its own fixed, long-term factory. The construction of the building is fluid, and it is impossible to establish such a factory. It is only when each construction project is constructed that a corresponding, temporary construction site preparation like the nature of the plant is employed. The unique features of construction and the characteristics of construction mobility determine that each construction project must select the appropriate equipment and labor organization. The selection of construction methods, the formulation of construction technology plans, and the organization of workforces and implements are collectively referred to as construction work capacityallocation. The characteristics of the construction cycle have determined that the supply of various labors, equipment and many materials and materials technologies will take a long time. This will result in the construction and design of materials and technologies that are compatible with the overall construction schedule. From this we can see that construction organization design is very important in project management.2. The importance of construction organization designAs a product, building products play an extremely important role in project management throughout the construction process. The construction organization of the engineering construction project has a close relationship with its engineering cost. The basic contents of the construction organization design include: project overview and construction condition analysis, construction plan, construction process, construction schedule plan, and general plan of construction. There are also economic analysis and construction preparation work plans. Among them, the determination of the construction plan and construction process is more important. For example, the selection of construction machinery, the selection of horizontal transportation methods, the construction methods of the earthwork, the construction methods of the main structure and the selection of the construction technology all directly affect the project budget. The price changes. Under the premise of guaranteeingproject quality and satisfying the owner's use requirements and construction period requirements, optimizing the construction plan and construction process is an important measure and method to control investment and reduce construction project cost.The construction organization plan affects the quality of the project to a great extent. Therefore, a reasonable project organization plan is not only the basis for ensuring the successful completion of the project, but also the basis for project safety. The construction organization design is an important part of the construction engineering design documents. It is the main basis for preparing the project investment budget and the main reference for the preparation of bidding documents. Therefore, careful construction of the construction organization will have a very important role in determining the project cost and reducing the investment in the project, which will help control the construction cost.The construction organization plan is an important means for scientific management of construction activities. It has the dual role of strategic deployment and tactical arrangements. It embodies the requirements for realizing the basic construction plan and design, provides the contents of the construction preparation work in each phase, and coordinates the mutual relations between each construction work area, each construction work type, and each voluntary work in the construction process. The construction organization plan must be able to determine thebasic combination of various factors of production based on the characteristics and requirements of the engineering product and the current and possible winning construction conditions. It is impossible to carry out any production without effectively solving the problem. .3. Index calculation and analysis of construction organization designAt present, what indicators should be established in the construction organization design are not uniform and the calculation method is not standardized. As it is a yardstick for evaluating the overall effect of construction organization design and evaluation of implementation status, it is also the basis for examining the level and effect of production, operation and management of the unit (project department) that undertakes construction. We should pay attention to the following suggestions.3. 1 indicator system. The index system should be set up to reflect the level reached by the construction organization's design goals and provide convenience for evaluation, assessment, and implementation.3. 2 Index calculations. (1) Construction preparation period. From the start of site preparation to the full time of formal project start-up. (2) Unit project duration. The construction period arranged by the unit construction schedule. (3) Labor imbalance coefficient. The ratio of the peak number of construction period to the average number of people. (4) Reduce the cost. Technical organization measures to lower the cost ofprice results. (5) Reduce the cost rate. The percentage of cost reduction in contracted costs. (6) The degree of construction mechanization. The ratio of the completion value of mechanical construction to the project contracting cost. (7) The degree of factory construction. Prefabrication plant (quarry, quarry) The ratio of the completed production value to the engineering contracting cost. (8) Proportion of temporary engineering investment. The ratio of all temporary engineering investment and project contracting cost. (9) Proportion of temporary engineering expenses. All Temporary Project Cost Reducing Ratio of Charges and Engineering Contract Costs.3. 3 Indicators Analysis. Compared with the historical actual level of similar projects, the construction organization design index can evaluate the effect of the construction organization design; The comparison of indicators of different construction organization design schemes can be used to optimize the program; The weighted values of previous indicators of the same type of previous projects can be analyzed, which can be used as the future The basis of bidding.4. Management of construction organization designWith the establishment of a socialist market economy, the competition in the construction market has become increasingly fierce, and the objective situation has become increasingly demanding for construction companies. Not only does it require higher requirements interms of technical equipment, personnel quality, and construction organizers, but it also faces new challenges in engineering economic management. In the rigorous construction market situation, some construction companies did not actively take response measures and did not update or train employees' professional skills. The management level of science and technology is quite backward. In addition, it did not pay enough attention to the preparation of auditing construction organization design. Therefore, the following common situations will occur: There is no preparation of auditing before the commencement of the construction of the organization design: do not engage in the layout of the construction plan, the material indiscriminately put. There are no guarantee measures for the shipment of earth moving in and out, mechanical equipment, unplanned labor demand, project quality, and safe construction. The phenomenon of wasting waste from workers is serious and the management level is low.Whether it is a professional to compile the construction organization design: In order to deal with the inspections of the superior department and supervision unit and Party A, the construction personnel shall design the construction organization design on behalf of the construction worker or the information officer. Because the data was not known about the current construction management but was recently arranged by the leadership, it had to be created and dealt withindiscriminately.The level of construction organization design is low: Some construction companies do not understand the importance of the construction organization in the construction process, write down the sub-item construction process, draw the floor plan, and the project schedule, and they think that it is the construction organization. designed.Technology Abandonment Economy: A considerable number of construction enterprise units are preparing the construction organization design. Only pay attention to the technical measures of each sub-project in the construction organization. The content of the economic indicators of the sub-item was not taken into consideration, which caused continuous disputes during the settlement of the project and caused economic losses. Therefore, we must manage the construction organization design:(1) Implement dynamic managementDuring the construction process, it will inevitably encounter unexpected problems, such as design changes, natural factors, etc. Changes in the construction process at each stage will result in the adjustment of on-site plans. Therefore, dynamic management must be carried out according to the changed site conditions. , Make necessary modifications, supplements, and optimizations to the inappropriate parts of the construction organization design to achieve the establishedconstruction goals.(2) Implement hierarchical managementThe implementation of project law construction, the separation of management and operation layers, and the gradual reduction of fixed workers will inevitably lead to the phenomenon of general contracting and subcontracting. The successful bidders have changed from direct management of the past to direct technical disclosure to indirect management and indirect technologies. As a result, management should be layered according to the design of the construction organization, and the technical authority, responsibilities and working procedures of the general contracting and subcontracting units, management and operation layers should be clearly defined.5 ConclusionDuring the construction of the project, the organization and design of the construction must be supervised and controlled to ensure the orderly construction of the project and prevent the construction organization from flowing into the form. Construction organization design is a powerful measure to ensure project quality, safety and progress. Under certain resource conditions, the technical and economic benefits of the project can be achieved, and the purpose of win-win construction and economic benefits can be achieved.中文译文施工组织设计的重要性G Baecker摘要建筑工程在施工过程中, 施工组织方案的优劣不仅直接影响工程的质量, 对工期及施工过程中的人员安全也有重要影响。
施工组织设计摘要 中英
施工组织设计摘要中英Abstract of Construction Organization Design施工组织设计摘要Introduction:引言Construction organization design is a crucial aspect of any construction project. It involves the planning, coordination, and management of various activities to ensure the successful completion of the project. This article aims to provide a comprehensive overview of construction organization design, including its importance, key elements, and best practices.正文内容I. Importance of Construction Organization Design:一、施工组织设计的重要性1.1 Efficient Resource Allocation:1.1 高效的资源分配Effective construction organization design helps in the efficient allocation of resources. It involves identifying the required resources for each activity and ensuring their availability at the right time. This helps in minimizing delays, reducing costs, and improving overall project productivity.1.2 Optimal Work Sequencing:1.2 最佳工序安排Construction organization design also focuses on the optimal sequencing of work activities. By carefully planning the order in which tasks are to be performed, it ensures smooth workflow and minimizes conflicts or bottlenecks. This leads to improved project efficiency and timely completion.1.3 Risk Mitigation:1.3 风险缓解A well-designed construction organization plan considers potential risks and incorporates measures to mitigate them. It involves identifying potential hazards, developing contingency plans, and implementing safety protocols. This helps in ensuring the safety of workers, reducing accidents, and minimizing project disruptions.II. Key Elements of Construction Organization Design:二、施工组织设计的关键要素2.1 Work Breakdown Structure:2.1 工作分解结构The work breakdown structure (WBS) is a fundamental element of construction organization design. It involves breaking down the project into smaller, manageable tasks or activities. Each activity is assigned to a specific team or individual responsible for its execution. This helps in better coordination and control over the project.2.2 Communication and Collaboration:2.2 沟通与协作Effective communication and collaboration are essential for successful construction organization design. It involves establishing clear channels of communication, facilitating regular meetings, and promoting collaboration among different stakeholders. This ensures smooth information flow, timely decision-making, and effective problem-solving.2.3 Project Scheduling and Monitoring:2.3 项目进度安排与监控Construction organization design includes the development of a detailed project schedule and its regular monitoring. It involves identifying critical activities, setting milestones, and tracking progress. This helps in identifying potential delays or deviations from the plan and taking corrective actions in a timely manner.III. Best Practices in Construction Organization Design:三、施工组织设计的最佳实践3.1 Early Involvement of Key Stakeholders:3.1 早期涉及关键利益相关者Incorporating key stakeholders, such as architects, engineers, and contractors, in the construction organization design process from the early stages is crucial. Their input and expertise can help in identifying potential challenges, optimizing resource allocation, and ensuring the feasibility of the design.3.2 Use of Technology:3.2 应用技术Leveraging technology tools and software can greatly enhance construction organization design. Building Information Modeling (BIM), for example, allows for the visualization and simulation of the project, aiding in better decision-making and coordination. Project management software helps in scheduling, monitoring, and collaboration.3.3 Continuous Improvement:3.3 持续改进Construction organization design should not be a one-time activity but an ongoing process. Regular evaluation, feedback, and learning from past projects help in identifying areas for improvement. Implementing lessons learned and adapting to changing project requirements leads to enhanced efficiency and better project outcomes.IV. Conclusion:四、结论In conclusion, construction organization design plays a crucial role in the successful execution of construction projects. By efficiently allocating resources, optimizing work sequencing, and mitigating risks, it ensures timely completion, cost-effectiveness, and safety. Incorporating key elements and following best practices can further enhance the effectiveness of construction organization design. Therefore, it is essential for project managers and stakeholders to give due importance to this aspect of project planning and execution.总结施工组织设计在施工项目的成功执行中起着关键作用。
施工组织设计(中英文对照)
目录Contents一、编制说明Explanation to the Compilation (2)二、工程概况Project Profile (6)三、施工准备Preparations for the Commencement (9)四、项目组织管理机构The Project Administration Organization (14)五、土建部分主要施工方法The Main Construction Method for the Civil Work (21)六、装饰装修工程主要施工方法The Main Construction Method for Finishing Work (46)七、安装部分主要施工方法Main working plan for installation (52)八、季节性施工措施Working plan for seasonality (65)九、质量保证措施Quality guarantee measurement (68)十、工期保证措施The steps for time limitation guarantee (73)十一、安全生产措施Security Production Measurement (76)十二、现场文明施工措施Field civilization working measures (86)十四、工程资料的整理及归档project material settling and filing (90)十五、工程回访维修制度Project revisit repair system (91)十六、施工总平面布置图The layout of the jobsite (92)十七、形象进度计划表Schedule Chart (94)附图:施工现场平面布置图附表：总的施工进度计划表一、编制说明Explanation to the Compilation1.1综合说明Comprehensive Explanations首先，我们诚恳地表示：我们将全心全意为业主服务，服从业主、监理的管理，和设计单位、各分包单位一起共同完成本项目的建设任务.我们通过认真学习和研究招标文件及有关图纸资料,并踏勘施工现场，在分析了各种外部环境和内部条件，以及工程施工的特点以后,我们有充分的信心保证高质量、如期、全面完成本工程招标文件规定的工程范围的任务。
施工组织设计摘要 中英
施工组织设计摘要中英Abstract of Construction Organization Design施工组织设计摘要Introduction:引言Construction organization design is a crucial aspect of any construction project. It involves planning and coordinating various activities to ensure the smooth execution of the project. In this article, we will discuss the importance of construction organization design and its key components.施工组织设计是任何建筑项目的重要组成部分。
它涉及规划和协调各种活动，以确保项目的顺利执行。
在本文中，我们将讨论施工组织设计的重要性及其关键组成部分。
I. Project Planning:一、项目规划1.1 Pre-construction phase:1.1 前期准备阶段During the pre-construction phase, it is essential to establish clear project objectives and goals. This includes determining the scope of work, setting project timelines, and identifying resource requirements. Proper planning in this phase helps in organizing the construction process effectively.在前期准备阶段，建立清晰的项目目标和目标至关重要。
施工组织设计英文文献
- energy demand reductions due to insulation (GWh/year).
E. Tsioliaridou, G.C. Bakos / Energy and Buildings 38 (2006) 196–206
197
system with an adequate safety margin and using the most mature and cost-effective RES technologies.
E. Tsioliaridou *, C. Bakos
Democritus University of Thrace, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Energy Economics Laboratory, 12 Vas. Sofias Str, 67100 Xanthi, Greece
Keywords: Reference scenario; Renewable energy sources (RES); Rational use of energy (RUE)
1. Introduction
Renewable energy sources (RES) and rational use of energy (RUE) have been and are further supported in Europe in the last decades and a number of related research projects have been funded by EC [1,2]. The core objectives of these projects (Green-X and Green-Net) were to facilitate a significantly increased electricity generation from RES in a liberalised electricity market with minimal costs for European citizens. The major outcome of these two projects was a simulation software containing a comprehensive database with potentials and costs of different RES technologies in EU countries.
施工组织设计摘要 中英
施工组织设计摘要中英Abstract of Construction Organization Design施工组织设计摘要Introduction:Construction organization design is a crucial aspect of any construction project. It involves planning and coordinating various activities to ensure smooth execution of the project. This article will provide an overview of construction organization design, highlighting its importance and key considerations.I. Importance of Construction Organization Design:1.1 Efficient Resource Allocation:Proper construction organization design helps in efficient allocation of resources, including manpower, materials, and equipment. It ensures that the right resources are available at the right time and in the right quantity, minimizing wastage and delays.1.2 Improved Productivity:A well-designed construction organization enhances productivity by optimizing work processes and reducing bottlenecks. It ensures that tasks are allocated to the most suitable individuals or teams, maximizing their skills and expertise.1.3 Risk Management:Construction organization design plays a crucial role in risk management. By clearly defining responsibilities and establishing effective communication channels, it helps in identifying and addressing potential risks at an early stage, minimizing their impact on the project.II. Key Considerations in Construction Organization Design:2.1 Project Scope and Complexity:The scope and complexity of the construction project significantly influence the organization design. Large-scale projects with multiple phases and specialized tasks require a more complex organizational structure, involving various departments and teams.2.2 Project Schedule and Timeline:The project schedule and timeline determine the sequencing and coordination of activities. Construction organization design should consider critical path analysis and identify dependencies between tasks to ensure timely completion of the project.2.3 Stakeholder Collaboration:Effective collaboration with stakeholders, including clients, contractors, and subcontractors, is crucial for successful construction organization design. It involves establishing clear lines of communication, defining roles and responsibilities, and fostering a collaborative environment.III. Construction Organization Design Strategies:3.1 Functional Organization:In a functional organization design, personnel are grouped based on their specialized skills or functions. This structure allows for efficient resource utilization and expertise development. However, it may lead to communication gaps and lack of coordination between different functional units.3.2 Project-Based Organization:A project-based organization design focuses on forming temporary teams specifically for each project. This structure promotes better coordination and communication among team members, but it may result in duplication of resources and limited knowledge transfer between projects.3.3 Matrix Organization:A matrix organization design combines both functional and project-based structures. It allows for a balance between specialized skills and project-specific requirements. However, it can be complex to manage, requiring strong coordination and communication mechanisms.IV. Implementation Challenges and Solutions:4.1 Resistance to Change:Implementing a new construction organization design may face resistance from employees accustomed to existing structures. Effective change management strategies, such as communication, training, and involvement of key stakeholders, can help overcome resistance and ensure smooth implementation.4.2 Lack of Information Sharing:Construction organization design relies on effective information sharing and communication. Implementing technology solutions, such as project management software and collaborative platforms, can facilitate real-time information exchange and improve decision-making.4.3 Evaluation and Continuous Improvement:Regular evaluation and feedback are essential for successful construction organization design. Implementing performance measurement systems and conducting post-project reviews can identify areas for improvement and drive continuous organizational development.V. Conclusion:In conclusion, construction organization design plays a vital role in the success of construction projects. By efficiently allocating resources, improving productivity, and managing risks, it ensures smooth project execution. Considerations such as project scope, schedule, and stakeholder collaboration, along with the selection of appropriate organizational strategies, are crucial for effective design implementation. Overcomingimplementation challenges and fostering a culture of continuous improvement are key to achieving optimal construction organization design.。
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施工组织设计中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)施工组织设计的重要性摘要：建筑工程在施工过程中，施工组织方案的优劣不仅直接影响工程的质量，对工期及施工过程中的人员安全也有重要影响。
施工组织是项目建设和指导工程施工的重要技术经济文件。
能调节施工中人员、机器、原料、环境、工艺、设备、土建、安装、管理、生产等矛盾,要对施工组织设计进行监督和控制,才能科学合理的保证工程项目高质量、低成本、少耗能的完成。
关键词：项目管理施工组织方案重要性施工组织设计就是对工程建设项目整个施工过程的构思设想和具体安排，是施工组织管理工作的核心和灵魂。
其目的是使工程速度快、质量好、效益高。
使整个工程在施工中获得相对的最优效果。
1.编制施工组织设计重要性的原因建筑工程及其施工具有固定性与流动性、多样性与单件性、形体庞大与施工周期长这三对特点。
所以，每一建筑工程的施工都必须进行施工组织设计。
这是因为：其它一般工业产品的生产都有着自己固定的、长期适用的工厂。
而建筑施工具有流动性的特点，不可能建立这样的工厂，只能是当每一个建筑工程施工时，建立一个相应的、临时性的，如同工厂作用性质的施工现场准备，即工地。
施工单件性特点与施工流动性特点，决定了每一建筑工程施工都要选择相应的机具和劳动力组织。
选择施工方法、拟定施工技术方案及其劳动力组织和机具配置，统称为施工作业能力配置。
施工周期的特点，决定了各种劳动力、机具和众多材料物资技术的供应时间也比较长，这就产生了与施工总进度计划相适应的物资技术的施工组织设计内容。
由此可见，施工组织设计在项目管理中是相当重要的。
2.施工组织设计方案的重要性建筑产品作为一种商品，在项目管理中工程质量在整个施工过程中起着极其重要的作用。
工程建设项目的施工组织设计与其工程造价有着密切的关系。
施工组织设计基本的内容有：工程概况和施工条件的分析、施工方案、施工工艺、施工进度计划、施工总平面图。
还有经济分析和施工准备工作计划。
其中,施工方案及施工工艺的确定更为重要,如:施工机械的选择、水平运输方法的选择、土方的施工方法及主体结构的施工方法和施工工艺的选择等等,均直接影响着工程预算价格的变化。
在保证工程质量和满足业主使用要求及工期要求的前提下,优化施工方案及施工工艺是控制投资和降低工程项目造价的重要措施和手段。
2.1施工组织方案在很大程度上影响着工程质量，因此合理的施工组织方案不仅是确保工程顺利完成的基础，也是工程安全的依据。
施工组织设计是建筑工程设计文件的重要组成部分，是编制工程投资概预算的主要依据和编制招投标文件的主要参考依据。
因此，认真做好施工组织设计，对于正确确定工程造价、降低工程投资，从而有利控制工程造价将有十分重要的作用。
2.2施工组织方案是对施工活动实行科学管理的重要手段，它具有战略部署和战术安排的双重作用。
它体现了实现基本建设计划和设计的要求，提供了各阶段的施工准备工作内容，协调施工过程中各施工工区，各施工工种，各项自愿之间的相互关系。
施工组织方案必须能够根据工程产品的特点和要求，根据现有的和可能争取到的施工条件，从实际出发，决定各种生产要素的基本结合方式，不切实解决问题，就不可能进行任何生产。
3.施工组织设计的指标计算和分析目前施工组织设计应建立哪些指标还不统一，计算方法也不规范。
由于它是评价施工组织设计整体效果和评价执行状况的尺度，也是对承建工程施工的单位(项目部)生产经营管理水平和效果进行考核的依据。
应予重视，提出如下意见。
3.1指标体系。
指标体系的设置要尽量反映施工组织设计目标达到的水平，为评价、考核、执行提供方便。
3.2指标计算。
(1)施工准备期。
从现场准备开始到正式工程开工的全部时间。
(2)单位工程工期。
由单位工程施工进度计划安排的施工期。
(3)劳动力不均衡系数。
施工期高峰人数与平均人数之比。
(4)降低成本额。
技术组织措施降低成本的价格成果。
(5)降低成本率。
降低成本额占承包成本的百分比。
(6)施工机械化程度。
机械施工完成产值与工程承包造价之比。
(7)工厂化施工程度。
预制厂(采砂场、采石场)完成的产值与工程承包造价之比。
(8)临时工程投资比例。
全部临时工程投资与工程承包造价之比。
(9)临时工程费用比例。
全部临时工程消耗费用减回收费与工程承包造价之比。
3.3指标分析。
施工组织设计指标与同类工程历史实际水平相比，可以评价施工组织设计效果；不同施工组织设计方案的指标对比，可以优选方案；分析以往历次同类工程的各项指标的加权数值，可以作为今后再次投标的参考依据。
4.施工组织设计的管理随着社会主义市场经济的建立,建筑市场的竞争日趋激烈,客观形势对施工企业的要求越来越高。
不仅在技术装备、人员素质、施工组织者方面提出较高的要求，而且工程经济管理工作中有关工程预结算也面临新的挑战。
严谨建筑市场形势下，有些施工企业没有积极采取应对措施,对员工的专业技术没有更新、培训。
科学技术管理水平相当落后。
加上对编制审核施工组织设计没有引起足够的重视。
因此就会出现以下几种常见的情况：4.1开工前没有编制审核施工组织设计：不搞施工平面布置图,材料乱堆乱放。
土方运出运进、机械设备、劳动力需求无计划、工程质量、安全施工无保证措施。
造成窝工浪费现象严重,管理水平较低。
4.2是否是专业人员编制施工组织设计：为应付上级部门及监理单位、甲方检查而给施工员或资料员代编施工组织设计。
因为资料根本对现在的施工管理不了解而又是领导最近安排的，不得不胡乱编造，应付了事。
4.3施工组织设计编制水平低：有的施工单位，不明白施工组织在施工过程中的重要性，写一写各分项施工工艺、画张平面布置图、工程进度计划表,便认为是施工组织设计了。
4.4要技术弃经济：相当多的施工企业单位在编制施工组织设计时。
只重视施工组织当中的各分项工程的技术措施。
没有考虑分项工程经济指标方面内容,导致工程竣工结算时纠纷不断,蒙受经济损失。
因此，要对施工组织设计进行管理：(1)实行动态管理工程施工过程中，不可避免地会遇到意想不到的各种问题，如设计变更、自然因素等影响，各阶段施工进程的变化造成现场方案的调整，因此必须根据变化了的现场实际进行动态管理，对施工组织设计中不适宜部分进行必须的修改、补充、优化，以达到既定的建设目标。
(2)实行分层管理项目法施工的推行，管理层与作业层分离，以及固定工人逐步减少的情况，势必引出总承包与分包的现象，中标单位从过去的直接管理、直接技术交底，变为间接管理、间接技术交底，因此应根据施工组织设计进行分层管理，明确总包与分包单位、管理层与作业层的技术权限、职责与工作程序。
5.结语在项目的施工中，一定要对施工组织设计进行监督和控制，确保项目的施工有序，防止施工组织设计流于形式。
施工组织设计是工程质量、安全、进度的保障有力措施。
在一定的资源条件下实现工程的技术经济效益，达到施工效益与经济效益双赢的目的。
6.遵照合同工作除非合法的或现实条件不允许，任何情况下，承包商应严格遵照合同实施、竣工和修补其任何缺陷以满足工程师的要求。
无论合同中是否提及或接触或涉及施工，承包商应严格执行工程师的指示。
根据合同第2条的规定，承包商只能从工程师代表处取得指示。
7.提交进度计划承包商应当在中标函签发日之后第二部分说明的时间之内，以工程师规定的适当格式和详细程度，向工程师递交一份工程进度计划，以取得工程师的同意。
无论工程师何时需要，承包商还应以书面形式提交一份对其进行工程施工所拟采用的安排和方法的总说明。
8.修改进度无论何时，如果工程师认为，工程的实际进度不符合第14.1款中已经同意的进度计划时，承包商应根据工程师的要求提出一份修订过的进度计划，表明为保证工程按期竣工而对原进度计划所作的修改。
9.提交现金流量估算在中标函签发日之后第二部分条款说明的时间之内，承包商应按季度向工程师提交承包商根据合同将有权得到的全部支付的详细现金流通量估算。
若工程师提出要求，依照合同规定指定承包商的所有支付，承包商还应按季度提供修订的现金流通量估算。
10.承包商的监督只要工程师认为是为正确履行合同规定的承包商义务所必需的，承包商应在工程的施工期间及其后提供一切必要的监督。
承包商或经工程师批准的一位合格的并授权的代表应用其全部时间对该工程进行监督。
上述批准可由工程师随时撤回。
该授权代表应代表承包商接受工程师的指示，或根据第2条的规定接受工程师代表的指示。
Importance of construction organization design Summary:Construction work in the construction process, the construction organizat ion scheme will not only directly affect project quality, duration and safety als o has an important impact in the construction process. Construction organizati on projects and mentoring in construction of key technical and economic docu ments. Canregulate the construction people, machines, materials, environment , technology, equipment, construction, installation, management, production a nd other conflicts , monitoring and control of the construction organization de sign , scientific and reasonable assurance the completion of project of high qu ality, low cost, low energy consumption.Key words:Project management construction management programme the importanc e Construction organization design is the idea of the whole construction proc ess of engineering construction project ideas and specific arrangements, organ ization and management of construction work is the heart and soul. Its aim is t o enable high speed, high quality, efficiency. Engineeringbest results when wo rking in construction as a whole.1.Because of the importance of preparation of construction organiza tion designArchitectural engineering and construction with a fixed and liquidity, div ersity and onepiece, form a large and long construction period the three chara cteristics. Therefore, each construction engineering construction organization design of construction must be carried out. This isbecause other general indust rial products have their own fixed, longterm application factories. Building co nstruction is characterized by mobility, impossible to build such a plant, only when each of the construction, and establishing an appropriate, provisional, as factory construction site preparation, namely, site. Construction characteristics and construction of single pieces of mobility features, deci ded to select appropriate equipment for each construction and labor organizations. Construction technology of construction method of selecti ng, developing programmes and labour organizations and equipment configur ation, collectively known as operation capacity configuration. Construction cy cle features determines the labour supply of many material, equipment and technology is a long time,which raises the total progress plan of construction mat erial that is appropriate for the construction organization design of technology content. It can be seen that is of considerable importance in construction orga nization design in project management.2.Importance of construction organization designConstruction products as a commodity and engineering quality in project management plays a vital role in the entire construction process. Construction organization design and engineering cost of construction projects has a close relationship. Constructionorganization design of basic content: project overvie w and analysis of construction conditions, implementation plan, construction t echnology, construction progress plan and general plan of construction. Furth er economic analysis and construction preparation plans. , Scheme and constr uction technology in construction of more important , such as : levels of select ion, selection of transport method of construction machinery, earth-moving co nstruction method and construction method and construction technology of m ain structure of choice and so on , are directly affecting the estimated project price changes. In ensuring project quality and meet the owners subject to the r equirements and duration requirements , optimizing construction scheme and construction technology are important measures to control investment and red uce project cost and means.2.1 Construction organization scheme is to a large extent affect project q uality, reasonable construction programme is not only to ensure that the basis for successful completion of the construction, safety basis. Construction organ ization design is an important part of construction design documents, is the m ain basis for preparation of the project investment budget and preparation of t ender documents, the main frame of reference. Therefore, good job in constru ction organization design,correctly determine project cost, reduce engineering investment, thus ena bling to control project cost would have a very important role.2.2 Construction organization plan of construction activities is an import ant means of implementing scientific management, it has the dual role of strat egic deployment and tactical arrangements. It reflects the requirements of imp lementing the capital master plan and design provides all phases of construction preparation, coordination of construction during the construction projectth e construction trade, the relationship between voluntary. Construction organiz ation scheme must be according to the product's characteristics and requireme nts, based on existing and possible securing construction conditions, realistic, determine how the basiccombination of various factors of production, does no t solve problems, it is impossible for any production.3.Construction design calculation and analysis of indicatorsConstruction organization design should be to establish which indicators are not unified, calculation or specification. Because itis the evaluation of con struction organization design of the overall assessment of the effectiveness an d the status of implementation, as well as project construction units ( project ) production and management levels and to test the effectiveness of thebasis. M ust be given to, and made the following comments.3.1 Index system. Sets as far as possible reflect the construction organiza tion design of index system of the target level of, and to facilitate the evaluati on, examination, implementation.3.2 Index calculation. (1) construction preparation phase. Starting from si te preparation to the official project for all time. (2) project duration. Arranged by unit engineering construction progress plan of construction. (3) labour imb alance coefficientDuring peak and the average ratio of the number of. (4) redu cethe cost amount. Technical measures to reduce the cost of results. (5) reduce the cost rate. Cost reduction percentage of total contract costs. (6) constructio n mechanization. Mechanical construction completed production and engineer ing contract cost ratio. (7) the level of industrial construction.Precast factory ( sand excavation, quarries ) completed production and e ngineering contract cost ratio. (8) the investment proportion of temporary wor ks. All temporary works investment and engineering contracts cost ratio. (9) c ost of temporary works. All temporary works cost recovery fees and contract cost reduction ratio.3.3 Indicator analysis. Construction organization design of indicators as compared to similar projects historical actual levels, can assess the impact con struction organization design; different indicators of construction organization design in contrast to optimum programme; analysis of the weighted numerica l indicator of previous similar projects could serve as a reference for future bi dding again.4.Management of construction organization designWith the establishment of the Socialist market economy , building increa singly fierce market competition , objective conditions on the construction ent erprise requirements getting higher and higher. Not only in terms of technical equipment, quality of personnel, organizer of construction put forward higher requirements, but also in engineering economics and management work engin eering budget and settlement also faces new challenges. Strict construction m arket situation, some construction companies do not have a positive response , had no update on staff expertise and training. Science and technology manag ement level quite backward. And for the preparation of construction organizat ion design of audit did not attract enough attention. Therefore, there will be se veral common scenarios:4.1 Before commencement of construction organization design of auditi ng has not been prepared: not to engage in the construction of floor plans , ma terials of rubble lying around. Earthwork out of transport, machinery and equi pment, quality of labor demand planning, engineering, construction without g uarantees of security. Caused the serious waste of idling , lower levels of man agement.4.2 Is the professional preparation of construction organization design: t o cope with higher authorities and supervision units, the customer shall check and construction construction organization designfor information or addendum. Because the information simply don't kno w about now, construction management and leadership has recently arranged, had to make up indiscriminately to deal with.4.3 Low levels of construction organization design preparation: some c onstruction units, do not understand the importance of construction organizati on in the construction process, write about the construction process, draw a fl oor plan, project schedule , is considered to be construction organization plan.4.4 Abandoned technology economy: a considerable number of units at t he time of preparation of construction organization design in construction ente rprise. Only importance to the construction of the project of technical measure s. Content does not take into account economic indicators , leading to projects completion settlement of disputes continue , causing economic losses.Therefore, the management of construction organization design: (1) the introduction of dynamic managementConstruction process, inevitably will encounter unexpected problems, su ch as impact, natural factors such as design changes, change field programme s of each stage of the construction process adjustments must therefore be base d on dynamic management of engineering field, not suitable for construction organization design section must be modified, supplemented, optimization, to reach the established goal.(2) Implementation of hierarchical managementProject law construction of introduced, management layer and job layer separation, and fixed workers gradually reduced of situation, will leads total c ontract and points package of phenomenon, bid units from past of directly ma nagement, and directly technology low-down, becomes indirect management, and indirect technology low-down, therefore should according to construction organization design for tiered management, clear total package and points pa ckage units, and management layer and job layer of technology permission, a nd duties and work program.5.Closing remarksIn the construction of the project, be sure to oversight and control of the construction organization design to ensure project construction in order to pre vent construction organization design of formality. Progress of the constructio n organization design of project quality, security, strong measures of protectio n. In conditions of considerable resources to achieve economic benefit of the project and achieve the winwin purpose construction and economic benefit.6.Work to be in Accordance with ContractUnless it is legally or physically impossible, the Contractor shall execute and complete the Works and remedy any defects therein in strict accordance with the Contract to the satisfaction of the Engineer. The Contractor shall comply with and adhere strictly to the Engineer's instructions on any matter, whether mentioned in the Contract or not, touching or concerning the Works. The Contractor shall take instructions only from the Engineer or, subject to the provisions of Clause 2, form the Engineer's Representative.7.Programme to be SubmittedThe Contractor shall, within the time stated in Part II of these Conditions after the date of the Letter of Acceptance, submit to the Engineer for his consent a programme, in such form and detail as the Engineer shall reasonably prescribe, for the execution of the Works. The Contractor shall, whenever required by the Engineer, also provide in writing for his information a general description of the arrangements and methods which the Contractor proposes to adopt for the execution of the Works.8.Revised ProgrammeIf at any time it should appear to the Engineer that the actual progress of the Works does not conform to the programme to which consent has been given under Sub-Clause 14.1, the Contractor shall produce, at the request of the Engineer, a revised programme showing the modifications to such programme necessary to ensure completion of the Works within the Time for Completion.9.Cash Flow Estimate to be SubmittedThe Contractor shall, within the time stated in Part II of these Conditions after the date of the Letter of Acceptance, provide to the Engineer for his information a detailed cash flow estimate, in quarterly periods, of all payments to which the Contractor will be entitled under the Contract and the Contractor shall subsequently supply revised cash flow estimates at quarterly intervals, if required to do so by the Engineer.10.Contractor not Relieved of Duties or ResponsibilitiesThe submission to and consent by the Engineer of such programmes or the provision of such general descriptions or cash flow estimates shall not relieve the Contractor of any of his duties or responsibilities under the Contract.。