中国农业大学2018级研究生(博士)入学英语水平测试
2018级博士生英语试卷(答)(1)
`English Final Exam for 2018 Doctoral Students(Dec. 27, 2018)Student NO.___________________ Name____________________Paper OneEnglish Writing for Biomedical PurposesPart IDirections: Choose the right one from the four choices marked A, B, C or D.1.Inconsistent with previous studies, our results from a large cohort of patients_____ this long-standing assumption.A. contrastB. compareC. reinforceD. challenge2.Patients who were receiving mechanical ventilation were considered _____ ifthey met the following modified criteria for acute lung injury or the acute respiratory distress syndrome.A. acceptableB. eligibleC. considerableD. credible3.However, results from several small studies in humans have yielded inconclusiveevidence of a beneficial _____ of ascorbic acid on lead toxicity.A. effectB. effectivenessC. affectionD. efficacy4. A _____ disease such as diabetes can affect the whole body.A. systematicB. systemicC. generalD. whole5.All tumours from AOM treated mice were _____ to histological examinationafter routine processing and haematoxylin and eosin staining.A. subjectB. subjectedC. injectedD. directed6.Serious arrhythmias are prevented whenever possible by _____ treatment ofpremonitory signs or otherwise controlled immediately after recognition byappropriate therapy.A. aggressiveB. recessiveC. abusiveD. successive7.CT scans and digital subtraction angiograms of these patients wereretrospectively reviewed by two investigators in _____ to evaluate tumor feeding vessels.A. agreementB. consentC. approvalD. consensus8.The beneficial effects of pharmacotherapy for chronic obstructive pulmonarydisease (COPD) are well _____.A. elusiveB. confirmedC. establishedD. achieved9.Chemically induced colon carcinogenesis in rodents is also suppressed by _____of NSAIDs.A. treatmentB. administrationC. managementD. registration10.Thus, it _____ further investigation of whether mfat-1 expression in diseasemodels such as non-obese mice can mitigate the development of type 1 diabetes.A. elucidatesB. interpretsC. warrantsD. guarantees11.We used a _____ questionnaire to determine whether participants met theAmerican College of Rheumatology survey criteria for gout.A. supplementaryB. complimentaryC. complementaryD. sentimental12.Ubiquitinated p53 was detected _____ immunoblotting _____ the DO-1 p53antibody.A.by...withB.for...inC.with...forD.via...on13.Cells were placed _____ a 60Co Picker unit irradiator (1.56 Gy/min) andexposed _____ 8 Gy -irradiation.B.in...withC.in...toD.on...to14.Our aim was to _____ whether or not vitamin D supplementation or deficiencyin infancy could affect occurrence of type 1 diabetes.A. studyB. ascertainC. clarifyD. research15._____ intake of purine-rich vegetables or protein is not associated with anincreased risk of gout.A. IntermediateB. ModerateC. MediumD. Immediate16.We would like to express our _____ to all the interview partners at the WorldHealth Organization for their time, expertise, and confidence.A. magnitudeB. altitudeC. aptitudeD. gratitude17.Apoptosis was analyzed _____ a FACScan(Becton Dickinson) and quantified_____ percentage of annexin-V and PI-positive.A. in...asB. on...forC. on...asD. by...for18._____ primary culture, the cells were resuspended _____ Dulbecco’s modifiedEagle’s medium containing 10% (vol/vol) fetal bovine serum and gentamicin.A.By...withB.For...inC.To...byD.At...over19.Ebola virus can spread among humans primarily through unprotected directcontact of skin or mucous membranes with blood or body fluids of a person who is ill with EVD, or the _____ of a deceased patient who had EVD.A. corpusB. corpseC. corpsD. lupus20.Treatment _____ a low dose of cadmium chloride (1 mg/kg) showed no effect onthe testis, and DAZL staining was comparable _____ control (Fig.1B).A.of...toC.at...asD.at...with21.P-gp expression was strongly induced by SJW (400% increase at 300 µg ml-1)and by HYP (700% at 3 µM) _____ a dose-dependent manner.A.onB.inC.withD.by22.Baseline ADMA levels were higher in patients who had died than in patientswho were alive at 1 year follow-up (1.23［0.98 to 1.56］_____ 0.95［0.77 to 1.20］mmol/L, p＜0.001).A.fromB. B. versusC. C. toD.D. with23.The _____ for taking this approach is clear enough.A. rationaleB. notionC. hypothesisD. explanation24.This drug contains no _____ substances and has no side effects.A. toxinB. tonicC. toxicD. poisonous25.The risk of DVT and PE were significantly _____, and were highest in the firsttwo weeks, after urinary tract infection.A. roseB. raisedC. arousedD. arose26.Data was collected in the first year of life about frequency and dose of vitamin Dsupplementation and _____ of rickets.A. prescriptionB. absenceC. presentationD. presence27.Prostacyclin (PGI2) is produced from the endothelium throughcyclooxygenase-1, and binds to specific _____ in SMCs and activates adenylate cyclase.A. receiversB. receptorsC. receiptsD. recipient28.To _____ the hypothesis, experiments involving Western blots and RNAinterference were performed.A. testifyB. verifyC. justifyD. certify29.Over the past 5 decades, the proportion of DM-associated cardiovasculardiseases has been on the rise, thus _____ the need for more efforts to aggressively control the risk factors of CVDs.urgingA. urgingB. highlightingC. pressingD. enlightening30.Children _____ of having rickets during the first year of life had a RR of3.0(1.0-9.0) compared with those without the disease.A. doubtedB. suspectedC. diagnosedD. suspended31.Curcumin, a traditional medicine, exhibits anticarcinogenic andanti-inflammatory _____.A. asperityB. propertiesC. perspectivesD. prosperity32.In this study, we aimed to examine the rate of thrombolytic therapy in youngstroke patients with and without a history of migraine. We _____ that migraine would be associated with a lower rate of thrombolytic therapy.A. hypothesizesB. speculatedC. postulatedD. stipulated33.The mechanism by which PA28 exerts these effects has not been _____.A. anticipatedB. elucidatedC. remuneratedD. eliminated34.We utilized a previously described _____ to evaluate ubiquitination (Li et al,2013).A. agendaB. programC. portfolioD. protocol35.Surgical specimens of human colon cancer and adjacent normal colon mucosatissues were taken from eight Japanese patients who had _____ surgical operations for colorectal cancers at the National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, and samples were immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen.A. undertakenB. undergoneC. conductedD. performed36.It consists of 10 pages of text, 2 tables, 2 pages of ____ to figures, and 6photocopies of figures.A. legendsB. accountsC. descriptionsD. introductions37.There have been no reports ____ of rosiglitazone–associated elevations in theaminotransferase level or hepatotoxicity.A. to dateB. right nowC. for nowD. to go38.As shown in Table 1, p8 was overexpressed in 71.1% of PC and in 100% of PCcell lines, ____ it was not overexpressed in MC.A. howeverB. althoughC. whereasD. albeit39.The RT-PCR assay was repeated at least three times per each sample to confirmthe ____of the results.A. reproducibilityB. availabilityC. probabilityD. likelihood40.____ asthma, Th2 cytokines are a crucial contributing factor of allergic airwayinflammation and AHR.A. In the case ofB. In case ofC. Regardless ofD. Irrespective ofPart IIDirections: Choose the right one from the given four tenses marked A, B, C or D.ResultsZebrafish nkx2.5 Can Activate myo-2 Expression When Expressed in C. elegans Body Wall Muscle.To determine whether zebrafish nkx2.5 __46__ similarly to che-22, we __47__ nkx2.5 in C. elegans Body Wall Muscle and examined expressionof the endogenous myo-2 gene by antibody staining. The rationale for this approach __48__ as follows. In wild-type C. elegans, che-22 __49__ expressed exclusively in pharyngeal muscle, whereas it __50__ expression of the pharyngeal muscle-specific myosin heavy chain gene myo-2. However, ectopic expression of che-22 in body wall muscle __51__ expression of myo-2. Because myo-2 __52__ normally never expressed in body wall muscle, this extopic expression assay provides a sensitive test for che-22 function. We __53__ two transgenic lines expressing an nkx2.5 cDNA under the control of the unc-54 body wall muscle-specific promoter. In both lines, we __54__ myo-2 expression in the body wall muscles (Fig. 1 A and B). These results __55__ that nkx2.5 can function like che-22 to induce myo-2 expression.41.A. can function B. could function C. can have functioned D. could have functioned42.A. express B. expressed C. have expressed D. had expressed43.A. was B. is C. has been D. had been44.A. is B. was C. had been D. has been45.A. activates B. activated C. has activated D. had activated46.A. could activate B. can activate C. could have activated D. can have activated47.A. was B. has been C. had been D. is48.A. generate B. have generated C. had generated D. generated49.A. detected B. detect C. have detected D. had detected50.A. showed B. show C. had shown D. have shownPart IIIDirections: Choose the one that best fits into the Discussion Section from the four choices marked A, B, C or D.DISCUSSIONThe p8 gene is barely expressed in NP but is overexpressed in acute pancreatitis (4, 12) . It is also strongly __56__ in pancreatic development and regeneration (4) . We have demonstrated that p8 is overexpressed in PC in the__57__ study. The characteristic expression of p8 is mainly attributable to its mitogenic activity (5) .__58__, p8 expression in PC would not be cancer-specific. __59__, it should be clarified whether p8 overexpression in PC is simply attributable to the excessive growth activity of cancer cells or to some genetic change(s), such as mutations.We __60__ the correlation between p8 overexpression and various clinicopathological parameters in PC. Larger tumors (>2 cm) showed a significantly higher overexpression rate of p8, and less differentiated types, advanced stages, and cases characterized by shorter survival tended to show p8 overexpression. These results also reflect the mitogenic activity of p8.__61__ reports (4, 5) have shown that p8 expression is induced by various proapoptotic __62__. It is suggested that p8 has an anti-apoptotic function (4, 5) . The significance of apoptosis in cancer cells is controversial. High spontaneous apoptosis is __63__ to be correlated with poor prognosis in PC (13) . If p8 has anti-apoptotic activity, p8 overexpression in PC cells would lead to resistance against apoptosis. Although we have not demonstrated the relationship between p8 and apoptosis in PC, the tendency toward shorter survival in p8-overexpressing cases is not __64__ with the past report (13) . It should be investigated whether p8 promotes PC cell growth through its anti-apoptotic activity.It is __65__ that p8 is a DNA-binding protein. As a transcriptional factor, it has a role in some phosphorylation/dephosphorylation signal pathways that involve its translocation to the nucleus and specific binding to DNA (4) . Potentially, p8 is phosphorylated by various kinases (4, 5) . Recent reports (14) showed that some kinases, such as the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase or extracellular signal-regulated kinase, lead to inappropriate pancreatic cellular proliferation. Genetic mutations of K-ras, p16, and p53 in PC lead to cellular proliferation __66__ the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and/or the extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathways (14) . It is to be examined whether there is p8mutation in PC and how p8 participates in kinase signaling pathways.Recently, candidate of metastasis-1, a __67__ factor in human breast cancer, was identified (15) . Interestingly, p8 is structurally similar to candidate of metastasis-1 (15) . p8 might be __68__ in cancer metastasis, however, we could not find a significant difference in p8 expression between primary and metastatic lesions in our study. The relationship between p8 expression and cancer metastasis needs to be studied further.In __69__, we have demonstrated the overexpression of p8 in human pancreatic cancer. Our results suggest that p8 participates in the __70__ of pancreatic cancer, which reflects its mitogenic activity.51.A. induced B. reduced C. introduced D. seduced52.A. current B. / C. present D. former53.A. Thereafter B. Subsequently C. Additionally D. Therefore54.A. But B. Similarly C. However D. Consequently55.A. researched B. investigated C. discussed D. detected56.A. Previous B. Other C. Published D. Numerous57.A. stimuli B.stimulants C. stimulations D. simulations58.A. reported B. hypothesized C. concluded D. analyzed59.A. similar B. resilient C. consistent D. identical60.A. suggested B. confirmed C. recommended D. proposed61.A. via B. viz C. on D. along62.A. fresh B. risk C. novel D. contributing63.A. resolved B. dissolved C. immersed D. involved64.A. summarization B. summary C. end D. all65.A. attack B. onset C. development D. appearance Part IVDirections: Translate into English the Chinese phrases given in the brackets to complete the preceding sentences.1.After controlling for age, sex, race, preexisting coronary heart disease, mean arterial blood pressure,diabetes, glucose level, cholesterol level, smoking, body mass index, and study site, the presence of retinopathy____________. (与慢性心力衰竭发病危险增加2倍有关)2.Maximum mean relative enhancement ratio and mean slope of relative enhancement of lung cancerpatients____________. (明显低于健康人)3.____________ receive either alendronate (10 mg per day) or calcitriol (0.5 μg per day) a mean(±SD) of 21±11 days after transplantation. (149例病人被随机分组)4.These results establish Nrg4 as a brown fat–enriched endocrine factor ____________, includingtype 2 diabetes and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). (对治疗肥胖相关疾病具有潜在作用)5.____________ reported GSPE strongly decreased NO and iNOS expression by LPS-stimulatedmacrophages. （我们的研究成果与Houde 等人之前所做的研究一致）6.Among 988 patients with gastric cancer, pernicious anemia ____________. (有11例原已确诊为恶性贫血)7.Background: Obesity____________. (被认为是结直肠癌发病的重要危险因素)8.The p8 was overexpressed (positive cells >25% in 1,000 cells) in 27 of 38 (71%) of PCs,____________. (而慢性胰腺炎中仅有17%)9.However, ____________.（几个小规模的临床研究结果没有产生充分证据证明抗坏血酸对铅毒性具有有益作用）10.____________.（使用长效β2激动剂大大改善了慢性阻塞性肺病患者的治疗效果）。
博士研究生英语考试题型及试卷
博士研究生英语考试题型及试卷2018博士研究生英语考试题型及试卷博士研究生入学考试英语初试内容一般包括听力、词汇、语法、完形填空、阅读理解、语言运用(配伍题)、翻译(英译汉/汉译英/英汉互译)、写作等几个部分，各部分出题方式及题量分值由各招生院校自行确定，以下yjbys店铺列举部分院校试题结构供各位考生参考。
首都师范大学2008年博士研究生入学考试英语试卷Section I Vocabulary Test(20%)Directions：In this part, there are 20 incomplete sentences.Below each sentence, there are 4 choices respectively marked by letters A, B, C and D. Choose the word or phrase which best completes each sentence. There is only ONE right answer. Mark the corresponding letter on ANSWER SHEET l with a single line through the centre.1. After the snow storm, the government plans to ______the run-down houses in the rural area as soon as possible.A. reviveB. replaceC. renovateD. remove2. The doctor assured her that the pain would _________in a few days.A. die offB. wear offC. get offD. go off3. The speeding woman’s _______________for some mercy could not change the policeman’s decision to giv e her a fine.A. pleaB. flatteryC. distressD. demonstration4. Owing to lack of money, these experiments must now be _______before the objective has been achieved.A. transferredB. transformedC. terminatedD. testified5. Quite unexpectedly, the young man __________ with success, the problem which had baffled his forerunner.A. tickledB. trickedC. trickledD. tackled6. The Space Age _____ in October l957when the first artificial satellite—was launched by the Soviet Union.A. embarkedB. initialedC. commencedD. originated7. Indoor or roof space antennae do not ___________give satisfactory performance even in strong signal areas.A. faithfulB. invariablyC. voluntarilyD. habitually8. These old houses are in good state of ________ except for the wooden floors.A. preservationB. observationC. compensationD.conservation9. She works bard at her task before she felt sure that the result would ______her long effort.A. verifyB. rectifyC. testifyD. justify10. The country is now undergoing an economic _________in which business activity is greatly reduced and the unemployment rate is high.A. sanctionB. accessionC. flourishD. recession11. The river is already ____its banks because of excessive rainfall and the town is threatened with a likely flood.A. level inB. flat onC. parallel toD. flush with12. Because of his outstanding achievements, the university _____ an honorary degree upon Mr. Adams.A. conferredB. dedicatedC. awardedD. presented13. It is one of the paradox of social intercourse that a ___________is much harder to respond to than an insult.A. complimentB. condemnationC. complementD. complaint14. The shop assistant was straight with his customers. If an article was of _______quality he’d tell them so.A. minerB. inferiorC. awkwardD. humble15. A terrible traffic accident happened;people were saddened when they watched the ______sight on TV.A. periodicB. panicC. patheticD. patriotic16. Even you were not in the mood, you should have known better than to refuse a lady this way. You could have _______her instead.A. deniedB. declinedC. denotedD. denounced17. As the nation attaches excessive importance to football, the triumph or frustration of the national team is most likely to drive many of her nationals ______________.A. overexcitedB. turbulentC. overwhelmedD. hysterical18. On Labor Day the workers will march in __________though the town.A. processB. procedureC. processionD. progress19. Although we had lord them not to keep US waiting, they made no _____to speed up deliveries.A. trialB. actionC. attemptD. progress20. Mr.Moore is one of the most prosperous persons in the town, yet he does take _____at questioning the way he makes money.A. offenceB. rageC. hostilityD. revengeSection II Reading Comprehension(40%)Directions：There are 5 passages ill this section. Each passage is followed by 4 questions. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Please choose the best one for each question and mark the corresponding letter on ANSWER SHEET l with a single line through the centre.Passage 1An invisible border divides those arguing for computers in the classroom on the behalf of students’ career prospects and those arguing for computers in the classroom for broader reasons of radical educational reform. Very few writers Oil the subject have explored this distinction—indeed, contradiction—which goes to the heart of what is wrong with the campaign to put computers in the classroom.An education that aims at getting student a certain kind of job is a technical education, justified for reasons radically different from why education is universally required by law. It is not simply to raise everyone’s job prospects that all children are legally required to attend school into their teens. Rather, we havea certain conception of the American citizen, a character who is incomplete if he cannot competently assess now his livelihood and happiness are affected by things outside of himself. But this was not always the case. Before it was legally required for all children to attend school until a certain age. It was widely accepted that everyone is fit to be educated. Computer-education advocates forsake this optimistic notion for a pessimism that betrays their otherwise cheery outlook. Banking on the confusion between educational and vocational reasons for bringing computers into schools, computer-education advocates often emphasize the job prospects of graduates over their educational achievement.There are some good arguments for a technical education given the right kind of student. Many European schools introduce the concept of professional training early in order to make sure children are properly equipped for the professions they want to join. It is, however, pre-sumptuous to insist that there will only be so many jobs for so many scientists, so many business-men, and so many accountants. . Besides, this is unlikely to produce the needed number of every kind of professional in a country as large as ours and where the economy is spread over so many states and involves so many international corporations.But, for a small group of students, professional training might be the way to go since well-developed skills, all other factors being equal, can be the difference between having a job and not. Of course, the basics of using any computer these days are very simple. It does not take a lifelong acquaintance to pick up various software programs. If one wanted to become a computer engineer, that is, of course, all entirely different story. Basic computer skills take—at the very longest—a couple ofmonths to learn. In any case, basic computer skills are only complementary to the host of real skills that are necessary to becoming any kind of professional. It should be observed, of course, that no school, vocational or not, is helped by a confusion over its purpose.21. The author thinks the present rush to put computers in the classroom is ________________.A. far-reaching B self-contradictoryC. dubiously orientedD. radically reformatory22. The belief that education is indispensable to all children ______________________.A. originated from the optimistic attitude of industrialized countriesB. is deeply rooted in the minds of computer education advocatesC. came into being along with the arrival of computersD. is indicative of a pessimism in disguise23. It could be inferred from the passage that in the author, s country the European model of professional training is __________________________.A. dependent upon the starting age of candidatesB. worth trying in various social sectionsC. attractive to every kind of professionalD. of little practical value24. According to the author, basic computer skill should be ______________________.A. highlighted I acquisition of professional qualification5B. included as an auxiliary course in schoolC. mastered through a lifelong courseD. equally emphasized by any school, vocational or otherwisePassage 2The prevention of illness through exercise and nutrition was a small step from movements like hydreopathy (which advocated the ‘‘natural" healing powers of water), to the idea that flesh air, healthy food, and exercise could be beneficial. The physical fitness movement in America followed the influx of a large number of German immigrants who fled their country due to the 1848 revolution. The movement began there with Fredrich Ludwig Jahn who unified exercise and sport with German history and tradition and saw a connection between mental and physical health. Charle Pollen, Jahn’s student, led the movement in America, organizing the Round Hill School at Harvard, which stressed rigorous mental and physical exercise. In the mid-west the Germans established their first gymnastic institution called the Turnverein in Cincinnati in l848. Later called the Turners, these groups developed nationally and organized outings of picnics, games, gymnastics, and celebrations of German culture.Catherine Beecher promoted physical fitness for women, and felt that corsets (束腹) not only made such exercise impossible, but actually deformed wo men’s bodies, and could even be passed on to future generations and degrade the race. She was also in advocate of improving nutrition and an early opponent of gluttony (暴食), believing condiments on food stimulated the appetite towards excess. Others championed vegetarianism, or saw lack of sunshine as a cause of stomach discomfort. Regardless of their particular inclination, all of the food reformers had a common philosophy: bad eating habits led to social disorder. Like physical fitness proponents, they saw a connection between reshaping the body and reshaping American society to improve the individual and the country.The physical fitness movement declined in the years preceding the Civil War, then revived, as Americans became city dwellers and took sedentary jobs. Advocates promoted "Muscular Christianity," a movement begun in England, which stressed that the best and most moral Christians were those with sound bodies. Indian clubs became a favorite exercise tool with entire books written for club exercises. Team sports became popular after l 865, reflecting America’s growing urbanization. The most popular was baseball, and in l 869 the Cincinnati Red Stockings became the country’s first professional team. By the l 900s, Luther Gulick transformed the Young Men’s Christian Association (VMCA) into the epitome of typical "Muscular Christianity.’’ It became the largest organization of urban gymnasiums and fitness centers in America.25. It can be inferred from the first paragraph that as to the physical fitness movement in the 19th century _____________________.A. hydropathy was popularB. not all groups had a German focus、C. Germans were fitter than AmericansD. Harvard became a leader in America26. It can be inferred from the passage that the Tumverein was ________________.A. successful in the mid-westB. 1imited to GermansC. 1ater named Turners because it was too difficult to pronounceD not popular with many non=Germans because they celebrated German culture27. Why did the physical fitness movement revive after theCivil War?A. Because people returned to their usual occupationsB. Because ‘‘Muscular Christianity" became popular.C. Because of urbanization.D. Because of physical injuries caused by the war.28. What does the passage mainly discuss?A. The prevention of illness through exercise and nutrition.B. The German and Christian influences on nutrition and physical fitness.C. Development of the physical fitness movement.D. The nutrition and physical fitness movements.Passage 3An industrial society, especially one as centralized and concentrated as that of Britain, is heavily dependent on certain essential services, for instance, electricity supply, water, rail and road transport, the harbours. The area of dependency has widened to include removing rubbish, hospital and ambulance services, and, as the economy develops, central computer and information services as well. If any of these services ceases to operate, the whole economic system is in danger.It is this economic interdependency of the economic system that makes the power of trade unions such an important issue. Single trade unions have the ability to cut off many countries’ economic blood supply. This can happen more easily in Britain than in some other countries, in part because the labour force is highly organized. About 55 percent of British workers belong to unions, compared to under a quarter in the United States. For historical reasons, Britain’s unions have tended to develop along trade and occupational lines, rather than on an industry-by-industry basis, which makes a wages policy, democracy inindustry and the improvement of procedures for fixing wage levels difficult to achieve.There are considerable strains and tensions in the trade union movement, some of them arising from their outdated and inefficient structure. Some unions have lost many members because of their industrial changes. Others are involved in arguments about who should represent workers in new trades. Unions for skilled trades are separate from general unions, which means that different levels of wages for certain jobs are often a source of bad feeling between unions. In traditional trades which are being pushed out of existence by advancing technologies, unions can fight for their members’ disappointing jobs to the point where the jobs of other union members are threatened or destroyed. The printing of newspapers both in the United States and in Britain has frequently been halted by the efforts of printers to hold on to their traditional highly-paid jobs.Trade unions Nave problems of internal communication just as managers in companies do, problems which multiply in very large unions or in those which bring workers in very different industries together into a single general union Some trade union officials have to be reelected regularly; others are elected, or even appointed for life: Trade union officials have to work with a system of "shop stewards" in many unions, "shop stewards" being workers’ elected by other workers as their representatives at factory or works level.下载文档。
2018年博士生入学考试英语参考答案
1.These figures boil down to no significance as they are statistically imperfect.A amount toB conform toC contribute toD attach to2.The researchers are working hard to find the optimal concentration of this drug.A most poisonousB most likelyC most famousD most desirable3.This young lawyer dares to take on the powerful on behalf of the poor and weak.A with the favor ofB find good jobs forC assume the responsibility forD accept the challenge of4.The last traces of respectability had vanished by the time he was convicted and imprisoned.A collapsedB disappearedC perishedD scattered5.Fearful of losing her job for good, this lady decided to talk to the manager directly.A for benefitsB by luckC for everD at hand.6.An important innovation in this college was the introduction of the seminary method for advanced students.A ideaB changeC matterD policy7.This archaeologist made a study of the vast area through which the Roman civilization has been propagated.A extendedB terminatedC speculatedD restricted8.The investor would suffer a lot from a television series that was heavily invested in but never came off.A was releasedB proved satisfactoryC failed completelyD won awards9.Given the gravity of the situation, the best thing we can do is to declare the company bankrupt.A gravitationB fascinationC seriousnessD incurability10.When the symptom occurs, she finds it difficult to manipulate a pencil despite her young age.A utilizeB handleC masterD dominateSection B :Directions: There are ten questions in this section. Each question is a sentence with something missing. Below each sentence are four words or phrases marked A, B , C and D. Choose one word or phrase that best completes the sentence. Mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your machine-scoring Answer Sheet.11.The country once threatened to ___ diplomatic relations with its neighbor if the latter was too friendly to the rebels.A show offB keep offC break offD call off12.In English leaning, a ___ circle occurs when a student makes more errors after being scolded.A viciousB vigorousC verticalD voluntary13.Some ancient people were able to tell the time by the shadow ___by the sun on the slate.A thrownB flungC castD tossed(upward)petition compels districts to devote their limited resources to achieving results that compare ___ with other localdistricts.A significantlyB favorablyC dramaticallyD superficially15.If you don’t know how to ___ your achievements, your parting from this world is going to be a nightmar e.A take hold ofB get rid ofC let go ofD make fun of16.This country could have as many as 10 million cases of AIDS in 2010 if the ____ is not taken seriously.A episodeB epidemicC equivalentD eruption17.With a wide variety of fresh fruit ___available, canner fruit is no longer so popular as before.A willinglyB appropriatelyC confidentlyD readily =easily18.The crisis over parliamentary election illustrated the unpredictable ____that events could take once the coalition troopsare withdrawn.A processB lineC wayD course19.Decades of ___ might have been partially responsible for our ignorance of development abroad.A insulationB irrigationC integrationD isolation20.There have been some insensible people who attempt to end their pains ____ through suicide.A by and largeB once for all =foreverC heart and soulD on the wholePart II. ClozeDirections: There are 10 questions in this part of the test. Read the passage through. Then, go back and choose one suitable word or phrases marked A, B, C and D for each blank in the passage. Mark the corresponding letter of the word or phrase you have chosen with a single bar across the square brackets on your machine-scoring Answer Sheet.There is now a new keychain device that lets people turn off most TVs anywhere---- from airports to restaurants. And it is selling faster than 21 . “I thought there would just be a few sales, but we can’t 22 demand,” said inventor MitchAltman of San Fran cisco, U.S. “I didn’t know there were so many people who wanted to turn TVs off.”Hundreds of orders for Altman’s US $14.99 TV-B-Gone device poured in last week. The tiny remote control device had been 23 in Wired magazine and other online-media outlets. 24 , the unexpected attention overloaded the website of his company. Cornfield Electronics, and caused it to 25 .The keychain device works like a 26 remote control ----but it only turns TVs on or off. With a push of the button, it goes through a 27 of about 200 infrared codes that control the power of about 1,000 television models. Altman said the majority of TVs should 28 within 17 seconds. It takes a little more than a minute for the device to 29 all the trigger codes.The 47-year-old Altman got the idea for TV-B-Gone a decade ago. He was out with friends at a restaurant and they found themselves all 30 by the TV, but no one was around to turn it off.21. A expects B expectation C expected D expecting22. A give in to B hold on to C make up for D keep up with23. A acknowledged B announced C admitted D applied24. A At times B On time C Behind time D At the same time25. A clash B crush =smash C cruise D crash26. A commonplace B universal C mean D medium27. A string B flock C school D fleet28. A repel B repeat C react D reproach =blame29. A submit B permit C omit D emit30. A bothered B haunted C interrupted D hinderedPart III. Reading ComprehensiveDirections: In this part of the test, there are five short passages. Read each passage carefully, and then do the questions that follow. Choose the best answer from the four choices given and mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your machine-scoring Answer Sheet.Passage OneAnimals are more like us than we ever imagined. They feel pain, they experience stress, and they show affection, excitement and love. All these finding have been made by scientists in recent years----and such results are beginning to change how we view animals.Strangely enough, this research was sponsor ed by fast food companies like McDonald’s and KFC. Pressured by animal rights groups, these companies felt they had to fund scientists researching the emotional and mental states of animals. McDonald’s, for instance, funded studies on pig behaviors at P urdue University, Indiana. This research found that pigs seek affection and easily become depressed if left alone or prevented from playing with each other. If they become depressed, they soon become physically ill. Because of this, and other similar studies, the European Union has banned the use of isolating pig stalls from 2012. In Germany, the government is encouraging pig farmers to give each pig 20 seconds of human contact a day, and to provide them with toys to prevent them from fighting.Other scientists have shown that animals think and behave like humans.Koko, the 300-pound gorilla (大猩猩)at the Gorilla Foundation in Northern California, for instance, has been taught sign language. Koko can now understand several thousand English words, more than many humans who speak English as a second language. On human IQ tests, she scores between 70 and 95.Before such experiments, humans thought language skills were absent from the animal kingdom. Other myths are also being overturned, like the belief that animals lack self-awareness. Studies have also shown that animals mourn their dead, and that they play for pleasure.These striking similarities between animal and human behavior have led some to ask a question: “If you believe in evolution, how can’t you believe that animals have feelings that human beings have?”Until recently, scientists believed that animals behaved by instinct and that what appeared to be learned behavior was merely genetically-programmed activity. But as Koko the Gorilla shows, this is not the case. In fact, learning is passed from parents to offspring far more often than not in the animal kingdom.So what implications does this knowledge have for humans? Because of this , should we ban hunting and animal testing? Should we close zoos? Such questions are being raised by many academics and politicians. Harvard and 25 other American law schools have introduced courses on animal rights.31. The author feels it strange that the research was sponsored by fast food companies like McDonald’s and KFC probably because these companies_____.。
2018年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题参考答案
2018年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）答案及解析参考答案：1-5：CADBD6-10：BCDBA11-15：BBACD16-20：ACBAC21-25：DCADB26-30：DABCA31-35：BCDDB36-40：BAACD41-45：EGABD46. 参考译文：在他出生之前，欧洲正在经历宗教戏剧的衰退，古典悲剧和喜剧催生了新的戏剧形式。
47. 参考译文：任何一个上过文法学校的男孩都知道戏剧是一种文学形式。
文学曾经给希腊和罗马带来荣耀，或许还可以给英格兰带来荣耀。
48.参考译文：但是，专业公司的永久剧场生意蒸蒸日上，怀揣文学野心的大学生也很快投靠到这些剧院，以写剧为生。
49. 参考译文：本土的文学戏剧就此诞生，并与大众剧院结缘，少说也引生了一些了不起的传统。
50.参考译文：要想认识当时戏剧活动的盛况，我们还需意识到大批剧本已然遗失，而且也许没有哪位知名剧作家的作品全然遗留至今。
51. 参考作文：Dear professors,I wonder if there is the possibility for you to come to my graduation at our university’s gymnasium at 7:00 pm next Saturday night.It would be my pleasure to share the important moments with you. During the experiment, it is your generous help and constant encouragement that contributes to the success of the experiment. As I have been elected as the students’ representative, I will deliver a speech at the ceremony. I do wish you to be there to witness my growth and allow me to express my sincerest gratitude to you in person.I would like you to attend, so please let me know your decision.Yours faithfully,Li Ming 52. 参考作文：As is vividly depicted in the picture, sitting in front of a computer is a university student pondering over which kind of course he should choose: the courses creative, informative and difficult to pass or the easy and less-work-amount ones.The implication underlying this picture is rather thought-provoking: his confusion in fact mirrors hundreds of thousands of students’dilemmas. Nowadays, many students in universities or colleges are not sure of what they want and where they will go in the future. As a result, they easily become anxious and helpless when choices confront them.What should we do? In my opinion, the most important thing is having a goal. It is crucial for us college students to understand what we actually want and what kind of men we want to be. And then follow your heart. If you have the ambition to be an expert in some fields, you will naturally choose the courses that are creative, informative and progressive rather than courses oriented to students who want just to dip into it for fun or credit. Otherwise, if your focus is on honing your work skills or just feeding yourselves early and supporting your family, you can just choose whichever subject you would like to successfully graduate and then hunt for jobs or establish your own career.解析：1.【答案】[C] for【解析】考察介词的用法。
中国农业大学2020年各招生学院对博士生英语水平的基本要求
2014.12月至报名系统关闭
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425分
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5.5分
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60+3分
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本科至硕士连续在读的应届毕业生，在读期间的六级英语成绩不受时间限制
工学院
2014.12月至报名系统关闭
425分
425分
72分
5.5分
60分
60分
60+3分
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本科至硕士连续在读应届毕业生，在读期间的四、六级英语成绩不受时间限制
草业学院
2014.12月至报名系统关闭
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425分
72分
5.5分
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/
60+3分
本科至硕士连续在读应届毕业生，在读期间的四、六级英语成绩不受时间限制
交叉研究院
2014.12月至报名系统关闭
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425分
72分
5.5分
60分
60分
60+3分
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本科至硕士连续在读应届毕业生，在读期间的四、六级英语成绩不受时间限制
植保学院
2014.12月至报名系统关闭
425分
425分
72分
5.5分
60分
60分
60+3分
/
本科至硕士连续在读应届毕业生，在读期间的四、六级英语成绩不受时间限制
土地学院
2014.12月至报名系统关闭
425分
425分
72分
5.5分
60分
60分
60+3分
/
本科至硕士连续在读应届毕业生，在读期间的四、六级英语成绩不受时间限制
2014.12月至报名系统关闭
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425分
72分
博士研究生入学考试英语试题及详解
博士研究生入学考试英语试题及详解Doctoral Entrance Examination in EnglishPart I: Reading Comprehension (40 points)Directions: In this section, there are four passages followed by questions or incomplete statements. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each question or complete each statement.Passage 1:Climate Change and Global WarmingClimate change refers to long-term changes in average weather patterns in a specific region or globally. Global warming, on the other hand, specifically refers to the increase in Earth's average surface temperature due to human activities. While some argue that global warming is a natural phenomenon, the overwhelming majority of scientists agree that human activities, such as the burning of fossil fuels and deforestation, are the primary causes of climate change.1. According to the passage, what is the main cause of global warming?A. Natural phenomenaB. Human activitiesC. Average weather patternsD. Long-term changes in climateAnswer: B. Human activities2. What is the difference between climate change and global warming?A. Climate change is caused by human activities, while global warming is natural.B. Global warming refers specifically to changes in average weather patterns.C. Climate change refers to long-term changes in climate, while global warming is due to human activities.D. Global warming specifically refers to the increase in Earth's average surface temperature due to human activities.Answer: D. Global warming specifically refers to the increase in Earth's average surface temperature due to human activities.Passage 2:The Importance of BiodiversityBiodiversity refers to the variety of plant and animal species within a certain ecosystem. It plays a crucial role in maintaining the balance of the environment and supporting the overall health of ecosystems. Loss of biodiversity is a significant concern as it can lead to negative impacts on food security, climate stability, and overall ecosystem function.3. What is biodiversity?A. The variety of plant and animal species within a certain ecosystem.B. The balance of the environment.C. The health of ecosystems.D. The stability of climate.Answer: A. The variety of plant and animal species within a certain ecosystem.4. Why is loss of biodiversity a concern?A. It leads to an increase in food security.B. It has no impact on climate stability.C. It can negatively affect food security, climate stability, and ecosystem function.D. It supports overall ecosystem function.Answer: C. It can negatively affect food security, climate stability, and ecosystem function.Part II: Writing (60 points)Directions: In this section, write an essay on one of the following topics. Your essay should be approximately 400 words in length.1. The Impact of Technology on Society2. Education in the Digital Age3. The Importance of Cross-Cultural Communication4. Sustainable Development and Environmental ConservationPart III: Speaking (60 points)Directions: In this section, you will be asked to discuss one of the following topics. You will have five minutes to prepare your response and three minutes to present it.1. The Advantages and Disadvantages of Online Learning2. The Influence of Social Media on Relationships3. Effective Strategies for Time Management4. The Role of Government in Promoting Renewable EnergyDetailed explanations and model answers for Part II and Part III will be provided during the examination.Good luck with your doctoral entrance examination in English!。
河南农大博士研究生招生英语水平测试
河南农大博士研究生招生英语水平测试全文共6篇示例，供读者参考篇1My Big Adventure Taking the English TestHi there! My name is Xiaoming and I'm 10 years old. I love going on adventures and learning new things. Recently, I had a really exciting experience that I want to tell you all about!You see, my cousin Lingling is super smart and she's applying to be a PhD student at Henan Agricultural University. That's a really prestigious school. In order to get admitted into their doctoral program, Lingling had to take a special English test to prove she can speak, read, and write in English really well.When my aunt told me Lingling was going to take this big important test, I begged them to let me come along and watch. After a lot of pleading, they finally agreed! I was so thrilled to get to be part of Lingling's academic journey.The morning of the test, we arrived at the university bright and early. The test was being held in a huge lecture hall with atleast 200 desks. There were students of all ages there, looking very nervous as they found their assigned seats.The teachers running the test looked very serious and professional in their suits. They reminded us over and over again about all the rules, like no cheating, no phones, and to follow all instructions exactly. It made the atmosphere feel quite intense!Finally, it was time for the test to begin. The first section was listening comprehension. We had to listen to recordings of people speaking in English and then answer multiple choice questions about what they said. There were conversations between friends, lectures, and even a news broadcast! I tried my best to understand, but some of those accents were really tricky.After the listening portion, we moved right along to the reading section. We were given several long academic passages to read silently, and then had to answer questions testing our comprehension. Some of the vocabulary was super advanced and scientific. I'm glad it wasn't me being tested!Next up was the writing section, which seemed to be the most challenging of all. The students had to write a complete essay in English, developing an argument and supporting it with evidence. The time limit made it even more pressure-packed. I saw Lingling's hand cramping up from writing so fast!The final section focused on speaking ability. One by one, each student had a short interview with a testing instructor. They asked opinioned questions and had casual conversations to evaluate speaking skills. When it was Lingling's turn, she spoke so clearly and naturally. I was really impressed!After what felt like an eternity, all four sections were finally completed. As Lingling and the other students filed out, you could just see how exhausted yet relieved they felt. Taking a high-stakes test like that is no joke!Waiting for Lingling's results was agony. She had worked so incredibly hard preparing, I just hoped it paid off. A few weeks later, the scores came in the mail - and Lingling passed with flying colors! Her outstanding English ability was certified.I was overjoyed at the news and super proud of my cousin's achievement. Even though the test seemed grueling, Lingling prevailed through her perseverance. She is now one step closer to her dream of becoming a agricultural researcher. What an inspiration!That's the full story of my exciting adventure watching Lingling take the English test. Even though I was just an observer, I could feel the pressure and importance of the occasion. It made me appreciate how vital English skills are, especially for academicexcellence. Hopefully my tale could give you a vivid glimpse into this critical exam. Let me know if you have any other questions!篇2The Big, Huge, Mega Important English Test!Hi there! My name is Little Billy and I'm going to tell you all about the super duper important English test that you have to take if you want to go to University and get your Ph.D. - that's a really fancy degree!This test is held at a place called Henan Agricultural University. It's in a province of China called Henan, which is pretty much right in the middle of the whole country. I looked it up on a map and it's east of Shaanxi and south of Hebei. The university teaches all about farms and crops and animals and stuff like that. Pretty cool, right?Anyway, the English test they make you take is called the English Proficiency Test for Ph.D. Admissions. That's a really long name, so let's just call it the Big English Test. This test is mega important because it shows if you are totally awesome at English or not. And you gotta be awesome at English if you want to go to their university and get that fancy Ph.D. degree!The Big English Test has four different sections - kind of like four different mini-tests all rolled into one giant test. The first part is listening, where you have to listen really carefully to recordings and conversations in English and answer questions about what you heard. Listening is hard because the people speak super fast sometimes!Then there is the reading part, where you read all sorts of passages and articles and stories in English. After reading them, you have to answer comprehension questions to show how well you understood everything. The reading passages can be pretty long and have tricky vocabulary words, so you gotta pay close attention!The third section is wri-ting. This is where you have to write essays and letters and stuff, all in perfect English of course. You gotta make sure you spell everything correctly and use good grammar. Grown-ups are real strict about that!Finally, there is the speaking part of the test. This is where you get to talk out loud in English and have a conversation with the test graders. You may have to describe a picture, answer opinion questions, or have a roleplayed conversation. Talking is hard because you can't just think about what to say - you have to say it out loud right away without messing up!Those four sections - listening, reading, writing, and speaking - make up the whole Big English Test. It's not easy at all! You have to be a totally amazing English master to pass it. But if you can get a high score, then the Henan Agricultural University will let you in to get your Ph.D. and become really smart.From what I've heard, the Big English Test happens a few times per year. It's scheduled on certain dates that get posted online ahead of time. The test takes place at the Henan Agricultural University campus, but also at other locations in different cities around China. So you may not have to travel all the way to Henan Province if there is a test site closer to where you live.I'm not sure exactly what the passing score is that you need. But I hear it's pretty high - like you need an awesome,off-the-charts score to pass. If you don't get a good enough score, then sadly you can't go to Henan Agricultural University for your Ph.D. You would have to either take the test again next time and try for a higher score, or apply to a different school instead. No pressure though, right?!Well, that's pretty much everything I know about the Big English Test that Henan Agricultural University uses. It's super important and難しい! You gotta listen good, read good, writegood, and speak good in English. If your English skills are just ok-ish, then you're gonna have a hard time passing.But if you're one of those kids that's just a crazy English genius, then you'll probably do great! Just make sure you study real hard and get a lot of practice before taking the test. Maybe have your parents or teachers quiz you and stuff.Then after acing that Big English Test, you'll be well on your way to an awesome Ph.D. and a brilliant future as a farmer...or whatever they study at agricultural universities. I'm more of a dinosaur expert myself.Anyway, that's all I got! Thanks for reading, and good luck WordUp that Big English Test if you're giving it a try. Just don't stress too much...you'll do just fine! Let me know if you have any other questions!篇3The Big Important English Test for Getting into Doctoral SchoolToday I want to tell you all about a really important test that the big kids have to take if they want to go to doctoral school atHenan Agricultural University. It's called the English proficiency test and it's super duper hard!You see, all the really really smart kids who have already finished their master's degrees want to get an even higher degree called a doctorate. But Henan Agricultural University is a very good school, so they only let the kids who are amazing at English join their doctoral program.The English test has four parts - listening, reading, writing, and speaking. Let me tell you about each one!ListeningIn the listening part, the kids have to put on headphones and listen really carefully to recordings of people talking in English. The recordings might be lectures, conversations, or just people telling stories. After each recording, the kids have to answer questions about what they heard. This tests if they can understand spoken English really well.ReadingFor the reading part, the kids get a bunch of passages to read that are written in English. The passages could be about science, history, culture, or any other topic. After reading each passage, they have to answer comprehension questions provingthey understood everything. This makes sure the kids can read complicated English texts.WritingThis part is scary! The kids have to write two entire essays or reports in English about different topics. The essay questions are shared ahead of time so they can prepare a little. But then when it's test time, they only get a short period to actually write out the full essays on the computer. Their writing has to be completely free of mistakes and really persuasive and logical. Yikes!SpeakingLast but not least is the speaking portion. Here, each kid has to have a one-on-one conversation with an English teacher for around 15 minutes. The teacher will ask all kinds of questions to see if the kid can speak English clearly, use proper grammar, and communicate their thoughts smoothly. No stumbling or long pauses allowed!If the kids pass all four sections with really high scores, it means their English is incredible and they get to move on to the next round of Henan Agricultural University's doctoral admissions process. But if their scores aren't perfect, they mightnot make it in. Can you imagine having to be that good at a foreign language? It's insane!I'm just learning the basics of English in school right now, like numbers, colors, and simple phrases. The thought of being evaluated at that advanced level for listening, reading, writing, AND speaking is terrifying! I'll tell you what - those doctoral students who ace that English test are really really smart cookies. They must study and practice like crazy to get to that level.I have so much respect for the big kids going after their doctorates. Henan Agricultural University clearly has extremely high standards when it comes to English ability. I can't even picture trying to write an entire persuasive essay in English right now, let alone having an in-depth theoretical discussion with a professor! It's just way too hard.But who knows, maybe someday if I work my absolute hardest and never stop learning English, I could be one of those kids taking the doctoral English test. Anything is possible if you believe in yourself! For now though, I'm just going to keep practicing my ABC's and simple sentences. Doctoral life can wait!Well, that's all I've got to say about the crazy difficult English test for the doctoral program. Let me know if you have any other questions! I may be just a kid but I'll do my best to explain moreabout this world of high-level academics. Study hard, work hard, and maybe you can be an English master like those doctoral candidates someday! Thanks for listening!篇4My Exciting Adventure at the English Proficiency Test for Ph.D. Admissions at Henan Agricultural UniversityHi, everyone! My name is Timmy, and I am a curious and adventurous fifth grader. Today, I want to tell you about my amazing experience at the English proficiency test for Ph.D. admissions at Henan Agricultural University. It was like nothing I had ever seen before!Last week, my mom, who is a professor at the university, took me with her to work. She said I could watch the English proficiency test for Ph.D. admissions. I was super excited because I love English, and I wanted to see what the test was all about.When we arrived at the university, I saw a big hall filled with students from different countries. Wow, there were so many people! They all looked serious and determined. I felt a little nervous, but mostly I was just curious to see what would happen.The test began, and the first part was a listening section. They played some recordings, and the students had to answer questions based on what they heard. The questions were not easy, but the students were really focused. I tried to answer the questions too, but some of them were too difficult for me. These students were really smart!Next, there was a reading section. The students were given passages to read, and then they had to answer questions about the texts. I peeked at the passages, and they were all about different topics like agriculture, environment, and food production. It was cool to see how English could be used to learn about these important things.After the reading section, it was time for the speaking part. Each student had to go to a separate room and have a conversation with an interviewer. They had to talk about their research interests and why they wanted to study at Henan Agricultural University. I thought it was like a mini-interview. The students spoke confidently and fluently. I wished I could speak English like that!Finally, it was time for the writing section. The students were given a topic and had to write an essay. I couldn't read theiressays, but I saw them writing with such concentration. It made me want to improve my own writing skills.As the test came to an end, I felt inspired by all the hard work and dedication I had witnessed. These students were so determined to pursue their dreams and make a difference in the world of agriculture. It made me realize the importance of English proficiency for global communication and understanding.I had an incredible time at the English proficiency test for Ph.D. admissions at Henan Agricultural University. It was like a whole new world opened up before my eyes. I learned that studying English can lead to amazing opportunities and help us connect with people from different cultures.Now, I am even more motivated to study hard and improve my English skills. Who knows, maybe someday I will be one of those students taking the test and pursuing my dreams at Henan Agricultural University. Until then, I will keep learning and exploring the wonders of the English language.That's all for now! Thanks for joining me on my adventure. See you next time!Word Count: 502 words篇5The Big Test for Big DreamersHi there, friends! Today I'm going to tell you all about a very important test that students have to take if they want to become really super smart professors and scientists one day. It's called the English Proficiency Test for Doctoral Applicants at Henan Agricultural University. That's a really long name, isn't it? Let's just call it the Big Test instead.Now, you might be wondering, "Why do people who want to be professors need to take a test about English?" Well, that's a great question! You see, English is like a magic language that lets people from all around the world understand each other. So if you want to be a famous scientist or professor, you need to know English really well. That way, you can share your brilliant ideas and discoveries with everyone!The Big Test is really, really hard. It's only for the biggest dreamers who want to study really advanced stuff at Henan Agricultural University. This university is in a place called Zhengzhou, which is the capital city of a province named Henan. Henan is kind of in the middle of China, and it's famous forgrowing tons of crops like wheat, cotton, and vegetables. Pretty cool, right?Okay, now let me tell you about the Big Test itself. It has four different sections, and each one tests how well you can read, write, listen, and speak in English. If you're good at all four of those things, it means you've definitely mastered the magic language!The first section is all about reading. The test will give you some really long and difficult passages to read, and then ask you super tricky questions to see if you understood everything properly. You have to be a reading superhero to ace this part!Next up is the writing section. This is where you get to show off your amazing storytelling skills and grammar powers. The test might ask you to write an essay about a really complex topic, or summarize a long article in just a few sentences. Writing is hard work, but I know you can do it if you practice!After that, it's time for the listening section. The test will play audio recordings of people talking, and you'll have to listen really carefully and answer questions about what they said. Maybe they'll describe how to bake a cake in English, or tell a funny story. You'll need super-powerful ears to get through this one!Finally, there's the speaking section. This is probably the most nerve-wracking part, because you'll have to talk out loud all by yourself! The test might ask you to describe a picture, or give your opinion on an important issue. Just take a deep breath and imagine you're talking to a friendly puppy. That always helps me when I get nervous!Whew, that's a lot of information about the Big Test, isn't it? I know it sounds incredibly difficult, but try not to be too scared. The students who take this test are the bravest, most determined dreamers in the world. They're willing to work harder than anyone to make their dreams come true.If you study really, really hard and never give up, I'm sure you can master English and pass the Big Test with flying colors. Then you'll be one step closer to becoming a world-famous professor or scientist! Just imagine how proud your family and friends will be. You'll get to make amazing discoveries that help make the world a better place!So keep dreaming big, work as hard as you can, and never be afraid of a challenge. The magic language of English will become your friend, and the Big Test will be no match for your brilliant mind! You've got this, superstar!篇6The Big, Big Test for Becoming a Super Clever StudentHey there, friends! Have you ever dreamed of becoming a super clever student who knows all the answers? Well, if you want to study at a really cool place called Henan Agricultural University, you'll need to take a big, big test called the English Proficiency Test. It's like a super fun game, but instead of playing with toys, you'll be playing with words and showing how well you know the English language.Now, I know what you're thinking, "English? That's so boring!" But trust me, this test is anything but boring! It's like going on a grand adventure, where you'll explore all kinds of exciting stories, poems, and conversations. You'll get to flex your reading, writing, listening, and speaking skills, just like a real-life superhero!Let me tell you all about the different parts of this test. First up, we have the reading section. Imagine diving into a world of fascinating tales and articles, where you'll have to use your super-sharp eyes and your brilliant brain to answer questions about what you've read. It's like being a detective, solving mysteries one word at a time!Next, we have the writing part. This is where you get to unleash your creativity and let your imagination run wild! You'll get to write stories, essays, and even poems, just like your favorite authors. Who knows, maybe one day you'll write a book that becomes a bestseller!Then, there's the listening section, where you'll get to test your super-hearing powers. You'll listen to all sorts of conversations, lectures, and audio clips, and you'll have to answer questions about what you've heard. It's like being a spy, gathering secret information from all kinds of sources!Last but not least, we have the speaking part. This is where you get to show off your amazing talking skills! You'll have to describe pictures, tell stories, and even have conversations with the test-givers. It's like being a movie star, performing on the big stage for everyone to see!Now, I know all of this might sound a little bit scary, but don't worry, my friends. This test is designed to be challenging, but also fun and exciting. And hey, even if you don't get a perfect score, that's okay! The most important thing is that you tried your best and had a great time doing it.So, what do you say? Are you ready to embark on this grand adventure and become a super clever student at HenanAgricultural University? Just remember, as long as you believe in yourself and never give up, you can achieve anything you set your mind to!Good luck, my friends! May the force of knowledge be with you!。
中国农业大学考博英语复习重点与备考方法
中国农业大学考博英语复习重点与备考方法完型填空虽然所占分值不高，但其实是综合性最强的一个题型，他不同于专项技能的题型，考察不仅是单纯词义、固定搭配和语法结构等孤立的知识点，而是从语篇的角度综合考察考生对文章的理解、词汇搭配及语法知识的运用能力，涵盖的内容更广，考察的能力更综合。
下面，我们就着重对完型的命题特点和考察内容进行分析。
需要各大院校历年考博英语真题及其解析请加扣扣七七二六七八五三七或二八九零零六四三五一，也可以拨打全国免费咨询电话四零零六六八六九七八享受考博辅导体验。
一、考点特点1.考点紧紧围绕着语篇综观近年的考题，我们发现，完型填空不是要考词义辨析、固定搭配、语法等孤立的知识点，而是从语篇的角度综合测试考生对文章的理解能力和对基础知识的运用能力。
也就是说，考生的语感及其对整篇文章的理解程度在做题中起到了至关重要的作用。
2.在上下文中的认词、辨词能力是词汇考查的重点对词汇的测试在研究生入学英语考试中应该说是无处不在的，它贯穿考卷的各个部分。
在完型填空题中重点考查考生在上下文中认词和辨词的能力。
近年来完型填空所设置的选项要求考生在掌握一定词汇量的基础上，通过大量阅读并具有一定的语感才能区分正确与错误。
测试词汇引申含义的情况也越来越多。
由此可见，考生仅仅学会大纲词汇表中的词或词组是远远不够的。
应意识到，处于考博阶段，记忆单词不能只限于一词一义，一词一用。
只有经常对词汇进行同义、反义、近义、同形、同音等多种比较，细心观察不同上下文、不同搭配的各种含义、各种用法特点，方可对它们有比较深刻全面的理解，才能有把握地选择正确的意义和搭配。
3.逻辑衔接题比重加大从近10年的考题来看，逻辑衔接题的比重加大，尤其是近5年，表现得更加明显。
这就对考生从整体上把握文章的内容，注意句际间的关系提出了更高的要求。
4.定语从句、同位语从句、倒装句、比较句与平行结构是语法考查的重点近年来，完型填空专门测试语法的题目不多，重点在词汇及对上下文的理解上，但我们发现，完型填空一旦考语法，就一定是与定语从句、同位语从句、倒装句、比较句或平行结构有关。
中国农业大学考博英语阅读理解真题解析
中国农业大学考博英语阅读理解真题解析Directions：You are going to read a list of headings and a text about whatparents are supposed to do to guide their children into adulthood.Choose a heading from the list A——G that best fits the meaning ofeach numbered part of the text(41——45)。
The first and lastparagraphs of the text are not numbered.There are two extra headingsthat you do not need to use.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.(10points)A.Set a Good Example for Your KidsB.Build Your Kid's Work SkillsC.Place Time Limits on Leisure ActivitiesD.Talk about the Future on a Regular BasisE.Help Kids Develop Coping StrategiesF.Help Your Kids Figure Out Who They AreG.Build Your Kids Sense of ResponsibilityHow Can a Parent Help?（PS:The way to contact yumingkaobo TEL:si ling ling-liu liu ba-liu jiu qi ba QQ:772678537) Mothers and fathers can do a lot to ensure a safe landing in earlyadulthood for their kids.Even if a job's starting salary seems toosmall to satisfy an emerging adult's need for rapid content，thetransition from school to work can be less of a setback if the start-upadult is ready for the move.Here are a few measures，drawn from mybook Ready or Not，Here Life Comes，that parents can take to preventwhat I call“work-life unread ness”。
中国农业大学考博英语真题复习备考重点介绍
中国农业大学考博英语真题复习备考重点介绍ExampleInca society was strictly organized,from the emperor and royal family down to the peasants.The emperor was thought to be descended from the sun god,Inti,and he therefore ruled with divine authority. All power rested in his hands.Only the influence of custom and the fear of revolt checked the emperor’s power.(41)__________.The emperor chose his most important administrators from among his sons.Just below the emp Xu yao quan guo ge da yuan xiao kao bo ying yu zhen ti shi juan qing jia qq：qi qi er liu qi ba wu san qi,huo er ba jiu ling ling liu si san wu yi.ye ke yi bo da quan guo mian fei zi xun dian hua:si ling ling liu liu ba liu jiu qi ba xiang shou kao bo fu dao ti yan.eror came the aristocracy,which included descendants and relations of all the emperors.(42)__________.The nobles of conquered peoples also became part of the governing aristocracy and were considered Inca by adoption.For administrative purposes the empire was divided into regions known as the“four suyus(quarters)of the world,”with Cuzco at its center.The Incas called their empire“Land of the Four Quarters.”One suyu,the Antisuyu,stretched to the east of Cuzco and contained deep,forest-covered valleys that gradually descended into the jungles of the Amazon basin.Indian groups in this region, many of whom were only partially pacified,continued to launch attacksagainst the Incas.Cuntisuyu included all the land west of Cuzco, including the coastal regions of Peru from Chan Chan to Arequipa. Collasuyu was the largest of the quarters.Located south of Cuzco, it took in Lake Titicaca and regions of Bolivia,Chile,and Argentina. Chincasuyu contained the remaining land to the north of Cuzco.A blood relative of the emperor served as governor of each quarter. The Incas further divided each quarter into progressively smaller units,with officials of descending rank overseeing the activities of these units.(43)__________.Another official,ideally a leader of a large village,ruled over a smaller area containing about1,000 peasants.At the level below,ten foremen each supervised a total of 100peasants.At the lowest organizational level,an official oversaw a group of ten peasants.For every10,000people,there were1,331 officials.Inca state affairs were complex and tightly controlled.Whole native populations were at times uprooted and resettled in other communities.Often groups were relocated to areas where they were needed for agricultural or mining activities.Sometimes relocations were politically motivated.(44)__________.Furthermore,these relocations facilitated the spread of Inca ideas and culture and promoted unity in the empire.In order to deal efficiently with such matters,government officers kept strict accounts of all the people,gold,land,crops and projects of the empire.Since the Incas had no system of writing,they kept records by means of a quipu—a series of short,knotted strings hung at intervals from a long top string.By varying the colors and kinds of string used and the spacing of the strings and knots, the Incas could record populations,troops,and tribute,as well as information about their legends and achievements.The quipu was a complex memory aid rather than a literal record,and only a trained quipucamayo,or memory expert,could create or interpret it.An oral comment accompanied each quipu and allowed the quipucamayo to make sense of its meaning.(45)__________.Modern scholars still have not deciphered the codes used in the creation of quipus.[A]Serving under each governor were ten district governors,each of whom ruled over a district containing about10,000peasants.[B]Following the Spanish conquest and the introduction of records written in Spanish,the Incas lost the ability to read quipus.[C]Noticeable economic thriving was frequently found,in the records of the local governments,after relocations.[D]The emperor had one official wife,but he had many royal concubines and his children by these wives often numbered in the hundreds.[E]Placing Quechua-speaking populations in newly conquered areas impaired the ability of local groups to unite against the Incas.[F]Relations between relatives of the emperor,governors and officials often posed headaches for the supreme ruler himself,who was interwoven tightly and deeply among them.[G]These pure-blooded Incas held the most important government, religious,and military posts.本文由“育明考博”整理编辑。
1996年中国农科院博士入学考试英语真题
1996年中国农科院博士入学考试英语真题SectionⅠStructure and written expression (20 points, 0.5 point each)Part ADirections: Each sentence in Part A is an incomplete sentence. Four words or phrases, marked A, B, C, D, are given beneath each sentence. You are to choose theone word or phrase that best complete the sentence. Then, on your answersheet, find the number of the problem and mark your answer.1.The world’s supplies of copper_____.A.have been gradually exhaustingB.have gradually exhaustedC.are gradually exhaustedD. D. are being gradually exhausted2.I’d lend you the record______ I could remember who last borrowed it.A.except thatB.on condition thatC.if onlyD.considering whether3. A series of lectures______ to be given to mark the 50th anniversary of thefounding of the school.A.will beB.areC.are goingD.is4.I took a bus that passed and got off some forty minutes later in______.A.where there must be a suburbB.that it must have been a suburbC.what must have been a suburbD.that where must have been a suburb5.Before he started work, I asked the builder to give me an ______of the cost ofrepairing the roof.A. assessmentB. announcementC. estimateD. evaluation6. I’d rather you______ those important documents with you.A. don’t takeB. won’t takeC. didn’t takeD. not take7. Five minutes earlier, ______ we could have caught the last train.A. andB. orC. butD. so8. She is ______a musician than her brother.A. much ofB. more ofC. much asD. more as9. Once they had fame, fortune, secure futures; ______is utter poverty.A. now all that is leftB. now all which is leftB. now that all is left D. now all what is left10. All flight______ because of the storm, they decided to take the train.A. having canceledB. were canceledC. have been canceledD. having been canceled11. The atmosphere is as much a part of the earth as______ its soils and the water of its lakes, rivers and oceans.A. areB. doC. isD. has12. The criminal always paid ______cash so the police could not track him down.A. onB. forC. byD. in13. ______when she started complaining.A. Not until he arrivedB. No sooner has he arrivedC. Hardly had he arrivedD. Scarcely did he arrive14. ______the flood, the ship would have reached its destination on time.A. In case ofB. Because ofC. In spite ofD. But for15. No longer are contributions to computer technology confines to any one country; ______is this more true than in Europe.A. hardlyB. seldomC. littleD. nowherePart BDirections: Each sentence in Part B has four words or phrases underlined. The four underlined parts of the sentence are marked A, B, C, D. You are to identifythe one underlined word or phrase that should be corrected or rewritten.Then, on your answer sheet, find the number of the problem and mark youranswer.16. She sings too loudly, the same as what her teacher does.A B C D17. No one has been told whom of those named will be chosen to play in the last test.A B C D18. An estimated one in three householders who are entitled to rate rebates are notA B C Dclaiming.19. The waiters were careful to seat the important guests next to the host so he couldA B Ctalk easily to them.D20. The rose may grow as a low bush and as a tree, depending on how it is trimmed.A B C D21. People think that they have enough money to pay the electricity their televisionA B Csets, washing machines and refrigerators use.D22. Modern buttons, unlike early ones, are frequently mass-produced and usuallyA B Cmade of plastic.D23. Methods of flood control focus on preventing rivers from rising and to keep themA B C Dwithin their banks.24. Einstein’s theory of relativity seemed hard to believe at the time that he firstA B Cintroduced.D25. Next month we shall be competing among some of the best teams in the country.A B C D26. All the foreign students are doing experiments in that new built laboratory, whichA B C Dwas completed a few weeks ago.27. Next to natural resources come the ability to put them to use.A B C D28. Before winning the war of independence in 1965, Algeria lost many of their youngA B C Dmen.29. A growing influence in English social life was the new middle classes, who didA B Cnot wish to appear showy and overdressed.D30. Our livestock is not as numerous as they used to be.A B C D31. The book that you see laying on the table belongs to the teacher.A B C D32. Whether he was injured many or little none could ever tell.A B C D33. Find answers to these questions is something like a detective story.A B C D34. In his picture we see every detail presented as precise as we would in aA B C Dphotograph.35. We have all been hearing and making music almost since we have been born.A B C D36. They like to do one thing at one time and something else at other time or inA B Canother way.D37. The country is like a scoop of fertile land surrounding on three sides by desert andA B Cmountains and on the forth by the Persian Gulf.D38. Fashions change and people change too, but the old feeling of love remains same.A B C D39. She found he did not show any understanding for her difficulties, she felt he didA B Cher a great wrongness.D40. Still only 39 years old, he is an unremarkably looking, round faced man ofA Bmedium height, with school-boyish charm.C DSectionⅡ: Reading comprehension and vocabulary (60 points, 1 point each)Part ADirections: Each sentence in Par A has a word or phrase underlined. Below each sentence are four other words or phrases. You are to choose the one wordor phrase which would best keep the meaning of the original sentence ifit were substituted for the underlined word.41. He acquiesced in the plans his parents made for him.A. committedB. accepted quietlyC. satisfied fullyD. admitted42. Seminal contributions to science are those that change the tenor of the questions asked by succeeding generations.A. natureB. resultsC. intonationD. punctuation43. He spent all his large fortune on endowment of schools.A. the act of providing currencyB. the behavior of giving in charityC. the act of giving a large amount of moneyD. the behavior of providing credit44. This is a problem which keeps recurring.A. comingB. recountingC. recoveringD. happening45. His presence at the crime underpins the case against him.A. underliesB. supportsC. supposesD. underlines46. Reference books are usually arranged alphabetically so that the reader can expeditiously find specific information.A. frequentlyB. actuallyC. rapidlyD. repeatedly47. Students most develop flexibility in understanding novel combinations of target language chunks.A. legendaryB. newC. habitualD. original48. It seems likely that communication is primarily a matter of a speaker’s seeking either to inform a hearer of sth. or to enjoin some action upon him.A. exertB. adoptC. imposeD. evoke49. The legitimacy of the nephew’s claim to the estate is in question.A. rightnessB. lawfulnessC. law termD. legalese50. In April, we enacted a law on the restriction of raising dogs.A. passedB. draftedC. exhaustedD. made51. When Pope John Paul visited Latin America, he often signaled for the children to come to him.A. deniedB. adoredC. beckonedD. looks for52. The house is unsafe since the foundations were undermined by floods.A. weakenedB. torn downC. washed outD. declined53. Seldom have I seen food and drink served in such profusion.A. large supplyB. great diversityC. eccentricityD. miserly manner54. Clever people seem not to feel the natural pleasure of bewilderment, and are always answering questions when the chief relish of a life is to go on asking them.A. enjoymentB. insightC. wonderD. awe55. We have always known that heedless self-interest was bad morals.A. reverentB. unmindfulC. radiantD. relentless56. Humor is the first of the gifts to perish in a foreign tongue.A. witherB. dieC. exaltD. wane57. Consider any individual at any period of his life, and you will always find him preoccupied with fresh plans to increase his comfort.A. sending flashes of lightB. widely extendedC. filled with passionD. absorbed in thought58. St. Joseph is highly honored by Orthodox and Roman Catholics as the chaste spouse of the Virgin MARY and foster father of JESUS.A. grandeurB. magnificenceC. the married partnerD. a moral lesson59. The act does not address crucial issues of deposit insurance and will fail in its purpose.A. importantB. salvageableC. against commonsenseD. clearly and plainly60. Your youth and simplicity plead for you in this instance.A. block upB. provide an argument forC. turn away from what is rightD. ask earnestly61. The 1960’s saw a change in the form and content of moves, treating subjects that for so many years were considered taboo.A. unpleasantB. prohibitedC. unethicalD. worthless62. Few composes have been so idolized during their lifetime as was Edward MacDowell.A. dissatisfiedB. reviewedC. disguisedD. worshipped63. In 1998, a Kuwaiti Airways jet was hijacked by pro-Iranian Shiite Moslem terrorists who demanded the release of 17 shiite terrorists. The ordeal lasted 16 days as Kuwait refused to release the terrorists.A. an excuse for an actionB. human kindnessC. a difficult experienceD. a short pause64. U.S. troops seize the nation’s railroads May 17 in the face of imminent strikes.A brief strike ends when President Truman recommends wage boosts.A. likely to killB. not suitableC. showing dignD. about to occur65. John bought a hat on impulse at the supermarket the other day.A. a sudden wishB. strong emotionC. great impactD. on credit66. It is also certain that those human needs will be articulated by the broad spectrum of our society, by consumers as well as by scientists, by private foundations as well as by industry.A. increased rapidlyB. fully satisfiedC. loudly approvedD. clearly expressed67. There is no evidence that professors of mass communication are much different from their peers in other academic disciplines.A. equalsB. confederatesC. rivalsD. chums68. Rubens’ love for big canvases and mighty subjects led him over the boundary from the eloquent into the bombastic.A. authenticB. floweryC. fluentD. dogmatic69. The final chapter of the turbulent 20th century, which is now being written, may be the most revolutionary and important of all.A. sporadicB. terrificC. agitatedD. bombastic70. Chicken used to be a delicacy that was relished primarily for Sunday dinner, but changes in broiler production since the early 1930s have made poultry one of our most available meats.A. recommendedB. prescribedC. contributedD. fanciedPart BDirections: In Part B, the questions are based on some passages. You are to choose the one best answer, A, B, C, or D, to each question. Then, on your Answersheet, find the number of the problem and mark your answer.Passage 1It has been found that less than one shopper in five makes-a-complete shopping list before going to the store. The reason for this is that seven out of ten of today’s purchases are decided in the store, where the shoppers tend toward impulse buying. Buying groceries on impulse has risen for the past forty years, and this rise has coincided with the growth of self-service shopping. However, in grocery stores where clerks wait on customers there is much less impulse buying. It is hard for people to buy on impulse if they have to address a clerk.Psychiatrists have joined forces with merchandising experts. It is their job to persuade people to buy products which they may not need or even want until the see them attractively presented. It was discovered by the psychiatrists that they prefer the package that hypnotizes them into choosing it. Therefore, it is now more usual for good pacers to put more hypnosis into their package designs. Hypnosis depends heavily on the position of the product on the shelf, however. Thus, hypnotizing the shopper is easier if the product is located at eye-level.71. “It has been found that less than one shopper in five makes complete shoppinglist before going to the store.” This means that______.A. few shoppers make a complete shopping listB. only five shoppers make a complete shopping listC. not even one shopper makes a complete shopping listD. not even twenty percent of the shopper make a complete shopping list72. “This rise in impulse buying has coincided with the growth self-service shopping.” This means that______.A. both impulse buying and self-service shopping have increasedB. impulse buying has increased but not self-service shoppingC. self-service shopping has increased but not impulse buyingD. either impulse buying or self-service shopping has increased73. “In grocery stores where clerks wait on customers there is much less impulse buying.” This means that______.A. where there is no self-service shopping is no impulse buyingB. some grocery stores do not allow self-service shoppingC. when customers buy things by impulse, the clerks just waitD. there is more impulse buying if the clerk do not wait on the customers74. “It is the job of psychiatrists and merchandising experts to persuade people to buy products that they may not need or even want until they see them attractively presented.” This means that______.A. attractive presentation of products increases salesB. merchandising experts do not need to buy productsC. people can be persuaded to buy only by attractive presentationD. people buy unnecessary or unwanted things75. “Having so many choices confuses the customers, and they prefer the package that hypnotizes them into choosing it.” This means that______.A. hypnosis produces confusionB. package choice can result from hypnosisC. package choice result from confusionD. confusion results in hypnosisPassage 2Allelomimetic behavior may be defined as behavior in which two or more individual animals do the same thing, with some degree of mutual stimulation and coordination. It can only evolve in species with sense organs that are well enough developed so that continuous sensory contact can be maintained. It is found primarily in vertebrates, in those species that are diurnal, and usually in those that spend much of their lives in the air, in open water, or open plains.In birds, allelomimetic behavior is the rule rather than the exception, though it may occasionally be limited to particular seasons of the year as it is in the redwing blackbird. Its principal function is that of providing safety from predators, partly because if one bird reacts to danger, the whole flock is warned.Among mammals, allelomimetic behavior is very rare in rodents, which almostnever move in flocks or herds. Even when they are artificially crowded together, they do not conform in their movements.In the pack-hunting carnivores, allelomimetic behavior has another function, that of cooperative hunting for large prey animals such as moose. Wolves also defend their dens as a group against larger predators such as bears.Finally, allelomimetic behavior is highly developed among most primate group, where it has the principal function of providing warning against predators. though combined defensive behavior is also seen in troops of baboons.76. The main topic of the passage is the______.A. values of allelomimetic behavior in vertebrate and invertebrate species.B. definition and distribution of allelomimetic behaviorC. relationship of allelomimetic behavior to the survival of the fittestD. personality factors that determine when an individual animal will show allelomimetic behavior77. According to the passage he primary function of allelomimetic behavior in birds is to______.A. defend nests against predatorsB. look at each otherC. locate preyD. warn others of predators78. Which of the following places is the most likely setting for allelomimetic behavior?A. A lakeB. A caveC. An underground tunnelD. A thick forest79. According to the passage, what happens to the behavior of rodents when they are artificially crowded together?A. Their allelomimetic behavior increases.B. Continuous cooperation between them is maintained.C. They become aggressive and attack each other.D. They show little allelomimetic behavior80. Which of the following is most clearly an example of allelomimetic behavior?A. Bears hunting for carnivores.B. Cattle fleeing from a fire.C. Horses running at a racetrack.D. Dogs working with polite officers.81. Which of the following groups of human being would probably show the greatest amount of allelomimetic behavior?A. A group of students taking a testB. Tennis plays competing in a tournamentC. A patrol of soldiers scouting for the enemyD. Drivers waiting for a traffic light to changePassage 3The “Dark Ages”, as the Middle Ages have sometimes been called, like all other period in history were full of misery. Pestilence, war, and starvation were man’s constant companions. Intolerance of man toward man, often in the name of religion,was greater almost than ever before. Those who did not share the beliefs of the powerful were declared heretic, were outlawed and persecuted; some were burned at the stake. The oppressed poor, tied to the soil and as serfs, deprived of the right to move, had no resource against the arbitrariness of their local masters. Though standards of honor were established and extolled in heroic poetry, treachery and falsehood prevailed. Pride in clean and disease and suffering were rampant owing to a wide disdain of nature and body and to another worldly orientation of the mind. Praise of womanhood was sung, the cult of Mary was initiated; yet women were maltreated and held in contempt as the begetters of evil. Superstitions were widespread, and the age, like most of the preceding ones, was marked by insecurity and fear. Yet, the “Dark Ages” have also illuminated the modern world with their faith, scholarship, and the beauty they created. They brought forth ideas, and they established ideals which have remained meaningful. The faith and ethics of Christianity, the standards set in learning and philosophy, the works in art and literature stand unique and enriched the modern world no less than did the highest achievements of Greece and Rome.83. In the Middle Ages if one held a view different from that of the orthodox, one would______.A. be deprived of the right to moveB. be imprisoned.C. be accused of heresy.D. be extolled.84. In the Middle Age women were seen as______.A. evil begettersB. virginsC. saintsD. pious people85. In the passage the author described the Middle Ages as the age______.A. of lack of learningB. in which cultural prosperity was impossibleC. marked by unique cultural achievement and social evilsD. in which people were very ignorantPassage 4Scholars and students have always been great travelers. The official case for ‘academic mobility’ is now often stated in impressive terms as a fundamental necessity for economic and social progress in the world. Serious students were always ready to go abroad in search of the most stimulating teachers and the most famous academies; in search of the purest philosophy, the most effective medicine, the likeliest road to gold.In the twentieth century, and particularly in the last 20 years, the old footpaths of the wandering scholars have become vast highways. The vehicle which has made this possible has of course been the plane, making contact between scholars even in the most distant places immediately feasible, and providing for the very rapid transmission of knowledge.In addition one must recognize the very considerable multiplication ofdisciplines, particularly in the sciences, which by widening the total area of advanced studies has produced an enormous number of specialists whose particular interests are precisely defined. These people would work in some isolation if they were not able to keep in touch with similar isolated groups in other countries.Frequently these specializations lie in areas where very rapid developments are taking place, and also where the research needed for developments is extremely costly and takes a long time. It is precisely in these areas that the advantages of collaboration and sharing of expertise appear most evident. Associated with this is the growth of specialist periodicals, which enable scholars to become aware of what is happening in different centers of research and to meet each other in conference or at meetings.86. Scholars and conditions are great travelers because______.A. salaries and conditions are better abroadB. standards are higher at foreign universitiesC. they are eager for new-knowledgeD. their governments encourage them to travel87. The recent growth in air travel has meant that______.A. more students from remote areas can attend universityB. universities can be built in remoter placesC. scholars can meet each other more easilyD. textbooks have wide circulation88. The writer thinks that academic work has recently become more specialized because______.A. more people are studying sciencesB. a greater variety of subjects is studiedC. more students are doing postgraduate workD. the number of universities has increased89. The writer claims that it is important for specialists to be able to travel because______.A. their fellow experts are scattered round the worldB. there are so many people working in similar fieldsC. their laboratories are in remote placesD. there is a lot of social unrest at universities90. The writer thinks that the growth of specialist societies and periodicals has helped scholars to______,A. cut down research costsB. keep up with current developmentsC. spend less time travailingD. develop their ideas more quicklyPassage 5Marjorie Rice was an unlikely candidate for the role of mathematical innovator. She had no formal education in mathematics save a single course required forgraduation from high school in 1939. Nonetheless, in 1975 she took up a problem that professional mathematicians had left for dead, and showed how much life was in it still.The problem was tessellation, or tilling of the plane, which involves taking a single closed figure—a triangle, for example, or a rectangle—and fitting it together with copies of itself so that a plane is covered without any gaps or overlap.A region of this plane would look rather like a jigsaw puzzle whose pieces are all identical. Rice worked primarily with polygons, which consist only of straight lines. More specifically, she worked with convex polygons, in which the line joining any two points on the polygon lies entirely within the polygon itself or on one of its edges. (A five-pointed star, for example, does not qualify as a convex polygon.) By the time Rice took up tiling, its basic properties had been established. Obviously, any square can tile the plane, as many kitchen floor have demonstrated. Equilateral triangles are also a fairly clear-out case. There is one other regular polygon (a polygon whose angles, and sides are equal) that can tile the plane: the hexagon. This fact was established by the ancient Greeks but had long before been exploited by honeybees in building their honeycombs.And what of irregular polygons? As it turns out, any triangle or quadrilateral, no matter how devoid of regularity, will tile the plane. On the other hand, no convex polygon with more than six sides can do so, and the three classed of convex hexagons that can were answered by the end of the First World War. So the only real question left by the time Marjorie Rice began her work was which convex pentagons tile the plane.91. The main subject of the passage is______.A. famous mathematiciansB. mathematical educationC. tiling the planeD. irregular polygons92. According to the passage, Marjorie Rice’s training in mathematics was______.A. professionalB. unnecessaryC. delayedD. limited93. “It” in line 6 in paragraph 1 refers to______.A. educationB. lifeC. a courseD. a problem94. According to the passage, for a figure to be a polygon it must consist of______.A. straight linesB. convex linesC. trianglesD. squares95. In the third paragraph, the author mentions honeycombs because______.A. they prove that only regular polygons can tile the planeB. they are an example of hexagonal structuresC. Greek mathematicians studied themD. Marjorie Rice raised bees96. “This fact” in line 6 in paragraph 3 prefers to______.A. the Greeks using the hexagonB. the hexagon tilling the planeC. establishing basic propertiesD. tilling kitchen floorsPassage 6Any creature that learns from experience is assuming that nature follows; butonly man attempts to formulate this reliable behavior of nature and store it up in language. Much of it runs immediately into his practical arts—that copper can be beaten and melted, that corn paste can be cooked into bread, that ash wood makes a good bow—and gets no separate place as “science”, though it is science. But there are also freer notions of nature’s especially of stars and seasons, and strange conjectures about “secrets of nature”–recipes, philters, and cures—known only to those who can penetrate the magical center of things. There is nothing wrong about the main belief on which “magic” was founded—that nature is deep and intricate and that the human mind is called on to fathom the mystery. Its chief error was in its guess as to the kind of power which nature was using. Magic, too, is a sort of science, and this is granted, we can say that there is no such thing as an unscientific tribe of men.The interest in mathematics is at first independent of the interest in laws of nature. It has more to do with trade, war and booty. But it also has a free field of its own-the first form of science which, because it is wholly the work of the mind, we call “abstract”. Some animal minds can apparently “court” a limited number of objects numbered, seeing to know whether the eggs or the cubs are all there. But man reaches the point of separating the numbers from the objects numbered, and later on shapes from the objects which have shapes; and playing with these ideas he sets up the sciences of arithmetic and geometry. Putting numbers and shapes through their possible variations and running them to their limits, he discoveries types of order and beauty endless in interest. Mathematics is the progressive discovery of the meaning of what man himself has done when he coins the notions of number, boundary, line. It is the oldest scientific interest which has been effectively universal on the planet; four contributions to it had been made by China, India, Persia, ad Egypt before the brilliant Greek period began. And then Arabs gave us an algebra without which modern mathematics would be unthinkable.97. According to the author man differs from the animal in thatA. man can count numbers.B. man knows that there are certain laws in Nature.C. man can act according to the natural laws.D. man can formulate the laws of nature in language.98. Science began with______.A. practical artB. mathematicsC. witchcraftD. counting numbers99. According to the passage which of the following statements is not correct?A. Mathematics is the product of human mind.B. Witchcraft is scientific.C. The ancient Chinese made great contributions to the world.D. Modern mathematics is started with algebra.100. Mathematics is a science because_____.A. It is closely connected with trade and booty.B. It is composed of shapes and numbers.C. It is abstract.D. It is useful to human life.。
全国医学博士外语统一入学考试英语试题
最新版--全国医学博士外语统一入学考试英语试题2015 年全国医学博士外语统-入学考试英语试题1 请考生首先将自己的姓名、所在考点、准考证号在试卷一答题纸和试卷二标准答题卡上认真填写清楚，并按"考场指令"要求，将准考证号在标准答题卡上划好。
2. 试卷一(Paper One)答案和试卷二(PaperTwo)答案都作答在标准答题卡上，不要做在试卷上。
3. 试卷一答题时必须使用28 铅笔，将所选答案按要求在相应位置涂黑:如要更正，先用橡皮擦干净。
书面表达一定要用黑色签字笔或钢笔写在标准答题卡上指定区域。
4. 标准答题卡不可折叠，同时答题卡须保持平整干净，以利评分。
5. 听力考试只放一遍录音，每道题后有15 秒左右的答题时间。
国家医学考试中心PAPERONEPart 1 : Listening comprehension (30%)Section ADirections: In this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between two speakers, At the end of each conversation, you will hear a question about what is said,The question will be read only once, After you hear the question, read the four possibleanswers marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the best answers and mark the letter of yourchoice on the ANSWER SHEETListen to the following example.You will hear.Woman: 1 fell faint.Man: No wonder You haven't had a bite all day Question: What's the matter with the woman?You will read.A. She is sick.B. She is bitten by an antC. She is hungry.D. She spilled her paint.Here C is the right answerNow let's begin with question Number 1.1 A. How to deal with his sleeping problem.B. The cause of his sleeping problem.C. What follows his insomnia.D. The severity of his medical problem.2. A.To take the medicine for a longer timeB. To discontinue the medication.C. To come to see her again.D. To switch to other medications.3. A.To tale it easy and continue to workB. To take a sick leave.C. To keep away from work.D. To have a follow-up.4.A. Fullness in the stomach.B. Occasional stomachache.C. Stomach distention.D. Frequent belches.5. A. extremely severe.B. Not very severe.C. More severe than expected.D. It's hard to say.6. A. He has lost some weight.B. He has gained a lot.C. He needs to exercise moreD. He is still overweight.7. A. She is giving the man an injectionB. She is listening to the man's heartC. She is feeling the man's pulse.D. She is helping the man stop shivering8. A. In the gym. B. In the officeC. In the clinic.D. In the boat.9 . A. Diarrhea. B. Vomiting.C. Nausea.D. Acold.10. A. She has developed allergies.B. She doesr1·t know what al|ergies are-C. She doesn't have any allergiesD. She has allergies treated already.11 A. Listen to music. B. Read magazines.24. A. It is stable at room temperature for several years.B. It is administered directly into the bloodstream.C. It delivers glucose from blood to the cells.D. It is more chemically complex.25. A. Why insulin is not stable at room temperature.B. How important it is to understand the chemical bonds of insulin.C. Why people with Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes don't produce enough insulin.D. What shape insulin takes when it unlocks the cells to take sugar form blood.PassageTwo26 . A. Vegetative patients are more aware.B. Vegetative patients retain some control of their eye movement.C. EEG scans may help us communicate with the vegetative patientsD. We usually communicate with the brain-dead people by brain-wave.27 A. The left-hand side of the brain.B. The right-hand side of the brain.C The central part of the brain.D. The front part of the brain28. A. 31 B. 6. C.4. D. 129. A. The patient was brain-deadB. The patient wasn't brain-dead.C. The patient had some control over his eye movements.D. The patient knew the movement he or she was making30. A. The patient is no technically vegetative.B. The patient can communicate in some way.C. We can train the patient of speak.D. The family members and doctors can provide better care.Part 11 Vocabulary (10%)Section ADirection: In this section, all the sentences are incomplete. Four word- or phrases marked A, B, C and D are given beneath each of them. You are to choose the word orphrase that best completes the sentence, then mark your answer on the ANSWERSHEET31 Despite his doctor’s note of caution，he never __ from drinking and smokingA. retainedB. dissuadedC. alleviatedD. abstained32. People with a history of recurrent infections are warned that the use of personal stereos with headsets is likely to _ their hearingA. rehabilitateB. jeopardizeC. tranquilizeD.supplement33. Impartial observers had to acknowledge that lack of formal education did notseem to _ Larry in any way in his success.A. refuteB. ratifyC. facilitateD. impede34. When the supporting finds were reduced, they should have revised their planA. accordingly B alternatively C. considerably D. relatively35. It is increasingly believed among the expectant parents that prenatal education of classical music can_ _ future adults with appreciation of music.A acquaint B. familiarized C. endow D. amuse36. If the gain of profit is solely due to rising energy prices, then inflation should be subsided when energy pricesA. level out B stand out C come off D. wear off37 Heat stroke is a medical emergency that demands immediate from qualified medical personnel.A. prescriptionB. palpationC. interventionD. interposition38. Asbestos exposure results in Mesothelioma, asbestosis and internal organ cancers, and of these diseases is often decades after the initial exposure.A. offsetB. intakeC. outletD. onset39. Ebola, which spreads through body fluid or secretions such as urine，and semen, can kill up to 90% of those infected.A. salineB. salivaC. scabiesD. scrabs40. The newly designed system is to genetic transfections, and enables an incubation period for studying various genes.A. comparableB. transmissibleC. translatableD. amenable Section BDirections: Each of the following sentences has a word or phrase underlined. There arefour words or phrases beneath each sentence. Choose the word or phrase which canbest keep the meaning of the original sentence if it is substituted for the underlined part.Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.41 Every year more than 1,000 patients in Britain die on transplant waiting lists, prompting scientists to consider other ways to produce organs.A. propellingB. prolongingC. puzzlingD. promising42. Improved treatment has changed the outlook of HIV patients, but there is still a serious stigma attached to AIDS.A. disgraceB. discriminationC. harassmentD. segregation43. Survivors of the shipwreck were finally rescued after their courage of persistence lowered to zero by their physical lassitude..A. depletionB. dehydrationC. exhaustionD. handicap44. Scientists have invented a 3D scan technology to read the otherwise illegible wood-carved stone, a method that may apply to other areas such as medicine. A. negative B. confusing C. eloquent D. indistinct45. Top athletes scrutinize both success and failure with their coach to extract lessons from them, but they are never distracted from long-term goals.A. anticipateB. clarifyC. examineD. verify46. His imperative tone of voice reveals his arrogance and arbitrariness.A. challengingB. solemnC. hostileD. demanding47 The discussion on the economic collaboration between the United States and the European Union may be eclipsed by the recent growing trade friction.A. erasedB. triggeredC. shadowedD. suspended48. Faster increases in prices foster the belief that the future increases will be also stronger so that higher prices fuel demand rather than quench itA. nurtureB. eliminateC. assimilateD. puncture49. Some recent developments in photography allow animals to be studied in previously inaccessible places and in unprecedented detail.A. unpredictableB. unconventionalC. unparalleledD. unexpected50. A veteran negotiation specialist should be skillful at manipulating.A. estimatingB. handlingC. rectifyingD. anticipatingPart III Cloze (10%)Directions: In this section there is a passage with ten numbered blanks. For each blank, there are four choices marked A, B, C and 0 on the right side. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.A mother who is suffering from cancer can pass on the disease to her unborn child in extremely rare cases, 51 a new case report published in PNAS this week.According to researchers in Japan and at the Institute for Cancer Research in Sutton, UK, a Japanese mother had been diagnosed with leukemia a few weeks after giving birth，52 tumors were discovered in her daughter's cheek and lung when she was 11 months old. Genetic analysis showed that the baby's cancer cells had the same mutation as the cancer cells of the mother But the cancer cells contained no DNA whatsoever from the father，53 would be expected if she had inherited the cancer from conception. That suggests the cancer cell made it into the unborn child 's body across the placental barrier.The Guardian claimed this to be the first 54 case of cells crossing the placental barrier But this is not the case -- microchimerism ，55 cells are exchanged between a mother and her unborn child, is thought to be quite common, with some cells thought to pass from fetus to mother in about 50 to 75 percent of cases and to go the other way about half 56 .As the BBC pointed out, the greater 57 in cancer transmission from mother to fetus had been how cancer cells that have slipped through the placental barrier could survive in the fetus without being killed by its immune system. The answer in this case at least, lies in a second mutation of the cancercells, which led to the 58 of the specific features that would have allowed the fetal immune system to detect the cells as foreign. As a result, no attack against the invaders was launched.59 according to the researchers there is little reason for concern of "cancer danger" Only 17 probable cases have been reported worldwide and the combined 60 of cancer cells both passing the placental barrier and having the right mutation to evade the baby's immune system is extremely low51 A. suggests B. suggestingC. having suggestedD. suggested52. A. since B. althoughC. whereasD. when53. A. what B. whomC. whoD.as54. A. predicted B. notoriousC. provenD. detailed55. A. where B. whenC. ifD. whatever56. A. as many B. as muchC. as wellD. as often57 A. threat B. puzzleC.obstacleD. dilemma58. A. detection B. deletionC. amplificationD. addition59. A. Therefore B. FurthermoreC. NeverthelessD. Conclusively60. A. likelihood B. functionC. influenceD. flexibilityPart IV Reading Comprehension (30%) Directions: In this part there are six passages, each of which is followed by five questions. For each question there are four possible answers marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEETPassage OneThe American Society of Clinical Oncology wrapped its annual conference this week, going through the usual motions of presenting a lot of drugs that offer some added quality or extension of life to those suffering from a variety of as-yet incurable diseases. But buried deep in an AP story are a couple of promising headlines that seems worthy of more thorough review, including one treatment study where 100 percent of patients saw their cancer diminish by half.First of all, it seems pharmaceutical companies are moving away from the main cost-effective one-size-fits-all approach to drug development and embracing the long cancer treatments, engineering drugs that only work for a small percentage of patients but work very effectively within that group.Pfizer announced that one such drug it's pushing into late-stage testing is target for 4% of lung cancer patients. But more than 90% of that tiny cohort responded to the drug initial tests, and 9 out of ten is getting pretty close to the ideal ten out of ten. By gearing toward more boutique treatments rather than broad umbrella pharmaceuticals that try to fit for everyone it seems cancer researchers are making some headway. But how can we close the gap on that remaining ten percent?Ask Takeda Pharmaceutical and Celgene, two drug makers who put aside competitive interests to test a novel combination of their treatments. In a test of 66 patients with the blood disease multiple myeloma, a full 100 percent of the subjects saw their cancer reduced by half. Needless to say, a 100 percent response to a cancer drug (or in this case a drug cocktail) is more or less unheard of. Moreover, this combination never would've been two competing companies hadn't sat down and put their heads togetherAre there more potentially effective drug combos out there separated by competitive interest and proprietary information? Who's to say, but it seems like with the amount of money and research being pumped into cancer drug development, the outcome pretty good. And if researchers can start pushing more of their response numbers toward 100 percent, we can more easily start talking about oncology's favorite four-letter word: cure.61 Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?A. Competition and CooperationB. Two Competing Pharmaceutical CompaniesC. The Promising Future of PharmaceuticalsD. Encouraging News: a 100% Response to a Cancer Drug62. In cancer drug development, according to the passage, the pharmaceuticals nowA. are adopting the cost-effective one-size-fits-all approachB. are moving towards individualized and targeted treatmentsC. are investing the lion's shares of their moneyD. care only about their profits63. From the encouraging advance by the two companies, we can infer thatA. the development can be ascribed to their joint efforts and collaborationB. it was their competition that resulted in the accomplishmentC. other pharmaceuticals will join them in the researchD. the future cancer treatment can be nothing but cocktail therapy64. From the last paragraph it can be inferred that the answer to the question _A. is nowhere to be foundB. can drive one crazyC. can be multipleD. is conditional65. The tone of the author of this passage seems to beA. neutralB. criticalC. negativeD. optimistPassage TwoLiver disease is the 12th -leading cause of death in the U.S., chiefly because once it's determined that a patient needs a new liver it's very difficult to get one. Even in case where a suitable donor match is found, there's guarantee a transplant will be successful. But researchers at Massachusetts General Hospital have taken a huge step toward building functioning livers in the lab, successfully transplanting culture-gown livers into rats.The livers aren't grown from scratch, but rather within the infrastructure of a donor liver. The liver cells in the donor organ are washed out with a detergent that gently strips away the liver cells, leaving behind a biological scaffold of proteins and extracellular architecture that is very hard to duplicate synthetically.With all of that complicated infrastructure already in place, the researchers then seeded the scaffold (支架) with liver cells isolated from healthy livers, as well as some special endothelial cells to line the bold vessels. Once repopulated with healthy cells, these livers lived in culture for 10 days.The team also transplanted some two-day-old recellularized livers back into rats, where they continued to thrive for eight hours while connected into the rats' vascular systems. However the current method isn't perfect and cannot seem to repopulate the blood vessels quite densely enough and the transplanted livers can't keep functioning for more than about 24 hours (hence the eight-hour maximum for the rat transplant)But the initial successes are promising, and the team thinks they can overcome the blood vessel problem and get fully functioning livers into rats within two years. It still might be a decade before the tech hits the clinic, but if nothing goes horribly wrong-and especially if stem-cell research establishes a reliable way to create health liver cells from the every patients who need transplants-lab-generated livers that are perfect matches for their recipients could become a reality.66. It can be inferred from the passage that the animal model was mainly intended toA. investigate the possibility of growing blood vessels in the labB. explore the unknown functions of the human liverC. reduce the incidence of liver disease in the U.S.D. address the source of liver transplants67 What does the author mean when he says that the livers aren't grown from scratch?A. The making of a biological scaffold of proteins and extracellular architecture.B. A huge step toward building functioning livers in the lab.C. The building of the infrastructure of a donor liverD. Growing liver cells in the donor organ68. The biological scaffold was not put into the culture in the lab untilA. duplicated syntheticallyB. isolated from the healthy liverC. repopulated with the healthy cellsD. the addition of some man-made blood vessels69. What seems to be the problem in the planted liver?A. The rats as wrong recipients.B. The time point of the transplantation .C. The short period of the recellularization.D. The insufficient repopulation of the blood vessels.70. The research team holds high hopes ofA. creating lab-generated livers for patients within two yearsB. the timetable for generating human livers in the labC. stem-cell research as the future of medicineD. building a fully functioning liver into ratsPassage ThreePatients whose eyes have suffered heat or chemical burns typically experience severe damage to the cornea--the thin, transparent front of the eye that refracts light and contributes most of the eye's focusing ability. In along-term study, Italian researchers use stem cells taken from the limbus, the border between the cornea and the white of the eye, to cultivate a graft of healthy cells in a lab to help restore vision in eyes. During the 10-years study, the researchers implanted the healthy stem cells into the damaged cornea in 113 eyes of 112 patients. The treatment was fully successful in more than 75 percent of the patients, and partially successful in 13 percent. Moreover, the restored vision remained stable over 10 years. Success was defined as an absence of all symptoms and permanent restoration of the cornea.Treatment outcome was initially assessed at one year, with up to 10 years of follow-up evaluations. The procedure was even successful in several patients whose burn injuries had occurred years earlier and who had already undergone surgery.Current treatment for burned eyes involves taking stem cells from a patient's healthy eye, or from the eyes of another person, and transferring them to the burned eye. The new procedure, however stimulates the limbal stem cells from the patient's own eye to reproduce in a lab culture. Several types of treatments using stem cells have proven successful in restoring blindness, but the long-term effectiveness shown here is significant. The treatment is only for blindness caused by damage to the cornea; it is not effective for repairing damaged retinas or optic nerves.Chemical eye burns often occur in the workplace, but can also happen due to mishaps involving household cleaning products and automobile batteries.The results of the study, based at Italy's University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, were published in the June 23 online issue of the New England Journal of Medicine.71 What is the main idea of this passage?A. Stem cells can help restore vision in the eyes blinded by burns.B. The vision in the eyes blinded by burns for 10 years can be restored.C. The restored vision of the burned eyes treated with stem cells can last for 10 years.D. The burned eyes can only be treated with stem cells from other healthy persons.72. The Italian technique reported in this passageA. can repair damaged retinasB. is able to treat damaged optic nervesC. is especially effective for burn injuries in the eyes already treated surgicallyD. shows a long-term effectiveness for blindness in vision caused by damage to cornea73. Which of the following is NOT mentioned about eye burns?A. The places in which people work.B. The accidents that involve using household cleaning products.C. The mishaps that involved vehicles batteries.D. The disasters caused by battery explosion at home.74. What is one of the requirements for the current approach?A. The stem cells taken from a healthy eye.B. The patient physically healthy.C. The damaged eye with partial vision.D. The blindness due to damaged optic nerves.75. Which of the following words can best describe the author's attitude towards thenew method?A. Sarcastic.B. Indifferent.C. Critical.D. PositivePassage FourHere is a charming statistic: divide the US by race, sex and county of residence, and differences in average life expectancy across the various groups can exceed 30 years. The most disadvantaged look like denizens of a poor African country: a boy born on a Native American reservation in Jackson County, South Dakota, for example, will be lucky to reach his 60th birthday. A typical child in Senegal can expect to live longer than that.America is not alone in this respect. While the picture is extreme in other rich nations, health inequalities based on race, sex and class exist in most societies--and are only partly explained by access to healthcare.But fresh insights and solutions may soon be at hand. An innovative project in Chicago to unite sociology and biology is blazing the trail (开创)，after discovering that social isolation and fear of crime can help to explain the alarmingly high death rate from breast cancer among the city's black women. Living in these conditions seems to make tumors more aggressive by changing gene activity, so that cancer cells can use nutrients more effectively.We are already familiar with the lethal effect of stress on people clinging to the bottom rungs of the societal ladder, thanks to pioneering studies of British civil servants conducted by Michael Marmot of University College London.What's exciting about the Chicago project is that it both probes the mechanisms involved in a specific disease and suggests precise remedies. There are drugs that may stave tumors of nutrients and community coordinators could be employed to help reduce social isolation .Encouraged by the US National Institutes of Health, similar projects are springing up to study other pockets of poor health, in populations ranging from urban black men to white poor women in rural Appalachia.To realize the full potential of such projects, biologists and sociologists will have to start treating one other with a new respect and learn how to collaborate outside their comfort zones. Too many biomedical researchers still take the arrogant view that sociology is a "soft science" with little that's serious to say about health. And too many sociologists reject any biological angle--fearing that their expertise will be swept aside and that this approach will be used to bolster discredited theories of eugenics, or crude race-based medicineIt's time to drop these outdated attitudes and work together for the good of society's most deprived members. More important, it's time to use this fusion of biology and sociology to inform public policy. This endeavor has huge implications, not least in cutting the wide health gaps between blacks and whites, rich and poor76. As shown in the 1st paragraph, the shaming statistic reflects -A. injustice everywhereB. racial discriminationC. a growing life spanD. health inequalities77. Which of the following can have a negative impact on health according to the Chicago-based project?A. Where to live.B. Which race to belong toC. How to adjust environmentally.D. What medical problem to suffer.78. The Chicago-based project focuses its management onA. a particular medical problem and its related social issueB. racial discrimination and its related social problemsC. the social ladder and its related medical conditionsD. a specific disease and its medical treatment78. The Chicago-based project focuses its management onA. a particular medical problem and its related social issueB. racial discrimination and its related social problemsC. the social ladder and its related medical conditionsD. a specific disease and its medical treatment79. Which of the following can most probably neglected by sociologists?A. The racial perspective.B. The environmental aspect.C. The biological dimension.D. The psychological angel.80. The author is a big fan ofA. the combination of a traditional and new way of thinking in promoting healthB. the integration of biologists and sociologists to reduce health inequalitiesC. the mutual understanding and respect between racesD. public education and health promotionPassage FiveAmerican researchers are working on three antibodies that many mark a new step on the path toward an HIV vaccine, according to a report published online Thursday, July 8, 2010, in the journal Science.One of the antibodies suppresses 91 percent of HIV strains, more than any AIDS antibody ever discovered , according to a report on the findings published in the WallStreet Journal. The antibodies were discovered in the cells of a60-year-old African-American gay man whose body produced them naturally. One antibody in particular is substantially different from its precursors, the Science study says.The antibodies could be tried as a treatment for people already infected with HIV, the WSJreports. At the very, least, they might boost the efficacy of current antiretroviral drugs.It is welcome news for the 33 million people the United Nations estimated were living with AIDS at the end of 2008.The WSJ outlines the painstaking method the team used to find the antibody amidthe cells of the African-American man, known as Donor 45. First they designed a probe that looks just like a spot on a particular molecule on the cells that HIV infects. Theyused the probe to attract only the antibodies that efficiently attack that spot. They screened 25 million of Donor 45's cell to find just 12 cells that produced the antibodiesScientists have already discovered plenty of antibodies that either don't work at all or only work on a couple of HIV strains. Last year marked the first time that researchers found "broadly neutralizing antibodies," which knock out many H IV strains. But none of those antibodies neutralized more than about 40 percent of them the WSJ says. The newest antibody, at 91 percent neutralization, is a marked improvement.Still, more work needs to be done to ensure the antibodies would activate the immune system to produce natural defenses against AIDS, the study authors say. They suggest there test methods that blend the three new antibodies together--in raw form to prevent transmission of the virus, such as from mother to child; in a microbicide gel that women or gay men could use before sex to prevent infection; or as a treatment for HIV/AIDS, combined with antiretroviral drug.If the scientists can find the right way to stimulate production of the antibodies, theythink most people could produce then , the WSJ says.81 We can learn from the beginning ofthe passage that_A. a newly discovered antibody defeats 91 % of the H IV strainsB. a new antiretroviral drug has just come on the marketC. American researchers have developed a new vaccine for HIVD. the African-American gay man was cured of his HIV infection82. What is the implication of the antibodies discovered in the cells of the African-American gay man?。
2018年中国社会科学院博士学位入学考试英语A卷考博真题
中国社会科学院研究生院2018年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷英语（A卷）2018年 3月24日8:30-11:30答题说明1．请考生按照答题卡的要求填写相关内容。
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PART I: Cloze (20 points)Directions: Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank.Every street had a story, every building a memory. Those 1 with wonderful childhoods can drive the streets of their hometowns and happily 2 the years. The rest are pulled home by duty and leave as soon as possible. After Ray Atlee had been in Clanton (his hometown) for fifteen minutes he was 3 to get out.The town had changed, but then it hadn’t. On the highways leading in, the cheap metal buildings and mobile homes were gathering 4 possible next to the roads for maximum visibility. This town had no zoning whatsoever. A landowner could build anything with no permit, no inspection, no notice to 5 landowners, nothing. Only hog farms and nuclear reactors required 6 and paperwork. The result was a slash-and-build clutter that got uglier by the year.But in the older sections, nearer the square, the town had not changed at all. The long shaded streets were as clean and neat as when Ray roamed them on his bike. Most of the houses were still owned by people he knew, or if those folks had passed on the new owners kept the lawns clipped and the shutters painted. Only 7 were being neglected. A handful had been 8 .This deep in Bible country, it was still an unwritten rule in the town that little was done on Sundays 9 go to church, sit on porches, visit neighbours, rest and relax the way God 10 .It was cloudy, quite cool for May, and as he toured his old turf, killing time until the appointed hour for the family meeting, he tried to 11 the good memories 12 Clanton. There was Dizzy Dean Park where he had played little League for the Pirates, and there was the public pool he’d swum in every summer except 1969 when the city closed it 13 admit black children. There were the churches—Baptist, Methodist, and Presbyterian—facing each other 14 the intersection of Second and Elm like wary sentries, their steeples 15 height. They were empty now, but in an hour or so the more faithful would gather for evening services.The square was as 16 as the streets leading to it. With eight thousand people, Clanton was just large enough to have attracted the discount stores that had 17 so many small towns. But here the peopl e had been faithful to their downtown merchants, and there wasn’t a single empty or boarded-up building around the square—no small miracle. The retail shops were mixed in with the banks and law offices and cafes, all closed for the Sabbath.He inched 18 the cemetery and surveyed the Atlee section in the old part, where the tombstones were grander. Some of his ancestors had built monuments for their dead. Ray had always 19 that the family money he’d never seen must have been buried in those graves. He parked and walked to his mother’s grave, something he hadn’t done in years. She was buried among the Atlees, at the far edge of the family plot because she had barely belonged.Soon, in less than an hour, he would be sitting in his father’s study, sipping bad instant tea and receiving instructions on exactly how his father would be laid to rest. Many orders were about to be given, many 20 and directions, because his father (who used to be a judge) was a great man and cared deeply about how he was to be remembered.Moving again, Ray passed the water tower he’d climbed twice, the second time with the police waiting below. He grimaced at his old high school, a place he’d never visited since he’d left it. Behind it was the football field where his brother Forrest had romped over opponents and almost became famous before getting bounced off the team.It was twenty minutes before five, Sunday, May 7. Time for the family meeting.1. A. praised B. celebrated C. blessed D. inherited2. A. roll back B. drive back C. go back D. think over3. A. excited B. hilarious C. numb D. anxious4. A. as loosely as B. as tightly as C. as firmly as D. as freely as5. A. adjoining B. hostile C. craven D. friendly6. A. documents B. ratification C. approval D. testimony7. A. a lot B. few C. a little D. a few8. A. abandoned B. lost C. shattered D. shunned9. A. but B. except C. besides D. rather than10. A. intends B. was intending C. intend D. intended11. A. dwell B. dwell on C. mull over D. sleep on12. A. at B. in C. of D. about13. A. instead of B. rather than C. instead D. in order to14. A. with B. over C. at D. beyond15. A. enjoying B. looking over C. competing for D. competing to16. A. lifeless B. boring C. null D. tedious17. A. wiped up B. wiped away C. wiped down D. wiped out18. A. to B. at C. into D. through19. A. assumed B. presumed C. alluded D. deluded20. A. declarations B. decrees C. depositions D. declinationsPART II: Reading Comprehension (30 points)Directions: Choose the best answers based on the information in the passages below. Passage 1LAPD Chief Charlie Beck's tenure has helped answer questions that lingered after the Rampart consent decree ended and outsider Chief William J. Bratton stepped down: Has L.A.'s policing culture permanently changed? Or with outsider chiefs and federal monitors gone, will the Los Angeles Police Department return to its brutal, secretive and racially-tinged past?A department veteran who, under Bratton's tutelage, became a true believer in data, transparency and change, Beck helped instill a more open, reform-oriented culture. He was successful in part because he's smart and his heart was in the right place, but also because he is old-school LAPD, son of a cop, sibling to and father of cops. His embrace of departmental reform in the post-Rampart era was a strong signal to the rank-and-file, to the city's political leaders and to communities that often suffered brutal policing tactics that the new thinking and new practices were there to stay.Beck announced Friday that he would step down in June, before the end of his second and final five-year term.Even though he is not elected, he is a savvy politician who correctly read what the mayor, the Police Commission and the people of Los Angeles wanted from him and what to an extent he was able to deliver: low crime, no scandals, little controversy. He became adept at the regular radio interview and the soundbite on immigration enforcement and criminal justice reform.At a time of national awakening and outrage over police shootings of unarmed AfricanAmerican men and boys, Beck and the LAPD often looked good in comparison, at least for a while.But there have been troubling exceptions. Just days after a police officer fatally shot Michael Brown in Ferguson, Montana., LAPD officers shot another unarmed African American man, Ezell Ford, in Los Angeles. Beck concluded that the shooting was justified despite his police commission's finding to the contrary. His action, and District Attorney Jackie Lacey's decision a year ago not to prosecute —along with numerous other officer-involved shootings —have exacerbated tension between the department and many of the communities it patrols.Beck's decision was to respond to an increase in violent crime in South Los Angeles with increased patrols and what amounts to an L.A.-style stop-and-frisk policy (automobile stops for arguably pretextual reasons such as broken taillights, in order to search for weapons).Did the tactic work? The violence eventually abated, but not before police reopened old wounds and reinvigorated anti-police sentiment in communities that felt over-patroled. Activists' calls for Beck's firing became a common feature at weekly commission meetings.Meanwhile, although Los Angeles continues to enjoy historically low crime rates, the declines began a slight but troubling reverse in 2015. The scandal-free ledger was tainted by the 2013 rampage of fired officer Christopher Dorner, who posted a manifesto of charges against the department, then killed four people and wounded three others before dying as police closed in on him. LAPD officers wounded three innocent bystanders in their sometimes frenetic quest to track down Dorner. There was a scandal of another sort when police cadets, aided by an officer, stole cruisers and other equipment. Their exploits went undetected for weeks.Beck earns high marks for managing an inherent tension faced in recent decades by every LAPD chief. In a city in which public safety accounts for more than 80% of the city budget, he faced strong pressure in City Hall and many communities to economize. At the same time, many of the same critics want him to provide better patrols in lower-crime parts of the city while still being able to respond in force to spates of violence in high-crime communities, and while employing a more community-oriented approach to policing citywide. Accomplishing all of those goals simultaneously is simply not possible.Beck is the fourth LAPD chief to be appointed under a key change that followed the 1992 riots, which were sparked by acquittals of officers in the brutal beating of African American motorist Rodney King. After decades in which chiefs could retain their jobs virtually for life, leaders of the department are now appointed to a single five-year term and can be appointed to a second — but no more. Chiefs Willie Williams and Bernard Parks were denied second terms. Bratton won a second but left early for other opportunities. Beck's June departure date leaves plenty of time for the commission and Mayor Eric Garcetti to consider a host of would-be replacements among the younger brass whom Beck has mentored.Comprehension Questions:21. To what extent has the Los Angeles Police Department changed under Beck?A. Permanently.B. Until he steps down.C. Not at all.D. Temporarily.22. Which of the following statements is NOT true?A. Charlie Beck’s protecting LAPD officers aggravated the re lationship between the departmentand the communities.B. Charlie Beck’s policy of increasing patrols and the stop-and-frisk policy have beencontroversial among the local people.C. Christopher Dorner was angry with the LAPD and abreacted his dissatisfaction by killinginnocent people.D. The LAPD will return to a brutal, secretive, and racially-tinged past after Chiefs WillieWilliams and Bernard Parks’ retirement.23. Why do you think activists' calls for Beck's firing became a common feature at weeklycommission meetings?A. He was maladroit in radio interview and the soundbite on immigration enforcement andcriminal justice reform.B. When Americans were outraged over police shootings of unarmed African Americans, LAPDunder Beck’s leadership did w ell.C. Beck earns high marks for managing an inherent tension faced in recent decades by everyLAPD chief.D. The increased patrol of the police aroused an anti-police sentiment in communities.24. Which of the following can be the last sentence of the passage?A. It's imperative that Beck's successor be someone who can build on his legacy and continuemoving the department down the path of reform.B. After announcing on Friday that he would step down in June before completing his secondterm on the job, Beck reflected on his LAPD career of more than 40 years.C. Charlie Beck, whose own career with the Los Angeles Police Department spanned four decades,will retire this summer, ending an eight-year tenure as police chief.D. Charlie Beck was credited with major reforms in the department and a general decline inhomicides but also had some missteps.25. What is the author’s attitude toward Charlie Beck as chief of Los Angeles Police Department?A. Cynical.B. Neutral.C. Prejudiced.D. Critical.Passage 2We are in a global health crisis, and it grows worse by the year, as the World Health Organization has warned that by 2030 almost half the world’s population will be overweight or obese if current trends continue. There are already 124 million obese children, a more than tenfold increase in four decades, and more than a million of these live in the UK, which has the worst obesity rates in western Europe. Four in five will grow up to be obese adults; and the leader of the UK’s paediatric body warns that this will cost them 10 to 20 years of healthy life.This is a social problem, both in cause and consequence, as concurred by Simon Stevens, the chief executive of the UK’s National Health Service, whose cautioning that obesity could bankrupt the health service comes across as the placard-wielding stance of a roadside prophet of doom - yet the government’s response has been as modest and inadequate as these figures are shocking. Medical experts describe its childhood obesity strategy as weak, embarrassing and even insulting. Though it inherited a tax on sugary drinks, it rowed back from restrictions on price-cutting promotions and junk food marketing or advertising, leaving its strategy to rely heavily on measuressuch as school activity programmes.Campaigners had warned that would not be enough; now research proves they were right –even when such initiatives tackle both diet and exercise, and make efforts to reach out to families. Children in schools in England’s West Midlands were given a year of extra ph ysical activity sessions, a healthy eating programme and cookery workshops with their parents, all of which failed to have any significant effect on children’s weight.The causes of the obesity epidemic are multiple and complex, as the landmark Foresight report produced over a decade ago underscored: we live in an obesogenic environment, and some more so than others (more than twice as many children in deprived areas are obese as in affluent areas). TVs and smartphones in bedrooms and reliance on cars play their part; so too do food deserts, where fruit and vegetables are expensive or inaccessible, which leaves the more economically strapped sector of the population choosing to fill a hungry child with donuts rather than apples.But one factor leaps out: greed. The problem is not gluttony by a generation of Augustus Gloops but the avarice of the Willy Wonkas who press junk food on consumers, then profess surprise at the results. The tactics of big food are, as the global health organisation Vital Strategies points out in its report Fool Me Twice, strikingly similar to those of big tobacco over the years. But big food has the advantage that everyone needs to eat, while no one needs to smoke, and that a biscuit does not damage health as a cigarette does, obesity notwithstanding. Thus, these companies tell us that we should not restrict individual freedom; that it is up to people to show self-discipline; and that their products are fine as occasional indulgences - never mind that they present family-size packs as if they are suitable for individuals, nor that highly processed foods, packed with salt and sugar, tend to be cheaper to produce, store and deliver – as well as being habit-forming.Other countries have been far bolder in tackling the industry, instead of relying on voluntary action. In Latin America, governments have forced companies to remove cartoon characters - naturally an instant appeal to young children - from cereal boxes, imposed junk food taxes and ordered school tuck shops to replace high-salt/sugar products with fruit and vegetables. Tougher rules reshape consumer perceptions and decisions and in doing so, they can also push companies into changing products.A ban on junk food advertising before the 9pm watershed is long overdue. It should be su pplemented by a ban on promotions and price cuts for “sharing” bags of chocolates, as Action on Sugar urged last month, and the sugar tax on drinks could be extended to food products, with the revenue channelled into initiatives making fresh produce more affordable and attractive to consumers. The government’s failure to force change means that the rest of us will pay the price –in ill health and higher taxes – as big food rakes in the profits.Comprehension Questions:26. Findings and studies demonstrate that________________.A. The obesity problem is largely a European oneB. Unhealthy children have unhealthy parentsC. There are more obese children in lower socio-economic areasD. People now are dying younger27. Who does the author believe to be primarily responsible for failing to stop obesity?A. Parents.B. Advertisers.C. Government.D. Manufacturers.28. Which of the following is NOT inferred in the passage________________.A. There are more obese children than adultsB. Obesity will drain funds from government resourcesC. Corporations do not care about obesityD. Lack of physical activity contributes to obesity29. Which ‘chain of events’ is indicated in the passage?A. New government laws →consumers buy different items →manufacturers change products.B. Manufacturers increase sugar content →more children buy products →life span isshortened.C. Regular exercise program →learning to cook own food →reduction in obesity.D. Television advertising is regulated →manufacturers lose revenue →product costs decrease.30. Company policy to manufacture family-size packs of unhealthy food while stating that it is theconsumer who is responsible for limiting what they eat is an example of________________. A. analogy B. rhetoric C. hypocrisy D. sophistryPassage 3The annual meeting of the World Economic Forum, (“WEF”) in Davos, Switzerland, was well under way when it officially commenced, early on a Wednesday evening in January, with an address, in the Congress Hall of the Congress Center, by Angela Merkel, the Chancellor of Germany. She had a lot to say about Europe. Some of it—“Do we dare more Europe? Yes, we do dare”—made the news. But outside the hall many Davos participants paid her no mind. They loitered in various lounges carrying on conversations with each other. They talked and talked—as though they hadn’t been talking all day. They had talked while sitting on panels or while skipping panels that others were sitting on. “Historic Complexity: How Did We Get Here?,” “The Compensatio n Question,” “Global Risks 2012: The Seeds of Dystopia”: over the course of five days, a man could skip more than two hundred and fifty such sessions.Davos is, fundamentally, an exercise in corporate speed-dating. “Everyone comes because everyone else co mes,” Larry Summers told me. A hedge-fund manager or a C.E.O. can pack into a few days the dozens of meetings—with other executives, with heads of state or their deputies, with non-governmental organizations whose phone calls might otherwise have been ignored—that it would normally take months to arrange and tens of thousands of Gulfstream miles to attend. They conduct these compressed and occasionally fruitful couplings, the so-called bilateral meetings, either in private rooms that the W.E.F. has set aside for this purpose or in hotel rooms, restaurants, and hallways. All that’s missing is the hourly rate.Many Davos participants rarely, if ever, attend even one. Instead, they float around in the slack spaces, sitting down to one arranged meeting after another, or else making themselves available for chance encounters, either with friends or with strangers whom they will ever after be able to refer to as friends. The Congress Center, the daytime hub, is a warren of interconnected lounges, cafés, lobbies, and lecture halls, with espresso bars, juice stations, and stacks of apples scattered about. The participants have their preferred hovering areas. Wandering the center in search of people totalk to was like fishing a stretch of river; one could observe, over time, which pools held which fish, and what times of day they liked to feed. Jamie Dimon, running shoes in hand, near the espresso stand by the Global Leadership Fellows Program, in the late afternoon. Fareed Zakaria, happily besieged, in the Industry Partners Lounge, just before lunch. The lunkers would very occasionally emerge from their deep holes (there were rumors of secret passageways) and glide through the crowd, with aides alongside, like pilot fish. (The W.E.F. says that Davos is an entourage-free zone, but this doesn’t seem to apply to the biggest of the big wheels, like heads of state.) It is said that the faster you walk the more important you are.It is a name-dropper’s paradise. Central bankers, industrial chiefs, hedge-fund titans, gloomy forecasters, astrophysicists, monks, rabbis, tech wizards, museum curators, university presidents, financial bloggers, virtuous heirs. I found myself in conversation with a newspaper columnist and an executive from McKinsey & Company, the management-consulting firm. This was serendipitous, as so many conversations in Davos turn out to be, because, at the urging of many, I was supposed to be angling for an invitation to the McKinsey party, at the Belvedere Hotel. A must, people said, with a glint. I was suspi cious, owing to an incongruity between the words “party” and “management consulting.” But this was Davos. The executive cheerfully added me to the list. A McKinsey for a Merkel: a fair trade.The newcomer hears repeated bits of Davos advice. Ride the shuttle: you might meet someone. Go to a session that deals with a subject you know nothing about: you might learn something. Come next year, and the one after, if they invite you back: you might begin to understand. Everyone says that you can’t get the hang of Davos until you’ve been three or four times. So many things are going on at once that it is impossible to do even a tenth of them. You could spend the week in your hotel room, puzzling over a plan, wrestling with your doubts and regrets, but a person who would do this is not the kind who would be invited to Davos.Another admonition: no matter how much you do, you will always have the sense that something else, something better, is going on elsewhere. On the outskirts of town, three men are hunched in the candlelit corner of a pine-panelled Gaststube, discussing matters of grave importance. You may think you don’t care about such things, but the inkling burrows like a tapeworm. The appetite for admittance can become insatiable. Whenever I passed through town, I noticed men in good suits and sturdy boots, walking with intent in the opposite direction. Where were they going? They ducked into tea shops or into Mercedes sedans with darkened passenger windows. “Wheels within wheels,” one woman whispered to me. “What happens in Davos stays in Davos,” many people said, but even when you’re there it’s hard to know what is happening in Davos. Yossi Vardi, an Israeli tech investor and an eighteen-year Davos veteran, said, “What you see here, in the Congress Center, is just twenty per cent of the action.”There are as many Davoses as there are perceptions of Davos. Schwab might use the term “stakeholders,” and the stakeholders may be partial to the word “silos,” but another term that springs to mind when you are there i s “cliques.” A certain ferment occurs where the cliques overlap, but as often as not they pass in the night.Comprehension Questions:31. The World Economic Forum (“WEF”) in Davos is a very important world event mainlybecause________________.A. The important lectures about world economic problems by world leadersB. People mingleC. Non-Governmental Organization can raise capital by meeting with governments andcompaniesD. World economic trends are established32. “Entourage free zone” is a very imp ortant characteristic of the WEF because_______________.A. Participants are free from companyB. Participants are free to exchange confidential business informationC. There are zones in WEF where everyone can freely attend to make business contactsD. None of the above33. When the writer describes the WEF as a “Name-Dropper’s Paradise”, the writermeans_______________.A. Participants can give their name cards to a lot of people to develop businessB. Participants can refer business contacts to other attendeesC. Participants easily meet other attendeesD. Participants can easily meet other participants through common business contacts34. The greatest fear of WEF participants is_______________.A. Not making enough business contactsB. Not being able to attend future eventsC. Being left out of the loopD. Giving out business secrets35. When participants attend the WEF they immediately fall into “cliques”. By “cliques” the writermeans_______________.A. Participants meet other participants that can bring business and can share valuable informationB. Participants meet other participants with shared values and interestsC. Participants meet other participants for a common causeD. Participants can meet other participants with different interests and valuesPassage 4A new degree of intellectual power seems cheap at any price. The use of the world is that man may learn its laws. And the human race has wisely signified their sense of this, by calling wealth, means - 'Man' being the end. Language is always wise.Therefore I praise New England because it is the place in the world where is the freest expenditure for education. We have already taken, at the planting of the Colonies, the initial step, which for its importance might have been resisted as the most radical of revolutions, thus deciding at the start the destiny of this country - this, namely, that the poor man, whom the law does not allow to take an ear of corn when starving, nor a pair of shoes for his freezing feet, is allowed to put his hand into the pocket of the rich, and say, "You shall educate me, not as you will, but as I will: not alone in the elements, but, by further provision, in the languages, in sciences, in the useful and in elegant arts. The child shall be taken up by the State, and taught, at the public cost, the rudiments of knowledge, and, at last, the ripest results of art and science".Humanly speaking, the school, the college, society, make the difference between men. All the fairy tales of Aladdin or the invisible Gyges or the taIisman that opens kings' palaces or the enchanted halls underground or in the sea, are any fictions to indicate the one miracle of intellectual enlargement. When a man stupid becomes a man inspired, when one and the same man passes out of the torpid into the perceiving state, leaves the din of trifles, the stupor of the senses, to enter into the quasi-omniscience of high thought - up and down, around, all limits disappear. No horizon shuts down. He sees things in their causes, all facts in their connection.One of the problems of history is the beginning of civilization. The animals that accompany and serve man make no progress as races. Those called domestic are capable of learning of man a few tricks of utility or amusement, but they cannot communicate the skill to their race. Each individual must be taught anew. The trained dog cannot train another dog. And Man himself in many faces retains almost the unteachableness of the beast. For a thousand years the islands and forests of a great part of the world have been led with savages who made no steps of advance in art or skill beyond the necessity of being fed and warmed. Certain nations with a better brain and usually in more temperate climates have made such progress as to compare with these as these compare with the bear and the wolf.Victory over things is the office of man. Of course, until it is accomplished, it is the war and insult of things over him. His continual tendency, his great danger, is to overlook the fact that the world is only his teacher, and the nature of sun and moon, plant and animal only means of arousing his interior activity. Enamored of their beauty, comforted by their convenience, he seeks them as ends, and fast loses sight of the fact that they have worse than no values, that they become noxious, when he becomes their slave.This apparatus of wants and faculties, this craving body, whose organs ask all the elements and all the functions of Nature for their satisfaction, educate the wondrous creature which they satisfy with light, with heat, with water, with wood, with bread, with wool. The necessities imposed by his most irritable and all-related texture have taught Man hunting, pasturage, agriculture, commerce, weaving, joining, masonry, geometry, astronomy. Here is a world pierced and belted with natural laws, and fenced and planted with civil partitions and properties, which all put new restraints on the young inhabitant. He too must come into this magic circle of relations, and know health and sickness, the fear of injury, the desire of external good, the charm of riches, the charm of power. The household is a school of power. There, within the door, learn the tragicomedy of human life. Here is the sincere thing, the wondrous composition for which day and night go round. In that routine are the sacred relations, the passions that bind and sever. Here is poverty and all the wisdom its hated necessities can teach, here labor drudges, here affections glow, here the secrets of character are told, the guards of man, the guards of woman, the compensations which, like angels of justice, pay every debt: the opium of custom, whereof all drink and many go mad. Here is Economy, and Glee, and Hospitality, and Ceremony, and Frankness, and Calamity, and Death, and Hope.Comprehension Questions:36. What is the passage mainly about?A. The power of human civilization.B. The relationship between man and nature.C. Man learning the laws of society.。
中国林业科学研究院-研究生入学考试试题-博士英语(样题)
中国林业科学研究院博士研究生入学考试（样题）请将客观题部分的36-44题以及主观题部分的答案写在答题纸上，其余部分填在答题卡上，答在试卷及草稿纸上无效。
Part I. Vocabulary (10 points)Section A (5 points, 0.5 point each)Directions: In this section, there are 10 sentences. Each has something missed out. Below each sentence are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter with a square bar across the brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.1. Their production of Macbeth was the most visually ________ performance I've ever seen.A. imperiousB. strikingC. demandingD. equitable2. The government's ________ of commitment to the environment seem less believable every day.A. professionsB. occupationC. responsibilityD. hype3. _________ the ceasefire, rebel troops are again firing on the capital.A. In defiance ofB. In accord withC. In excuse ofD. On the face of4. Since the championship began in 1987, they have finished ________ in ninth, seventh and fifth position.A. recessivelyB. successivelyC. subsequentlyD. predominantly5. "That doesn't concern you!" she _________ and left alone angrily.A. reflectedB. distortedC. questionedD. retorted6. We are only interested in the parts of the proposals that _________ to local issues.A. adhereB. correspondC. pertainD. object7. The table has a plastic coating which prevents liquids from _________ into the wood beneath.A. pertainingB. permeatingC. prevailingD. preparing8. It’s natural for Judy to _________ towards the end of a hard day’s work.A. clear offB. loosen offC. slack offD. back off9. Planes bombed the guerrilla positions yesterday in an attempt to _________ out snipers fromunderground tunnels.A. cleanseB. wipeC. rushD. move10. The company who was always described as “a stranger in Wall Street” _________ itself for havingtaken on so many new employees last year.A. keenedB. preemptedC. neatenedD. preenedSection B (5 points, 0.5 point each)Directions: In this section, there are ten sentences with one word or phrase underlined. Below the sentence are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the one that is closest to the meaning of the underlined one. Then mark the corresponding letter with a square bar across the brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.11. The National Zoo announced yesterday that Tai Shan would leave the zoo and be sent to China, inaccordance with previous agreements.A. currentB. formerC. presentD. formal12. She was deeply frustrated by the amount of criticism her play received.A. baffledB. deportedC. involvedD. deprived13. Nick trailed his hand in the water; it felt warm in the sharp chill of the morning.A. hidedB. wettedC. dippedD. dragged14. Nothing Helen says is ever spontaneous. She always thinks carefully before she speaks.A. improvisedB. homogenousC. rigorousD. simultaneous15. It is a truth universally acknowledged that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in wantof a wife.A. in need ofB. in ownership ofC. in process ofD. in charge of16. I am sure she is not half so handsome as Jane, nor half so good humored as Lydia.A. endowedB. enjoyedC. naturedD. discerned17. Whole chunks of the past are erased from the textbooks, leaving history thoroughly sanitized.A. sectsB. sheetsC. lumpsD. trends18. The digital and the physical worlds are becoming increasingly interwoven.A. tangibleB. corporalC. subsidiaryD. reliable19. Capital from past successes is being recycled too, through investors from abroad.A. stockB. metropolisC. capriceD. wealth20. From science to Shakespeare, excellent television program are available in abundance to teachers.A. suspenseB. depravityC. plenitudeD. operationPart II. Reading Comprehension (39 points)Section A (30 points, 2 point each)Directions: There are three reading passages in this section. Each passage is followed by four questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Y ou should decide on the best choice and then mark the corresponding letter with a square bar across the brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.Passage 1He has influenced generations of artists but John Baldessari’s own celebrity came relatively late. A physically imposing 79 year old, he seemed slightly uncomfortable at a press conference at the Metropolitan Museum, where a traveling retrospective of his work has just opened for its final stop. Asked to distil his art for the many who have not heard of him, he responded cheerfully that it was not the job of an artist of “spoon-feed” viewers but to make them feel intelligent.For decades Mr. Baldessari has made art that challenges convention. Though his work is heavily conceptual, it is not designed to alienate---and is often very funny. In the wake of abstract expressionism, when painting was all, Mr. Baldessari was investigating what it meant to make a painting, what the rules were, and how far he could stretch them, In the 1960s he created a series of works that featured mostly text on canvas, painted by sign professionals. One, in black letters on canvas, reads “PURE BEAUTY”. The words sit there like an irony, a question, a declaration.“I don not believe in screwing the bourgeoisie,” Mr. Baldessari explained in an interview. The irony inhis work is not designed to reveal what is vacant in art, or what is silly about those who buy it. He just wants people to question what they are looking at. He pokes fun at the art establishment, but he lets viewers in o the joke. Art, he says, supplies “spiritual nourishment”. Asked if a show at the Met sat uncomfortably with his subversive streak, Mr. Baldessari did not miss a beat: “I would be happy to hang in a broom closet at the Met. It’s a huge honor.”Mr. Baldessari attributes some of his experimentation to having grown up in National City, California, a suburb just north of the Mexican border and well beyond the reach of any art scene. He was culturally isolated, but also free from the pressures of rejection. “I was trying to find out what was irreducibly art.”His boldest early work was his “Cremation Project” in 1970, when he ceremonially burned nearly all the paintings he had made between 1953 and 1966. “I really thing it’s my best piece to date,” he wrote of it at the time.He supported himself by teaching, mainly at the progressive California Institute of the Arts in Valencia. He earned a reputation for being a revolutionary and generous teacher who inspired students to renounce painting and view art as something that happens in the brain. “Artists are indebted to him,” said Marla, who organized the show at the Met. He taught countless people how to make art form the ordinary stuff of life. Now the man himself is finally getting his due.Questions21. The main idea of this passage is _______.A. what the progress of Baldessari’s art creating isB. how Baldessari defines artC. why Baldessari investigate the rules for artD. how Baldessari became famous22. The word “spoon-feed” (Line 5, Para.1) means________.A. showing the ideas to people by means of holding a spoonB. forcing people to accept the ideasC. providing people with materials to create artD. cheering up the people seeing the pictures23. Which of the following is not the principal feature of Baldessari’s work?A. ConceptualB. IronicC. IsolatedD. Funny24. What’s the purpose of John Baldessari’s using irony in his works?A. He hopes people can challenge what they see.B. He uses irony to attract people to buy them.C. He wants to make his work really funny.D. He uses it to reveal what really matters in art.25. The highlight of John Baldessari’s job as a teacher is that _______.A.he needs much more money to run his traveling showsB.he wants students to readjust their perspective on artC.he thinks school is the best place to create artD.he wants to talk students into giving up painting。
全国各大高校博士研究生入学考试英语作文试题
3. Conclusion. 上海交通大学2002年春季博士研究生入学考试试题 Part ⅣWriting (25%) Directions: For this part, you are required to write a composition of at least 20 words according to the following instruction. “Some people say that it is right to offer college admission to every high school graduate. Others say that admission to college should be offered by examination only.” Which point of view do you agree with? Use specific reasons and examples to support your opinion. On College Admission 上海交通大学2002年秋季博士研究生入学考试试题 Part ⅣWriting (25%) Directions: Write an essay of 250 words, on the Answer Sheet, discussing the influence that advertising has had on your life or the lives of your friends. 上海交通大学2003年博士研究生入学考试试题 Part ⅣWriting (25%) Directions: In this part, please write an essay of about 300 words on the topic “China in the 21st Century and Her Returning Scholars”. You should base your essay on the following outline: 1. Today, many countrymen are returning after they finish their study abroad 2. Reasons for their returning 3. Significance of their returning both to China and to themselves Please write your essay on the back of the Answer Sheet. 复旦大学２００２年博士研究生入学考试试题 Part ⅣWriting (15%) Directions: Some people prefer to plan activities for their free time very carefully. Others choose not to make any plans at all for their free time. Compare the benefits of planning free time activities with the benefits of not making plans. Which do you preferplanning or not planning for your leisure time? Use specific reasons and examples to support your choice. You should write about 180 words and put your composition on Answer Sheet Ⅱ. 复旦大学2003年博士研究生入学考试试题 Part ⅥWriting (15%) Directions: Write a composition of about 180 words on the following topic. Your composition should be written on Answer Sheet Ⅱ.
2018中国农业大学理学院考研复试通知复试时间复试分数线复试经验
2018中国农业大学理学院考研复试通知复试时间复试分数线复试经验启道考研网快讯：2018年考研复试即将开始，启道教育小编根据根据考生需要，整理2017年中国农业大学理学院考研复试细则，仅供参考：一、复试科目（启道考研复试辅导班）080100力学程结构计算与分析7①101思想政治理论②201英语一③301数学一④832工程力学学、材料力学、弹性力学02(全日制)散体力学与数值仿真学03(全日制)疲劳与断裂力学04(全日制)新二、复试通知（启道考研复试辅导班）根据研究生院文件精神，理学院结合本院特点，坚持公平、公正、公开和科学选拔的原则，淡化初试，加强复试，避免录取高分低能的考生，制定了2018年硕士研究生的复试方案，全面衡量考生的德智体情况，按需招生、择优录取。
一、理学院硕士研究生招生领导小组组长：王鹏成员：何志巍、刘尚钟、侯松波、秦太验、高阳、林海波、刘丰茂、王学进二、复试基本要求调剂复试：我院数学、生物物理学、力学、化学需少量调剂生。
(校内外调剂均需通过全国硕士研究生招生调剂服务系统)(1)校内调剂：遵循专业相近、业务课相近的原则，初试成绩必须达到报考学科门类的我校复试分数线和我院接收学科的复试分数线。
(2)校外调剂：校外调剂生除初试成绩必须满足报考学科门类教育部及我校公布的学科复试分数线外，考生须本科毕业于双一流建设大学(含一流大学建设高校42所和一流学科建设高校95所)，或一志愿报考单位为双一流建设大学或中科院系统的研究所。
(3)设置统考数学的专业除遵循上述原则外，考生应有统考数学成绩，且按数学一、二、三顺调。
符合我院调剂原则的考生将本人的调剂申请表发到指定邮箱(若不满足调剂要求，恕不回复邮件)，待全国硕士研究生招生调剂服务系统开通后，校内外调剂均需通过该系统。
生物物理专业：wangxjhb@;化学专业：cau_chem@三、复试时间：1、化学、农药学、农产品安全专业：3月15日-16日;2、数学专业：3月22日;3、生物物理专业：3月23日;4、力学专业：3月22日。
博士研究生入学考试英语试题
2007年博士研究生入学考试英语试题Part I. Reading Comprehension (60%)Directions: In this part of the test, there are four short passages for you to read. Read each passage carefully, and then do the questions that follow. Choose the best answer A), B), C), or D) and mark the corresponding letter on your Answer Sheet I.Passage 1We live in southern California growing grapes, a first generationof vintners, our home adjacent to the vineyards and the winery. It’s a very pretty place, and in order to earn the money to realize our dream of making wine, we worked for many years in a business that demanded several household moves, an incredible amount of risk-taking and long absences from my husband. When it was time, we traded in our old life, cinched up our belts and began the creation of the winery.We make small amounts of premium wine, and our lives are dictated by the rhythm of nature and the demands of the living vines. The vines start sprouting tiny green tendrils in March and April, and the baby grapes begin to form in miniature, so perfect that they can be dipped in gold to form jewelry. The grapes swell and ripen in early fall, and when their sugar content is at the right level, they are harvested carefully by hand and crushed in small lots. The wine is fermented and tendeduntil it is ready to be bottled. The vineyards shed their leaves, thevines are pruned and made ready for the dormant months --- and the next vintage.It sounds nice, doesn’t it? Living in the country, our days spentin the ancient routine of the vineyard, knowing that the course of our lives as vintners was choreographed long age and that if we practiced diligently, our wine would be good and we’d be successful. From thestart we knew there was a price for the privilege of becoming a wine-making family, connected to the land and the caprices of nature.We work hard at something we love, we are slow to panic over the daily emergencies, we are nimble at solving problems as they arise. Some hazards to completing a successful vintage are expected: rain justbefore harvesting can cause mold; electricity unexpectedly interrupted during the cold fermentation of white wine can damage it; a delayed payment from a major client when the money is needed.There are outside influences that disrupt production and take patience, good will and perseverance. [For example] the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms regulates every facet of the wine business.A winery’s records are audited as often as two or three times a yearand every label --- newly written for each year’s vintage --- must be approved. …[But] The greatest threat to the winery, and one that almost madeus lose heart, came out of a lawyer’s imagination. Out little winery was served notice that we were named in a lawsuit accusing us of endangering the public health by using lead foils on our bottles (it was the only material used until recently) “without warning consumers of apossible risk.” There it was, our winery’s name listed with the industry’s giants. …… I must have asked a hundred times: “Who gets the money if the lawsuit is successful?” The answer was, and I never was able to assimilate it, the plaintiffs and their lawyers who filed the suit! Since the lawsuit was brought in behalf of consumers, it seemed to me that consumers must get something if it was proved that a lead foil was dangerous to them. We were told one of the two consumer claimants was an employee of the firm filing the suit!There are attorneys who focus their careers on lawsuits like this. It is an immense danger to the small businessman. Cash reserves can be used up in the blink of an eye when in the company of lawyers. As long as it’s possible for anyone to sue anybody for anything, we are all in danger. As long as the legal profession allows members to practice law dishonorably and lawyers are congratulated for winning big money in this way, we’ll be plagued with a corruptible justice system.1. The phrase “cinched up our belts”, in the first paragraph, suggests that the coupleA. thought creating a winery would be busyB. wore clothing that was too bigC. strapped their belongings together and movedD. prepared for the difficult work ahead2. The grapes are harvested on a date thatA. may vary.B. depends on the approval of the regulatory bureau.C. is traditionally set.D. is determined by availability of pickers.3. According to the author, the life of vintners is most controlled byA. the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms.B. unexpected changes in temperature.C. the sugar content of the grapes.D. the tempo of the seasons.4. The writer complains that when she questioned the lawyers sheA. never got the answer.B. never got a simple answer.C. could make no sense of the answer she got.D. could not understand the answer she got.5. The writer thinks that the legal professionA. strives to protect consumers.B. does a good job of policing its members.C. is part of an incorruptible system.D. includes rapacious attorneys.Passage 2There is a confused notion in the minds of many persons, which the gathering of the property of the poor into the hands of the rich does no ultimate harm, since in whosever hands it may be, it must be spent at last, and thus, they think, return to the poor again. This fallacy has been again and again exposed; but granting the plea true, the same apology may, of course, be made for black mail, or any other form of robbery. It might be (though practically it never is) as advantageousfor the nation that the robber should have the spending of the money he extorts, as that the person robbed should have spent it. But this is no excuse for the theft. If I were to put a turnpike on the road where it passes my own gate, and endeavor to exact a shilling from every passenger, the public would soon do away with my gate, without listening to any pleas on my part that it was as advantageous to them, in the end, that I should spend their shillings, as that they themselves should. But if, instead of outfacing them with a turnpike, I can only persuade them to come in and buy stones, or old iron, or any other useless thing, out of my ground, I may rob them to the same extent and, moreover, be thanked as a public benefactor and promoter of commercial prosperity. And this main question for the poor of England --- for the poor of all countries --- is wholly omitted in every treatise on the subject of wealth. Even by the laborers themselves, the operation of capital is regarded only in its effect on their immediate interests, never in thefar more terrific power of its appointment of the kind and the object of labor. It matters little, ultimately, how much a laborer is paid for making anything; but it matters fearfully what the thing is which he is compelled to make. If his labor is so ordered as to produce food, fresh air, and fresh water, no matter that his wages are low; the food and the fresh air and water will be at last there, and he will at last get them. But if he is paid to destroy food and fresh air, or to produce iron bars instead of them, the food and air will finally not be there, and he will not get them, to his great and final inconvenience. So that, conclusively, in politics as in household economy, the great question is, not so much what money you have in your pocket, as what you will buywith it and do with it.。
中国农科院历年博士入学分子遗传学试
中国农科院历年博士入学分子遗传学试题中国农业大学分子遗传学博士研究生入学考试试题（2003年）一、请举出对分子遗传学发展做出贡献的诺贝尔奖获得者10名，其重要成就如何？ 30'二、何谓RNA编辑，是如何进行编辑的？15'三、举出2-3种基因组测序或功能基因组研究的策略，并加以说明。
20'四、启动子的作用是什么？原核生物启动子结构特征是什么？ 10'五、大肠杆菌与真核生物蛋白质合成起始有何区别？ 10 '六、简述真核生物转录因子的三种DNA结构域 10'中国农业大学分子遗传学博士研究生入学考试试题（2002年）一、名词解释（每个4分，共计40分）1、卫星DNA2、基因家族3、反义RNA4、核酶5、CAAT框6、hnRNA7、基因组8、δ因子9、衰减子 10、复制子二、简答题1、原核、真核生物翻译起始的异同点（10分）2、转录因子是什么？其与DNA结合的功能域（motif）的结构特点是什么？3、何谓RNA剪接，何谓RNA编辑？4、什么是转座子？转座子标签法转移基因的原理是什么？5、简述乳糖操纵子的正、负调控。
6、列表比较真核生物三种RNA聚合酶的特点中国农业大学分子遗传学博士研究生入学考试试题（2001年）一、名词解释1、异源双链体2、无义突变（琥珀突变）3、卫星DNA4、TATA框5、反式作用6、引发体二、简答题1、RF1、RF2、RF3的作用各是什么？2、图解真核生物翻译起始，并说明各因子的作用。
3、真核生物中tRNA、rRNA、mRNA的剪接各有何特点？4、如果一段DNA序列的两端为反向重复序列，若发生同源重组将会产生什么结果？5、病毒与细菌在遗传体系上有何差别？6、启动子的作用是什么？原核生物启动子的结构特征是什么？三、分子标记近年来发展很快，试举出三种分子标记，并论述它们在植物育种或动物育种或微生物上的应用？中国农业大学分子遗传学博士研究生入学考试试题（1998年）一、名词解释1、拟基因2、TATA框3、引发体4、卫星DNA5、增变基因7、滚环复制 7、基因家族 8、核酶 9、弱化子 10、反义RNA11、RNA编辑 12、有义链 13、同功tRNA 14、基因转换二、简答题1、如果一段DNA序列的两端为反向重复序列，若发生同源重组将会产生什么结果？2、真核生物中tRNA、rRNA、mRNA的剪接各有何特点？3、RecA蛋白在同源重组中的作用是什么？4、启动子的作用是什么？原核生物启动子有哪些特征？5、大肠杆菌和真核生物的蛋白质合成起始有何区别？6、病毒与细菌在遗传体系上有何区别？三、简述转座子的转座机制及遗传学效应四、分子遗传学在近二十年内取得了许多重大成就，试举出植物和微生物各两个例子，并说明其内容和意义。
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中国农业大学2018级研究生（博士）入学英语水平测试
参考答案
Part I Writing (30 minutes, 15 points) 略
Part II Listening Comprehension (30 minutes, 35points) 每题1分
Section A （每题1分，共7分）
1. D
2. C
3. D
4. A
5. B
6. A
7. A
Section B （每题1分，共8分）
8. C9. D10. C11. B12.A 13. D14. D15. A
Section C （每题1分，共10分）
16. B17. D18. C19. A20. B21. B22. C23. A24. D25. B
Section D （每题1分，共10分）
26. hidden27. land on28.fill in for29. resemble
30. height and build31. focuses on 32. leapt
33.expert timing 34. sliding 35. figured out
Part III Vocabulary (10 minutes, 10 points) 每题0.5分
36-45 CABAC, ADACB 46-55 CADCB, ADDDA
Part IV Reading Comprehension (35 minutes, 30 points) 每题1.5分
56-65 DCADD, ABCAD66-75 BCDCD,BDCAA
Part V Translation (15 minutes, 10 points)
Chopsticks are used as the traditional eating utensils in various East Asian countries. Chopsticks originated in ancient China and date back to as early as the Shang Dynasty. They are commonly made of bamboo, plastic, wood or stainless steel. The first chopsticks were probably used for cooking, stirring the fire but not as eating utensils. Chopsticks began to be used as eating utensils during the Han Dynasty. It was not until the Ming Dynasty that chopsticks were widely used for both serving and eating. They then acquired the name kuaizi and the present shape.。