英文摘要写作
英文摘要写作注意事项

一般现在时:am/is/are+spoken 一般过去时:was/were+spoken 现在完成时:have/has been+spoken
➢ 在英语摘要的写作中,传统上一般采用 第三人称的被动语态。
➢ 摘要强调论文内容的客观性,一般不应采 用第一人称作主语。必须要表达单数第一 人称时,也不可在摘要中出现I,而是用 the author代替。
[正]The paper discusses the uc\ocii enbedded system
of multitasking transplant based on ARM7. It also introduces prime characteristic of uc\oci system and ARM7 architecture and presents the prerequisite and realization process of transplant.
在说明论题的发展背景和研究趋势时,如果表示持续到撰 写论文时的行文或状态,则应使用现在完成时。
LOGO
最后
[误]In this paper, we consider an inverse heat conduction problem, the sideways heat equation. The problem is ill-posed, in the sense that the solution (if it
英语科技论文摘要所采用的主要时态是一般 现在时,其次是一般过去时和现在完成时。
本文讨论了基于uc\ocii实时操作系统多任务处理能力的移 植,介绍了uc\ocii系统和ARM7体系结构的主要特点,并 给出了移植条件及移植的实现过程。
毕业论文写作中的英文摘要总结

毕业论文写作中的英文摘要总结AbstractWriting an effective abstract is crucial for a graduation thesis as it serves as a concise summary of the entire paper. This article provides a comprehensive guide on how to write an English abstract for a graduation thesis, focusing on the key components and tips to ensure a well-structured and informative summary.1. IntroductionThe introduction of an English abstract should briefly state the background and significance of the research topic. It should also include the main objectives and research questions addressed in the thesis.2. MethodologyThis section summarizes the research methodology employed in the graduation thesis. It outlines the research design, data collection methods, and analysis techniques utilized to obtain meaningful results. Additionally, any limitations or challenges encountered during the research process should be mentioned briefly.3. ResultsThe results section of the English abstract highlights the key findings and outcomes of the research. It should provide a clear and concise summary of the data analysis, emphasizing the most significant findings and their implications. Statistical information or numerical data can be included to support the results, but should not be overwhelming or overly-detailed.4. DiscussionIn the discussion section, the English abstract should provide a concise analysis and interpretation of the research findings. It should outline the main arguments and conclusions drawn from the results, highlighting their theoretical and practical implications. Any recommendations for further research or practical applications should also be mentioned.5. ConclusionThe conclusion of the English abstract should summarize the main points discussed in the thesis and highlight the overall contribution of the research to the field. It should reiterate the significance of the findings and their potential impact on future studies or real-world applications.6. Key WordsIncluding a list of key words at the end of the English abstract is essential for indexing and search purposes. These key words should accurately reflect the main concepts, methodologies, and findings of the graduation thesis.7. Formatting and Language ConsiderationsWhen writing the English abstract, it is important to adhere to proper formatting guidelines. Use clear and concise language, keeping sentences and paragraphs well-structured. Avoid using jargon or technical terms that may be unfamiliar to a general audience. Proofread for grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors to ensure a polished and professional abstract.8. Length ConsiderationsThe ideal length of an English abstract for a graduation thesis is typically between 150 and 250 words. However, it is essential to adhere to any specific guidelines provided by the university or academic institution. Carefully review the word count requirements and make necessary revisions to ensure compliance.In conclusion, writing an effective English abstract is a crucial aspect of the graduation thesis writing process. By following the guidelines provided in this article, students can create a well-structured and informative summary that accurately reflects the main aspects and contributions of their research.。
英文摘要写作

Basic Parts of a Summary
A statement of the problem简单回顾问 题 A statement of the paper说明文章内容 A statement of the approach to solving the problem and the principal result说明 所做工作及获得的结果 Conclusions结论
A statement of the paper
介绍文章涉及范围 常用词 consist of, contain, cover, include… 常用句型 This article consists of four parts:…
contains includes
… are covered in the scope of the research.
Types of Abstracts
Descriptive(介绍性、陈述性)abstract A descriptive abstract usually tells readers what information the paper contains, outlines the purpose, methods, and the scope of the paper, and introduces the subject. 只简要介绍论文的论题,或概括地表述研究 目的,仅使读者对论文的主要内容有一概括 的了解。一般不介绍方法、结果、结 论的具体内容,不包含任何数据。
ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
Approach and Result
介绍所做的工作 常用词 analyze, consider, develop, discuss, investigate, construct… 常用句型 The relation between … is discussed
英文摘要写作指南英文摘要中的常用句型及词汇

英文摘要写作指南——英文摘要中的常用句型及词汇1 介绍文章作者观点和研讨课题内容1.1 文章内容与作者观点present, describe, report, introduce, explain, illustrate, deal with1.2 文章研究课题study, consider, discuss, investigate, analyze, state, develop1.3 文章涉及范围contain, cover, include1.4 综述与概括review, summary, outline, abstract1.5 文章重点concentrate, place, give, be, pay,attention is concentrated on, there is a focus on, attention is paid to, the emphasis is on1.6 文章目的动词: seem to do sth, be aimed at; 名词: purpose for/of, aim of, objective of2 介绍文章成果2.1 成果的获取和开发provide for, develop, establish, give, be designed to do sth, solve, record, furnish, realize, achieve, produce, construct, improve, be deduced from, be derived from, be obtained for2.2 观察和证明show, observe, monitor, find, note, demonstrate, indicate, exhibit, point out2.3 运算和计量calculate, estimate, measure, determine2.4 应用与用途be used to, be applied to2.5 评估与比较evaluate, assess, compare, agree with2.6 试验与实验test, experiment on, be carried out, be designed to do sth2.7 论证与依据be based on, based on, be taken as reference2.8 推荐与建议be proposed for, suggest, suggestions be made for, recommend, recommendations are made2.9 结论It was concluded that, be arrived at3 介绍进一步研究的必要性、方向和关键问题need for, necessity to do sth, require, necessary, describe, expect, important。
学习写作英文摘要(2021精选文档)

• Objective: To determine whether body mass index (BMI) in adulthood or childhood affects the reproductive health of women.
• Methods: Totally 36 children with MG were treated by thymectomy from 1984 to 1997. Their ages ranged from 4 to 14 years old, and symptom duration from 2 months to 8 years.
• 结果 本组治愈者占13.9%,改善69.4%, 有效率(治愈和改善)达83.3%, 无恶化 或住院死亡者。
• Results: Patients who were cured accounts for 13.9% and those who got improved for 69.4%. The rate of efficiency (including both cases) amounts to 83.3%, and no patient suffered exacerbated condition or died.
除术 thymectomy 病理类型 pathological types)
• Key Words: Myasthenia gravis; Thymectomy
• 目的 分析儿童重症肌无力的手术疗效
• Objective: To analyze the surgical effects of thymectomy on Myasthenia Gravis (MG) in children.
中英文论文写作(摘要)

1 基本特性 2 时态 3 语态 4 语法修辞 5 一个典型示例 6 化学常用句式
2 时态
以一般现在时为主, 也使用一般过去时和 现在完成时 从理论上讲: 说法一: 一般现在时
通过科 学实验取得的 研究结果、结 论,揭示自然 界的客观规律 一般过去时
Objective 动词不定式开头 To investigate … To study … To explore … To examine … To determine … To report … To review … 使用第一人称时,用凡指的we, the author, the authors ,不用I。 如: In this paper we conclude …
Result: The contents of the components of midecamyc A1 and leucomycin A6 was 30%~ 50% and 10%~20% respectively, the contents of the rest components w lower, different manufactures produces have differ components. Conclution: To revise the specificati meleumycin for quality control.
指示性文摘(indicative abstract)
This type of abstract is designed to ind the subject of a paper, making it easy fo potential readers to decide whether to r the paper.
英语专业学术论文写作:摘要

英语专业学术论⽂写作:摘要学术论⽂写作:摘要⼀、摘要的写作⽬的和结构要素摘要简要地概述论⽂的内容, 拥有与正⽂同等量的主要信息,即不阅读全⽂,就能获得必要的信息。
其结构要素是:(1) 主题阐述(Topic specification);(2) 研究⽬的陈述(Purpose statement);(3) 理论指导(Theory/Perspective)(3) 研究⽅法(Methodology and Data);(4) 研究结果/发现(Results/Findings);(5) 研究结论/启⽰(Conclusions/Implications)。
练习1:就结构要素评析下⾯4个摘要(为判断⽅便,列汉语标题)Sample 11. Introduction2. Translation Activity in New Century2.1Definition and Purpose of Translation Activity2.2 Translation Activity under the Background of Cross-culture Communication2.2.1The Trend of Cross-culture Communication2.2.2 New Requirements for Translation Activity3. The Trend of Cross-culture Communication3.1 Definitions of Cultural Symbols3.2 The Formation of Characteristic Cultural Symbols3.3Main Categories of Cultural Symbols4. Strategy in Dealing with Cultural Symbols Translation4.1 Comparison between Domestication and Foreignization4.2 Nida Eugene. A and Dynamic Equivalence Translation4.3 Translation Studies School and Foreignization4.4 Two Strategies in Text Analysis5. Conclusion1. Introduction2. The Rhetorical Motivation in Trade Name2.1 Rational Needs and Rational Needs2.1.1 Rational Needs2.1.2 Emotional Needs2.2 Cultural Factors2.2.1 Ethnic Culture2.2.2 Regional Culture2.2.3 Religious Culture2.2.4 Culture of Place and Person3. The Rhetorical Approaches to Trade Name 3.1 Homophone3.1.1 Homophone in Chinese3.1.2 Homophone between Chinese and English 3.1.3 Homophone in English3.2 Onomatopoeia3.2.1 Emotional onomatopoeia3.2.2 Rational onomatopoeia3.3 Rhyme3.3.1 Alliteration3.3.2 The Ending of Lines of Verse3.3.3 Assonance3.4 Reduplicated Sound4. The Translation of Trade Names4.1 Transliteration4.2 Variant Translation4.3 Phonological and Semantic Combination5. Conclusion附:该论⽂⽬录CONTENTS1. Introduction1.1 Rational and Objective of the Study1.2 Organization of the Paper2.Theoretical Foundation of Verbal Irony Study: A Pragmatic Approach2.1 Description of Verbal Irony2.2 Gricean Perspectives—Irony as Conversational Implicature2.3 Post-Gricean perspective—Irony as Echoic Mentioning3. Verbal Irony and the Responses in Public Debate3.1 Assumptions and Expectations3.2 Introduction to American Public Presidential Debate (APPD) and the Debate Extract Analyzed3.3 Analysis Based on EMT4. Conclusion4.1 Findings in EMT Application—Uncertainty4.1.1 Uncertainty in Identifying Verbal Irony4.1.2 Uncertainty in Justifying the Working Mechanism4.2 Tentative Suggestion—Pragmatics with Lights from the Rhetorical Perspective 4.3 Last Remarks附:该论⽂⽬录CONTENTS1. Introduction1.1Rationale1.2 Literature Review1.3 The Organization of the Thesis2. Theoretical F oundations of D omestication and F oreignization2.1 Domestication and Foreignization2.1.1 Definitions of Domestication and Foreignization2.1.2 Functions of Domestication and Foreignization2.1.2.1 Function of Domestication2.1.2.2 Function of Foreignization2.2 Political News2.2.1 Definition of Political News2.2.2 The Stylistic Features of Political News and Translated PoliticalNews3. Domestication and F oreignization in the T ranslation of P olitical N ews3.1 The Uniqueness of Domestication and Foreignizationin the Translation of Political News3.2 Three Factors Influencing the Choice of Domestication and Foreignization3.2.1 The Translator’s Subjective Factors3.2.2 The Reader3.2.3 The Political Ideology3.3 The Balance of Domestication and Foreignization4. Conclusion⼆、内容的注意事项1. 不要写成⽂献综述(?Sample 1), 也不要说⼈所共知的话(? sample 5)2. 以上结构要素要有具体内容,不要空洞练习2:下⽂是从语⽤顺应理论出发对商务信函写作(sample 5)和商标翻译(Sample 6) 进⾏的研究, 请你(1)删掉⽆关的内容,(2)核对结构要素,(3)并判断哪个内容具体。
学术英文摘要写作要点

year.This paper describes andanalyzesenergy efficiency ch**esforresidenfial appces and space conditiong euipment。
The first section briefly illustrates historical trends in the erageefficienciesof new appces sold in the Uted States during the**t d**de。
The second section shows results of the life-cycle cost analysis of eightmajorresidentialappces。
Results provide striking evidence that the market is notachievinge conomically optimal efficiency levels。
英文摘要的内容XX理想的文摘通常应包括以下主要内容:目的和范围、方法和过程、结果和结论.1。
目的和范围XX多数文摘一开始便简明扼要地说明该研究或实验的目的和范围,或者陈述写这篇文章的原因,有的文摘同时又指出或暗示该项研究的特点、结果和意义。
目的和范围要写得具体,要能吸引读者,要给读者留下深刻的印象。
在表示目的和范围时,常用下列句型:This paperdevelops a theoreticalframework to evaluatethe benefits and costsof energyprojects in oil—producingdevelopingcountries。
XXThispaper presents an approach toeuipment reliability prediction based onthe concept that failures ofelectroc euipment are ultimately due to chemical, m**l and/or metallu rgical processes。
第十一讲 英文摘要写作

文章涉及范围的语句
consist of 由…… 组成 contain 包含 cover 包含,包括,涉及到 include 包括 包含 Asphaltic products and specifications are covered in the scope of the research. 本研究的范围涉及沥青产品和规格。
怎样写出简洁的句子
A.
The metal flow in the extending cavity during continuous extruding/ extending forming in semi-solid state was simulated by FEM. The metal flow law in the mould with different designed parameters was obtained. 利用有限元法对半固态连续挤压扩展成形过程中扩展腔 内的金属流动规律进行模拟,得到了不同模具设计参数下 的金属流动规律 B. How the metal flows in the extending cavity during continuous extruding/ extending forming in semi-solid state was simulated by FEM to investigate the metal flow behavior in the moulds designed with different parameters
How to write an Abstract 英文摘要总则 英文摘要句法基本原则 英文摘要写作注意事项 英文摘要典型语句 课堂训练
英文摘要总则
英文摘要所提供的信息必须是完整的。这样,即使读者看不懂中 文,只需要通过英文摘要就能对论文的主要目的,解决问题的主 要方法、过程,及主要的结果、结论和文章创新、独到之处,有 一个较为完整的了解。 写好英文摘要,作者必须回答好以下几个问题:
英文摘要写作技巧四种固定句型

4、检测句
在A样本中对B参数的检测,可套用: “Detection of B parameter in A sample”。 例如,在抽动障碍儿童中对A蔟溶血性链球菌抗 体的测定,可译作: “Detection of group A streptococcal antibody in childre n with tic disorders”。
3、相关句
在C组中A参数与B参数之间有显著正相关、负相关或无 相关,可套用:“There was a significantly positive or negative correlation between parameter A and parameter B in group C”。
例如,在38例精神分裂症病人中脑脊液多巴胺水平与5 羟色胺水平之间有显著正相关,译作There was a significantly positive correlation between CSF Dopamine level and CSF 5-hydroxytryptamine level in 38 patients with schizophrenia”。
分析: ① 词语搭配不当:effect 应与on 连用; ② 选词不当:轻病区用mild 一词。
修改为: Effects of different iodine content in salt on the children in severe and mild iodine deficiency areas in Guizhou , China
二、英文摘要
1、目的(Objective)
在目的中,因为是反映将要做什么,故用不定式。格式为 “探索(调查或研究)+文题”
英文文章摘要怎么写.doc

英文文章摘要怎么写英文文章摘要怎么写?英文文章摘要范文【1】abstractthe joy luck clubis written by famous chinese american writer amy tan in the end of 1980s. it isabout the experience of four mothers immigrating fromchinaand their four american born daughtersliving in theunited states.this paper mainly discusses the application of mitchells womens estate in the joyluck club. based on the position of women in society and family, writerthoroughly analyzes the oppressions on women.the paper includes threechapters, t heory of “womens estate”, the position of women in the joy luck club and consciousness-raisingreflected in the joy luck club. accordingly, it is reveals that the oppressionsgiven by men on women in families are inevitable, only can women have theability to liberate themselves.keywords: women; families; oppressions; mitchells“womens estate”论文英文标题、摘要等的写法【2】1.英文题名(标题)1) 题名的结构。
英文摘要万能模板

英文摘要万能模板篇一:英语摘要十大万能模板由于英语摘要是新题型,相对来讲比较难,但是大家摸清基本的套路和方法,就不会无从下笔了,下面的十个模板是从《MBA联考英语写作分册》摘录的,模板很简单,大家把模板背熟,到考试是直接套用就行了,不过最好先找几篇文章练练笔,熟悉一下流程。
英文摘要的基本方法就是:首先,写出中文摘要;其次,把它用简单的英文翻译过来并加以修改。
英文摘要的写作注意事项:1、英文摘要结构严谨,表达简明,语义确切。
尽量使用短句,慎用长句。
2、应采用第三人称表达方式,谓语动词用一般现在时、现在完成时或一般过去时。
进行时态和其他复合时态基本不用。
3、英文摘要的语态既可采用主动,也可采用被动。
英语摘要十大万能模板框架一In the first paragraph of the dissertation, the author highlights that due attention has to be paid to__. Several fundamental factors have contributed to such a tendency. First and foremost, among the most convincing causes identified by people, one should be stressed, that is __. In addition, as far as the author is concerned, __ is of utmost significance to our society. The last but not the least, as isillustrated in the last paragraph of the essay, the writer also takes __into consideration. Given all the above argument, we can draw the conclusion that __ is indeed crucial.在本段的第一段,强调我们必须充分重视_(中心词)。
学术论文英文摘要的写作方法

学术论文英文摘要的写作方法Step 1: Understand the Purpose and Structure of an Abstract The abstract serves as a brief summary of the entire paper, giving readers an overview of the research topic, objectives, methods, key findings, and conclusions. It should be written in a clear and concise manner to ensure that readers can quickly grasp the main points of the study.Step 3: Write a Clear and Concise Statement of the Research ProblemThe first sentence of your abstract should clearly state the research problem or question that your study addresses. Thiswill help readers understand the context and importance of your research. For example: "This study investigates the impact of social media on adolescent mental health."Step 4: Summarize the Objectives of the StudyStep 5: Describe the Research Design and MethodsStep 6: Present the Main Findings or ResultsSummarize the main findings or results of your study, highlighting the most important or significant findings. Use specific data or examples to support your statements. For example: "The results revealed a significant positive association between social media use and depressive symptomsamong adolescents. Furthermore, self-esteem was found to mediate this relationship, while age and gender were found to moderate the association."Step 7: Discuss the Implications or Significance of the StudyIn the final sentences of your abstract, discuss the implications or significance of your study. Explain how your findings contribute to the existing literature, highlight any practical implications, and suggest potential areas for future research. For example: "These findings have important implications for the understanding and prevention of adolescent mental health problems. Interventions targeting social media use and self-esteem may be effective in reducing depressive symptoms among this population. Further research is needed to explore the long-term effects and mechanisms underlying this relationship."Step 8: Revise and Edit the AbstractAfter writing the abstract, revise and edit it to ensure clarity, coherence, and conciseness. Remove any unnecessary details, jargon, or technical terms that may make it difficult for non-experts to understand. Make sure that the abstract flows logically and provides a clear summary of the research.Tips for Writing an Effective Abstract:1. Use concise and specific language: Every word counts in an abstract, so choose your words carefully and aim for clear, specific, and concise language.2. Focus on the most important findings: Highlight the key findings that are most relevant to your research question and objectives.3. Avoid unnecessary details: Only include essential information in your abstract. Avoid going into excessive detail or providing background information that is not directly related to your research.4. Be accurate and truthful: Ensure that the information provided in your abstract is accurate and supported by evidence from your study.5. Follow the guidelines provided by the journal or conference: Different journals or conferences may have specific requirements for abstracts, so make sure to follow their guidelines.Example of an Abstract:Title: The Impact of Social Media on Adolescent Mental Health: A Cross-Sectional StudyAbstract:。
论文写作中的英文摘要范例

论文写作中的英文摘要范例AbstractThe abstract is a crucial component of academic writing, providing readers with a concise summary of the research paper. This article aims to demonstrate a sample format for writing an English abstract in academic papers.1. IntroductionIn academic writing, the abstract serves as a brief overview of the research topic, the methodology used, the main findings, and the overall conclusion. It is typically placed at the beginning of the paper, after the title and author information.2. Length and StructureThe length of an abstract can vary depending on the specific guidelines provided by the journal or conference. However, it is generally recommended to keep the abstract within 150 to 300 words. This ensures that the abstract remains concise and informative.3. ContentThe abstract should contain the following elements:- Research Problem: Clearly state the research problem or objective.- Approach/Methodology: Describe the methodology or approach used in the study.- Results: Summarize the main findings and outcomes of the research.- Conclusion: Present the key conclusions or implications of the study.4. Language and Style- Clear and Concise: Use clear and concise language to convey the main points of the research.- Avoid Abbreviations and Jargon: Use full terms instead of abbreviations, unless they are widely recognized.- Past Tense: Write the abstract in the past tense since the research has already been conducted.- Third Person: Write the abstract in the third person, using objective language.5. Example[The following is a fictional example of an abstract for a research paper on climate change.]Title: The Impact of Climate Change on Biodiversity in Tropical RainforestsAbstract:This research aims to investigate the impact of climate change on the biodiversity of tropical rainforests. The study utilized a combination of field surveys, satellite imagery analysis, and statistical modeling to assess changes in species diversity, habitat loss, and ecosystem stability. The results indicated a significant decline in species richness, increased habitat fragmentation, and heightened vulnerability of endemic species to climate-related events. These findings have important implications for conservationstrategies and the management of biodiversity hotspots in the face of climate change. By understanding the effects of climate change on tropical rainforests, policymakers can develop more targeted approaches to mitigate its impact and ensure the long-term survival of these vital ecosystems.6. ConclusionIn conclusion, writing an effective English abstract is crucial for an academic paper as it provides readers with a concise overview of the research. Following the recommended format and guidelines can help researchers communicate their findings accurately and succinctly. By adhering to the suggested structure and style, authors can ensure their abstracts are informative and engaging for readers.。
英文摘要写法与格式

本科生毕业生论文英文摘要写作规范
1、英文摘要是应用符合英文语法的文字语言,提供论文内容梗概为目的的短文。
(内容基本与中文摘要相同,但不用完全逐句对应)。
2、英文题目、摘要、关键词自成一页(1页即可),放在中文摘要页之后。
3、英文字体与行间距:统一使用“西文字体”中的“Times New
Roman”,倍行间距。
4、英文题目:使用三号字加粗。
5、英文摘要:“Absract”顶格,使用四号字,并加粗。
英文摘要具体内容使用四号字。
6、英文关键词:“Key Words”顶格,使用四号字并加粗。
每个关键词使用四号字
见下一页范本。
英文结构式摘要的写作技巧_论文格式_

英文结构式摘要的写作技巧医学科技论文英文结构式摘要的写作需要做到简练,准确,逻辑性强,使人读后能一目了然。
2.1 标题:是全文内容的高度概括,大多采用名词化结构(nominalization),应准确无误地表达论文的中心内容,恰如其分地反映研究范围和深度,避免过于抽象,标题中有关时间和数量等概念的表达应做到能用数字精确表达的最好不用模糊含义的词。
题目不是一个完整的句子时可省略冠词(a,an,the),是一个完整句子时,尽量保留冠词。
一般不超过10 个实词。
2.2 时态:表述文章的写作目的时用一般现在时,多用句型为:动词不定式+表述作用、关系、效果、价值等名词,如,to study; to evaluate;to explore”。
方法和结果多用过去时,结论多用一般现在时。
2.3 语态:一般以第三人称的被动语态为多,这是因为医学研究着重于客观事物和过程的描述,使得整项活动更显出科学性。
同时,被动语态的句子在结构上有较大的调节余地,有利于采用必要的修辞手段,扩大句子的信息量,从而突出重要的概念、问题、事实、结论等内容[9]。
2.4 用词:尽可能地频繁使用缩写词、名词作定语,简化句型,增大信息密度,使行文简练、结构紧凑。
医学英语的特点是派生词多、正式词汇多、名词化结构多、长句多、被动句多、非谓语动词多、专业性强等。
一定要用相应的专用词,不能望文生义,不能凭《汉英》作字面翻译,应该参考国际通用译名和医学英语专用字典的译法。
如:骨性关节炎,不能译“inflammation of bone andjoint”,应译“osteoarthritis”。
短词代替长词,常用词代替生僻词,书面语代替口语。
定语中尽可能用非谓语动词形式、缩写词和名词,不用或少用从句。
2.5 关键词:最好3个以上、6个以下关键词,建议使用mesh表中的标准词汇。
总之,一篇能确切表达医学科技论文主旨的英文结构式摘要需在人称、时态、术语、数字及单位等具体环节达到和谐统一。
英文作文开头摘要

英文作文开头摘要英文,As I sat down to write this essay, I couldn't help but think about how important it is to be able to communicate in different languages. Being bilingual has opened up so many opportunities for me, both personally and professionally. 。
I remember a time when I was traveling in China and I was able to navigate my way around the city and have conversations with locals in their native language. It made me feel more connected to the culture and the people, and I was able to learn so much more than if I had only been able to speak English. 。
Being able to speak multiple languages has also helped me in my career. I work for a global company, and being able to communicate with colleagues and clients from different countries has been a huge advantage. It has allowed me to build stronger relationships and has given me a deeper understanding of different perspectives and waysof doing business.中文,当我坐下来写这篇文章的时候,我不禁想到能够用不同的语言交流是多么重要。
英文摘要写作注意事项

英文摘要写作注意事项对于科技期刊的文章, 文摘主要由三部分组成, 即: 研究的问题、过程和方法、结果。
文摘最好要有具体内容, 如果有可能, 要把具体的过程, 变化规律和有效措施写出来。
在不遗漏主题概念的前提下, 文摘应尽量简洁。
缩短文摘方法1. 取消不必要的字句: 如/ It is reported, / Extensive investigations show that , / The author discusses , / This paper concerned with, ;文摘开头的/ In this paper, 一些不必要的修饰词, 如/ in detail 、/ briefly, / here , / new , / mainly也尽量不要。
2. 对物理单位及一些通用词可以适当进行简化;3. 取消或减少背景信息( Background Information) ; 一篇文摘的背景信息如果过长或占文摘篇幅的比例过大, 则往往伴随着对作者所做的工作描述过于笼统和简单;4. 限制文摘只表示新情况, 新内容, 过去的研究细节可以取消;5. 不说无用的话,如/ 本文所谈的有关研究工作是对过去老工艺的一个极大的改进, / 本工作首次实现了, , 0 ,/ 经检索尚未发现与本文类似的文献等词句切不可进入文摘;6. 作者在文献中谈及的未来计划不纳入文摘;7. 尽量简化一些措辞和重复的单元, 如不用discussed and studied in detail, 而用discussed;8. 文摘第一句应避免与题目( Title) 重复。
文体风格1. 文摘叙述要完整, 清楚, 简明。
2. 尽量用短句子并避免句形单调。
3. 用过去时态叙述作者工作, 用现在时态叙述作者结论。
4. 能用名词做定语不要用动名词做定语, 能用形容词做定语就不要用名词做定语( 例如用measurement accuracy, 不用measuring accuracy; 用experimental results, 不用experiment results ) 。
英文摘要写作

1. 什么是英文摘要?ABSTRACT,是用最为浓缩的语言将你论文的核心容表述出来。
删去属于文艺青年的文绉绉的形容词!删去属于二缺青年的“机器译文”!只留下普通、平实的容。
2. 怎样写英文摘要?可以按照论文的逻辑结构撰写摘要,如概述、目的、方法、结果、结论、展望的顺序。
概述(30词左右):用最简洁的语言概括论文容。
例如:This paper is…或This study focuses on…目的(30词左右):用To…就可以了,没有必要使用in order to 或者for the purpose of 等较长的表述。
方法(50词左右):尽可能具体地说明操作的步骤,其中注意时态的使用。
常用的词汇有:test, study, investigate, examine, analyze, measure, application 等。
结果(50词左右):直入主题地摆出结果,如This paper shows…或The results are…结论(60词左右):删去类似于“The result of the study showed that…”的赘语,逐条罗列出结论。
展望(20词左右):指出研究对未来的意义,如This paper is of great significance in…或指出不足。
3. 英文摘要有多长?一般情况下用一段的篇幅完成英文摘要,特殊情况可以分成两到三段,但最好不要超过三段。
长度一般为200字到300字之间。
4. 英文摘要用什么语态和人称?规的学术文章通常采用被动语态,突出信息。
但由于主动语态的表述更为清楚,现在有些地方也要求采用主动语态。
5. 英文摘要用什么人称?最好不要出现I,we等第一人称代词,而是使用第三人称,如the author等。
6. 英文摘要用什么时态?摘要的时态以一般现在时为主,表示一种存在于自然界的客观规律。
在特殊的情况下可以使用一般过去时或现在完成时,用来表明一定围的结论或是某一过程的延续性。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性,平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益,请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间:9:00-18:30)。
二、作者与作者单位的英译1、作者中国人名按汉语拼音拼写2、单位单位名称要写全(由小到大),并附地址和邮政编码,确保联系方便。
三、英文摘要1、英文摘要的时态英文摘要时态的运用以简练为佳。
(1)一般现在时:用于说明研究目的、叙述研究内容、描述结果、得出结论、提出建议或讨论等;涉及到公认事实、自然规律、永恒真理等,也要用一般现在时。
(2)一般过去时:用于叙述过去某一时刻的发现、某一研究过程(实验、观察、调查、医疗等过程)。
用一般过去时描述的发现、现象,往往是尚不能确认为自然规律、永恒真理,只是当时情况;所描述的研究过程也明显带有过去时间的痕迹。
(3)现在完成时和过去完成时:完成时少用。
现在完成时把过去发生的或过去已完成的事情与现在联系起来,而过去完成时可用来表示过去某一时间以前已经完成的事情,或在一个过去事情完成之前就已完成的另一过去行为。
2、英文摘要的语态采用何种语态,既要考虑摘要的特点,又要满足表达的需要。
一篇摘要很短,尽量不要随便混用,更不要在一个句子里混用。
(1)主动语态:摘要中谓语动词采用主动语态,有助于文字简洁、表达有力。
(2)被动语态:以前强调多用被动语态,理由是科技论文主要是说明事实经过,至于那件事是谁做的,无须一一证明。
为强调动作承受者,采用被动语态为好;被动者无关紧要,也必须用强调的事物做主语。
(3)英文摘要的人称:原来摘要的首句多用第三人称This paper…等开头,现在倾向于采用更简洁的被动语态或原形动词开头。
例如:To describe…,To study…,To investigate…,To assess…,To determine…,行文时最好不用第一人称。
3、注意事项(1)冠词:主要是定冠词the 易被漏用。
the 用于表示整个群体、分类、时间、地名以及的独一无二的事物、形容词最高级等较易掌握,用于特指时常被漏用。
这里有个原则,即当我们用the 时,听者或读者已经明确我们所指的是什么。
(2)数词:避免用阿拉伯数字作首词。
(3)单复数:一些名词单复数形式不易辨认,从而造成谓语形式出错。
(4)使用短句:长句容易造成语义不清;但要避免单调和重复。
如何撰写学术论文的英文摘要?——从《法学研究》中论文的英文摘要谈起吴情树翻开最近这几期《法学研究》,大家可以发现,在《法学研究》上所发表的文章的英文摘要在格式上有了很大的变化,这种变化就是不再强调中英文摘要的完全一致。
作为中国法学界最高级别的学术刊物——《法学研究》中学术论文英文摘要的变化代表了一种新的趋向,也与国际日益接轨。
在传统上,我们在做英文摘要的时候,先是写出中文摘要,然后再根据中文摘要逐字翻译,中文摘要怎么写,英文摘要就怎么翻译,一一对应,一般学术论文是如此,博士、硕士论文也是如此,全国几乎所有学术刊物也是这样做的。
可以说,这个格式存在了几十年,已经变成了我们撰写英文摘要的习惯和格式。
那么,英文摘要的这种撰写方式是否正确呢?我们在阅读一篇文章的时候,几乎很少去看看他们的英文摘要,因为这些英文摘要主要给外国人看的,最为要命的是,许多英文摘要是根据网络上的翻译软件直接翻译,而且大多采用了“中国式的英语”,这在本科毕业论和硕士论文中尤为常见。
就本人而言,我把阅读《法学研究》上的刑法文章作为我学习的习惯,这种习惯来源硕士期间导师冯军教授的交代和嘱咐。
记得当初入学的时候,冯老师就要求我们把近几年发表在《法学研究》上的所有刑法文章全部精读,从那以后,我就把《法学研究》上的所有刑法文章全部复印下来(由于近几年的《法学研究》都不上传中国期刊网,所以不能下载电子版),每篇必精读,尤其是张明楷教授的文章。
我现在在指导法律硕士的时候,也是这样要求他们。
在阅读《法学研究》上的刑法文章的时候,我不仅阅读中文,也会去浏览一下他们英文摘要,看看他们是怎么翻译的?当我看到最近这几期的《法学研究》时,我才发现上面文章的英文摘要与以往不同,也与其他刊物不同,不同在于,英文摘要与中文摘要不是一一对应的,也就说,英文摘要不是对中文摘要的简单翻译,而是用英文对本文的内容和观点进行介绍,一般是采用了三四段的英文文字。
当我发现这个差别之后,就拿着这个问题去问一位研究国际法而且英文非常厉害的同事,问他为什么会这样?(看来我真是孤陋寡闻了,不过,许多人都可能孤陋寡闻),他的一席话让我惊醒。
他说英文摘要与中文摘要不一致是正确的,如果两者一致的话,反而是不正确的,因为英文摘要是给外国人看的(至于外国人有没有看?我也不知道,估计大多不屑于看我们的文章,包括《法学研究》上的文章),外国人要通过英文摘要了解你整篇文章的结构、内容和思想,所以,一般而言,英文摘要都比中文摘要来得详细,文字上也来得长,这是一个国际惯例,以往我们的英文摘要翻译是错误的。
他还说,厦门大学法学院院长徐崇利上课的时候,就是这样告诉他们的。
而作为我国顶级的学术刊物——《法学研究》要与国际接轨,要让外国人看懂,当然也要采用这种叙写方式了。
听完之后,我感觉我国目前在英文摘要的撰写上可能还存在着问题,而《法学研究》比较先进,已经开始迈出了这一步,而其他刊物呢?看来,以后在写英文摘要的时候要注意这一点了,不一定要保持中英文摘要的一致性,否则,就可能犯了一个低级的错误。
一、英文题名题名的结构英文题名以短语为主要形式,尤以名词短语(noun phrase)最常见,即题名基本上由1个或几个名词加上其前置和(或)后置定语构成。
短语型题名要确定好中心词,再进行前后修饰。
各个词的顺序很重要,词序不当,会导致表达不准。
题名一般不应是陈述句,因为题名主要起标示作用,而陈述句容易使题名具有判断式的语义;且陈述句不够精练和醒目,重点也不易突出。
少数情况(评述性、综述性和驳斥性)下可以用疑问句做题名,疑问句可有探讨性语气,易引起读者兴趣。
题名的字数题名不应过长。
国外科技期刊一般对题名字数有所限制。
例如,美国医学会规定题名不超过2行,每行不超过42个印刷符号和空格;英国数学会要求题名不超过12个词。
总的原则是,题名应确切、简练、醒目,在能准确反映论文特定内容的前提下,题名词数越少越好。
中英文题名的一致性同一篇论文,其英文题名与中文题名内容上应一致,但不等于说词语要一一对应。
在许多情况下,个别非实质性的词可以省略或变动。
题名中的冠词科技论文题名中的冠词有简化的趋势,凡可用可不用的冠词均可不用。
题名中的大小写题名字母的大小写有以下3种格式:全部字母大写;每个词的首字母大写,但3个或4个字母以下的冠词、连词、介词全部小写;题名第1个词的首字母大写,其余字母均小写。
题名中的缩略词语已得到整个科技界或本行业科技人员公认的缩略词语,才可用于题名中,否则不要轻易使用。
二、作者与作者单位的英译作者:中国人名按汉语拼音拼写单位:单位名称要写全(由小到大),并附地址和邮政编码,确保联系方便。
三、英文摘要英文摘要的时态:英文摘要时态的运用也以简练为佳。
1.一般现在时:用于说明研究目的、叙述研究内容、描述结果、得出结论、提出建议或讨论等;涉及到公认事实、自然规律、永恒真理等,也要用一般现在时。
2.一般过去时:用于叙述过去某一时刻的发现、某一研究过程(实验、观察、调查、医疗等过程)。
用一般过去时描述的发现、现象,往往是尚不能确认为自然规律、永恒真理,只是当时情况;所描述的研究过程也明显带有过去时间的痕迹。
3.现在完成时和过去完成时:完成时少用。
现在完成时把过去发生的或过去已完成的事情与现在联系起来,而过去完成时可用来表示过去某一时间以前已经完成的事情,或在一个过去事情完成之前就已完成的另一过去行为。
英文摘要的语态:采用何种语态,既要考虑摘要的特点,又要满足表达的需要。
一篇摘要很短,尽量不要随便混用,更不要在一个句子里混用。
1.主动语态:摘要中谓语动词采用主动语态,有助于文字简洁、表达有力。
2.被动语态:以前强调多用被动语态,理由是科技论文主要是说明事实经过,至于那件事是谁做的,无须一一证明。
为强调动作承受者,采用被动语态为好;被动者无关紧要,也必须用强调的事物做主语。
3.英文摘要的人称:原来摘要的首句多用第三人称This paper…等开头,现在倾向于采用更简洁的被动语态或原形动词开头。
例如:To describe…,To study…,To investigate…,To assess…,To determine…,行文时最好不用第一人称。
注意事项1.冠词:主要是定冠词the易被漏用。
the用于表示整个群体、分类、时间、地名以及的独一无二的事物、形容词最高级等较易掌握,用于特指时常被漏用。
这里有个原则,即当我们用the时,听者或读者已经明确我们所指的是什么。
2.数词:避免用阿拉伯数字作首词。
3.单复数:一些名词单复数形式不易辨认,从而造成谓语形式出错。
4.使用短句:长句容易造成语义不清;但要避免单调和重复。
四、《EI》对英文摘要的基本要求英文摘要的完整性1.目前,大多数作者在写英文摘要时,都是把论文前面的中文摘要翻译成英文。
这种做法忽略了这样一个事实:由于论文是用中文写作的,中文读者在看了中文摘要后,不详之处还可以从论文全文中获得全面、详细的信息,但由于英文读者(如《EI》的编辑)一般看不懂中文,英文摘要成了他唯一的信息源。
因此,这里要特别提出并强调英文摘要的完整性,即英文摘要所提供的信息必须是完整的。
通过英文摘要就能对论文的主要目的,解决问题的主要方法、过程,及主要的结果、结论和文章的创新、独到之处,有一个较为完整的了解。
2.注重定量分析是科学研究的重要特征之一,这一点也应该体现在英文摘要的写作中。
在写作英文摘要时,要避免过于笼统的、空洞无物的一般论述和结论。
要尽量利用文章中的最具体的语言来阐述你的方法、过程、结果和结论,这样既可以给读者一个清晰的思路,又可以使你的论述言之有物、有根有据,使读者对你的研究工作有一个清晰、全面的认识。
《EI》对英文摘要的写作要求《EI》中国信息部要求信息性文摘(Information Abstract)应该用简洁、明确的语言(一般不超过150 words)将论文的目的(Purposes),主要的研究过程(Procedures)及所采用的方法(Methods),由此得到的主要结果(Results)和得出的重要结论(Conclusions)表达清楚。
如有可能,还应尽量提一句论文结果和结论的应用范围和应用情况。
也就是说,要写好英文摘要,作者必须回答好以下几个问题:1.本文的目的或要解决的问题(What I want to do?)2.解决问题的方法及过程(How I did it?)3.主要结果及结论(What results did I get and what conclusions can I draw?)4.本文的创新、独到之处(What is new and original in this paper?)英文摘要各部分的写作根据《EI》对英文摘要的写作要求,英文摘要是对原始文献不加诠释或评论的准确而简短的概括,能反映原始文献的主要信息。