盐酸纳美芬注射液说明书
纳美芬EVO-II
O HO H CH2
纳洛酮
抒纳
盐酸纳美芬是更加优越的阿片受体拮抗剂
纳美芬(Nalmefene， NMF)是水溶性纳曲 酮的衍生物，是继纳洛酮和纳曲酮之后合成 的又一纯阿片受体拮抗剂，其6位亚甲基的 化学结构，使它表现出生理活性更强，更易 穿透生物膜的特性。
与к受体的亲合力是纳洛酮的28倍
纳洛酮 1 抒纳
中华神经外科杂志, 2001, 17(3): 135-139.
结论
只有特异性作用 于κ受体的拮抗剂才是
神经保护的最佳选择！
Cinzia S, et al. Stroke. 1990, 1: 943-947.
特异性κ受体拮抗剂的神经保护机制
⊕
继发性
神经损伤
⊕ ⊕ ⊕
分子瀑布级联反应
特异性κ 受体拮抗剂
传统阿片受体拮抗剂纳洛酮 用于神经保护一直存在争议
有神经保护作用
Faden AI. Opiate antagonists and thyrotropin-releasing hormoneⅠ: Potential role in the treatment of shock. JAMA, 1984, 252: 1177-1180. Hosobuchi Y, Baskin DS, Woo SK. Reversal of induced ischemic neurologic deficit in gerbils by the opiate antagonist naloxone. Science, 1982, 215: 69-71. Holaday JW. Cardiovascular effects of endogenous opiate systems. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol, 1983, 23: 541-594.
盐酸纳美芬FDA的说明书
Revex (nalmefene hydrochloride injection)Rx onlyDESCRIPTIONREVEX (nalmefene hydrochloride injection), an opioid antagonist, is a 6-methylene analogue of naltrexone. The chemical structure is shown below:Molecular Formula: C21H25NO3•HClMolecular Weight: 375.9, CAS # 58895-64-0Chemical Name: 17-(Cyclopropylmethyl)-4,5〈-epoxy-6-methylenemorphinan-3,14-diol, hydrochloride salt.Nalmefene hydrochloride is a white to off-white crystalline powder which is freely soluble in water up to 130 mg/mL and slightly soluble in chloroform up to 0.13 mg/mL, with a pK a of 7.6.REVEX is available as a sterile solution for intravenous, intramuscular, and subcutaneous administration in two concentrations, containing 100 µg or 1.0 mg of nalmefene free base per mL. The 100 µg/mL concentration contains 110.8 µg of nalmefene hydrochloride and the 1.0 mg/mL concentration contains 1.108 mg of nalmefene hydrochloride per mL. Both concentrations contain 9.0 mg of sodium chloride per mL and the pH is adjusted to 3.9 with hydrochloric acid.Concentrations and dosages of REVEX are expressed as the free base equivalent of nalmefene.CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGYPharmacodynamicsREVEX prevents or reverses the effects of opioids, including respiratory depression, sedation, and hypotension. Pharmacodynamic studies have shown that REVEX has a longer duration of action than naloxone at fully reversing doses. REVEX has no opioid agonist activity.REVEX is not known to produce respiratory depression, psychotomimetic effects, or pupillary constriction. No pharmacological activity was observed when REVEX was administered in the absence of opioid agonists.REVEX has not been shown to produce tolerance, physical dependence, or abuse potential.REVEX can produce acute withdrawal symptoms in individuals who are opioid dependent.PharmacokineticsNalmefene exhibited dose proportional pharmacokinetics following intravenousadministration of 0.5 mg to 2.0 mg. Pharmacokinetic parameters for nalmefene after a 1mg intravenous administration in adult male volunteers are listed in Table 1.Table 1: Mean (CV%) Nalmefene Pharmacokinetic ParametersIn Adult Males Following a 1 mg Intravenous DoseParameter Young, N=18 Elderly, N=1162-80 Age 19-32Cp at 5 min. (ng/mL) 3.7 (29) 5.8 (38)Vdss (L/kg) 8.6 (19) 8.6 (29)Vc (L/kg) 3.9 (29) 2.8 (41)AUC0-inf (ng-hr/mL) 16.6 (27) 17.3 (14)Terminal T1/2 (hr) 10.8 (48) 9.4 (49)Clplasma (L/hr/kg) 0.8 (23) 0.8 (18)ABSORPTIONNalmefene was completely bioavailable following intramuscular or subcutaneousadministration in 12 male volunteers relative to intravenous nalmefene. The relativebioavailabilities of intramuscular and subcutaneous routes of administration were 101.5%± 8.1% (Mean ± SD) and 99.7% ± 6.9%, respectively. Nalmefene will be administeredprimarily as an intravenous bolus, however, nalmefene can be given intra-muscularly(IM) or subcutaneously (SC) if venous access cannot be established. While the time tomaximum plasma nalmefene concentration was 2.3 ± 1.1 hours following intramuscularand 1.5 ± 1.2 hours following subcutaneous administrations, therapeutic plasmaconcentrations are likely to be reached within 5-15 minutes after a 1 mg dose in anemergency. Because of the variability in the speed of absorption for IM & SC dosing, andthe inability to titrate to effect, great care should be taken if repeated doses must be givenby these routes.DISTRIBUTIONFollowing a 1 mg parenteral dose, nalmefene was rapidly distributed. In a study of brainreceptor occupancy, a 1 mg dose of nalmefene blocked over 80% of brain opioidreceptors within 5 minutes after administration. The apparent volumes of distributioncentrally (Vc) and at steady-state (Vdss) are 3.9 ± 1.1 L/kg and 8.6 ± 1.7 L/kg,respectively. Ultrafiltration studies of nalmefene have demonstrated that 45% (CV 4.1%)is bound to plasma proteins over a concentration range of 0.1 to 2 µg/mL. An in vitrodetermination of the distribution of nalmefene in human blood demonstrated thatnalmefene distributed 67% (CV 8.7%) into red blood cells and 39% (CV 6.4%) intoplasma. The whole blood to plasma ratio was 1.3 (CV 6.6%) over the nominalconcentration range in whole blood from 0.376 to 30 ng/mL.METABOLISMNalmefene is metabolized by the liver, primarily by glucuronide conjugation, andexcreted in the urine. Nalmefene is also metabolized to trace amounts of an N-dealkylated metabolite. Nalmefene glucuronide is inactive and the N-dealkylatedmetabolite has minimal pharmacological activity. Less than 5% of nalmefene is excretedin the urine unchanged. Seventeen percent (17%) of the nalmefene dose is excreted in thefeces. The plasma concentration-time profile in some subjects suggests that nalmefene undergoes enterohepatic recycling..ELIMINATIONAfter intravenous administration of 1 mg REVEX to normal males (ages 19-32), plasma concentrations declined biexponentially with a redistribution and a terminal elimination half-life of 41 ± 34 minutes and 10.8 ± 5.2 hours, respectively. The systemic clearance of nalmefene is 0.8 ± 0.2 L/hr/kg and the renal clearance is 0.08 ± 0.04 L/hr/kg.Special PopulationsELDERLYDose proportionality was observed in nalmefene AUC0-inf following 0.5 to 2 mg intravenous administration to elderly male subjects. Following a 1 mg intravenous nalmefene dose, there were no significant differences between young (19-32 years) and elderly (62-80 years) adult male subjects with respect to plasma clearance, steady-state volume of distribution, or half-life. There was an apparent age-related decrease in the central volume of distribution (young: 3.9 ± 1.1 L/kg, elderly: 2.8 ± 1.1 L/kg) that resulted in a greater initial nalmefene concentration in the elderly group. While initial nalmefene plasma concentrations were transiently higher in the elderly, it would not be anticipated that this population would require dosing adjustment. No clinical adverse events were noted in the elderly following the 1 mg intravenous nalmefene dose. PATIENTS WITH HEPATIC IMPAIRMENTSubjects with hepatic disease, when compared to matched normal controls, had a 28.3% decrease in plasma clearance of nalmefene (0.56 ± 0.21 L/hr/kg versus 0.78 ± 0.24L/hr/kg, respectively). Elimination halflife increased from 10.2 ± 2.2 hours to 11.9 ± 2.0 hours in the hepatically impaired. No dosage adjustment is recommended since nalmefene will be administered as an acute course of therapy.PATIENTS WITH RENAL IMPAIRMENTThere was a statistically significant 27% decrease in plasma clearance of nalmefene in the end-stage renal disease (ESRD) population during interdialysis (0.57 ± 0.20 L/hr/kg) and a 25% decreased plasma clearance in the ESRD population during intradialysis (0.59 ± 0.18 L/hr/kg) compared to normals (0.79 ± 0.24 L/hr/kg). The elimination half-life was prolonged in ESRD patients from 10.2 ± 2.2 hours in normals to 26.1 ± 9.9 hours. (See DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION.)GENDER DIFFERENCESThere has not been sufficient pharmacokinetic study to make a definitive statement as to whether the pharmacokinetics of nalmefene differs between the genders.CLINICAL TRIALSREVEX has been administered to reverse the effects of opioids after general anesthesia and in the treatment of overdose. It has also been used to reverse the systemic effects of intrathecal opioids.Reversal of Postoperative Opioid DepressionREVEX (nalmefene hydrochloride injection) (N=326) was studied in 5 controlled trials in patients who had received morphine or fentanyl intraoperatively. The primary efficacy criterion was the reversal of respiratory depression. A positive reversal was defined asboth an increase in respiratory rate by 5 breaths per minute and a minimum respiratory rate of 12 breaths per minute. Five minutes after administration, initial single REVEX doses of 0.1, 0.25, 0.5, or 1.0 µg/kg had effectively reversed respiratory depression in a dose-dependent manner. Twenty minutes after initial administration, respiratory depression had been effectively reversed in most patients receiving cumulative doses within the recommended range (0.1 to 1.0 µg/kg). Total doses of REVEX above 1.0µg/kg did not increase the therapeutic response. The postoperative administration of REVEX at the recommended doses did not prevent the analgesic response to subsequently administered opioids.Reversal of the Effect of Intrathecally Administered OpioidsIntravenous REVEX at doses of 0.5 and 1.0 µg/kg was administered to 47 patients given intrathecal morphine. One to 2 doses of 0.5 and 1.0 µg/kg REVEX reversed respiratory depression in most patients. The administration of REVEX at the recommended doses did not prevent the analgesic response to subsequently administered opioids. Management of Known or Suspected Opioid OverdoseREVEX (N=284) at doses of 0.5 mg to 2.0 mg was studied in 4 trials of patients who were presumed to have taken an opioid overdose. REVEX doses of 0.5 mg to 1.0 mg effectively reversed respiratory depression within 2 to 5 minutes in most patients subsequently confirmed to have opioid overdose. A total dose greater than 1.5 mg did not increase the therapeutic response.INDICATIONS AND USAGEREVEX is indicated for the complete or partial reversal of opioid drug effects, including respiratory depression, induced by either natural or synthetic opioids.REVEX is indicated in the management of known or suspected opioid overdose. CONTRAINDICATIONSREVEX is contraindicated in patients with a known hypersensitivity to the product. WARNINGSUse of REVEX in EmergenciesREVEX, like all drugs in this class, is not the primary treatment for ventilatory failure. In most emergency settings, treatment with REVEX should follow, not precede, the establishment of a patent airway, ventilatory assistance, administration of oxygen, and establishment of circulatory access.Risk of Recurrent Respiratory DepressionAccidental overdose with long acting opioids [such as methadone and levo-alpha-acetylmethadol (LAAM)] may result in prolonged respiratory depression. Respiratory depression in both the postoperative and overdose setting may be complex and involve the effects of anesthetic agents, neuromuscular blockers, and other drugs. While REVEX has a longer duration of action than naloxone in fully reversing doses, the physician should be aware that a recurrence of respiratory depression is possible, even after an apparently adequate initial response to REVEX treatment.Patients treated with REVEX should be observed until, in the opinion of the physician, there is no reasonable risk of recurrent respiratory depression. PRECAUTIONSGeneralCARDIOVASCULAR RISKS WITH NARCOTIC ANTAGONISTSPulmonary edema, cardiovascular instability, hypotension, hypertension, ventricular tachycardia, and ventricular fibrillation have been reported in connection with opioid reversal in both postoperative and emergency department settings. In many cases, these effects appear to be the result of abrupt reversal of opioid effects.Although REVEX has been used safely in patients with pre-existing cardiac disease, all drugs of this class should be used with caution in patients at high cardiovascular risk or who have received potentially cardiotoxic drugs. (See DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION.)RISK OF PRECIPITATED WITHDRAWALREVEX, like other opioid antagonists, is known to produce acute withdrawal symptoms and, therefore, should be used with extreme caution in patients with known physical dependence on opioids or following surgery involving high doses of opioids. Imprudent use or excessive doses of opioid antagonists in the postoperative setting has been associated with hypertension, tachycardia, and excessive mortality in patients at high risk for cardiovascular complications. (See PRECAUTIONS.)INCOMPLETE REVERSAL OF BUPRENORPHINEPreclinical studies have shown that nalmefene at doses up to 10 mg/kg (437 times the maximum recommended human dose) produced incomplete reversal of buprenorphine-induced analgesia in animal models. This appears to be a consequence of a high affinity and slow displacement of buprenorphine from the opioid receptors. Hence, REVEX may not completely reverse buprenorphine-induced respiratory depression.Drug InteractionsREVEX has been administered after benzodiazepines, inhalational anesthetics, muscle relaxants, and muscle relaxant antagonists administered in conjunction with general anesthesia. It also has been administered in outpatient settings, both in trials in conscious sedation and in the emergency management of overdose following a wide variety of agents. No deleterious interactions have been observed.Preclinical studies have shown that both flumazenil and nalmefene can induce seizures in animals. The coadministration of both flumazenil and nalmefene produced fewer seizures than expected in a study in rodents, based on the expected effects of each drug alone. Based on these data, an adverse interaction from the coadministration of the two drugs is not expected, but physicians should remain aware of the potential risk of seizures from agents in these classes.Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of FertilityNalmefene did not have mutagenic activity in the Ames test with five bacterial strains or the mouse lymphoma assay. Clastogenic activity was not observed in the mouse micronucleus test or in the cytogenic bone marrow assay in rats. However, nalmefene did exhibit a weak but significant clastogenic activity in the human lymphocyte metaphase assay in the absence but not in the presence of exogenous metabolic activation. Oral administration of nalmefene up to 1200 mg/m2/day did not affect fertility, reproductive performance, and offspring survival in rats.Use in PregnancyPREGNANCY CATEGORY BReproduction studies have been performed in rats (up to 1200 mg/m2/day) and rabbits (up to 2400 mg/m2/day) by oral administration of nalmefene and in rabbits by intravenous administration up to 96 mg/m2/day (114 times the human dose). There was no evidence of impaired fertility or harm to the fetus. There are, however, no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women. Because animal reproduction studies are not always predictive of human response, this drug should be used during pregnancy only if clearly needed.Nursing MothersNalmefene and its metabolites were secreted into rat milk, reaching concentrations approximately three times those in plasma at one hour and decreasing to about half the corresponding plasma concentrations by 24 hours following bolus administration. As no clinical information is available, caution should be exercised when REVEX is administered to a nursing woman.Use in Pediatric PatientsSafety and effectiveness of REVEX in pediatric patients have not been established.Use in NeonatesThe safety and effectiveness of REVEX in neonates have not been established in clinical studies. In a preclinical study, nalmefene was administered by subcutaneous injection to rat pups at doses up to 205 mg/m2/day throughout maternal lactation without producing adverse effects. A preclinical study evaluating the irritancy of the dosage form following arterial and venous administration in animals showed no vascular irritancy.REVEX (nalmefene hydrochloride injection) should only be used in the resuscitation of the newborn when, in the opinion of the treating physician, the expected benefits outweigh the risks.Geriatric UseClinical studies of Revex did not include sufficient number of subjects aged 65 and over to determine whether they respond differently from younger subjects. Other reported clinical experience has not identified differences in responses between the elderly and younger patients. In general, dose selection for an elderly patient should be cautious, usually starting at the low end of the dosing range, reflecting the greater frequency of decreased hepatic, renal, or cardiac function, and of concomitant disease or other drug therapy.ADVERSE REACTIONSAdverse event information was obtained following administration of REVEX to 152 normal volunteers and in controlled clinical trials to 1127 patients for the treatment of opioid overdose or for postoperative opioid reversal.Nalmefene was well tolerated and showed no serious toxicity during experimental administration to healthy individuals, even when given at 15 times the highest recommended dose. In a small number of subjects, at doses exceeding the recommendedREVEX dose, nalmefene produced symptoms suggestive of reversal of endogenousopioids, such as have been reported for other narcotic antagonist drugs. These symptoms(nausea, chills, myalgia, dysphoria, abdominal cramps, and joint pain) were usuallytransient and occurred at very low frequency.Such symptoms of precipitated opioid withdrawal at the recommended clinical doseswere seen in both postoperative and overdose patients who were later found to have hadhistories of covert opioid use. Symptoms of precipitated withdrawal were similar to thoseseen with other opioid antagonists, were transient following the lower doses used in thepostoperative setting, and more prolonged following the administration of the largerdoses used in the treatment of overdose.Tachycardia and nausea following the use of nalmefene in the postoperative setting werereported at the same frequencies as for naloxone at equivalent doses. The risk of boththese adverse events was low at doses giving partial opioid reversal and increased withincreases in dose. Thus, total doses larger than 1.0 µg/kg in the postoperative setting and1.5 mg/70 kg in the treatment of overdose are not recommended.Relative Frequencies of Common Adverse ReactionsWith an Incidence Greater than 1%(all patients, all clinical settings)Adverse EventNalmefene Naloxone PlaceboN=1127N=369N=776% Nausea 18%18%Vomiting 9% 7% 4%- Tachycardia 5%8%- Hypertension 5%7%Postoperative pain 4% 4% N/A- Fever 3%4%Dizziness 3% 4% 1%Headache 1% 1% 4%Chills 1%-1%- Hypotension 1%1%- Vasodilatation 1%1%Incidence less than 1%CARDIOVASCULAR: Bradycardia, arrhythmiaDIGESTIVE: Diarrhea, dry mouthNERVOUS SYSTEM: Somnolence, depression, agitation, nervousness, tremor,confusion, withdrawal syndrome, myoclonusRESPIRATORY: PharyngitisSKIN: PruritusUROGENITAL: Urinary retentionThe incidence of adverse events was highest in patients who received more than therecommended dose of REVEX.Laboratory findings: Transient increases in CPK were reported as adverse events in 0.5%of the postoperative patients studied. These increases were believed to be related tosurgery and not believed to be related to the administration of REVEX. Increases in AST were reported as adverse events in 0.3% of the patients receiving either nalmefene or naloxone. The clinical significance of this finding is unknown. No cases of hepatitis or hepatic injury due to either nalmefene or naloxone were observed in the clinical trials. DRUG ABUSE AND DEPENDENCEREVEX is an opioid antagonist with no agonist activity. It has no demonstrated abuse potential, is not addictive, and is not a controlled substance.OVERDOSAGEIntravenous doses of up to 24 mg of nalmefene, administered to healthy volunteers in the absence of opioid agonists, produced no serious adverse reactions, severe signs or symptoms, or clinically significant laboratory abnormalities. As with all opioid antagonists, use in patients physically dependent on opioids can result in precipitated withdrawal reactions that may result in symptoms that require medical attention. Treatment of such cases should be symptomatic and supportive. Administration of large amounts of opioids to patients receiving opioid antagonists in an attempt to overcome a full blockade has resulted in adverse respiratory and circulatory reactions.DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATIONImportant Information - Dosage FormsREVEX is supplied in two concentrations that can be identified by their color coded container labels: a concentration suitable for postoperative use (100 µg/mL) in a blue labeled ampul containing ONE (1) mL and a concentration suitable for the management of overdose (1 mg/mL, 10 times as concentrated, 20 times as much drug) in a green labeled ampul containing TWO (2) mL. Proper steps should be taken to prevent use of the incorrect concentration.General PrinciplesREVEX should be titrated to reverse the undesired effects of opioids. Once adequate reversal has been established, additional administration is not required and may actually be harmful due to unwanted reversal of analgesia or precipitated withdrawal.Duration of ActionThe duration of action of REVEX is as long as most opioid analgesics. The apparent duration of action of REVEX will vary, however, depending on the half-life and plasma concentration of the narcotic being reversed, the presence or absence of other drugs affecting the brain or muscles of respiration, and the dose of REVEX administered. Partially reversing doses of REVEX (1 µg/kg) lose their effect as the drug is redistributed through the body, and the effects of these low doses may not last more than 30-60 minutes in the presence of persistent opioid effects. Fully reversing doses (1 mg/70 kg) have been shown to last many hours in both experimental and clinical studies, but may complicate the management of patients who are in pain, at high cardiovascular risk, or who are physically dependent on opioids.The recommended doses represent a compromise between a desirable controlled reversal and the need for prompt response and adequate duration of action. Using higher dosages or shorter intervals between incremental doses is likely to increase the incidence and severity of symptoms related to acute withdrawal such as nausea, vomiting, elevated blood pressure, and anxiety.Patients Tolerant to or Physically Dependent on OpioidsREVEX may cause acute withdrawal symptoms in individuals who have some degree of tolerance to and dependence on opioids. These patients should be closely observed for symptoms of withdrawal following administration of the initial and subsequent injections of REVEX. Subsequent doses should be administered with intervals of at least 2-5 minutes between doses to allow the full effect of each incremental dose of REVEX to be reached.Recommended Doses for Reversal of Postoperative Opioid Depression Use 100 µg/mL dosage strength (blue label) and see Table 2 for initial doses.The goal of treatment with REVEX in the postoperative setting is to achieve reversal of excessive opioid effects without inducing a complete reversal and acute pain. This is best accomplished with an initial dose of 0.25 µg/kg followed by 0.25 µg/kg incremental doses at 2-5 minute intervals, stopping as soon as the desired degree of opioid reversal is obtained. A cumulative total dose above 1.0 µg/kg does not provide additional therapeutic effect.Table 2: Reversal of Postoperative Opioid DepressionmL of REVEXBody Weight100 µg/mL Solution50 kg 0.12560 kg 0.15070 kg 0.17580 kg 0.20090 kg 0.225100 kg 0.250In cases where the patient is known to be at increased cardiovascular risk, it may be desirable to dilute REVEX 1:1 with saline or sterile water and use smaller initial and incremental doses of 0.1 µg/kg.Management of Known or Suspected Opioid OverdoseUse 1.0 mg/mL dosage strength (green label).The recommended initial dose of REVEX for non-opioid dependent patients is 0.5 mg/70 kg. If needed, this may be followed by a second dose of 1.0 mg/70 kg, 2-5 minutes later. If a total dose of 1.5 mg /70 kg has been administered without clinical response, additional REVEX (nalmefene hydrochloride injection) is unlikely to have an effect. Patients should not be given more REVEX than is required to restore the respiratory rate to normal, thus minimizing the likelihood of cardiovascular stress and precipitated withdrawal syndrome.If there is a reasonable suspicion of opioid dependency, a challenge dose of REVEX 0.1 mg/70 kg should be administered initially. If there is no evidence of withdrawal in 2 minutes, the recommended dosing should be followed.REVEX had no effect in cases where opioids were not responsible for sedation and hypoventilation. Therefore, patients should only be treated with REVEX when thelikelihood of an opioid overdose is high, based on a history of opioid overdose or the clinical presentation of respiratory depression with concurrent pupillary constriction. Repeated DosingREVEX is the longest acting of the currently available parenteral opioid antagonists. If recurrence of respiratory depression does occur, the dose should again be titrated to clinical effect using incremental doses to avoid over-reversal.Hepatic and Renal DiseaseHepatic disease and renal failure substantially reduce the clearance of nalmefene (see Pharmacokinetics). For single episodes of opioid antagonism, adjustment of REVEX dosage is not required. However, in patients with renal failure, the incremental doses should be delivered slowly (over 60 seconds) to minimize the hypertension and dizziness reported following the abrupt administration of nalmefene to such patients.Loss of Intravenous AccessShould intravenous access be lost or not readily obtainable, a pharmacokinetic study has shown that a single dose of REVEX should be effective within 5-15 minutes after intramuscular or subcutaneous doses of 1.0 mg. (See Pharmacokinetics.)SAFETY AND HANDLINGREVEX is distributed in sealed ampuls which represent no known risk to health care workers. As with all parenterals, care should be taken to prevent the generation and inhalation of aerosols during preparation and use. Dermal absorption of spilled REVEX should be prevented by prompt removal of contaminated clothing and rinsing the skin thoroughly with cool water.Parenteral drug products should be inspected visually for particulate matter and discoloration prior to administration, whenever solution and container permit.HOW SUPPLIEDREVEX (nalmefene hydrochloride injection) is available in the following presentations: An ampul containing 1 mL of 100 µg/mL nalmefene base (Blue Label) Box of 10 (NDC 10019-315-21)An ampul containing 2 mL of 1 mg/mL nalmefene base (Green Label) Box of 10 (NDC 10019-311-22)Store at controlled room temperature.REVEX is a registered trademark of Ivax Laboratories, Inc.Baxter is a trademark of Baxter International, Inc.Manufactured forBaxter Healthcare CorporationDeerfield, IL 60015 USAby: Taylor PharmaceuticalsDecatur, IL 62525For Product Inquiry 1 800 ANA DRUG (1-800-262-3784)U.S. Patent No. 4,535,157MLT-01167/1.011。
纳美芬-抒纳
2.1阿片受体拮抗药
纳洛酮（naloxone）；纳曲酮(naltrexone)，主 要用于对已解除阿片类药物毒瘾者的康复期辅 助治疗 ，以口服为主；纳美芬(Nalmefene， NMF)等。 对各型阿片受体有拮抗作用，其本身无明显药 理效应及毒性。
2.2.1盐酸纳美芬优越的阿片受体拮抗剂
2.2.2盐酸纳美芬与纳曲酮、纳洛酮的比较
2.2.3纳洛酮的缺陷
①对κ受体的低选择性 ——脑干保护剂 由于κ受体主要分布于大脑内，所以脑保护和脑复 苏的关键是阻断大脑内的κ受体。 纳洛酮主要为μ受体拮抗剂，对μ受体的结合力强， 对κ、δ受体的结合力很弱，所以用于脑保护和脑 复苏时，纳洛酮主要治疗靶点在脑干而不在全脑。
——J. Neurotrauma. 1997 Dec;14(12):931-41.
2.3.5安全性研究
对健康用药者，即使剂量达到推荐剂量的15 倍或以上，没有出现严重的不良反应。 对未使用过阿片类拮抗剂的健康志愿者静注 24mg纳美芬(=240支)，未产生严重不良反应。 美国临床试验时，试用1750例病人未发现其 导致疾病或死亡； 本公司产品在我国218例临床试验中，仅1例 出现轻度头痛，且继续用药症状消失。
损伤：脑外伤和出血，失血 70% 治疗：纳美芬/特尼札特/CG3703/多巴胺/安慰剂 监测：复苏0、60和120min 时脑血流量及脑电图 结果：纳美芬和CG3703组在复苏0时脑血流量和 氧输送明显增加，其它组明显降低。在60和120分 钟时，纳美芬组脑电图活性保持不变，但是其它组 变化显著。 结论：纳美芬阻止脑外伤和脑出血后的大脑氧输送 和脑电图活性的降低。
内源性阿片肽与脑损伤
盐酸纳美芬注射液说明书乐萌精修订
盐酸纳美芬注射液说明书乐萌SANY标准化小组 #QS8QHH-HHGX8Q8-GNHHJ8-HHMHGN#盐酸纳美芬注射液说明书【药品名称】通用名称：盐酸纳美芬注射液汉语拼音： Yansuan Nameifen Zhusheye商品名：乐萌英文名： Nalmefene Hydrochloride Injection【成份】1. 本品主要成份为盐酸纳美芬，化学名称： 17-环丙甲基-4,5α-环氧-6-亚甲基吗啡喃-3,14-二醇盐酸盐化学结构式：分子式： C21H25NO3·HCl分子量：375.9CAS No.：58895-64-02. 辅料：氯化钠、注射用水【性状】本品为无色的澄明液体。
【适应症】纳美芬用于完全或部分逆转阿片类药物的作用，包括由天然的或合成的阿片类药物引起的呼吸抑制。
【规格】1ml:0.1mg（以C21H25NO3计）【用法用量】纳美芬注射液一般为静注，也可肌注或皮下注射。
一般原则：本品可通过剂量滴定逆转不期望的阿片类作用。
因为不期望逆转痛觉缺失而引起危害或产生撤药反应，一旦达到了足够的逆转效果，就不应继续用药。
逆转术后阿片类药物抑制的推荐剂量：使用100μg/mL的剂量浓度，见表1的初始剂量。
术后使用纳美芬治疗的目的是为了逆转阿片类药物过度的抑制作用，而不是引起完全的逆转和急性疼痛。
初始剂量为0.25μg/kg，2-5分钟后可增加剂量0.25μg/kg，当达到了预期的阿片类药物逆转作用后立即停药。
累积剂量大于1.0μg/kg不会增加疗效。
对已知的心血管高危患者用药时，应将本品与氯化钠注射液或无菌注射用水按1：1的比例稀释，并使用0.1μg/kg作为初始剂量和增加剂量。
对阿片类药物耐受或产生躯体依赖的患者：纳美芬对阿片类药物耐受或躯体依赖的患者能引起急性戒断症状。
在初次或持续用药时应密切观察这些患者是否出现戒断症状。
至少应在2-5分钟后再次用药，以增加剂量达到最大疗效。
盐酸纳美芬注射液说明书
中性低硼硅玻璃安瓿，2支/小盒；10小盒/中盒；10中盒/箱。
包装盒图
有 效 期
24个月。
执行标准
批准文号
生产企业
企业名称：灵宝市豫西药业有限责任公司
-
发生率低于1%的不良反应
心血管系统：心动过缓、心律失常
消化道：腹泻、口干
神经系统：嗜睡、神经衰弱、激动、神经过敏、震颤、意识错乱、戒断症状、肌痉挛
呼吸道：咽炎
皮肤：瘙痒
泌尿道：尿潴留
在本品的使用剂量超过推荐剂量时，不良反应发生率增高。
实验室结果：据报道对术后用药患者进行的研究中，CPK值一过性增高，发生率为%。研究认为该值的增高与手术有关而与纳美芬的使用无关。使用纳美芬或纳洛酮的患者中有%出现AST增高。还不知道该发现是否具有临床意义。在临床试验中未观察到纳美芬或纳洛酮引起的肝炎或肝损伤。
纳美芬为阿片受体拮抗剂，是纳曲酮的6-亚甲基类似物。纳美芬能抑制或逆转阿片药物的呼吸抑制、镇静和低血压作用。药效学研究显示，在完全逆转剂量下纳美芬的作用持续时间长于纳洛酮。纳美芬无阿片激动活性，不产生呼吸抑制、致幻效应或瞳孔缩小。在无阿片激动剂存在时给予纳美芬未见药理学作用。
研究中未见纳美芬的耐受性、躯体依赖性或滥用倾向。在阿片依赖者中，纳美芬可产生急性戒断症状。
发生率不超过1%的常见不良反应（所有患者、所用临床病例）
不良发应
纳美芬
（1127例）
纳洛酮
（369例）
安慰剂
（77例）
恶心
18%
18%
6%
呕吐
9%
7%
4%
心动过速
5%
8%
-
高血压
5%
7%
-
术后痛
盐酸纳美芬注射液说明手册
肌注或皮下注射纳美芬与静注纳美芬是生物等效的。肌注和皮下注射的绝对生物利用度分别为101.5±8.1%和99.7±6.9%。肌注2.3±1.1小时后、皮下注射1.5±1.2小时后纳美芬达最大血药浓度，紧急情况下静注1mg剂量在5～15分钟内就可达到治疗浓度。
纳美芬分布迅速，用药后5分钟内可阻断80%的大脑阿片类受体。在浓度为0.1～2g/ml时，其血浆蛋白结合率为45%。纳美芬主要通过肝脏代谢，与葡萄糖醛酸化合物结合形成无活性的代谢物随尿液排出。5%以下的原形药物随尿液排出，17%的纳美芬通过粪便排出。纳美芬静注后的半衰期为10.8±5.2小时，在全身和肾脏的清除率分别为0.8±0.2L/hr/kg和0.08±0.04L/hr/kg。
结构式
分子式
C21H25NO3?HCl
分子量
375.9
性状
本品为无色澄明液体。
适应症
纳美芬用于完全或部分逆转阿片类物质效应，包括由天然的或合成的阿片类物质引起的呼吸抑制。
用法用量
纳美芬注射液一般为静注，也可肌注或皮下注射。
一般原则
本品可通过剂量滴定逆转不期望的阿片类作用。因为不期望逆转痛觉缺失而引起危害或产生撤药反应，一旦达到了足够的逆转效果，就不应继续用药。
逆转术后阿片类药物抑制的推荐剂量：
使用100g/ml的剂量浓度，见表1的初始剂量。
表1：逆转术后阿片类药物的抑制作用
体重
纳美芬使用的ml（100g/ml的浓度）
50kg
0.125
60kg
0.150
70kg
0.175
80kg
0.200
90kg
0.美芬治疗的目的是为了逆转阿片类药物过度的抑制作用，而不是引起完全的逆转和急性疼痛。
盐酸纳美芬注射液
盐酸纳美芬注射液【药品名称】通用名：盐酸纳美芬注射液汉语拼音：Yansuan Namei Zhusheye英文名：Nalmefene Hydrochloride Injection【成分】本品主要成分为盐酸纳美芬【性状】本品为无色成名液体【适应症】纳美芬用于完全或部分逆转阿片类药物的作用，包括由天然的或合成的阿片类药物引起的呼吸抑制。
【规格】1ml:0.1mg(以C21H25NO3计)【用法用量】纳美芬注射液一般为静注，也可肌注或皮下注射。
用于术后阿片样物质抑制：静脉注射，使用1ml∶0.1mg规格的制剂。
初始剂量0.25µg/kg，2～5min后再给0.25µg/kg补充，呈现阿片逆转作用后立即停止给药。
累计剂量超过1µg/kg不会增加治疗效应。
在已知可能增加患者心血管危险的情况下，可将本品用生理盐水或灭菌用水进行1∶1稀释，并使用0.1µg/ml这样较小的初始及补充剂量。
用于已知或怀疑使用阿片样物质过量：静脉注射，使用2ml∶2mg规格的制剂。
初始剂量0.5mg/70kg，如有必要，2～5min后给予第2个剂量。
如总剂量达到1.5mg/70kg仍无临床作用，则增加剂量也不会起作用。
当呼吸频率达到正常情况后，就应停止给药，以尽可能减少发生心血管危险与催促戒断综合征的几率。
对与阿片样物质无关的镇静及低血压的病例，本品不产生作用。
因此，只有根据患者使用阿片样物质过量的历史或呼吸抑制并伴随瞳孔收缩的临床特征判断阿片样物质过量的可能性较高情况下，才给患者使用本品进行治疗。
【药品详细说明】本品为纯粹的阿片受体拮抗剂，本身无内在活性，但能竞争性拮抗μ、κ、δ阿片受体，其中与μ受体的亲和力最强。
本品可预防或逆转阿片效应，包括呼吸抑制、镇静及低血压。
药效学研究显示纳美芬比纳洛酮的作用持续时间更长。
本品不具有产生呼吸抑制、拟精神或缩瞳作用。
本品不产生耐受性、躯体依赖性和滥用潜力。
盐酸纳布啡注射液说明书
盐酸纳布啡注射液说明书 Ting Bao was revised on January 6, 20021盐酸纳布啡注射液核准日期：2013年11月27日修改日期：2014年04月28日【药品名称】通用名称：盐酸纳布啡注射液?商品名：瑞静英文名：NalbuphineHydrochlorideInjection【成份】本品主要成份为盐酸纳布啡。
化学名称:(-)-17-(环丁烷甲基)-4，5α-环氧吗啡-3，6α，14-羟基盐酸盐倍半水合物。
化学结构式为:分子式:C21H27NO4·HCl·11/2H2O分子量:420.93本品的辅料:枸橼酸，枸橼酸钠，氯化钠。
【性状】本品为无色的澄明液体。
【适应症】盐酸纳布啡作为复合麻醉时诱导麻醉的辅助用药。
【规格】2ml:20mg【用量用法】诱导麻醉时，盐酸纳布啡的用量为0.2mg/kg，应在10---15分钟内静脉输注完。
使用盐酸纳布啡注射液过程中，若出现呼吸抑制现象，可用阿片受体拮抗剂纳洛酮逆转。
【不良反应】据国外文献报道，临床用纳布啡治疗中，最常见的不良反应为镇静，临床1066例接受该药治疗的患者381例出现了镇静（发生率为36%）。
不常见的不良反应包括：多汗99例（9%），恶心/呕吐68例（6%）、眩晕58例（5%）、口干44例（4%）和头痛27例（3%）。
此外还可发生一些罕见的不良反应（报道的发生率为1%或更低）中枢神经系统效应：神经质、抑郁、坐立不安、烦躁尖叫、欣快、敌意、多梦、精神错乱、晕厥、幻觉、焦虑、悲观、麻木、麻刺感，心理反应，如非真实感、人格解体、妄想、焦虑和幻觉的发生率较使用喷他佐辛时低。
心血管系统：高血压、低血压、心动过缓、心动过速；消化系统：胃肠绞痛、消化不良、口苦；呼吸系统：呼吸抑制、呼吸困难、哮喘；皮肤：瘙痒、干燥、荨麻疹；其他症状：吐字不清、尿急、视物模糊、面部潮红；过敏反应：在使用纳布啡过程中可出现过敏反应。
自费药物说明书
立必复(甲磺酸多拉司琼注射液)商品名称：立必复通用名称：甲磺酸多拉司琼注射液主要成份：甲磺酸多拉司琼化学名称：1H-吲哚-3-羧酸，八氢-3-氧-2，6-亚甲基-2H-喹嗪-8-（2α，6α，8α，9αβ）-单甲烷磺酸盐一水合物。
结构式：分子本品适用于肿瘤治疗药物引起的恶心或呕吐，也可用于预防和治疗手术后的恶心或用法：甲磺酸多拉司琼注射液可以100mg/30秒的速度快速静注或用相容的注射溶媒（0.9%氯化钠注射液或5%葡萄糖注射液）稀释至50ml输注15分钟以上。
稀释后的溶液在正常光照条件下室温24小时或冷藏48小时内稳定。
甲磺酸多拉司琼注射液不能与其它药物混合使用，输注前后要冲洗输液通道。
推荐剂量： 1.预防肿瘤化疗引起的恶心和呕吐成人：化疗前30分钟静注单剂量1.8mg/kg甲磺酸多拉司琼注射液；或者大多数患者可以使用固定剂量100mg，静注30秒以上。
儿童患者：2-16岁儿童患者建议在化疗前30分钟静注单剂量1.8mg/kg甲磺酸多拉司琼注射液，最大量不超过100mg。
2岁以下儿童用药的安全性和疗效尚未确立。
甲磺酸多拉司琼注射液与苹果汁或苹果-葡萄汁混合后可用于儿童患者口服，2-16岁儿童患者推荐口服剂量是1.8mg/kg，最大量不超过100mg，在化疗前1小时内口服。
稀释后室温下可以保存2小时。
老年患者、肾功能衰竭患者或肝功能障碍患者：无需调整剂量。
2.预防或治疗手术后恶心和/或呕吐成人：外科手术麻醉停止前约15分钟（预防）或刚出现恶心、呕吐时（治疗）静注单剂量甲磺酸多拉司琼注射液12.5mg。
儿童患者：外科手术麻醉停止15分钟或刚出现恶心、呕吐时，2-16岁儿童静注单剂量甲磺酸多拉司琼注射液0.35mg/kg，最大量不超过12.5mg。
2岁以下儿童用药的安全性和疗效尚未确立。
甲磺酸多拉司琼注射液与苹果汁或苹果-葡萄汁混合后可用于儿童患者口服，2-16岁儿童患者推荐口服剂量是1.2mg/kg，最大量不超过100mg，在术前2小时内口服。
盐酸纳美芬注射液幻灯
6 5 4 3 2 1 0
40min 5min
抒纳
依达拉奉
神经节苷脂
摘自各药物原版说明书 Health Life——健康生活 从这里开始
同类对比
促醒 解除呼吸抑制
神经保护
醒脑静
纳洛酮 依达拉奉 神经节苷脂
√
√ ---
-√ √ √
无神经保护作用
神经保护作用弱 作用单一 作用单一
纳美芬
√
√
作用全面
Health Life——健康生活 从这里开始
纳美芬弥补纳洛酮临床上的不足
纳美芬
解除呼吸抑制
神经保护 半衰期
纳洛酮
1
1 1h
作用对比
4
28 6-8h
纳美芬日给药次数更 少，总给药剂量更小
Health Life——健康生活 从这里开始
纳美芬临床应用
Health Life——健康生活 从这里开始
用法用量
用法：静注、静滴、肌注、皮下注射
用量：
激动剂竞争性结合μ 、κ 和δ 受体的半数抑制浓度(IC50)。
IC50(nM) of 3 opiate antagonists in binding to brain membranes
[3H]-DHM Nalmefene Naloxone Naltrexone 1.0 3.5 0.9 [3H]-EKC 5.1 60 10 [3H]-DADLE 6.1 26 10
计算得出：纳美芬与μ 受体的亲和力是纳洛酮的4倍，与κ 受体的亲和
力是纳洛酮的28倍，能更强效的阻断内阿片肽的病理效应。
Michel ME et al. Meth and Find Clin Pharmacol 1985;7(4):175-177
盐酸纳美芬注射液说明书乐萌
盐酸纳美芬注射液说明书【药品名称】通用名称：盐酸纳美芬注射液汉语拼音：Yan sua n Nameife n Zhusheye商品名：乐萌英文名：Nalmefe ne Hydrochloride Injection【成份】1.本品主要成份为盐酸纳美芬，化学名称：二醇盐酸盐化学结构式：分子式：C21H25NO3 HCI分子量：375.9CAS No. : 58895-64-02.辅料：氯化钠、注射用水【性状】本品为无色的澄明液体。
【适应症】纳美芬用于完全或部分逆转阿片类药物的作用，包括由天然的或合成的阿片类药物引起的呼吸抑制。
【规格】1ml:0.1mg （以C21H25NO3 计）【用法用量】纳美芬注射液一般为静注，也可肌注或皮下注射。
一般原则：本品可通过剂量滴定逆转不期望的阿片类作用。
因为不期望逆转痛觉缺失而引起危害或产生撤药反应，一旦达到了足够的逆转效果，就不应继续用药。
逆转术后阿片类药物抑制的推荐剂量：使用100卩g/mL的剂量浓度，见表1的初始剂量。
术后使用纳美芬治疗的目的是为了逆转阿片类药物过度的抑制作用，而不是引起完全的逆转和急性疼痛。
初始剂量为0.25卩g/kg 2-5分钟后可增加剂量0.25卩g/kg当达到了预期的阿片类药物逆转作用后立即停药。
累积剂量大于1.0卩g/k环会增加疗效。
0. L2&(\ inf)0. 175u jjn0.2250.25017-环丙甲基-4,5 «环氧-6-亚甲基吗啡喃-3,14-对已知的心血管高危患者用药时，应将本品与氯化钠注射液或无菌注射用水按1：1 的比例稀释，并使用0.1卩g/kg乍为初始剂量和增加剂量。
对阿片类药物耐受或产生躯体依赖的患者：纳美芬对阿片类药物耐受或躯体依赖的患者能引起急性戒断症状。
在初次或持续用药时应密切观察这些患者是否出现戒断症状。
至少应在2-5 分钟后再次用药，以增加剂量达到最大疗效。
重复用药：如果复发呼吸抑制，应再增加剂量来达到临床治疗效果，增加剂量时应避免过度逆转。
盐酸纳美芬注射液说明书(乐萌)
盐酸纳美芬注射液说明书【药品名称】通用名称：盐酸纳美芬注射液汉语拼音：Yansuan Nameifen Zhusheye商品名：乐萌英文名：Nalmefene Hydrochloride Injection【成份】本品主要成份为盐酸纳美芬，辅料为氯化钠、注射用水化学名称：17-环丙甲基-4,5α-环氧-6-亚甲基吗啡喃-3,14-二醇盐酸盐化学结构式：分子式：C21H25NO3·HCl分子量：375.9【性状】本品为无色的澄明液体。
【适应症】纳美芬用于完全或部分逆转阿片类药物的作用，包括由天然的或合成的阿片类药物引起的呼吸抑制。
【规格】1ml:0.1mg（以C21H25NO3计）【用法用量】纳美芬注射液一般为静注，也可肌注或皮下注射。
一般原则：本品可通过剂量滴定逆转不期望的阿片类作用。
因为不期望逆转痛觉缺失而引起危害或产生撤药反应，一旦达到了足够的逆转效果，就不应继续用药。
逆转术后阿片类药物抑制的推荐剂量：使用100μg/mL的剂量浓度，见表1的初始剂量。
术后使用纳美芬治疗的目的是为了逆转阿片类药物过度的抑制作用，而不是引起完全的逆转和急性疼痛。
初始剂量为0.25μg/kg，2-5分钟后可增加剂量0.25μg/kg，当达到了预期的阿片类药物逆转作用后立即停药。
累积剂量大于1.0μg/kg不会增加疗效。
表1对已知的心血管高危患者用药时，应将本品与氯化钠注射液或无菌注射用水按1：1的比例稀释，并使用0.1μg/kg作为初始剂量和增加剂量。
对阿片类药物耐受或产生躯体依赖的患者：纳美芬对阿片类药物耐受或躯体依赖的患者能引起急性戒断症状。
在初次或持续用药时应密切观察这些患者是否出现戒断症状。
至少应在2-5分钟后再次用药，以增加剂量达到最大疗效。
重复用药：如果复发呼吸抑制，应再增加剂量来达到临床治疗效果，增加剂量时应避免过度逆转。
【不良反应】对健康者用药者，即使剂量达到推荐剂量的15倍或15倍以上，纳美芬的耐受性都很好、没有出现严重的不良反应。
279例盐酸纳美芬注射液临床使用分析
纳美芬是一种新型纯阿片受体拮抗剂，对各种阿片受体（μ、κ、α受体）均有作用，与阿片受体结合效能是纳洛酮的4倍，且单次静脉等效剂量给药可获得更长的作用时间，即在完全逆转剂量下纳美芬的作用持续时间长于纳洛酮[1]。
由于其在拮抗阿片药物的呼吸抑制、镇静和低血压作用方面有明显优势，目前广泛用于临床，尤其是术后促醒和神经外科领域。
该药于1995年获得美国食品药品监督管理局（FDA）批准上市，但因商业原因已在美国退市。
然而，该药在我国用量较大，应用范围之广需引起警惕。
为了解该药物目前的使用现状，规范盐酸纳美芬注射液在我院的合理使用，笔者采用回顾性分析方法，调取2019年6月– 12月在我院使用盐酸纳美芬注射液患者的病例资料并进行合理性评价，旨在促进该药在临床的合理使用。
1 资料与方法采用回顾性研究的方法，调取我院2019年6月1日– 12月31日使用盐酸纳美芬注射液的住院患者病例资料，共纳入279例患者，收集患者的性别、年龄、体质量、住院时间、科室和出院诊断等信息，排除医嘱作废的患者资料。
通过查阅电子病历，提取患者使用盐酸纳美芬注射液的剂量、给药方法，根据国家药品监督管理局（National Medical Products Administration，NMPA）批准的盐酸纳美芬注射液药品说明书（商品名称：乐萌，规格为1 mL∶500 μg，成都天台山制药有限公司）进行合理性评价，主要包括用药适应证、疗程、用法用量等。
2 结果2.1 一般情况我院自2019年6月1日– 12月31日使用盐酸·药物利用分析·279例盐酸纳美芬注射液临床使用分析安胜男，任文静，付桂英（解放军总医院医疗保障中心派驻第五医学中心药剂科，北京 100073）[摘要] 目的：了解并评价盐酸纳美芬注射液在我院住院患者中临床应用的合理性，为临床合理用药提供参考。
方法：采用回顾性分析方法，调取我院2019年6月– 12月期间使用盐酸纳美芬注射液住院患者的信息，收集患者性别、年龄、科室、临床诊断、药物用法用量、疗程等数据，对上述指标进行统计分析，评价用药合理性。
盐酸纳美酚注射液(乐萌)阿片受体拮抗剂
全新一代阿片受体拮抗剂--纳美芬
1995年被美国医院药师联合会(ASHP)推荐为纳洛酮的取代药物
纳美芬的三大特点
速 强
效 效
“三大特点” 满足临床所需
安 全
速效
迅速解除中枢性呼吸抑制及循环抑制
脂溶性高，分子量小(375.9) 分布迅速，给药后迅速透过血脑屏障 2min起效，5min内可阻断80%的大脑 阿片受体
纳美芬改善感染性休克患者的预后
25 20.6 20 APACHEⅡ评分 15 10 5 0 治疗前
乐萌组
22.9
21.7 16.1
P<0.05
*
治疗后
生理盐水组
结论：乐萌显著降低了患者的APACHE Ⅱ评分。
注：APACHE Ⅱ——血流动力学、急性生理学与慢性健康状况评分系统Ⅱ
中国危重病急救医学，2010年
含 量
Байду номын сангаас**
P<0.05
*
0h
1h
3h
6h
12h
24h
休克发生后时间
中毒患者血浆β-内啡肽是正常人的2倍
250
农药中毒患者β-EP含量(pg/ml)
202 200 150 107.4 100 50 0
*
207.1
*
227.1
*
*P＜0.05
对照组
轻度组
中度组
重度组
应激情况下患者血浆β-内啡肽含量明显升高，且中毒程度越严重，β-内啡肽 含量越高。
感知和运动功能障碍
呼吸抑制 循环抑制
μ受体
δ受体
心血管功能抑制
Cox BM. Life Sci 1982;31:1645-1658
盐酸纳美芬注射液说明书
盐酸纳美芬注射液说明书一金美芬
逆转术后阿片类药物抑制的推荐剂量：
使用100 g/ml的剂量浓度，见表1的初始剂量
表1 ：逆转术后阿片类药物的抑制作用
术后使用纳美芬治疗的目的是为了逆转阿片类药物过度的抑制作用，而不是引起完全的逆转和急性疼痛。
初始剂量为0.25 g/kg , 2〜5min后可增加剂量
0.25 g/kg，当达到了预期的阿片类药物逆转作用后立即停药。
累计剂量大于1.0 g/kg不会增加疗效。
对已知的心血管高危患者用药时，应将本品与氯化钠注射液或无菌注射用水按 1 ：1的比例稀释，并使用0.1 g/kg作为初始剂量和增加剂量。
对阿片类药物耐受或产生躯体依赖的患者：
纳美芬对阿片类药物耐受或躯体依赖的患者能引起急性戒断症状。
在初次或持续用药时应密切观察这些患者是否出现戒断症状。
至少应在2〜5分钟后再次用药, 以增加剂量达到最大疗效。
床病例）。
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不良发应
纳美芬
（1127例）
纳洛酮
（369例）
安慰剂
（77例）
恶心
18%
18%
6%
呕吐
9%
7%
4%
心动过速
5%
8%
-
高血压
5%
7%
-
术后痛
4%
4%
N/A
发烧
3%
4%
-
头晕
3%
4%
1%
头痛
1%
1%
4%
寒战
1%
1%
-
低血压
1%
1%
-
血管扩张
1%
1%
结构式
分子式
C21H25NO3•HCl
分子量
375.9
性状
本品为无色澄明液体。
适应症
纳美芬用于完全或部分逆转阿片类物质效应，包括由天然的或合成的阿片类物质引起的呼吸抑制。
用法用量
纳美芬注射液一般为静注，也可肌注或皮下注射。
一般原则
本品可通过剂量滴定逆转不期望的阿片类作用。因为不期望逆转痛觉缺失而引起危害或产生撤药反应，一旦达到了足够的逆转效果，就不应继续用药。
禁忌
纳美芬禁用于药物过敏患者。
注意事项
1、紧急使用纳美芬注射液
本品与其他同类药一样，不是治疗通气衰竭的主要手段。在大部分紧急情况下，应首先建立人工气道、辅助通气、给氧和建立循环通道。
2、复发呼吸抑制的危险
长期使用阿片类药物[如美沙酮和左-a-醋美沙朵（LAAM）]可能延长呼吸抑制。因为受到麻醉剂、神经肌肉抑制剂和其他药物的作用影响，术后和药物过量后出现的呼吸抑制都很复杂。同时，纳美芬的作用时间较纳洛酮长，应提醒医生注意可能出现呼吸抑制的复发，即使在最初时用了足够的纳美芬治疗后也用注意。使用纳美芬治疗的患者应持续观察，直到医生认为患者复发呼吸抑制的发生率很低时。
盐酸纳美芬注射液说明书—金美芬
盐酸纳美芬注射液说明书信息
请仔细阅读说明书并在医师指导下使用。
药品名称
盐酸纳美芬注射液
英文名
Nalmefene Hydrochloride Injection
汉语拼音
Yansuan Nameifen Zhusheye
主要成分
盐酸纳美芬，辅料为氯化钠、注射用水。
化学名称
17-环丙甲基-4,5α-环氧-6-亚甲基吗啡喃-3,14-二醇盐酸盐。
药动学
肌注或皮下注射纳美芬与静注纳美芬是生物等效的。肌注和皮下注射的绝对生物利用度分别为101.5±8.1%和99.7±6.9%。肌注2.3±1.1小时后、皮下注射1.5±1.2小时后纳美芬达最大血药浓度，紧急情况下静注1mg剂量在5～15分钟内就可达到治疗浓度。
纳美芬分布迅速，用药后5分钟内可阻断80%的大脑阿片类受体。在浓度为0.1～2g/ml时，其血浆蛋白结合率为45%。纳美芬主要通过肝脏代谢，与葡萄糖醛酸化合物结合形成无活性的代谢物随尿液排出。5%以下的原形药物随尿液排出，17%的纳美芬通过粪便排出。纳美芬静注后的半衰期为10.8±5.2小时，在全身和肾脏的清除率分别为0.8±0.2L/hr/kg和0.08±0.04L/hr/kg。
孕妇及哺
乳期用药
在生殖试验中，对大鼠和兔子分别口服纳美芬1200mg/m2/day和2400mg/m2/day，对兔子静注纳美芬96mg/m2/day（人用剂量的114倍），未发现对生殖能力的影响和对胎儿的危害。不过，还未对妊娠妇女进行足够的相关对照试验。因为根据动物的生殖试验结果不能预测人类的反应，因此在确定必须使用本品时才能用于妊娠患者。
药物相互
作用
在使用苯二氮卓类、吸入性麻醉剂、肌肉松弛剂及肌肉松弛拮抗剂后使用纳美芬会引起感觉缺失。本品还可用于门诊病人，用于有意识的镇静患者和多种药物过量使用的紧急情况。未观察到有害的药物相互作用。
临床前试验显示氟马西尼和纳美芬能诱发动物的癫痫发作。联用氟马西尼和纳美芬产生的癫痫发作比在啮齿动物试验中预计的少，因为单独使用药物就可以达到预期的效果。根据这些数据，不能预计联用这两种药物会产生不良反应，但应告知医生纳美芬与这类药物联用可能引起癫痫。
-
发生率低于1%的不良反应
心血管系统：心动过缓、心律失常
消化道：腹泻、口干
神经系统：嗜睡、神经衰弱、激动、神经过敏、震颤、意识错乱、戒断症状、肌痉挛
呼吸道：咽炎
皮肤：瘙痒
泌尿道：尿潴留
在本品的使用剂量超过推荐剂量时，不良反应发生率增高。
实验室结果：据报道对术后用药患者进行的研究中，CPK值一过性增高，发生率为0.5%。研究认为该值的增高与手术有关而与纳美芬的使用无关。使用纳美芬或纳洛酮的患者中有0.3%出现AST增高。还不知道该发现是否具有临床意义。在临床试验中未观察到纳美芬或纳洛酮引起的肝炎或肝损伤。
逆转术后阿片类药物抑制的推荐剂量：
使用100g/ml的剂量浓度，见表1的初始剂量。
表1：逆转术后阿片类药物的抑制作用
体重
纳美芬使用的ml（100g/ml的浓度）
50பைடு நூலகம்g
0.125
60kg
0.150
70kg
0.175
80kg
0.200
90kg
0.225
100kg
0.250
术后使用纳美芬治疗的目的是为了逆转阿片类药物过度的抑制作用，而不是引起完全的逆转和急性疼痛。
老年用药
对老年男性志愿者静注0.5～2mg纳美芬后，AUC0～inf与剂量呈比例关系。静注1mg纳美芬后，年轻组（19～32岁）和老年组（62～80岁）在血浆清除率、表观分布容积或半衰期上无显著性差异。纳美芬在老年组的浓度要高些，因此表观中心分布容积降低（年轻组：3.9±1.1L/kg，老年组：2.8±1.1L/kg），降低程度与年龄相关。同时老年组纳美芬的最初血浆浓度一过性增高，因此需要考虑调整剂量。
3、麻醉拮抗剂对心血管的危险
据报道，肺水肿、心血管异常、低血压、高血压、室性心动过速和室性纤颤与在术后和紧急情况下使用阿片类抑制剂有关。在多数病例中，这些反应都是阿片类药物作用突然逆转引起的。虽然纳美芬可安全地用于心脏病史的患者，但对于心血管高危患者或使用了可能有心脏毒性药物的患者应慎用该类药物。
4、戒断反应的危险
纳美芬像其他阿片类拮抗剂一样，会出现急性戒断反应症状，因此，在阿片类药物出现躯体依赖或手术中使用了大剂量的阿片类药物的患者用药时应格外谨慎。在术后草率或过量使用阿片类药物拮抗剂会引起高血压、心动过速，并增加处于心血管系统并发症高危状态患者的死亡率。
5、对丁丙诺啡不完全的逆转作用
临床前试验证实10mg/kg（人最大推荐剂量的437倍）纳美芬在动物模型中对丁丙诺啡能产生不完全的逆转作用。这是由于丁丙诺啡对阿片受体亲和力强，被置换的速度慢，因此纳美芬不能完全逆转丁丙诺啡的呼吸抑制作用。
纳美芬及其代谢物可分泌到大鼠乳汁中，在大量用药后1小时达到血药浓度的三倍，24小时降低至血药浓度的一半。因为没有相关的临床报道，因此在哺乳患者使用纳美芬时应注意。
儿童用药
本品用于儿童患者的有效性和安全性尚未建立。
本品用于新生儿患者的有效性和安全性尚未建立。纳美芬只能用于新生儿复苏，临床医生认为其预期获益大于风险。
研究中未见纳美芬的耐受性、躯体依赖性或滥用倾向。在阿片依赖者中，纳美芬可产生急性戒断症状。
2、毒理研究
（1）、遗传毒性
纳美芬Ames试验、小鼠淋巴瘤试验、小鼠微核试验、大鼠骨髓细胞遗传学试验结果均为阴性。在人淋巴细胞分裂中期试验中，在有外源性代谢活化时可见微弱但有显著统计学意义的基因断裂作用，而在无外源性代谢活化时未见该作用。
纳美芬对阿片类药物耐受或躯体依赖的患者能引起急性戒断症状。在初次或持续用药时应密切观察这些患者是否出现戒断症状。至少应在2～5分钟后再次用药，以增加剂量达到最大疗效。
重复给药：
如果复发呼吸抑制，应再增加剂量来达到临床治疗效果，增加剂量时应避免过度逆转。
药理毒理
1、药理作用
纳美芬为阿片受体拮抗剂，是纳曲酮的6-亚甲基类似物。纳美芬能抑制或逆转阿片药物的呼吸抑制、镇静和低血压作用。药效学研究显示，在完全逆转剂量下纳美芬的作用持续时间长于纳洛酮。纳美芬无阿片激动活性，不产生呼吸抑制、致幻效应或瞳孔缩小。在无阿片激动剂存在时给予纳美芬未见药理学作用。
包装
中性低硼硅玻璃安瓿，2支/小盒；10小盒/中盒；10中盒/箱。
包装盒图
有效期
24个月。
执行标准
YBH14222008
批准文号
国药准字H20080805
生产企业
企业名称：灵宝市豫西药业有限责任公司
不良反应
对健康用药者，即使剂量达到推荐剂量的15倍或15倍以上，纳美芬的耐受性都很好，没有出现严重的不良发应。对少数患者，当本品的剂量超过推荐剂量时，纳美芬产生的症状显示出对内源性阿片类药物（例如以前报道的其它麻醉拮抗剂）作用的逆转。这些症状（恶心、寒战、肌痛、烦躁不安、腹部痉挛和关节痛）常为一过性的且发生率低。
药物过量
对未使用阿片类拮抗剂的健康志愿者静脉注射24mg纳美芬不会产生严重不良反应、严重的症状和体征或临床上实验室指标显著异常。因为对阿片类受体依赖患者使用阿片类拮抗剂都能引起突发的戒断症状反应，因此需要医护人员关注患者情况。
规格
1ml∶0.1mg。（以C21H25NO3计）
贮藏
密闭，在凉暗处（避光并不超过20℃）保存。
对术后或阿片类药物过量患者使用临床推荐剂量后出现预期的阿片类戒断症状，后来发现这些患者都使用过阿片类药物。使用纳美芬出现的戒断症状与使用其它阿片类拮抗剂出现的类似，术后低剂量用药出现的戒断症状是一过性的，对药物过量患者大剂量用药后出现的戒断症状持续时间长。
据报道术后使用纳美芬与使用生物等效剂量的纳洛酮出现心动过速和恶心的频率是相同的。当用药剂量只能部分逆转阿片类作用时这两种不良反应的发生率低，随着剂量的增加其发生率也随之增加。因此，推荐剂量为术后使用时不超过1.0g/kg、治疗阿片类药物过量时不超过1.5mg/70kg。根据国外临床试验文献，对纳美芬常见不良反应列表如下：