英汉翻译教程1
4.英汉翻译教程 (1)
第一章翻译的定义和翻译的原则一、翻译的定义1.Translation is the art of recomposing a work in another language without losing its original flavor.( Columbia Encyclopedia )2. Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. ( Eugene A. Nida )3.翻译是把一种语言表达的意义用另一种语言传达出来，以达到沟通思想感情、传播文化知识、促进社会文明，特别是推动译语文化兴旺昌盛的目的。
（孙致礼2003：6 ）二、翻译的原则1. Yan Fu (1854-1921)In translation, there are three aspects difficult to bring about: faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance. It is no easy work to realize ―faithfulness‖! If there is only faithfulness without expressiveness , the translation doesn’t amount to translation. From here we can see expressiveness is of great importance.(译事三难，信，达，雅。
求其信已大难矣！顾信矣不达，虽译犹不译也，则达尚焉）①Japanese army killed millions of innocent people during the war.----那场战争中日本军队屠杀了成百上千无辜的平民②Action is equal to reaction, but it acts in a contrary direction.――作用力与反作用力大小相等，方向相反．③We shall all miss him, but we wish him a long and happy retirement.――我们都会想念他的，我们祝愿他退休后快乐、长寿．④For never was a story of more woe Than this of Juliet and her Romeo.古往今来多少离合悲欢, 谁曾见这样的哀怨辛酸！⑤Crafty men contempt studies, simple men admire them, and wise use them; for they teach not their own use; but that is a wisdom without them, and above them , won by observation.――有一技之长者鄙读书，无知者慕读书，唯明智之士用读书，然书并不以用处告人，用书之智不在书中，而在书外，全凭观察得之．2. Fu Lei (1908-1966)①From there I could see the whole valley below, the field, the river , and the village. It was all beautiful, and the sight of it filled me with longing.――从这里望下去，整个山谷一览无遗，只见那田野、河流、村庄，全都美不胜收，真叫我心驰神往．②He carried on a business , but brought his pigs to the wrong market.――他经营生意，可是几乎血本无归．3.Qian Zhongshu①Capri is a gaunt rock of austere outline, bathed in a deep blue sea; but its vineyards, green and smiling, give ita soft and easy grace. It is friendly, remote, and debonair.卡普里岛是一块外形突兀的荒凉的岩石，沐浴在深蓝色的海洋里，但是它的葱绿的葡萄园仿佛在向人微笑，使这个海岛增添了几分令人舒爽的温柔宁静的姿色，卡普里岛远离尘嚣，但景色宣人，生机盎然。
英译汉教程(第一章)
2
Classification of Translation
1） 从译出语和译入语的角度来分类: 本族语译为外语，外语译为本族语；
许渊冲贺杨振宁新婚 双语诗句
• 振宁不老松，扬帆为小翁，岁寒情更热， 花好驻春风。 • The ageless won’t grow old. You sail with your young bride. Love will warm winter cold. Spring will ever abide.
5
不懂外文的翻译家---林纾
• 林纾，字琴南，号畏庐、冷红生。生于1852年，福建闽县人。中国近代 翻译家、文学家。先后翻译英、美、法、俄、德、瑞士、比利时、西班 牙、挪威、希腊和日本小说183种，出版了160余部，其中不少是世界名 著，如《巴黎茶花女遗事》（La Dame aux Camelias）、《黑奴吁天录 》（Uncle Tom’s Cabin）《快肉余生述》（David Copperfield）、 《贼史》（Oliver Twist）、《王子复仇记》（Hamlet）等，在早期翻 译家中影响很大，是大量介绍西方文学的第一人。
第一章 绪论
A General Introduction About Translation
1
Definition of Translation
• “the replacement of textual material in one language (SL) by equivalent textual material in another language (TL).” (J.C. Catford ) • Cross-linguistic transformation of meaning
英汉汉英翻译实训教程Chapter One Introduction to Translation
[点评] ：
(1)译文1中，well-paved确是“铺设得很好的”，可是，一见到well或good
[译就译文成1“]：好铺”，设显得得很语言好贫的乏公。事路实经上过，英一语排里排的这整两洁个的词在，汉现译代时有的很房多屋译法，。 如：a这w些ell房-be屋ha坐ved落gi在rl“树举中止得。体的姑娘”
[译文]: 我们都会想念他的，但我们祝愿他退休后快乐，长寿。 4. He has enough money to burn.
[译文]: 他有花不完的钱。 5. Why did you set the wolf to keep the sheep?
[译文]: 你为什么要引狼入室？
General Introduction to Translation
expression）。
General Introduction to Translation
英汉汉英翻译实训教程
以作者和读者为取向
Chapter One
• 这类翻译标准或原则的共同特点是：翻译既要“忠实”又要 “通顺”，即译文必须既要考虑到原作者又要考虑到译文的 读者。
• 所谓忠实，首先指忠实于原作的内容。译者必须把原作的内 容完整而准确地表达出来，不得有任何篡改、歪曲、遗漏阉 割或任意增删的现象。其次还应保持原作的风格——即原作 的民族风格、时代风格、语体风格、作者个人的语言风格等。 译者对原作的风格不能任意破坏和改变，不能以译者的风格 代替原作的风格。
英汉汉英翻译实训教程
以作者和读者为取向
Chapter One
十八世纪末的英国学者亚历山大·泰特勒（Alexander Fraser Tytler,1747-1814）在《论翻译的原则》（Essay on the Principles of Translation）一书中提出了著名的翻译三 原则：
(完整版)英汉翻译教程
英汉翻译教程张培基第一讲翻译原则简介一、教学目的:了解基本的翻译原则和翻译研究的问题二、教学过程：1．翻译的定义和内涵：（Definition and Connotation）Translation is an art/ science/craf2.中国几位翻译家的理论（influential translation principles）严复：信达雅-—- faithfulness/expressiveness/elegance。
The “three character guide" is regarded as a plumb—line of long standing to measure the professional level of translating.傅雷：神似--—spiritual conformity。
Emphasizing the reproduction of the spirit of the flavor of the original。
强调原作神韵再现。
钱钟书：化境--—sublimed adaptation. Focus on the translator’s smooth and idiomatic Chinese version for the sake of the Chinese reader.刘重德：信、达、切-——faithfulness/expressiveness/closeness.3．中国翻译史上的论争:鲁迅：宁信而不顺-—-rather to be faithful than smooth。
目的：引入英文句式的表达法梁实秋、赵景深:宁顺而不信--—rather to be smooth than faithful 目的：可读性强，便于交流.4．直译与意译:直译—--literal translation意译：free translation直译的例子：crocodile tears鳄鱼的眼泪; armed to the teeth武装到牙齿； chain reaction连锁反应；gentlemen's agreement君子协定； one country, two systems 一国两制；The three religions and the nine schools of thought 三教九流；paper tiger 纸老虎; Breath one’s last——-断气； go to one’s external rest——-安息； the long sleep——-长眠；see Marx 见马克思; Go west 上西天; go to heaven 上天堂； blow out the candles 吹灯拔蜡kick the bucket 蹬腿：直译不等于死译（dead translation）:街道妇女应动员起来打扫卫生：Women in the street should be called on to do some cleaning.“In the street" should be replaced by “in the community”.她一大早起床，进城，见到了她的公爹:She got up early, went to the town and saw her public father。
英汉互译实用教程(一)
英汉互译实用教程(一)英汉互译实用教程1. 简介该教程旨在帮助读者掌握英汉互译的实用技巧和方法，以便更准确地进行翻译工作。
2. 基本原则在进行英汉互译时，我们需要遵守以下几个基本原则：•准确性：翻译应尽量准确传达原文的含义。
•通顺性：翻译应符合目标语言的表达习惯，通顺易懂。
•简洁性：尽量使用简洁明了的语言表达，避免冗长复杂的句子结构。
•场景适应性：根据不同的场景和目的，采用相应的翻译方式。
3. 实用技巧在进行英汉互译时，可采用以下实用技巧来提高翻译质量：•词汇对应：寻找准确的词汇对应关系，确保翻译准确。
•短语搭配：注意短语的搭配习惯，避免直译。
•语法结构：理解并掌握英语和汉语的语法结构，确保句子通顺。
•上下文理解：通过上下文理解原文的意思，以便更好地进行翻译。
•文化差异：考虑文化差异对翻译的影响，尽量做到意译。
4. 实例演练下面是一些实例演练，旨在帮助读者更好地理解和掌握英汉互译的实用技巧：1.英文句子：“The cat is on the table.” - 翻译成中文：“猫在桌子上。
”2.中文句子：“这是我的手机。
” - 翻译成英文：“This is my cell phone.”3.英文短语：“It’s raining cats and dogs.” -翻译成中文：“下大雨了。
”4.中文短语：“明天见。
” - 翻译成英文：“See youtomorrow.”5. 注意事项在进行英汉互译时，需注意以下几个事项：•专有名词：对于专有名词，应保持与原文一致。
•文化差异：根据不同的文化背景，适当进行意译，以便更好地传达信息。
•翻译细节：注意细节的处理，如时态、人称、单复数等。
6. 总结通过本教程的学习，读者可以掌握英汉互译的实用技巧和方法，提高翻译准确性和表达流畅度。
在实践中不断积累经验，不断提升翻译能力，才能成为一名出色的创作者。
希望本教程能帮助到您，在英汉互译的道路上取得更好的成绩！7. 深度学习在提高英汉互译能力的过程中，深度学习是一个重要的方向。
【VIP专享】英汉翻译基础教程练习答案总主编冯庆华
汉英翻译基础教程第一章汉英词汇比较与翻译 (2)第二章词法翻译的一般技巧 (4)第三章名词的抽象和具体译法 (9)第四章动词的翻译 (11)第五章数词和冠词的翻译 (12)第六章成语的英译 (13)第七章修辞格的翻译 (17)笫八章文化词语的翻译 (19)第九章汉英句子比较与翻译 (20)第十章换序和转态译法 (23)笫十一章断句合句译法 (25)笫十二章长句的翻译 (27)第十四章汉英语篇比较与翻译 (29)第十五章风格与翻译 (30)第十六章语用与翻译 (32)第一章汉英词汇比较与翻译第一节翻译中的选义一、结合语境选择较贴切的译文1. b2. a3. b4. a二、译出下列词语，注意词语的不同搭配1． a swarm of beesa brood of chickensa litter of pups2. a bevy of beautiful ladiesa pack of houndsa team of ducksa herd of antelopes3. unfailing supportproactive fiscal policymake effective use of overseas resources4. make a phone calltake a taxiknit a woolen sweaterfetch waterplay basketballspray insecticide5. basic wagecapital constructionessential commodityprimary industryfundamental interest三、翻译下列句子，注意画线词语的理解1. The two leaders exchanged views on bilateral relations and issues of common concern2. Party members should listen carefully to the opinions of the general public.3. They offered some suggestions for the revision of the plan.4. Everyone complained against such a practice.5. They had a dispute at the meeting.6. You should follow the doctor's advice.7. They reached a consensus on this issue.8. There is still some unfinished business to settle.9. We have consulted him about the matter.10. Please go back. There is nothing of your concern now第二节翻译中的选词一、翻译下列各句，注意词的选择和搭配。
《 英汉互译(一)》第1课教案
广西师范学院《英汉互译（一）》课程教案编号: 15-1 开课单位：外语系授课教研室：翻译写作课程名称：《英汉互译（一）》授课教师：唐旭光教材：《新编英汉互译教程》，授课对象：06级英语专业2、3、5班《英汉互译（一）》第一讲翻译简论与主要翻译方法（A Brief Discussion of Translation and Major Translation Approaches）1. IntroductionTranslation studies started along with translation practice. Translation theories developed flourishingly in the 20th century, especially in the second half of the last century.In fact, translation, which is a very complex phenomenon, is related to different disciplines, such as linguistics, psychology, sociology, cultural anthropology, communication theory, literary criticism, aesthetics, and semiotics. As translation study is a cross-discipline and cross-culture subject involving many aspects of human knowledge, the lack of a fully acceptable theory of translation should not come as a surprise. Meanwhile, quite a number of translation approaches and strategies have become universally acceptable and widely applicable. They are, of course, the fruits of many translation theorists and translation practitioners at home and abroad.2.The Origin of TranslationLanguage makes it possible for people to communicate with one another freely so as to complete important tasks in human life. Translation makes it possible for people from different languages to communicate with one another so as to complete important tasks in their life.Theodore Savory points out, “Translation is almost as old as original authorship and has a history as honorable and as complex as that of any other branch of literature”(申雨平, 2002:4).In Zhou Dynasty there were different forms of address for translators in different places. “Translators are called Ji in the east, Xiang in the south, Didi in the west, andYi in the north(东方曰寄，南方曰象，西方曰狄鞮，北方曰译)”（陈福康, 2000:3）.3. Function of TranslationIt has helped people to better communicate with one another, and in the mean time it has facilitated the development of culture and civilization of all nations, such as the Sutra translation （佛经翻译）in China and the Bible translation in Western countries.Actually, translation, as a means to bridge different cultures, has been playing a very important role in promoting global economic and cultural development, and China in particular benefits a great deal from translation, which is obvious to all.4. Nature of translationOne school of theorists maintain that any interpretation is translation. Translation thus defined includes intra-lingual rewording（语言内的重新措辞）, inter-lingual （语言之间的翻译或语际翻译）translation and inter-semiotic transmutation（符号转换）.But most scholars who are interested in translation maintain that translation is a communicative activity which entails a most adequate or identical reproduction in a target language of a written message or text in a source language.5. Definition of translation in our textbook as follows: Translation or translating is a communicative activity or dynamic process in which the translator makes great effort to thoroughly comprehend a written message or text in the source language and works very hard to achieve an adequate or an almost identical reproduction in the target language version of the written source language message or text. In terms of its nature or character, translation is both an art and a science as well, since it calls for a good command of at least two languages, a flexible application of their rules, and some knowledge of at least two cultures, as well as a good grasp of the necessary translation theories.6. Other scholars’ viewpoints about the translation1). The traditional viewpoint about the nature of translation is that translation is an art only. This viewpoint is still maintained by Xu Yuanchong（许渊冲）, a well-known professor at Beijing University, and a few other scholars.2). Professor Liu Zhongde vigorously advocates that translation is a science as well as an art mainly because of the following reasons:Firstly, like any other art and science, translation requires a good grasp and a flexible use of the necessary specialized knowledge and skills.Secondly, like any other art and science, translation calls for independent, honest and creative effort.Thirdly, just like any other art and science, translation demands that the translator be very careful about and highly responsible for his or her work.7. Principle for translationThe 13 statements on page 81). A translation must reproduce the words of the SLT(Source Language Text).2). A translation must reproduce the ideas (meaning) of the SLT.3). A translation should read like an original work.4). A translation should read like a translation.5). A translation should reflect the style of the original.6). A translation should possess the style of the translator.7). A translation should retain the historical stylistic dimension of the SLT.8). A translation should read as a contemporary piece of literature.9). A translation may add to or omit from the original.10). A translation may never add to or omit from the original.11). A translation should let the readers of the SLT and the target language text (TLT) have essentially the same response.12). A translation should convey what the SLT author intends to convey.13). A translation should satisfy the need of the client.Evidently, though each of the above statements is right in a certain sense, yet it is not adequate or comprehensive enough to serve as a translation principle. Some of the principles proposed by various translation theorists can find their expression in the statements given above. Interlinear translation is an illustration of the first statement. Yan Fu’s three-character principle can be a combination of statements 2, 3 and 6. Nida’s functional equivalence is best express ed in statement 11.8. Yan Fu’s Considerations for translation?Strictly speaking, a translation theory in its true sense in China originated from Yan Fu(严复). He proposed the famous triple principle for translation, namely, faithfulness(信), expressiveness(达) and elegance(雅).1). His faithfulness means that the translated text should be faithful to the original text, ie, the version should keep the content or ideas of the original.2). His expressiveness means that the translated text should be expressive and coherent without anything awkward. In other words, his expressiveness requires that the version should be fluid, smooth, and easy to read and understand.3). His elegance demands that the translated text should be exquisite and that its style ought to be very graceful.9. Professor Liu Zhongde argues against “elegance” as a principle for translation of the original styleHe argued eloquently against “elegance” as a principle for translation of the original style. We all know that not all works are characterized by the elegant style. Different writers display different styles. For instance, Lenin wrote in a bold style, and Hemingway wrote in a simple, symbolic style. Even the same writer shows different styles on different occasions for different purposes. Naturally, different works demonstrate different styles. Thus, it is impossible & absolutely wrong to achieve the effect of elegance in the translated text if the style of the original is not elegant.10. The compiler of the textbook in favor of “closeness”1). We are in favor of Professor Liu’s triple translation principle. He changed Yan Fu’s “elegance” into “closeness”, which represents his contribution to the translation theory. His “closeness” is central in meaning. It is suitable for translation of all types of texts with different styles.2). If the original text is characterized by the elegant style, the translator should do his utmost to render it into a graceful text in the target language whose style is close to the original elegant style.If the original style is highly technical with a wealth of technical terms, thetranslator ought to employ plenty of corresponding technical terms in the target language and make the translated style as close to the original technical style as possible.3). If the original style is colloquial with a lot of informal words and colloquial sentences, the translator should translate it into a text with an informal style as close as possible to the original one by using many colloquial words and informal sentences.If the original style is ornate, the translator should follow suit and make effort to render the translated style as close to the original as possible.If the original text contains some vulgar words and sentences, the translator is not entitled to replace them with elegant words or sentences, and he should reproduce the original by using some corresponding vulgar words and sentences in the receptor language. Translators are duty-bound to do so, for the simple reason that they are translators.4). As we know, Yan Fu’s triple translation principle is highly concise and well rhymed and quite easy to learn by heart, which is one of the reasons why it is still very popular in China today.Professor Liu’s triple principle is similar to Yan Fu’s in that it is equally concise and easy to remember.Though Professor Liu’s triple principle is n ot rhymed, yet it is very forceful and impressive, for the Chinese character “切” is uttered in the falling tone, carrying the implication that faithfully conveying the original style or rendering the translated style as close to the original as possible is absolutely necessary and worth the translator’s great effort.11. Nida’s principle for translationEugene A. Nida and Taber stated emphatically (1969:12): “Translation consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalence of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style”.His dynamic equivalence is defined as a translation principle, according to which the translator seeks to translate the meaning of the original in such a way that the target language text wording will produce the same impact on the target text audience as the original wording does upon the source text audience. Later on, Nida changed “dynamic equivalence” into “functional equivalence”, because it seemed much more satisfactory to use the expression “functional equivalence” in describing the degree of adequacy of a translation.12. The literal translation approachProfessor Liu Zhongde (1994: 172) defines literal translation as follows: “In the process of translation, literal translation treats sentences as basic units and at the same time takes the whole passage into consideration; a translator who attaches great importance to literal translation does his or her best to reproduce the ideas and writing style of the original work, retaining in the version as many rhetorical devices and sentence structures of the original as possible.”ExamplesHe is said to be a rough diamond.人们说他是一块浑金璞玉。
英汉汉英视译教程上篇英译汉第一单元 时间句视译-精选文档
第1单元 时间句视译（例句）
4. It was not until we got to be an arm’s distance from each other that I recognized it was my longlost elder brother. 【笔译】直到我们走到离彼此只有一臂之遥时， 我才认出对方是我失散已久的哥哥。
第1单元 时间句视译（例句）
〈译评〉笔译参考译文的语义逻辑略显平淡，视 译参考译文听着更具戏剧性，焦点更加 突出。文字表述与口头表述之间存在许 多规律性区别，英汉视译的转换终端是 口头表述形式。因此有时为了使缺乏听 觉趣味和视觉联想效果的书面语言听起 来更加生动、有趣，可以把原文里语境 语义的焦点适度放大或夸张， 甚至挪移， 使之更加凸显，以达到更佳的视听接收 效果。
第1单元 时间句视译（例句）
2. The bell had rung for the class before he could have his breakfast. 【笔译】 他还没来得及吃早饭，上课铃就响了。
【视译】 上课铃响了，可是他还没吃早饭。
第1单元 时间句视译（例句）
〈译评〉 本句中，由before 引导的时间状语从 句置于句末，这是英语常见的时间状 语从句形式，而中文的此类时间状语 更多见于句首。虽然笔译参考译文更 地道、生动，笔者还是建议学生更要 参考视译译文，因为视译译文更符合 “鱼贯而出”的视译规律。
第1单元 时间句视译
上篇 英译汉 英汉汉英视译教程
第1单元 时间句视译
无论何种形式的时间句，包括时间状语词组和时间状 语从句，英语时间句的特点都是时间修饰部分在句子中的 位置根据表达侧重的需要比汉语更加灵活多变，常见于句 首、句中和句末。而汉语时间句的时间修饰部分多见于句 首或句中，却鲜见于句末，这就造成英译汉时时间成分分 别在英汉句式结构中的时间和空间上的不对称，给即时口 译，尤其是同声翻译译员在瞬间构建译文逻辑时带来很大 的不便、干扰或障碍，从而减缓翻译效率，降低翻译质量， 甚至阻碍信息的顺畅传递。我们如果注意到英汉语句时间 修饰成分在句子结构位置上的特点与差异，经过专项翻译 练习，熟练掌握应对英汉时间句的转换技巧，便能够在语 句、语段或语篇翻译时达到迅速、自如、流畅、通顺的口 译较高境界。
英汉翻译入门chapter 1
1 翻译理论与实践1. Definition of Translation (P1-3)英国The Oxford English Dictionary: to turn from one language into another美国Webster’s Third New International Dictionary of the English Language: to turn into one’s own or another language 《辞海》、《汉语大词典》：把一种语言文字的意义用另一种语言文字表达出来。
翻译是将一种语言文化承载的意义转换到另一种语言文化中的跨语言、跨文化的交际活动。
❖Nothing should be added to or taken from the original work.The duty of the translator is simply to change thevocabulary, not the thought. In translation therefore,there are two essential elements: accuracy and expressiveness.❖从以上的翻译定义来看，我们知道……不可有所增删。
译者的任务只是变换词汇而不是改变其意思。
因此翻译有两个要❖综合各家之长:翻译是把一种语言表达的意义用另一种语言传达出来，以达到沟通思想情感、传播文化知识、促进社会文明，特别是推动译语文化兴旺昌盛的目的。
2 Three key words from the definitions❖ 1. Textual (What we usually translate are texts rather thanindependent words or sentences.)Eg. 警幻道：“此茶出在放春山遣香洞，又以仙花灵叶上所带之宿露而烹，此茶名曰‘千红一窟’。
英汉翻译基础教程练习答案总主编冯庆华
汉英翻译基础教程第一章汉英词汇比较与翻译第一节翻译中的选义一、结合语境选择较贴切的译文1. b2. a3. b4. a二、译出下列词语，注意词语的不同搭配1． a swarm of beesa brood of chickensa litter of pups2. a bevy of beautiful ladiesa pack of houndsa team of ducksa herd of antelopes3. unfailing supportproactive fiscal policymake effective use of overseas resources4. make a phone calltake a taxiknit a woolen sweaterfetch waterplay basketballspray insecticide5. basic wagecapital constructionessential commodityprimary industryfundamental interest三、翻译下列句子，注意画线词语的理解1. The two leaders exchanged views on bilateral relations and issues of common concern2. Party members should listen carefully to the opinions of the general public.3. They offered some suggestions for the revision of the plan.4. Everyone complained against such a practice.5. They had a dispute at the meeting.6. You should follow the doctor's advice.7. They reached a consensus on this issue.8. There is still some unfinished business to settle.9. We have consulted him about the matter.10. Please go back. There is nothing of your concern now第二节翻译中的选词一、翻译下列各句，注意词的选择和搭配。
英汉翻译教程张培基【完整版】1
《英汉翻译教程》第一章 总论 翻译是运用一种语言把另一种语言所表达的思维内容准确完整地重新表达出来的语言翻译应当把原文的本意，完全正确的介绍给中国读者，使中国读者得到的概念等于英俄日德法等国的读奈达认为更准确地反映出好的翻译的实际过程是：（１）分析：从语法和语义两方面对原文的信息进行词层不对等的情况 词层不对等采取的策略 对等译法的实例 第二章 词语翻译 相关链接 family的------------------------2009年11月30日阅读 三、修辞引申 “言之无文，行之不远。
”为使译文增色，除了真实地再现原作中包含的内容外We should simplify procedures and take prompt action to import urgently needed technology （ Georges 是他的大臣Cardinal Georges ）。
本例背景是美国前国务卿黑格辞职，而由 George Schu Despite their differences , their love will conquer. 尽管他们之间存在着分歧，他们的恋爱1．运用语境 这种手段主要用于语篇上找不到明显的衔接标记，但从意义上来讲是连贯统一的。
接表达出来的语言活动。
（张培基等 1983） 我国早期典籍《周礼·秋官司寇》篇里就有“象胥于英俄日德法等国的读者从原文得来的概念。
（瞿秋白：1931） “动态对等”（Dynamic Equivalence）是奈方面对原文的信息进行分析；（２）传译：译者在脑子里把经过分析的信息从原语转译成译语；（３）重新组织：把相关链接 family的译法： 原文：Do you have a family? 译文1：你有家庭吗？ 译文2：你成家了吗？ 辨析：现原作中包含的内容外，还得讲究修辞。
这样，在翻译时，往往因修辞需要而增添一些引申意义。
任文英汉口译教程(一)
任文英汉口译教程(一)任文英汉口译教程1. 介绍什么是任文英汉口译•任文英汉口译是一种将英语和汉语进行即场翻译的技能。
•它需要对两种语言的语法、词汇和文化有深入的理解。
为什么学习任文英汉口译•任文英汉口译是一项重要的职业技能，能够为个人带来稳定的收入。
•学习任文英汉口译可以帮助你更好地理解和跨越不同文化之间的沟通障碍。
2. 基本技能英语和汉语的语法和词汇•学习和熟悉英语和汉语的语法规则和词汇是进行口译的基础。
•需要掌握常见的词汇和短语，并且了解它们在不同语境中的意思。
听力技巧•提高听力技巧是进行口译的关键。
•练习听力理解，包括辨别不同口音、语速和语气的能力。
口语表达能力•有效的口语表达是进行口译的重要要素。
•练习口语表达，包括发音、语调和流利度的提高。
3. 提高技巧词汇积累•积累各种领域的词汇是提高口译技能的关键。
•阅读英语和汉语的文本，注意词汇的使用和上下文的语义。
文化背景了解•了解英语和汉语背后的文化背景对于进行口译至关重要。
•学习相关的历史、地理、宗教和社会习俗等方面的知识。
实践口译•参与口译活动和实践是提高口译技能的有效途径。
•可以参加会议、座谈会、翻译实习等活动，提高口译的实际运用能力。
4. 常见问题解答口语速度的问题•如何在快速的对话中保持准确的口译?•练习听取快速口语的相关素材，并进行反复练习。
语法和词汇的问题•如何在语法和词汇方面提高口译的准确性？•阅读大量的英语和汉语文本，注意语法和词汇的正确应用。
文化差异的问题•如何应对不同文化之间的语言障碍？•学习不同文化的习俗、礼仪和价值观，以更好地理解和沟通。
以上是一份简要的任文英汉口译教程，希望对你提供帮助和指导。
请按照教程中的指导逐步提高口译的技能，并不断进行实践和练习。
祝你成功！。
英汉翻译教程1课文
5.Yet it was a manly face, serious and intelligent, and Chu judged him to be in his middle twenties. 可是，那是个男子汉的面庞，严肃而聪颖，朱德看他大概是二 十五六岁的年龄。 in his twenties 可译作码 二十多岁 in his middle twenties 二十五六岁 汉语没有相应的说法，只好译作 in the twenties 二十年代
8. He wanted to join the Chinese Communist Party group in Berlin, he would study and work hard, he would do anything he was asked to do but return to his old life, which had turned to ashes beneath his feet. 他要求加入中国共产党在柏林的党组织，他一定会努力学习和工作，只要不再回到旧 的生活里去——它已经在他的脚底下化为尘埃了——派他做什么工作都行。 the Chinese Communist Party 中国共产党 顺逆结合 Party group 党组织 but return to his old life 只要不再回到旧的生活里去 but=except return to 回到 turn to ashes 化为尘埃 turn to 转向；变成；求助于；致力于；开始行动 beneath his feet 在他的脚底下 这句可改为：他一定会努力学习和工作，派他做什么工作都行，只要不再回到旧的生 活里去，旧的生活已经在他的脚下化为尘埃了。
立即去 周恩来的住处
省略
英汉翻译教程(否定句式的翻译)(1)
英译汉常用的方法和技巧（上）
否定句式的翻译 三、形式否定 英语句子中有些否定词与其它词连用形成一种固定搭配，这种结 构从表面上看是否定的，而实际上所表达的却是肯定的意义，这 种结构就是形式否定。 1. can not … too 这一结构通常翻译为“无论怎样…… 都不过分，”应尽量”或 “越…… 越好”。 例如：We can not estimate the value of modern science too much. 现代科学的价值，无论如何重视也不过分。
长春大学光华学院 陈春田
英译汉常用的方法和技巧（上）
例如：She did not marry you because you were a big shot. n. (big shot=<Slang >an important or
influential person.)
这句话可以理解为Because you were a big shot, she did not marry you.(他不嫁给你，是因为你是个大人物。) 也可理解为She married you, but it was not because you were a big shot.(她与你结婚，并非因为你是个大 人物。）两种理解意思截然不同，第一句是她没有嫁 给你，而第二句是她嫁给了你。从语法上分析，造成 这种双重含义的原因是对否定范围的不同理解。前者 否定的是”marry”,而后者否定的却限定在从句上。
长春大学光华学院 陈春田
英译汉常用的方法和技巧（上）
否定句式的翻译 We do not often do morning exercise now. 现在我们不经常做早操。（部分否定） 试比较：We do not do morninห้องสมุดไป่ตู้ exercise now. 现在我们不做早操。（完全否定）
《新英汉翻译教程》第一章课后作业答案
If it worked once, it can work twice⑽一次得手，再次不愁例2:The child has started going on all fours.孩子会爬了1.He has a weakness for smokingB．他有抽烟的癖好。
2．A cat is a cleanly animalB．猫是喜爱清洁的动物。
He is dead，as I liveB．他的确死了。
4．His English leaves nothing to be desiredB．他的英语无可挑剔。
5.I would rather have his room than his companyB．我宁愿他不在。
6.Your loss is nothing to mineA．你的损失与我无关7．The patient is waiting to cross the StyxB．这个病人已经等死了。
8.The headmaster made an example of the boy.B．校长惩罚这个孩子，目的在于警告他人。
9．The Disney management is stressing this tradition in an apparent response to suggestions that is culturally insensitive.B. 迪斯尼管理强调，这一传统显然是有人对迪斯尼管理在文化传统方面麻木不仁的态度所提出的种种建议。
10．The effort to shield assets to be passed on to children and grandchildren is making prenups more common among retired people in their 60s and 70s who are remarrying after a spouse has died.B. 努力保护自己的婚前契约，把财产能传到儿孙手中，这在已退休并丧偶、又准备再婚的六七十岁的老人当中十分普遍。
新英汉翻译课件教程 Chapter 1 翻译概论
• Contrast is the spice of life. There can
be no joy without sorrow, no summer without winter, no love without hate. • 【译文】矛盾是生活的调味品：没有悲伤就 没有快乐；没有冬就没有夏；没有恨就没有 爱。 • 【解析】充满哲理，令人信服。译文和原文 一样挥洒自如，如歌似曲。
课堂互动 1：找找哪个译文正确
• 1．He has a weakness for smoking.
•
– A．他有抽烟的缺点。 – B．他有抽烟的癖好。 2．A cat is a cleanly animal. – A．猫是一种干净的动物。 – B．猫是喜爱清洁的动物。
• 3．He is dead，as I live.
•
钱钟书提出文学翻译的最高标准是“化”。把作 品从一国文字转变为另一国文字，既不能因语 言习惯的差异而露出生硬牵强的痕迹，又能完 全保存原有的风味，那就算得上是入于“化” 境了。 谭载喜提出了翻译的“东张西望”法和译学内 容的“瞻前顾后”法。“东张”即发挥自身的 语言优势，做到译文的“信达贴”、“信达 切”、“神似”、“化境”。“西望”则是借 鉴西方译论，立足分析，注重理论，放眼系统。 “瞻前”——放开思路，大胆开拓；“顾 后”——继承传统，推陈出新。
黄昏的阴影几乎连在一起，不可分别，岁将云暮，终日昏 暗，我就在这么一天，到西敏大寺去散步了几个钟头。 • 【解析】此译文对原文语序略作调整，译文表达忠实、正 确、流畅，符合汉语习惯。但现代人读来文字华丽、感到 过于学究气，和原语文本中所用文字和所表达语气似乎相 悖。 • 【译文】时值晚秋，天气肃杀凄凉，令人伤感，晨日的光 影与黄昏的光影几乎交织在一起，难以分辨，昏暗的光线 投射到一年的衰败秋日之中，而就在这样的一天，我独自 到西敏寺大教堂散步了几个小时。
英汉翻译基础教程unit 1
主体 “介入”
近二、三十年流 行
侧重以解构主义 等受“后殖民主 义”思潮影响的 翻译理论
强调译者操纵
1.5 翻译的主体
• 翻译研究界已逐渐开始重视对译者主体性的研究，但 这不能仅仅停留在一般的呼吁“正名”阶段，而应进
一步探讨“译者背后的总的原因”、机理和特征，特
别是应从理论上真正对译者的“中心地位”和“主导
严复 “信、达、雅”
《天演论》、《原富》
1.3 翻译史简介
东方翻译史始于翻译佛经
高潮 时期
特点及代表人物
4th 五四运动至 马列主义经典《共产党宣言》、《莎士比
建国前
亚剧本》（梁实秋译）和苏联文学作品
《死魂灵》、《毁灭》等
白话文代替文言文
5th 建国初期到 东西方文学翻译
文革之前
译介学
6rd
20世纪70年 社科、科技、军事、外交、贸易、法律、
• 杳杳寒山道，rough and dark-the cold mountain trail，
• 落落冷涧滨。sharp cobbles-the icy creek bank. • 寂寂更无人。bleak，alone，not even a lone
hiker.
• 朝朝不见日，morning after morning I don't see the sun
代至今
文教、卫生等领域
翻译爆炸
1.4 翻译的标准
• 翻译的标准之争由来已久，“文质之争”、 “直译意译之争”、“归化异化之争”
• 严复：信、达、雅
• 鲁迅：宁信而不顺（直译） • 赵景深：宁错而务顺 • 许渊冲：诗歌翻译的三原则“三美”（意美、
音美、形美），“三化”（等化、浅化、深 化）
英汉翻译教程张培基【完整版】
《英汉翻译教程》第一章总论翻译是运用一种语言把另一种语言所表达的思维内容准确完整地重新表达出来的语言活动。
（张培基等1983）我国早期典籍《周礼·秋官司寇》篇里就有“象胥”（谓通言语之官）这一名目，唐朝贾公彦所作的《义疏》里提到“译即易，谓换易言语使相解也。
”这条注疏，关于翻译的定义，足以给人不少启发。
用现代文艺理论和语言理论，也许可以诠释为：翻译是把一种语言文字换易成另一种语言文字，而并不变更所蕴含的意义，——或用近年流行的术语说，并不变更所传递的信息，——以达到彼此沟通，互相了解的目的。
（罗新璋1984）一、关于翻译何谓翻译？关于翻译的定义很多。
根据《现代汉语词典》，翻译是“把一种语言文字的意义用另一种语言文字表达出来”。
根据《剑桥语言百科全书》，“翻译”这个中性术语是指将一种语言（“原语”）里的词句的意思转变为另一种语言（“目的语”）的意思所做的一切，不论其手段是说话、写字还是做手势。
美国著名翻译理论家奈达认为，所谓翻译，是指从语义到语体在译语中用最切近而又最自然的对等语再现原语的信息。
（《奈达论翻译》，1984）有人把翻译看作是一门科学（science），因为它有自身的规律可循；有人看作是一门艺术（art），因为它是译者对原文再创造的过程；也有人看作是一门手艺（craft），因为原语的信息需要用地道恰当的目的语再现。
在自动化数据处理中，翻译又被定义为：“将计算机信息从一种语言转换成另一种语言，或将字符从一种表示转换成另一种表示。
”（《现代科学技术词典》上海科学技术出版社1980）凡此种种，不一而足。
但是，在经济和文化日益全球化的今天，翻译的重要性是有目共睹的。
翻译是国际间理解的钥匙，据说西欧的文明归功于翻译者（据L·G·凯里1979）。
季羡林教授也说，翻译是永葆中华文明青春的万应灵药。
前中国驻联合国代表凌青先生说，从中国来讲，没有翻译工作，就没有中国***和中国近代的革命运动，就没有中国成功的对外开放和四个现代化；从世界范围来讲，没有翻译，就没有世界和平，就没有各种国际交往，就没有一个共同繁荣的美好世界的未来。
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我相信如果你有足够的好心支持我的话，它将 会改变形势。
译文：
我相信如果你非常好心能撑我一把的话，情况 就不一样了。
Unit 2: 什么是好的译文 ？
例 Jobs and work do much more than most of us realize to provide happiness and contentment.
(Cues: structure, remind of, count onWhat is your daily schedule in college?
(CHuuems:awn aakfefauiprs, barreeakafallsts,ulebcjetucrte,tobrecahka,npgreasctaicned)
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在他母亲去世36年之后，海明威又想起了那次 历险奇遇，并试图写一部小说。
译文：
大约36年过后，在他母亲去世后的不久海明威 又想起了那次遭遇的险情并试图就此写一部小 说。
Unit 2: 什么是好的译文 ？
例 Nothing out of its place is good, nothing in its place is bad.
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身外之物无一是善，身内之物无一是恶。
译文：
凡事不当无一是好，凡事得当无一是坏。
Unit 2: 什么是好的译文 ？
例 Happiness is like manna; it is to be gathered and enjoyed every day.
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幸福似甘露，日日可享用。
译文：
幸福犹如甘露，要天天采集才能日日享用。
Unit 2: 什么是好的译文 ？
例 A thief is a thief. 译文
贼性Dir难ect改ion。s: Work in pairs and discuss the questions.
1. How did you feel on the first day at college?
例 (TChueerse: ewxcaistendo, losnneolwy,,fathreawleaayvfersomw,emreissg,ofnreee, ,tohne ognrea’sssowwans) dead. 译文 2h.i天gWh未hsac下thdo雪ioffle，lirfee但n?ce叶s 落are草th枯er。e between college life and
Unit 2: 什么是好的译文 ？
例 This was one of the secrets of his great popularity, but it
was a popularity which was as unsettled as the waves. It swelled, and bubbled, and foamed for a while, only to recede, and be lost to its former possessor.
译文：
绿草萋萋，白云冉冉，彩蝶翩翩，这日子是如 此清新；蜜蜂无言，春花不语，海波声歇，大 地音寂，这日子是如此安静。然而并非安静， 因为万物各以其独特的节奏，或动，或摇，或 震，或起，或伏。
Unit 2: 什么是好的译文 ？
1. He who idles away the time is nothing but a living deDaitrhec. tions:译W文ork in pairs and discuss the questions.
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职业和工作带来很大的幸福和满足，而我们大 多数人并不意识到这一点。
译文：
职业和工作对于获得幸福和满足起了很大的作 用，我们大多数人对此却认识不足。
Unit 2: 什么是好的译文 ？
例 In the wake of his mother's death some thirty-six years later, Hemingway turned back to the adventure and tried to write a novel about it.
英汉 翻译教程
Unit 2
英汉翻译教程
Unit 2: 翻译的标准、过程
1
什么是好的译文？
2 Different Criteria of Translation
3
Steps of Translation
4
Adequate Expression
Unit 2: 什么是好的译文 ？
例 I am sure that it would change the situation if you are kind enough to lend support to me.
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这是他名噪一时的一个秘密，但这种名声如同波涛一样起伏不定： 在短暂的时间内如日中天，盛极一时， 炙手可热，但转瞬间又烟 消云散，终于在原来有些声望的人身上消失了。
译文：
这是他名噪一时的一个秘密，但这种名声如同 波涛一样起伏不定：一时间奔腾高涨，汹涌澎 拜，转瞬间又一落千丈，终于在原来享有这种 声望的人身上荡然无存。
disasters. 译文
人世间，事不由己，变迁灾祸， 难以预料。
Check
Unit 2: 什么是好的译文 ？
例 It was a day as fresh as grass growing up and clouds going over and butterflies coming down can make it. It was a day compounded from silences of bee and flower and ocean and land, which were not silences at all, but motions, stirs, flutters, risings, fallings, each in its own time and matchless rhythm.