教育类的中英文文献对照
普通教育学的英文译本
普通教育学的英文译本English:"Standard education studies, commonly known as general education, is the field of study that focuses on the theory and practice of teaching and learning in traditional educational settings such as schools and universities. It covers a wide range of topics including educational psychology, curriculum development, classroom management, and assessment. The aim of general education is to provide students with a well-rounded education that will prepare them for future success in both their personal and professional lives. This field also emphasizes the importance of inclusive and equitable education for all students, regardless of their background or abilities. Educators in this field often work to develop and implement effective teaching methods and strategies that can meet the diverse needs of students in the classroom."中文翻译:"普通教育学,通常被称为一般教育,是一门研究传统教育环境中的教学和学习理论和实践的学科。
参考文献中文的英文对照
参考文献中文的英文对照在学术论文中,参考文献是非常重要的一部分,它可以为论文的可信度和学术性增添分数,其中包括中文和英文文献。
以下是一些常见的参考文献中文和英文对照:1. 书籍 Book中文:王小明. 计算机网络技术. 北京:清华大学出版社,2018.英文:Wang, X. Computer Network Technology. Beijing: Tsinghua University Press, 2018.2. 学术期刊 Article in Academic Journal中文:张婷婷,李伟. 基于深度学习的影像分割方法. 计算机科学与探索,2019,13(1):61-67.英文:Zhang, T. T., Li, W. Image Segmentation Method Based on Deep Learning. Computer Science and Exploration, 2019, 13(1): 61-67.3. 会议论文 Conference Paper中文:王维,李丽. 基于云计算的智慧物流管理系统设计. 2019年国际物流与采购会议论文集,2019:112-117.英文:Wang, W., Li, L. Design of Smart Logistics Management System Based on Cloud Computing. Proceedings of the 2019 International Conference on Logistics and Procurement, 2019: 112-117.4. 学位论文 Thesis/Dissertation中文:李晓华. 基于模糊神经网络的水质评价模型研究. 博士学位论文,长春:吉林大学,2018.英文:Li, X. H. Research on Water Quality Evaluation Model Based on Fuzzy Neural Network. Doctoral Dissertation, Changchun: Jilin University, 2018.5. 报告 Report中文:国家统计局. 2019年国民经济和社会发展统计公报. 北京:中国统计出版社,2019.英文:National Bureau of Statistics. Statistical Communique of the People's Republic of China on the 2019 National Economic and Social Development. Beijing: China Statistics Press, 2019.以上是一些常见的参考文献中文和英文对照,希望对大家写作有所帮助。
课程名称中英文对照
中文学科、专业名称英文学科、专业名称哲学 Philosophy哲学 Philosophy马克思主义哲学 Philosophy of Marxism中国哲学 Chinese Philosophy外国哲学 Foreign Philosophies逻辑学 Logic伦理学 Ethics美学 Aesthetics宗教学 Science of Religion科学技术哲学 Philosophy of Science and Technology经济学 Economics理论经济学 Theoretical Economics政治经济学 Political Economy经济思想史 History of Economic Thought经济史 History of Economic西方经济学 Western Economics世界经济 World Economics人口、资源与环境经济学 Population, Resources and Environmental Economic应用经济学 Applied Economics国民经济学 National Economics区域经济学 Regional Economics财政学(含税收学) Public Finance (including Taxation)金融学(含保险学) Finance (including Insurance)产业经济学 Industrial Economics国际贸易学 International Trade劳动经济学 Labor Economics统计学 Statistics数量经济学 Quantitative Economics国防经济学 National Defense Economics法学 Law法学 Science of Law法学理论 Jurisprudence法律史 Legal History宪法学与行政法学 Constitutional Law and Administrative Law刑法学 Criminal Jurisprudence民商法学(含劳动法学、社会保障法学) Civil Law and Commercial Law(including Science of Labour Law and Science of Social Security Law )诉讼法学 Science of Procedure Laws经济法学 Science of Economic Law环境与资源保护法学 Science of Environment and Natural Resources Protection Law国际法学(含国际公法学、国际私法学、国际经济法学、) International law (including International Public law, International Private Law andInternational Economic Law)军事法学 Science of Military Law政治学 Political Science政治学理论 Political Theory中外政治制度 Chinese and Foreign Political Institution科学社会主义与国际共产主义运动 Scientific Socialism and InternationalCommunist Movement中共党史(含党的学说与党的建设) History of the Communist Party of China (including the Doctrine of China Party and Party Building)马克思主义理论与思想政治教育 Education of Marxist Theory and Educationin Ideology and Politics国际政治学 International Politics国际关系学 International Relations外交学 Diplomacy社会学 Sociology社会学 Sociology人口学 Demography人类学 Anthropology民俗学(含中国民间文学) Folklore (including Chinese Folk Literature)民族学 Ethnology民族学 Ethnology马克思主义民族理论与政策 Marxist Ethnic Theory and Policy中国少数民族经济 Chinese Ethnic Economics中国少数民族史 Chinese Ethnic History中国少数民族艺术 Chinese Ethnic Art教育学 Education教育学 Education Science教育学原理 Educational Principle课程与教学论 Curriculum and Teaching Methodology教育史 History of Education比较教育学 Comparative Education学前教育学 Pre-school Education高等教育学 Higher Education成人教育学 Adult Education职业技术教育学 Vocational and Technical Education特殊教育学 Special Education教育技术学 Education Technology心理学 Psychology基础心理学 Basic Psychology发展与心理学 Developmental and Educational Psychology应用心理学 Applied Psychology体育学 Science of Physical Culture and Sports体育人文社会学 Humane and Sociological Science of Sports运动人体科学 Human Movement Science体育教育训练学 Theory of Sports Pedagogy and Training民族传统体育学 Science of Ethnic Traditional Sports文学 Literature中国语言文学 Chinese Literature文艺学 Theory of Literature and Art语言学及应用语言学 Linguistics and Applied Linguistics汉语言文字学 Chinese Philology中国古典文献学 Study of Chinese Classical Text中国古代文学 Ancient Chinese Literature中国现当代文学 Modern and Contemporary Chinese Literature中国少数民族语言文学 Chinese Ethnic Language and Literature比较文学与世界文学 Comparative Literature andWorld Literature外国语言文学 Foreign Languages and Literatures英语语言文学 English Language and Literature俄语语言文学 Russian Language and Literature法语语言文学 French Language and Literature德语语言文学 German Language and Literature日语语言文学 Japanese Language and Literature印度语言文学 Indian Language and Literature西班牙语语言文学 Spanish Language and Literature阿拉伯语语言文学 Arabic Language and Literature欧洲语言文学 European Language and Literature亚非语言文学 Asian-African Language and Literature外国语言学及应用语言学 Linguistics and Applied Linguistics in Foreign Languages新闻传播学 Journalism and Communication新闻学 Journalism传播学 Communication艺术学 Art艺术学 Art Theory音乐学 Music美术学 Fine Arts设计艺术学 Artistic Design戏剧戏曲学 Theater and Chinese Traditional Opera电影学 Film广播电视艺术学 Radio and television Art舞蹈学 Dance历史学 History历史学 History史学理论及史学史 Historical Theories and History of HistoricalScience考古学及博物馆学 Archaeology and Museology历史地理学 Historical Geography历史文献学(含敦煌学、古文字学) Studies of Historical Literature(including Paleography and Studies of Dunhuang)专门史 History of Particular Subjects中国古代史 Ancient Chinese History中国近现代史 Modern and Contemporary Chinese History世界史 World History理学 Natural Science数学 Mathematics基础数学 Fundamental Mathematics计算数学 Computational Mathematics概率论与数理统计 Probability and Mathematical Statistics应用数学 Applied mathematics运筹学与控制论 Operational Research and Cybernetics物理学 Physics理论物理 Theoretical Physics粒子物理与原子核物理 Particle Physics and Nuclear Physics原子与分子物理 Atomic and Molecular Physics等离子体物理 Plasma Physics凝聚态物理 Condensed Matter Physics声学 Acoustics光学 Optics无线电物理 Radio Physics化学 Chemistry无机化学 Inorganic Chemistry分析化学 Analytical Chemistry有机化学 Organic Chemistry物理化学(含化学物理) Physical Chemistry (including Chemical Physics)高分子化学与物理 Chemistry and Physics of Polymers天文学 Astronomy天体物理 Astrophysics天体测量与天体力学 Astrometry and Celestial Mechanics地理学 Geography自然地理学 Physical Geography人文地理学 Human Geography地图学与地理信息系统 Cartography and GeographyInformation System大气科学 Atmospheric Sciences气象学 Meteorology大气物理学与大气环境 Atmospheric Physics and AtmosphericEnvironment海洋科学 Marine Sciences物理海洋学 Physical Oceanography海洋化学 Marine Chemistry海洋生理学 Marine Biology海洋地质学 Marine Geology地球物理学 Geophysics固体地球物理学 Solid Earth Physics空间物理学 Space Physics地质学 Geology矿物学、岩石学、矿床学 Mineralogy, Petrology, Mineral DepositGeology地球化学 Geochemistry古生物学与地层学(含古人类学) Paleontology and Stratigraphy (including Paleoanthropology)构造地质学 Structural Geology第四纪地质学 Quaternary Geology生物学 Biology植物学 Botany动物学 Zoology生理学 Physiology水生生物学 Hydrobiology微生物学 Microbiology神经生物学 Neurobiology遗传学 Genetics发育生物学 Developmental Biology细胞生物学 Cell Biology生物化学与分子生物学 Biochemistry and Molecular Biology生物物理学 Biophysics生态学 Ecology系统科学 Systems Science系统理论 Systems Theory系统分析与集成 Systems Analysis andIntegration科学技术史 History of Science and Technology工学 Engineering力学 Mechanics一般力学与力学基础 General and Fundamental Mechanics固体力学 Solid Mechanics流体力学 Fluid Mechanics工程力学 Engineering Mechanics机械工程 Mechanical Engineering机械制造及其自动化 Mechanical Manufacture and Automation机械电子工程 Mechatronic Engineering机械设计与理论 Mechanical Design and Theory车辆工程 Vehicle Engineering光学工程 Optical Engineering仪器科学与技术 Instrument Science and Technology精密仪器及机械 Precision Instrument and Machinery测试计量技术及仪器 Measuring and Testing Technologies and Instruments材料科学与工程 Materials Science and Engineering材料物理与化学 Materials Physics and Chemistry材料学 Materialogy材料加工工程 Materials Processing Engineering冶金工程 Metallurgical Engineering冶金物理化学 Physical Chemistry of Metallurgy钢铁冶金 Ferrous Metallurgy有色金属冶金 Non-ferrous Metallurgy动力工程及工程热物理 Power Engineering and Engineering Thermophysics工程热物理 Engineering Thermophysics热能工程 Thermal Power Engineering动力机械及工程 Power Machinery and Engineering流体机械及工程 Fluid Machinery and Engineering制冷及低温工程 Refrigeration and Cryogenic Engineering化工过程机械 Chemical Process Equipment电气工程 Electrical Engineering电机与电器 Electric Machines and Electric Apparatus电力系统及其自动化 Power System and its Automation高电压与绝缘技术 High Voltage and Insulation Technology电力电子与电力传动 Power Electronics and Power Drives电工理论与新技术 Theory and New Technology of Electrical Engineering电子科学与技术 Electronics Science and Technology物理电子学 Physical Electronics电路与系统 Circuits and Systems微电子学与固体电子学 Microelectronics and Solid State Electronics电磁场与微波技术 Electromagnetic Field and Microwave Technology信息与通信工程 Information and Communication Engineering通信与信息系统 Communication and Information Systems信号与信息处理 Signal and Information Processing控制科学与工程 Control Science and Engineering控制理论与控制工程 Control Theory and Control Engineering检测技术与自动化装置 Detection Technology and Automatic Equipment系统工程 Systems Engineering模式识别与智能系统 Pattern Recognition and Intelligent Systems导航、制导与控制 Navigation, Guidance and Control计算机科学与技术 Computer Science and Technology计算机软件与理论 Computer Software and Theory计算机系统结构 Computer Systems Organization计算机应用技术 Computer Applied Technology建筑学 Architecture建筑历史与理论 Architectural History and Theory建筑设计及其理论 Architectural Design and Theory城市规划与设计(含风景园林规划与设计) Urban Planning and Design (including Landscape Planning and Design)建筑技术科学 Building Technology Science土木工程 Civil Engineering岩土工程 Geotechnical Engineering结构工程 Structural Engineering市政工程 Municipal Engineering供热、供燃气、通风及空调工程 Heating, Gas Supply, Ventilating and Air Conditioning Engineering防灾减灾工程及防护工程 Disaster Prevention and ReductionEngineering and Protective Engineering桥梁与隧道工程 Bridge and Tunnel Engineering水利工程 Hydraulic Engineering水文学及水资源 Hydrology and Water Resources水力学及河流动力学 Hydraulics and River Dynamics水工结构工程 Hydraulic Structure Engineering水利水电工程 Hydraulic and Hydro-Power Engineering港口、海岸及近海工程 Harbor, Coastal and Offshore Engineering测绘科学与技术 Surveying and Mapping大地测量学与测量工程 Geodesy and Survey Engineering摄影测量与遥感 Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing地图制图学与地理信息工程 Cartography and Geographic Information Engineering化学工程与技术 Chemical Engineering and Technology化学工程 Chemical Engineering化学工艺 Chemical Technology生物化工 Biochemical Engineering应用化学 Applied Chemistry工业催化 Industrial Catalysis地质资源与地质工程 Geological Resources and Geological Engineering矿产普查与勘探 Mineral Resource Prospecting and Exploration地球探测与信息技术 Geodetection and Information Technology地质工程 Geological Engineering矿业工程 Mineral Engineering采矿工程 Mining Engineering矿物加工工程 Mineral Processing Engineering安全技术及工程 Safety Technology and Engineering石油与天然气工程 Oil and Natural Gas Engineering油气井工程 Oil-Gas Well Engineering油气田开发工程 Oil-Gas Field Development Engineering油气储运工程 Oil-Gas Storage and Transportation Engineering纺织科学与工程 Textile Science and Engineering纺织工程 Textile Engineering纺织材料与纺织品设计 Textile Material and Textiles Design纺织化学与染整工程 Textile Chemistry and Dyeing and Finishing Engineering服装设计与工程 Clothing Design and Engineering轻工技术与工程 The Light Industry Technology and Engineering制浆造纸工程 Pulp and Paper Engineering制糖工程 Sugar Engineering发酵工程 Fermentation Engineering皮革化学与工程 Leather Chemistry and Engineering交通运输工程 Communication and Transportation Engineering道路与铁道工程 Highway and Railway Engineering交通信息工程及控制 Traffic Information Engineering & Control交通运输规划与管理 Transportation Planning and载运工具运用工程 Vehicle Operation Engineering船舶与海洋工程 Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering船舶与海洋结构物设计制造 Design and Construction of NavalArchitecture and Ocean Structure轮机工程 Marine Engine Engineering水声工程 Underwater Acoustics Engineering航空宇航科学与技术 Aeronautical and Astronautical Science andTechnology飞行器设计 Flight Vehicle Design航空宇航推进理论与工程 Aerospace Propulsion Theory and Engineering航空宇航器制造工程 Manufacturing Engineering of Aerospace Vehicle人机与环境工程 Man-Machine and Environmental Engineering兵器科学与技术 Armament Science and Technology武器系统与运用工程 Weapon Systems and Utilization Engineering兵器发射理论与技术 Armament Launch Theory and Technology火炮、自动武器与弹药工程 Artillery, Automatic Gun and AmmunitionEngineering军事化学与烟火技术 Military Chemistry and Pyrotechnics核科学与技术 Nuclear Science and Technology核能科学与工程 Nuclear Energy Science and Engineering核燃料循环与材料 Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Materials核技术及应用 Nuclear Technology and Applications辐射防护及环境保护 Radiation and Environmental Protection农业工程 Agricultural Engineering农业机械化工程 Agricultural Mechanization农业水土工程 Agricultural Water-Soil Engineering农业生物环境与能源工程 AgriculturalBiological Environmental andEnergy Engineering农业电气化与自动化 AgriculturalElectrification and Automation林业工程 Forestry Engineering森林工程 Forest Engineering木材科学与技术 Wood Science and Technology林产化学加工工程 Chemical Processing Engineering of ForestProducts环境科学与工程 Environmental Science and Engineering环境科学 Environmental Science环境工程 Environmental Engineering生物医学工程 Biomedical Engineering食品科学与工程 Food Science and Engineering食品科学 Food Science粮食、油脂及植物蛋白工程 Cereals, Oils and Vegetable ProteinEngineering农产品加工及贮藏工程 Processing and Storage of AgricultureProducts水产品加工及贮藏工程 Processing and Storage of Aquatic Products农学 Agriculture作物学 Crop Science作物栽培学与耕作学 Crop Cultivation and Farming System作物遗传育种学 Crop Genetics and Breeding园艺学 Horticulture果树学 Pomology蔬菜学 Olericulture茶学 Tea Science农业资源利用学 Utilization Science of Agricultural Resources土壤学 Soil Science植物营养学 Plant Nutrition植物保护学 Plant Protection植物病理学 Plant Pathology农业昆虫与害虫防治 Agricultural Entomology and Pest Control农药学 Pesticide Science畜牧学 Animal Science动物遗传育种与繁殖 Animal Genetics, Breeding and ReproductionScience动物营养与饲料科学 Animal Nutrition and Feed Science草业科学 Practaculture Science特种经济动物饲养学(含蚕、蜂等) The Rearing of Special-type EconomicAnimals (including Silkworm, Honeybees, etc.)兽医学 Veterinary Medicine基础兽医学 Basic Veterinary Medicine预防兽医学 Preventive Veterinary Medicine临床兽医学 Clinical Veterinary Medicine林学 Forestry林木遗传育种学 Forest Tree Genetics and Breeding森林培育学 Silviculture森林保护学 Forest Protection森林经理学 Forest Management野生动植物保护与利用 Wildlife Conservation and Utilization园林植物与观赏园艺 Ornamental Plants and Horticulture水土保持与荒漠化防治 Soil and Water Conservation andDesertification Combating水产学 Fisheries Science水产养殖学 Aquaculture Science捕捞学 Fishing Science渔业资源学 Science of Fisheries Resources医学 Medicine基础医学 Basic Medicine人体解剖与组织胚胎学 Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology免疫学 Immunology病原生物学 Pathogenic Organisms病理学与病理生理学 Pathology and Pathophysiology法医学 Forensic Medicine放射医学 Radiation Medicine航空航天与航海医学 Aerospace and Nautical medicine临床医学 Clinical Medicine内科学(含心血管病学、血液病学、呼吸系病学、消化系病学、内分泌与代谢病学、肾脏病学、风湿病学、传染病学)Internal medicine (including Cardiology, Hematology,Respiratory, Gastroenterology, Endocrinology andMetabolism, Nephrology, Rheuma-tology, InfectiousDiseases)儿科学 Pediatrics老年医学 Geriatrics神经病学 Neurology精神病与精神卫生学 Psychiatry and Mental Health皮肤病与性病学 Dermatology and Venereology影像医学与核医学 Imaging and Nuclear Medicine临床检验诊断学 Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics护理学 Nursing外科学(含普通外科学、骨外科学、泌尿外科学、胸心血管外科学、神经外科学、整形外科学、烧伤外科学、野战外科学)Surgery (General Surgery, Orthopedics, Urology,Cardiothoracic Surgery, Neurosurgery, Plastic Surgery,Burn Surgery, Field Surgery)妇产科学 Obstetrics and Gynecology眼科学 Ophthalmic Specialty耳鼻咽喉科学 Otolaryngology肿瘤学 Oncology康复医学与理疗学 Rehabilitation Medicine &Physical Therapy运动医学 Sports Medicine麻醉学 Anesthesiology急诊医学 Emergency Medicine口腔医学 Stomatology口腔基础医学 Basic Science of Stomatology口腔临床医学 Clinical Science of Stomatology公共卫生与预防医学 Public Health and Preventive Medicine流行病与卫生统计学 Epidemiology and Health Statistics劳动卫生与环境卫生学 Occupational and Environmental Health营养与食品卫生学 Nutrition and Food Hygiene儿少卫生与妇幼保健学 Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health卫生毒理学 Hygiene Toxicology军事预防医学 Military Preventive Medicine中医学 Chinese Medicine中医基础理论 Basic Theories of Chinese Medicine中医临床基础 Clinical Foundation of Chinese Medicine中医医史文献 History and Literature of Chinese Medicine方剂学 Formulas of Chinese Medicine中医诊断学 Diagnostics of Chinese Medicine中医内科学 Chinese Internal Medicine中医外科学 Surgery of Chinese Medicine中医骨伤科学 Orthopedics of Chinese Medicine中医妇科学 Gynecology of Chinese Medicine中医儿科学 Pediatrics of Chinese Medicine中医五官科学 Ophthalmology and Otolaryngoloy of ChineseMedicine针灸推拿学 Acupuncture and Moxibustion and Tuina of Chinesemedicine民族医学 Ethnomedicine中西医结合医学 Chinese and Western Integrative Medicine中西医结合基础医学 Basic Discipline of Chinese and WesternIntegrative中西医结合临床医学 Clinical Discipline of Chinese and WesternIntegrative Medicine药学 Pharmaceutical Science药物化学 Medicinal Chemistry药剂学 Pharmaceutics生药学 Pharmacognosy药物分析学 Pharmaceutical Analysis微生物与生化药学 Microbial and Biochemical Pharmacy药理学 Pharmacology中药学 Science of Chinese Pharmacology军事学 Military Science军事思想学及军事历史学 Military Thought and Military History军事思想学 Military Thought军事历史学 Military History战略学 Science of Strategy军事战略学 Military Strategy战争动员学 War Mobilization战役学 Science of Operations联合战役学 Joint Operation军种战役学(含第二炮兵战役学) Armed Service Operation (includingOperation of Strategic Missile Force)战术学 Science of Tactics合同战术学 Combined-Arms Tactics兵种战术学 Branch Tactics军队指挥学 Science of Command作战指挥学 Combat Command军事运筹学 Military Operation Research军事通信学 Military Communication军事情报学 Military Intelligence密码学 Cryptography军事教育训练学(含军事体育学) Military Education and Training (includingMilitary Physical Training)军制学 Science of Military System军事组织编制学 Military Organizational System军队管理学 Military Management军队政治工作学 Science of Military Political Work军事后勤学与军事装备学 Science of Military Logistics and MilitaryEquipment军事后勤学 Military Logistics后方专业勤务 Rear Special Service军事装备学 Military Equipment管理学 Management Science管理科学与工程 Management Science and Engineering工商管理学 Science of Business Administration会计学 Accounting企业管理学(含财务管理、市场营销学、人力资源管理学) Corporate Management(including Financial Management, Marketing, and HumanResources Management)旅游管理学 Tourist Management技术经济及管理学 Technology Economy and Management农林经济管理学 Agricultural and Forestry Economics & Management农业经济管理学 Agricultural Economics & Management林业经济管理学 Forestry Economics & Management公共管理学 Science of Public Management行政管理学 Administration Management社会医学与卫生事业管理学 Social Medicine and Health Management教育经济与管理学 Educational Economy and Management社会保障学 Social Security土地资源管理学 Land Resource Management图书馆、情报与档案学 Science of Library, Information and Archival图书馆学 Library Science 情报学 Information Science 档案学 Archival Science。
教育英语文献选读部分文章翻译
一、Y: 杨锐中央电视台英语频道“对话”节目主持人H: 何其莘教授北京外国语大学副校长D: Donald Holder 北大附中外籍教师Y: What do Eastern and Western family education share in shaping a child's mind and character? Y:东方和西方家庭教育分享在塑造孩子的人的心灵和品格?H: Parental guidance is probably the first thing. Both the east and west emphasize the quality of family life. Usually parents are the first teachers for a child. A child very often imitates the parents and he is likely to regard whatever the parents do as positive.H:父母的指导可能是第一件事。
东方和西方都强调家庭生活的质量。
通常父母为孩子的第一任老师。
一个孩子经常模仿父母和他可能认为不管父母做积极的。
D: I agree with Prof. He. It seems that in both families whether it's east or west, the child is the center and becomes the focus of the parents' hopes and dreams. And on both sides we also have this idea of putting pressure on the child. Especially in China, that pressure becomes even more apparent. Americans... sometimes it's a little more subtle in this side. But both sides share that a child is医生:我同意教授他。
教育类外文资料翻译
毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译题目初中科学教师成长案例分析与研究学院物理与电子信息工程学院专业物理学(师范)班级09物本学号0911******* 学生姓名郑默超指导教师黄晓虹温州大学教务处制外文资料来源及题目(注:含作者、书名、杂志名或外文数据库名等,英文文章或段落标题,原文附后)题目: Realms of beginning teachers emotional work.作者: Smeltzer Erb, Cathy Kay来源:【学位授予单位】university of toronto (canada)【学位名称】Ph.D.【学位年度】2004译成中文后题目(译文附后)新任教师情绪工作的领域指导教师审阅意见:签名:年月日原文Realms of beginning teachers emotional work.【作者】Smeltzer Erb, Cathy KayCase Study ApproachThis thesis adopts a qualitative research perspective characterized by an interpretive, naturalistic approach. Phenomenon is interpreted in a natural setting and viewed as a "complex, holistic picture" (Creswell, 1998, p. 15) that examines the multiple dimensions of a problem in all its complexity. The context of beginning teachers' emotional work is the natural setting for this thesis.Case study is the research methodology (Merriam, 1988) utilized in this thesis. Case study has a tradition of broad interdisciplinary evolution as it explores "a bounded system" (Smith, 1978) through in-depth data collection of multiple data sources (Creswell, 1998). Multiple forms of data collection, such as interviews, observations, debriefing interviews, field notes, and documents provide an in-depth view of the case. By design, case studies bring out details of participant viewpoints by using multiple data sources. Thus this holistic approach to case study research enables an examination of the complexity of all of the working parts in "an integrated system" (Stake, 1995, p.2). The context of case study research involves situating the case within its natural setting, thus aligning with the naturalistic approach of qualitative research.The primary design of this thesis will be a collective case study (Stake, 1995) involving six beginning teachers as separate case studies examined through cross-case analysis. The intent of multiple cases is to determine whether the cases follow similar themes and patterns (Yin, 1994). Multiple case study design allows for the emergence of common themes, achieved both within and among case analysis (Creswell, 1998), that might not be uncovered in a single case study (Creswell, 1994). Thus case study is an ideal methodology for a holistic, in-depth investigation (Feagin, Orum, & Sjoberg, 1991) of the emotional experience of a group of beginning teachers.Role of the ResearcherMy role as the researcher is to be an instrument of data collection that gathers data, analyzes data inductively, and interprets the meanings conveyed by participants (Patton, 1990). However, this objective role is filled with subjective tendencies in my research study that must be kept at the forefront of my thinking throughout the stages of data collection and analysis.In recent years, I have been involved on a committee that explored the possible implementation of a teacher induction program within the Southwestern Ontario school district where the site of this study is located. Also, at the invitation of a principal and vice-principal, I participated in the beginning stages of two small site-based initiatives prior to this study. One initiative was with six beginning teachers in a local elementary school. The other initiative involved approximately ten secondary teachers from the research site of this study.What I bring to this study is influenced by my own teacher experiences and from my understanding of teacher induction research. I believe that teacher induction is an essential component to effectively bringing new teachers into the profession. Clearly, I believe that the emotional dimension of new teachers' experience is an intentional part of teacher development. Belief in the content of my research study increases my commitment to understand the experience of teacher participants. My interest and commitment to new teachers allows me to go deeper into my investigation of research to understand the relationship between emotions and teacher learning.On the other hand, the belief that emotions are connected with learning to teach might subconsciously impede what questions I asked of participants, what I observed in watching these teachers in their work, or how I understood the data. Conscious awareness of my own biases was important when collecting and analyzing data to present as accurate a portrayal of these teachers' experiences as possible.As a researcher, I spent many hours observing and listening to teachers tell stories of their work. In some cases, stories were recounted with extreme positive or negative emotion. In other accounts, stories seemed more neutrally presented. Regardless of the emotion present, I was entrusted with both the sacred and the cursed moments of beginning teaching. Although not formally designed in my study, I was a mentor to these teachers. I entered my research with sensitivity to the amount of time that would be expected from participants. Without jeopardizing my research design, I remained conscious of the overwhelming demands faced by beginning teachers as reported in research literature while acquiring the data necessary for an in-depth study. I also recognized that disclosure of sensitive information to the researcher might be an issue for some participants. Late in the study, several teachers spoke appreciatively of the listening, mentoring, reflective and support mechanisms that were unintentionally structured into my role as researcher. For example:Yesterday I was feeling a sense of loss. Where's my Cathy? It's true though because there were a couple of things that happened yesterday ... I was looking for you this morning, 'cause I'm so used to sharing this stuff with somebody because normally you don't [talk about it to anyone]. [A-16-6]....I was thinking also, in many ways, this whole process with youto me, because we talk about all these things, this is for your research study, but to me you're very much my mentor. [A-23-108]The days I'm here with you I hardly see anybody else. No one else has taken the time to do this, either they're too afraid or no one's willing to provide it, or not interested. [B-13-68]These comments from participants mitigate the limitation of respondents being comfortable to disclose content of a sensitive nature to the researcher. In essence, the researcher-participant interaction evolved into a mentoring relationship in which trust and confidentiality were established during the study. It is expected that these relationships may continue beyond the scope of this study, particularly between the major participants and the researcher.Selection of Case Study ParticipantsIn qualitative research, participants are purposefully selected that will best answer the research question (Creswell, 1994). In this thesis, participants were purposefully selected from one secondary school within a Southwestern Ontario school district where the researcher had previously taught and had established contact with beginning teachers. Second-year teachers were selected based on the advice from research literature that new teachers need time to learn about a school culture and the students. Further, Grossman, Valencia, Evans, Thompson, Martin, and Place (2000) caution against relying solely on first year teacher's views. Once beginning teachers have survived the first year, they know their school culture and students, are more confident in their role as teachers, and are better able to reflectively assess their strengths and weaknesses than when they were engulfed in the overwhelming first year of teaching. Second year teachers have the advantage of one year of experience as a new teacher, yet the experience is fresh enough in their minds to accurately recall their experiences.To begin the process of selecting case study participants, I acquired written consent from school administration that this study could be conducted in their school. A vice-principal generated a list of all second-year teachers from the school database. With administration's approval, I prepared and distributed a memo to the 14 teachers identified from the database as second-year teachers. Of the 14 teachers, six indicated interest in participating in the study. Individual conversations with these six potential participants clarified the purpose and design of the study, assisted in assessing whether participants were interested in major or minor participation in the study, and assisted the researcher in assessing each individual according to the following criteria:■began his/her second year of probationary or permanent teaching in the 2001-2002 school year; ■entered the second year of teaching preferably where s/he was a first-year teacher;■was enthusiastic about participating in this research study;■was available and willing to participate in a variety of data collection procedures (interviews of 30-60 minutes in duration, classroom observations, document reviews, etc.);■consented to having interview sessions tape-recorded, transcribed and analyzed;■was willing to engage in an in-depth exploration of the emotional dimension of his/her work.Six second-year teachers met the criteria and were selected as participants. Two major participants comprised the primary cases and provided the greatest quantity of data for this thesis. A lesser volume of data were collected from four minor participants selected as secondary cases for the purpose of triangulating contextual issues and sorting out emerging concepts. A multi-case group of six was selected because it is a large enough number to give variation in representation, yet small enough for the researcher to manage prolonged engagement with each of the six participants. The group selected represented variation of subject areas, gender, age, and previous career experience.新任教师情绪工作的领域【作者】Smeltzer Erb, Cathy Kay案例研究方法本文以说明性、自然方法为特点的定性研究为视角。
教育类的中英文文献对照
对菲律宾学校辅导员学习观的探索艾伦 B.I.贝尔纳多著[摘要]学生学习改革是学校改革的重中之重,辅导员在学生的学习和进步中起着推动作用.然而,辅导员对学习过程有着怎样的理解呢?在这个研究中,我们调查了115个菲律宾学校的辅导员.就学习过程和影响学习的因素,他们对42个州的看法和做法表明了态度.一个对42个州的回应分析报告阐释了三个因素:(F1)社会认知构建主义,(F2)以教师或课程为中心的行为主义,(F3)个别差异.研究的主要成果是菲律宾学校辅导员的学习观对引导并促进学生的学习和进步起着很大影响.[关键词]学习观,学习概念,学校辅导员,学生学习,菲律宾世界上许多不同地区的学校改革都将重点放在学生学习上.特别是,大多数学校改进项目都将学生能接受高质量的教育和技能作为自己的目标,以帮助学生活跃于当今竞争激烈的全球经济社会(如:Lee & Williams, 2006).在这方面,学校改革项目吸取了当代一些学习理论和研究(如:Bransford, Brown, & Cocking, 1999; Lambert & McCombs, 1998).其中中心思想是学校改进的重点应致力于保证学生高质量的学习或接受有明确目标和标准的课程.例如,教科书(Chien & Young, 2007),计算机与教育技术(Gravoso, 2002; Haertnel & Means, 2003; Technology in Schools Task Force, 2003),教育评估体系(Black & Wiliam, 2004; Cheung & Ng, 2007; Clark, 2001; Stiggins, 2005)被重新考虑,因为这些支撑性的技术和资料影响着学生学习的进步.同样地,学校财政资源的管理和分配也被评估,以验证它们是否被充分调动起来促进学生学习.(Bolam, 2006; Chung & Hung, 2006; Retna, 2007)从这方面来说,一些支持者号召在改革中对学校辅导员进行测试(Herr, 2002).在美国,House and Hays (2002) 提出学校辅导员在引导学生进步中应扮演积极的领导角色.与此同时,美国学校辅导员协会在1997年倡导,“学校辅导员计划视是为了促进和加强学习过程”.为了回应这个提议,一些人推荐了所谓的最好办法,让学校辅导员全面参与到促进学生学习中来.(如:Rowell & Hong, 2002; Sink, 2005).提高学生的学习也是菲律宾学校改革的主题之一(Bernardo & Garcia, 2006; Bernado & Mendoza, 2009).然而,尽管学校辅导员在学生学习中的作用引起人们的重新思考,但这股浪潮并不十分明显.在菲律宾,学校辅导员通常被叫做指导员.他们在学生学习中所起的合作者作用在菲律宾学校辅导员作用讨论中并没被强调.并且,这些作用在菲律宾学校辅导员讨论(Abrenica, 2001; Salazar-Cleme.a, 2000)和辅导员教育计划(Almeda-Estanislao, 2007; Guarino, 2007; Pabition, 2003)中也没被提及.事实上,没有任何出版物系统研究过辅导员在学生学习和进步中所起的作用(Pabition, 2001, is a rare example).本研究将通过调查菲律宾学校辅导员有关学生学习过程的观念或信念,以主动探究他们在促进学生学习中可能起的作用. “什么是学习,为何学习”一直是各类教育利益相关者研究的重点.例如,有的侧重于学生学习概念的研究(Purdie & Hattie,2002),因为这些概念涉及到学生的学习行为和策略(Entwistle & Peterson, 2004; Pillay, Purdie, Boulton-Lewis, 2000).同样,一些研究侧重讨论教师(Boulton-Lewis, Smith, McCrindle, Burnett, & Campbell, 2001; Kane, Sandretto, & Heath, 2002; Samuelowicz & Bain, 2001))和职前教师(Bernardo, 2008; Cliff, 1998)对学习的理解和信仰,因为据说这些认知可以指导教师在课堂上的行为(Calderhead, 1996),甚至关系到学生成就(Gao & Watkins, 004).本研究旨大规模探讨菲律宾学校辅导员对学习所持的信念.不像学生和教师,学校辅导员不是学校学习的直接参与者.然而,学校辅导员对自身在促进学生的学习方面的认识,很可能受制于他们对学习概念的理解.学校辅导员要想成为学生学习的有效帮助者,就必须客观深刻的理解学习过程以及促进或妨碍学生学习的因素.在这项研究中,我们调查了菲律宾六个不同地区的学校辅导员,要求他们评估有关学习过程不同看法,并表明他们的立场.我们用主成分分析法分析他们的回答,以揭示他们的学习观结构.我们还讨论了在众多的学习观中,辅导员将倾向于选择哪种.方法参与者116个来自全国不同地区的学校辅导员参与了这项研究,研究主要采用调查问卷的方式.其中男性10人,女性103人,还有三人为注明性别.参与者大多比较年轻,20多岁的占43.1%,三十多岁的占30.2%.大多数被调查者是刚参加工作的辅导员;50.9%的受访者有五年或以下的工作经历,仅26.7%的人有五到十五年的工作经历.大约有一半或54.9%的参与者只有学士学位,其余的具有硕士以上学位.工具调查问卷中有42个涉及学习过程和影响学习过程的因素.看法来自于当代的各种学习理论和学习原则.问卷中的题目按随机顺序排列.与会者被要求表明是否同意问卷中的每个声明,每题有从0(非常不同意)到7(非常同意)八个不同选项.问卷还包括调查学校辅导员的教育和专业背景及其他一些人口统计信息.结果为探讨辅导员学习观结构,我们采用探索性因素分析法对他们的反应进行了分析.首先,对42个项目的内部一致性和该项目相关性进行计算.该项目相关性介于0.27~0.66之间,信度α=.94.Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin充分抽样调查指数是0.815,这表明数据是可行的.然后,采用主成分分析法分析42个项目中的原始数据,得到三个主要因素.我们应用旋转矩阵(正交因子旋转斜职位)分析组成因子.该模式有三个因素矩阵占总数的42.30%. 因素负荷量的判别方法是,其中一个因素至少占0.40,而其他因素不能多于0.35.因素1的测试(特征值=12.62; 方差=30.06%)表明,大多数人的学习观念与认知建构主义观点是一致的.这些条目强调实现更高层次的认知知识和技能,同时积极参与更复杂的新旧知识构建.一些样本项目包括:“学习各种材料,包括能够有效地计划如何理解一个复杂的技能或概念”和“学习多种材料,包括改变或重新构建大脑的信息框架”.另一方面,因素2(特征值= 3.26; 方差= 7.77%)指出与行为主义相一致的学习观.这也表明,学习过程受先天能力的限制,但也受到更加传统的引导教学的影响.其中的条目显示了学习者的被动,和教学过程中外部引导的重要性.一些样本项目包括:“学习复杂的材料,包括通过反复练习强化复杂技能,这种方法省力高效”,“学习各种资源,包括按意愿模仿生活中模范人物的行为”.最后,因素3(特征值=1.88; 方差= 4.48%),是指个体差异影响因素,如发育,动机,社会和个人认知.这些条目大多是指个人、群体或社会因素会影响学习效果.示例项目包括:“在学习过程,所学任务或概念与生活有无关联影响着学生的学习兴趣”,“学习过程受到学生成功期望值的影响”.代表三个不同因素的项目被分为三块,分别表示每个因素.社会认知的建构主义信念量表有17个项目(男= 5.72,标准差= 0.72,信度α= .92).行为主义信念量表包括9项(男= 5.14,标准差= 0.98,信度α= 0.83).最后,个体差异信念量表包括9项(男= 5.64,标准差= 0.78,信度α= .82).参与者对不同项目的反应在三个因素中密切相关.社会认知建构主义与行为主义相关(r =0 .48,p<0.0001),也与个体差异相关(r = 0.67,p<0.0001).行为主义信念也与个体差异信念相关(r = 0.50,p<0.0001).这三个因素的描述性统计表明,辅导员没有明确的偏好,各个信念也没有大的差别.其他描述性统计分析显示,这三个因素与教育,职业,或个人(性别,年龄,工龄,教育专业,教育成就)无必然联系.讨论这样说来,如果这种信念不是正式顾问教育课程的产品,那探究这种信念如何出现将是一件有趣的事情.也许,这些信念来自于菲律宾学校顾问的个人学习经验或个人的阅读资料和研究.菲律宾学校学生的个人学习经验会塑造学习概念,这和信仰结构的第三因素的特点相符合.因素3里的条目表明了个体差异,发展和社会因素影响菲律宾学校顾问学习理念的学习构成和重要视角.这个因素表明了菲律宾学校顾问的一个重要倾向:考虑与不同个人或者不同情境因素有关的学习过程,这些因素为特定的个人学习经历下定义.这个学习概念的形成揭示了,这个概念在一个程度上注意到了每个学生不同的学习经历,专注影响每一位学生学习的发展的、社会的、甚至文化因素.这样一种构想最可能关系到菲律宾学校顾问进行心理评估的核心功能,该评估突显出个体差异.基本的咨询技巧也同样需要顾问去探究特定的因素,这些因素决定那些不被看好的学生、荣誉学生和其他顾问在职业生涯中遇到的特殊学生的学习结果和经历.即使这项研究的结果只是初步探测,但是它提示了有用的类别或构建,来用于研究菲律宾顾问推动和促进菲律宾籍学生的学习的更方面能力.前面的讨论凸显了与第三因素相关的学习观念是如何与学校顾问的基本职能和功能相密切联系.与前两个因素或视角相对应的学习理念也可能与处理学生的学习需求的特定选择相关.那些强烈坚信社会构建主义学习信念的学校顾问很可能对一些学习问题进行概念,这些问题关于学习策略的积极使用,计划和其他的自律的学习模式,以及影响学生学习能力和动机的个人和社会因素.此外,社会建构主义学习理念可能与是开发更强的机构和学生自主决定的努力相联系.另一方面,那些坚信行为学习理念的顾问倾向于对学习问题从以下方面概念:适当的内部和外部的强化有效的学习行为,他们会把注意力集中在分析教师、父母、同辈、甚至是学生们自己如何应对各种有效和无效的学生学习行为.因此,行为主义学习信念可能改变特定的外部事件,并影响到以扬长避短为目的的学生学习环境.在这一点上面,学校顾问的学习信念和专业实践的关系仍然是推测性的,因为这项研究并没有试图收集关于专业操作的数据.未来的研究可以聚焦于这重要的一点,同样的,一些对教师和学生的学习理念相关的研究与教师实践(Calderhead,1996;高和沃特金斯,2004年)和学生学习行为(·恩特威斯尔&彼得森,Purdie,2003;Pillay,Boulton-Lewis,2000年)相关.这项研究的一个重要贡献在于它提供了一个有用的工具,这具有很高的内部一致性的价值.该工具可用于研究学校顾问不同的学习理念如何联系学生的学业表现(例如,失败,成绩不良等)、咨询及其它帮助学生提高学习成绩,甚至建立自己的专业职能的策略.由于世界不同地区的学校顾问在积极推动和促进学生的学习,那么考虑学校顾问提及的过程有关的认知, 这是很重要的.从菲律宾学校顾问的例子,研究表明了对学习过程下定义的角度,可以提供相关的专业职能,加强学习.这项研究的结果走出了一个小但重要的一步,其能够更加有效地对菲律宾学校顾问如何发挥其功能去提高学生的学习方法下定义.Exploring Filipino School Counselors’Beliefs about LearningAllan B. I. Bernardo[Abstract]School reform efforts that focus on student learning require school counselors to take on important new roles as advocates of student learning and achievement. But how do school counselors understand the process of learning? In this study, we explore the learning beliefs of 115 Filipino school counselors who indicated their degree of agreement with 42 statements about the process of learning and the factors that influence this process. A principal components analysis of the responses to the 42 statements suggested three factors: (F1) social-cognitive constructivist beliefs, (F2) teacher-/curriculum-centered behaviorist beliefs, and (F3) individual difference factors. The preliminary results are briefly discussed in terms of issues related to how Filipino school counselors’ conceptions of learning may guide their strategies for promoting student learning and achievement.[Key words] beliefs about learning, conceptions of learning, school counselors, student learning, PhilippinesSchool reform efforts in different parts of the world have focused on students’ learning. In particular, most school improvement programs now aim to ensure that students acquire the high-level knowledge and skills that help them to thrive in today’s highly competitive global economy (e.g., Lee & Williams, 2006). In this regard, school reform programs draw from various contemporary theories and research on learning (e.g., Bransford, Brown, & Cocking, 1999; Lambert & McCombs, 1998). The basic idea is that all school improvement efforts should be directed at ensuring students achieve high levels of learning or attainment of well-defined curricular objectives and standards. For example, textbooks (Chien & Young, 2007), computers and educational technology (Gravoso, 2002; Haertnel & Means, 2003; Technology in Schools Task Force, 2003), and educationalassessment systems (Black & Wiliam, 2004; Cheung & Ng, 2007; Clark, 2001; Stiggins, 2005) are being reconsidered as regards how they can effectively provide scaffolds and resources for advancing student learning. Likewise, the allocation and management of a school’s financial resources are assessed in terms of whether these are effec tively mobilized and utilized towards improving student learning (Bolam, 2006; Chung & Hung, 2006; Retna, 2007).In this regard, some advocates have also called for an examination of the role of school counselors in these reform efforts (Herr, 2002). In the United States, House and Hayes (2002) challenged school counselors to take proactive leadership roles in advocating for the success of all students in schools. In this line, the American School Counselor Association (1997) has advocated that “the purpose of a counseling program in a school setting is to promote and enhance the learning process.” In response to this thrust, many have documented and advocated best practices that would allow school counselors to fulfill their new roles in enhancing student learning (e.g., Rowell & Hong, 2002; Sink, 2005).The improvement of student learning has also been an important theme in school reform efforts in the Philippines (Bernardo & Garcia, 2006; Bernardo & Mendoza, 2009). However, the push for rethinking the roles of school counselors in improving student learning has not been as pronounced. School counselors, who are often called guidance counselors in the Philippines, and their functions and competencies as collaborators in the promotion of student learning in achievement have not been highlighted in discussions on the functions of Philippine school counselors (Abrenica, 2001; Salazar-Cleme.a, 2000). These functions and competencies are also not mentioned in discussions on the perceived competencies of Philippine school counselors (Almeda-Estanislao, 2007; Guarino, 2007; Pabiton, 2003), or in the counselor education programs (Wong-Fernandez, 2000, 2001). In fact, there is hardly any published research that looks into the role of school counselors in improving student learning and achievement (Pabiton, 2001, is a rare example).The present study aims to initiate inquiry into the possible roles of Philippine school counselors in promoting student learning, by looking into school counselors’ conceptions or beliefs regarding the learning process. Conceptions and beliefs aboutlearning has been an important focus of research among various education stakeholders. For example, research has focused on students’ conceptions of learning (Purdie & Hattie, 2002) as these con ceptions are related to the students’ learning behaviors and strategies (Entwistle & Peterson, 2004; Pillay, Purdie, Boulton-Lewis, 2000). Similarly, research has also focused on conceptions and beliefs about learning of teachers (Boulton-Lewis, Smith, McCrindle, Burnett, & Campbell, 2001; Kane, Sandretto, & Heath, 2002; Samuelowicz & Bain, 2001) and pre-service teachers (Bernardo, 2008; Cliff, 1998) as these cognitions are said to guide teachers practices in the classroom (Calderhead, 1996) and may even be related to student achievement (Gao & Watkins, 2004). This study aims to extend this line of inquiry by exploring the beliefs about learning of school counselors in the Philippines.School counselors are not the direct participants in the learning processes in schools, unlike students and teachers. Nevertheless, how school counselors conceive of their roles in promoting student learning is likely to be shaped by their own conceptions regarding the learning process. If school counselors are to be effective agents in facilitating students learning, they should have a deep and principled understanding of the processes of learning, and the factors that may promote or hinder these processes. In this study, we inquired into the beliefs about learning of practicing school counselors in six different regions of the Philippine by asking them to assess different statements regarding the learning process and indicate their agreement with such statements. Their responses were analyzed using principal components analysis in order to reveal the structure of their beliefs about learning, and possible options for school counselors in relation to the various dimensions of the learning beliefs are discussed.MethodParticipantsOne-hundred sixteen school counselors from six different regions of the country participated in the study by answering a questionnaire on conceptions of learning. Ten of the participants were male, 103 female, and three did not indicate their gender. Most of the participants are relatively young; 43.1% of the participants were in their 20s, and 30.2% were in their 30’s. Most of the participants are also relatively new in their present positionsas counselors; 50.9% of the participants have been in their present positions for five years for less and 26.7% have been in their positions for 6 to 15 years. About half or 54.9% of the participants have only a bachelor’s degree, and the rest have master’s degrees. InstrumentA questionnaire was designed to include 42 statements regarding the learning process and factors that affect this process. The statements were derived from different contemporary theories and principles regarding learning. The items were arranged in one random sequence in the questionnaire. The participants were asked to indicate whether they agree or disagree with each statement in the questionnaire, using a scale from 0 (very strongly disagree) to 7 (very strongly agree). The questionnaire also included questions referring to the school counselors’ educational and professional background and some other demographic information.ResultsTo explore the structure of the school counselors’ beliefs about learning, their responses were analyzed using an exploratory factor analysis. First, the internal consistency of the entire 42-item scale was computed and the item-total correlations were computed. The item-total correlations ranged from .27 to .66, Cronbach’s α = .94. The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin measure of sampling adequacy was .815 indicating that the data are factorable. The raw data on the 42 items were then analyzed using principal components analysis, and the scree plot suggested three factors. The component matrix was rotated using the promax rotation (orthogonal factors are rotated to oblique positions). The pattern matrix with three factors accounted for 42.30% of the variance. The factor loadings were determined by considering items with loading of at least .40 in one factor and not more than .35 in either of the other factors.An examination of the items in Factor 1 (Eigenvalue = 12.62; % of variance = 30.06) indicates that most of the items refer to conceptions of learning that are consistent with cognitive constructivist views of learning. These items emphasize the importance of attaining higher level cognitive knowledge and skills, and the importance of active processes that relate old and new knowledge in the process of constructing more complexknowledge representations. Some sample items include: “Learning complex material involves being able to effectively plan how to understand a comp lex skill or concept” and “Learning complex material involves changing or reorganizing how one represents information in the mind.”On the other hand, the items in Factor 2 (Eigenvalue = 3.26; % of variance = 7.77) refer to conceptions of learning consistent with behaviorist conceptions of learning, that also suggest that learning processes are constrained by innate capabilities but are shaped by more traditional instructional processes. The items in this factor also suggest a passive role of the learner, and the importance of external instructional processes in advancing learning. Some sample items include: “Learning complex material involves the consistent practice and reinforcement of complex skills so that this is executed fast and without error” and “L earning complex material involves the imitation of desired behaviors from models in the environment.”Finally, the items in Factor 3 (Eigenvalue = 1.88; % of variance = 4.48) refer to factors that influence individual differences in learning, such as developmental, motivational, social, and individual cognitive styles. Most of the items in this factor refer to one or more personal or social factors that may influence the outcomes of the learning process. Example items include: “The learning process is infl uenced by whether the task and concepts to be learned are relevant to the learner’s personal interest” and “The learning process is influenced by the learner’s expectations for success and failure in learning.”The different items that loaded into the three factors were combined form three scales that represented each of the three factors. The social-cognitive constructivist beliefs scale consisted of 17 items (M=5.72, SD = .72, Cronbach’s α = .92). The behaviorist beliefs scale consisted of 9 items (M = 5.14, SD = .98, Cronbach’s α = .83). Finally, individual difference beliefs scale consisted of another 9 items (M = 5.64, SD = .78, Cronbach’s α = .82). The participants’ responses to the items in the three factors were highly related. Social-cognitive constructivists beliefs were correlated with behaviorist beliefs (r = .48, p < .0001), and with individual difference beliefs (r = .67, p < .0001). Behaviorist beliefs were also correlated with individual difference beliefs (r = .50,p< .0001). The descriptive statistics for the three factors suggest that there is no clear preference for one set of beliefs or another, nor is there a clear distinction made among the beliefs. Other descriptive statistical analysis revealed that the responses for the three factors were not associated with any of the educational, professional, or demographic variables such as sex, age, years in the profession, educational concentration/major, or educational attainment.DiscussionThis exploratory study reveals that Filipino school counselors’ beliefs about learning are organized in terms of fairly coherent systems of principles and factors that are consistent with both traditional (behaviorist) and contemporary (constructivist) approaches to understanding learning. One could speculate that the beliefs are organized in ways that reflect formal instruction regarding theories of learning, however, research on the guidance and counseling or counselor education curriculum in the Philippines (Wong-Fernandez, 2000, 2001) indicates that such concepts are not given emphasis at all. Thus, it is unlikely that the Filipino counselors’ beliefs about learning merely replicate the structure of formal courses on learning.In this regard, it would be interesting to inquire into how such beliefs actually emerge if it is not likely to be a product of the formal counselor education curriculum. Perhaps, the beliefs emerge from reflections about the Filipino school counselors’ personal learning experiences or personal readings and studies. That the personal experiences of Filipino school counselors may shape their conceptions of learning seems consistent with the features of the third factor in the structure of their beliefs. The items in Factor 3 indicate that ideas regarding individual difference, developmental and social factors that influence learning comprise and important dimension of the Filipino school counselors’ beliefs about learning. The factor indicates an important predisposition among Filipino school counselors to think about the learning process in relation to the various personal and contextual factors that define the specific experiences of each learner. This conceptualization of learning reveals a degree of sensitivity to the distinctiveness in the learning experiences of each student, and mindfulness about the various developmental,social, and even cultural factors that influence the learning of each individual student. Such a conceptualization most likely relates to the Filipino school counselors’ core function of psychological assessment, which highlights individual difference variables. Basic counseling techniques also require the school counselors to inquire into specific factors that determine the learning outcomes and experiences of underachieving students, honor students, and other distinct cases that the school counselors are likely to encounter in their professional practice.Even as the results of the study are exploratory and preliminary, the results indicate useful categories or constructs to begin studying aspects of the Filipi no counselors’ capacity to engage the function of promoting and enhancing Filipino students’ learning. The preceding discussion highlights how learning beliefs associated with the third factor are likely to be associated with some fundamental competencies and functions of school counselors. Learning beliefs corresponding to the first two factors or dimensions may also be related to specific options for dealing with students’ learning needs. School counselors who hold strong social-cognitive constructivist learning beliefs are likely to conceptualize learning problems in terms of the use of active learning strategies, planning and other self-regulatory learning approaches, and possible personal and social factors that influence the students’ ability and motiv ation to implement these strategies. Moreover, social-cognitive constructivist learning beliefs might be associated with efforts to develop stronger agency and self-determination on the part of the student. On the other hand, school counselors who hold strong behaviorist learning beliefs are likely to conceptualize learning problems in terms of problems with appropriate internal and external reinforcements to effective learning behaviors, and are likely to focus on analyzing how teachers, parents, peers, and even the students themselves respond to various effective and ineffective learning behaviors of the student. Thus, behaviorist learning beliefs might be associated with interventions that will involve changing certain external contingencies in the studen ts’ learning environment for the purpose of shaping and strengthening good learning behaviors and extinguishing bad ones.The relationship between school counselors’ learning beliefs and their professionalapproaches and practices remains speculative at this point, as the study did not attempt to gather data on these professional practices. Future research studies can focus on this important point, in the same way that some research on teachers’ and students’ beliefs about learning are associated with teacher practices (Calderhead, 1996; Gao & Watkins, 2004) and student learning behaviors (Entwistle & Peterson, 2004; Pillay, Purdie, Boulton-Lewis, 2000). One important contribution of the study is that it provides a useful instrument with high internal consistency values for doing so. The instrument may be used to study how school counselors’ different conceptualizations of learning may be related to their attributions for students’ academic performance (e.g., failure, underachievement, etc.), to the counseling and other intervention strategies they adopt for helping students improve on their learning achievement levels, and even to how they construct their professional functions vis-à-vis student learning.As school counselors in different parts of the world strive to define more active roles in promoting and enhancing student learning, it is important to consider the relevant cognitions that school counselors might have related to the process. In the case of Filipino school counselors, the study indicates dimensions of conceptualizations about the learning process that may provide the foundation for concretizing the school counselors’ professional functions related to enhancing learning. The results of this study represent a small but important step towards more effectively conceptualizing approaches for how Filipino school counselors may engage this function of enhancing learning among Filipino students.。
中西方教育差异文献
中西方教育差异文献1. "Chinese Education: Selected Documents" by Ruth Hayhoe这本书搜集了一系列关于中国教育的文献,涵盖了教育体制、课程改革和教育政策等方面的内容。
2. "Chinese Learners and Western Education" by David Watkins本书研究了中国学生在西方教育体系中的经历和适应情况,探讨了中西方教育差异对学生学习和发展的影响。
3. "The Globalisation of Chinese Education: Perspectives from the Field" by Jane Knight该书从实地研究的角度分析了中国教育的全球化趋势,比较了中西方教育体系的异同,并探讨了全球化对中国教育的影响。
4. "Cultures of Schooling: Pedagogies for Cultural Difference and Social Access" by Mary Kalantzis and Bill Cope这本书讨论了中西方文化差异对教育的影响,并提供了一些跨文化教育的教学策略和方法。
5. "Educational Trends in a Changing China: Comparative Perspectives on Education Reforms and Practices" edited by Shibao Guo and Yan Guo该书汇集了多位学者的研究,比较了中国教育改革和实践与其他国家的差异,深入探讨了中西方教育制度的异同。
6. "Chinese Education and Society: A Bibliographic Guide" byMarjorie Bingham Wescoat这本书提供了关于中国教育和社会的文献索引,为研究者提供了研究中国教育的重要参考资源。
西方教育经典文献
西方教育经典文献西方教育经典文献对于教育理论和实践都有重要的影响,下面列举了10个西方教育经典文献,以展示其对教育领域的重要贡献。
1. 《论教育》(On Education) - 约翰·洛克约翰·洛克是西方教育理论的奠基人之一,他在《论教育》中提出了教育的目标、方法和原则,强调个性化教育和培养学生自主性。
2. 《修辞学》(Rhetoric) - 亚里士多德亚里士多德的《修辞学》是一部关于演讲和说服的经典著作,对教育者如何培养学生的说服能力和表达能力提供了重要指导。
3. 《人的教育》(Émile) - 让-雅克·卢梭让-雅克·卢梭的《人的教育》是一本关于儿童教育的重要著作,强调儿童的自然发展和自主性,提出了个性化培养和培养良好习惯的教育方法。
4. 《民主与教育》(Democracy and Education) - 约翰·杜威约翰·杜威的《民主与教育》是一本关于教育哲学的经典著作,强调教育与民主社会的关系,提出了以学生为中心、注重实践和体验的教育理念。
5. 《教育的目的》(The Aims of Education) - 阿尔弗雷德·诺斯·怀特黑德阿尔弗雷德·诺斯·怀特黑德的《教育的目的》是一本关于教育目标和价值观的著作,探讨了教育的终极目标和培养全面发展的个体的重要性。
6. 《学校与社会》(School and Society) - 约翰·杜威约翰·杜威的《学校与社会》是一本关于教育改革的著作,强调教育应该与社会紧密结合,为学生提供与现实生活相关的学习经验。
7. 《教育哲学》(Philosophy of Education) - 尤金·费尔达尤金·费尔达的《教育哲学》是一本系统介绍教育哲学的经典教材,包括教育的本质、目的、方法和价值观等内容。
8. 《教育与民主的信仰》(The Beliefs of Educators and Civic Education) - 约翰·迪沃西约翰·迪沃西的《教育与民主的信仰》是一本关于公民教育的重要著作,强调教育是培养公民素质和参与民主政治的重要手段。
学前教育英文文献
学前教育英文文献学前教育是指为幼儿提供的早期教育和培养,旨在促进幼儿全面发展。
以下是一些关于学前教育的英文文献,供您参考:1. Barnett, W. S. (2011). Effectiveness of early educational intervention. Science, 333(6045), 975-978.This article discusses the effectiveness of early educational interventions in promoting positive outcomes for children in various areas of development.2. Pianta, R. C., & Walsh, D. J. (1996). High-risk children in schools: Constructing sustaining relationships. Routledge.This book explores the importance of building and maintaining supportive relationships with high-risk children in schools, emphasizing the role of early education in fostering positive connections.3. Zigler, E., & Bishop-Josef, S. J. (2006). The cognitive child versus the whole child: Lessons from 40 years of Head Start. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 27(2), 114-118.This journal article reflects on the lessons learned from the Head Start program over 40 years, highlighting the importance of considering both cognitive and holistic aspects of child development in early education.4. Rimm-Kaufman, S. E., & Pianta, R. C. (2000). An ecological perspective on the transition to kindergarten: A theoretical framework to guide empirical research. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 21(5), 491-511.This article presents an ecological perspective on the transition to kindergarten,offering a theoretical framework to guide empirical research on the factors influencing successful transitions in early education.5. Bowman, B. T., Donovan, M. S., & Burns, M. S. (Eds.). (2001). Eager to learn: Educating our preschoolers. National Academies Press.This book provides a comprehensive review of research on early childhood education, covering topics such as curriculum, assessment, teacher qualifications, and the importance of family involvement.这些文献涵盖了学前教育的不同方面,包括早期干预的有效性、建立与高风险儿童的关系、认知与整体发展的重要性、过渡到幼儿园的生态视角以及学前教育的课程、评估和家庭参与等。
体育教育中英文对照外文翻译文献
体育教育中英文对照外文翻译文献体育教育中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)译文:长沙市社区篮球运动的发展现状与对策研究摘要采用文献资料法、逻辑分析法、调查访问法、数理统计法对长沙市社区篮球运动的研究,表明长沙市社区篮球运动的发展并不乐观、没有跟上时代的步伐、与时俱进。
表现在社区篮球场地奇缺,社区体育指导员没有专门的人员担任、没有社区体育指导的专业知识,全民健身的宣传力度不够、人们的全民健身意识淡薄,政府的投入力度等等方面还不够。
建议加大全民健身的宣传力度,以增强社区居民的健身意识;加强社区内篮球场地的建设;建立健全的社会指导员培训机构;每个社区都引进专业的社会指导员;将学校、社区、企业单位的体育场馆进行综合的利用;注重在建设体育场馆的质量和位置;大力发展社区的作用,由社区组织一些社区内或是社区之间的篮球比赛,以营造体育运动的氛围。
关键词:篮球运动;社区;现状;对策AbstractWith the methods of documentation, logic analysis, investigation and interview, mathematical statistics; and through the study on community's basketball of Changsha , indicate that the development of community's basketball of Changsha is pessimistic , and without following the paces of the times . Display in the areas of that community basketball field in exceedingly short supply, community sports instructor having not special personnel, community professional knowledge being rare, no enough propaganda strength of nationwide fitness programs, the thin consciousness of nationwide fitness programs, and input power of government wait a moment for to be enougheven. Propose strengthening the propaganda strength of nationwide fitness programs, in order to strengthen community residents' consciousness of building up body; Strengthen the construction of the basketball field in the community; Set up sound social instructor's training organization; Each community introduces the specialized social instructor; Carry on comprehensive use gymnasiums and stadiums of school , community and enterprise ; Pay attention to building quality and position of the gymnasiums and stadiums; The function of the community should pay more effective role, more basketball match in some communities or between the community should be organized by community, in order to build an atmosphere of sports activity.Keywords: Basketball Movement; Community; Current; Countermeasure.20 世纪80 年代中期以来,随着我国经济和社会的发展,城市经济体制的改革和城市管理体制改革的推进,城市社区和社区体育得以迅速的发展。
中西教育模式的对比英文参考文献
中西教育模式的对比英文参考文献The differences between Chinese and western learning Education is very significant for a country.It can not only help the children grow healthy,but also influent the country's future.So lets make a comparison between Chinese and western learning ways.First.Chinese education is a examination-oriented education system.,while western education pays more attention in practical,such as analyzing and innovating.In China,teachers will tell students some important rules directly,and then spend most of the time to teach and ask them work out problems.In this way,students can get good grades in exam,but they don't really understand the principle.In western education,students may not do lots of practices,but their focus is on the derivation of the formula.In this way,they may not get very high grades,but their ability in analyzing and innovating will improve a lot.Second,Chinese education is so strict to students that make them hating study.Or we can say Chinese education is forcing students to learn.In western education,they will lead students to find the fun in learning.So Chinese students always learn in unwillingly.And western students are interested in theirstudy.Third,Chinese education likes pay attention in the exam,while western education likes to evaluate a student in different ways.For example,in their evaluation system,class discipline and attendance rate accounted for 15%,after school work grade accounted for 15%,group interaction discussion accounted for 20%,thesis writing and reply accounted for 50%.So I think the evaluation system is better than just paying attention in exam.Chinese education has its advantages and disadvantages.In one hand,we need to develop our goodness,in other hand,we'd better learn the advantages in western education.。
中英教育差异的参考文献
中英教育差异的参考文献1. Chapman, D. W. (2008). Comparing the Education Systems of England and China. International Journal of Educational Development, 28(4), 444-456.2. Huang, F. L. (2011). A Comparative Study of Chinese and Western Education Models and Practices in Mathematics. Journal of Mathematics Education, 4(1), 46-53.3. Liu, J., & Fuligni, A. J. (2006). Perceived Parental Control and Chinese American Adolescents' Paradoxical Behaviors: The Moderating Role of Parent-Adolescent Relationships. Journal of Adolescent Research, 21(1), 3-31.4. Zhang, H. (2018). A Comparative Study of English and Chinese Education: Teaching Methods, Learning Styles and Classroom Culture. Studies in English Language Teaching, 6(3), 67-75.5. Li, W. (2014). Understanding Cross-cultural Differences in Educational Achievement: A Comparative Study of China and the United States. Education Journal, 3(2), 66-73.6. Yan, Y., & Zhou, M. (2009). A Comparative Study on Class Management: China and Western Countries. Modern Educational Technology, 19(11), 109-110.7. Wang, L. (2016). A Comparative Study of Chinese and American Teacher–Student Relationships. Journal of Education and Practice, 7(31), 46-49.8. Lin, Y. C. (2011). A Comparative Study of Classroom Management between American and Chinese EFL Teachers. Journal of Language Teaching and Research, 2(6), 1350-1356.9. Chen, F., & Cai, Y. (2010). A Comparison of Chinese and American Classroom Interaction Patterns. Foreign Language Education, 31(2), 50-54.10. Zhang, J., & Peng, Z. (2017). Comparative Study of English Language Teaching in China and the United States. Journal of Education and Training Studies, 6(4), 119-124.。
公共管理家庭教育中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文对照外文翻译(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)A Comparative Study on FamilyEducation in America and ChinaAbstract: In a life me, family is the first school, in which parents are the first teachers for the children. Children are the hopes of a na on, and family educa on is the elementary educa on for children. There are many types of family educa on in the world and each of them shows dis nc ve features and is closely responsive to its culture. And American family educa on is the most famous one among them. There are great differences in the concepts of educa on, aim of educa on, methods of educa on and contents of educa on between American familyeduca on and Chinese family educa on. This thesis will complete the compara ve study from the differences, the reasons and the results of family educa on between America and China. The author hopes to find a sa sfied family educa on method through comparing the differences between American family educa on and Chinese family educa on. At the same me, the author hopes this thesis can provide some helpful sugges ons for family educa on in order to make children grow more healthily and roundly.Keywords : family educa on children differences educa on for all-around developmentOutline :1. Introduc on2. Differences between Chinese family educa on and Western family educa on2.1 The concepts of family educa on are different2.2 The aims of family educa on are different2.3 The methods of family educa on are different3. The reasons for the differences men oned above3.1 Different historical background3.2 Different economic form3.3 Different social condi ons3.4 Different tradi onal culture4. ConclusionIntroduction:Family education, school education and social education are the three big and indispensable props of education. They are playing an important part in the whole educational cause. Home education, however , holds a more essential position in the development of a person which is closely related to tens of thousands of families’ vital benefits and urgent need.thousands of families’ vital benefits and urgent need. In the modern society In the modern society increasing attention has been paid to family education, making it become a hot spot of society.Throughout the ages, scores of intelligent men has taken great delight in the field of home education, and quite substantial progress has been achieved generation after generation. In general, family education maintains a goodmomentum of advancement; and it has already been brought into the focus of people. But it is cannot be denied that weak points still exist in family education. Nowadays, numerous problems emerge from family education, especially inChina.Chinese and Western traditional home education are both great deal of diversity. The family education is under the influence of traditional culture. Chinese society attaches great importance to family education. ChinaChina’’s rich cultural traditions of education include excellent ingredients in home education. While with the development of education and the introduction of Western educational thoughts, Chinese pa rents show a loss of helplessness facing the traditional and modern thoughts 。
幼儿教育英文论文文献
FLEXIBILITY
Having easily movable equipment (not too heavy). Combining activity areas in logical spaces (messy, quiet, active, greeting areas) Have an opened concept but use boundaries to separate play spaces. Make sure play spaces have a feeling/mood that is well defined and recognizable by children and adults.
CHILD-SIZE SPACE
Furniture and equipment that is appropriate for the size and height of infants and toddlers. Ensuring that children can have appropriate access to the room that they are living/playing and working in.
LEARNING ABOUT LEARNING SPACES
Get into 5 groups of 6. Summarize the overview and learning objectives of each area. Based on the room layout we just discussed, identify where each area on your worksheet should be placed. Put all group members first and last names on the sheet, and hand it in when you are done. Remember you are being graded on your communication style, as you are creating study aids for everyone in the class. There is also a copy of the text on reserve in the library for you to make use of to aid you in your study for these topics.
学前教育英文文献及翻译
学前教育英文文献及翻译学前教育是指对幼儿进行的早期教育和培养,是一个关键阶段,对幼儿的发展起着重要作用。
以下是几篇经典的英文文献及其翻译,希望能为学前教育工作者和家长提供一些参考。
文献一:Early Childhood Education: The Key to SuccessEarly childhood education is the foundation for lifelong learning. It is during these early years that children developthe essential skills and knowledge that will set them up for success in school and in life. Research has shown that high-quality early childhood education programs can have a significant impact on a child’s academic and social development.翻译一:学前教育:成功的关键学前教育是终生学习的基础。
在这些早期岁月,孩子们发展出将他们在学校和生活中成功的必要技能和知识。
研究表明,高质量的学前教育计划对孩子的学术和社交发展有显著影响。
文献二:The Role of Play in Early Childhood EducationPlay is an essential part of early childhood education. It is through play that children learn about the world around them, develop their imagination and creativity, and build important social and emotional skills. Play-based learning can help children engage with their environment, problem-solve, and develop a love for learning.翻译二:在学前教育中的游戏角色游戏是学前教育的一个重要组成部分。
关于英语教育的参考文献
关于英语教育的参考文献以下是一些关于英语教育的参考文献:1. Brothers, J. M. (2014). English language teaching in the digital age: Changing contexts, challenges and strategies. Routledge.2. Goh, K. G., & Tan, K. L. (2017). Multilingual education for the global age:Singapore"s experience. In Multilingual education for the global age (pp. 131-144). Palgrave Macmillan.3. Lee, K. M. H. (2016). English language teaching and transformation:Reflections on the past, present, and future of ESL/EFL education. International Journal of English Language Teaching, 3(2), 12-22.4. Ng, H. Y. (2018). Global English education: challenges and opportunities. In Global English education (pp. 1-10). Routledge.5. Tan, K. L. G. (2017). Multilingualism and education:Philosophical perspectives. Routledge.6. Wolf, M. (2013). Learning English in a globalized world: Challenges for language education. In Language education for a globalized world (pp. 17-32). Palgrave Macmillan.以上参考文献涵盖了英语教育的不同方面,包括数字时代英语教育的变化、多语言教育、英语语言教学的变化、全球英语教育的挑战、英语作为学习语言的作用等。
儿童教育外文翻译文献
儿童教育外文翻译文献(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译)原文:The Role of Parents and Community in the Educationof the Japanese ChildHeidi KnipprathAbstractIn Japan, there has been an increased concern about family and community participation in the child’s educat ion. Traditionally, the role of parents and community in Japan has been one of support and less one of active involvement in school learning. Since the government commenced education reforms in the last quarter of the 20th century, a more active role for parents and the community in education has been encouraged. These reforms have been inspired by the need to tackle various problems that had arisen, such as the perceived harmful elements of society’spreoccupation with academic achievement and the problematic behavior of young people. In this paper, the following issues are examined: (1) education policy and reform measures with regard to parent and community involvement in the child’s education; (2) the state of parent and community involvement at the eve of the 20th century.Key Words: active involvement, community, education reform, Japan, parents, partnership, schooling, supportIntroduction: The Discourse on the Achievement GapWhen western observers are tempted to explain why Japanese students attain high achievement scores in international comparative assessment studies, they are likely to address the role of parents and in particular of the mother in the education of the child. Education mom is a phrase often brought forth in the discourse on Japanese education to depict the Japanese mother as being a pushy, and demanding home-bound tutor, intensely involved in the child’s education due to severe academic competition. Although this image of the Japanese mother is a stereotype spread by the popular mass media in Japan and abroad, and the extent by which Japanese mothers are absorbed in their children is exaggerated (Benjamin, 1997, p. 16; Cummings, 1989, p. 297; Stevenson & Stigler, 1992, p. 82), Stevenson and Stigler (1992) argue that Japanese parents do play an indispensable role in the academic performance of their children. During their longitudinal and cross-national research project, they and their collaborators observed that Japanese first and fifth graders persistently achieved higher on math tests than American children. Besides reciting teacher’s teaching style, cultural beliefs, and organization of schooling, Stevenson and Stigler (1992) mention parent’s role in supporting the learning conditions of the child to explain differences in achievement between elementary school students of the United States and students of Japan. In Japan, children receive more help at home with schoolwork (Chen & Stevenson, 1989; Stevenson & Stigler, 1992), and tend to perform less household chores than children in the USA (Stevenson et al., 1990; Stevenson & Stigler, 1992). More Japanese parents than American parents provide space and a personal desk and purchase workbooks for their children to supplement their regular text-books at school (Stevenson et al., 1990; Stevenson & Stigler, 1992). Additionally, Stevenson and Stigler (1992) observed that American mothers are much more readily satisfied with their child’s performance than Asian parents are, have less realistic assessments of their child’s academic perform ance, intelligence, and other personality characteristics, and subsequently have lower standards. Based on their observation of Japanese, Chinese and American parents, children and teachers, Stevenson and Stigler (1992) conclude that American families can increase the academic achievement of their children by strengthening the link between school and home, creating a physical and psychological environment that is conducive to study, and by making realistic assessments and raising standards. Also Benjamin (1997), who performed ‘day-to-day ethnography’ to find out how differences in practice between American and Japanese schools affect differences in outcomes, discusses the relationship between home and school and how the Japanese mother is involved in the academic performance standards reached by Japanese children. She argues that Japanese parents are willing to pay noticeable amounts of money for tutoring in commercial establishments to improve the child’s performance on entrance examinations, to assist in ho mework assignments, to facilitate and support their children’s participation in school requirements and activities, and to check notebooks of teachers on the child’s progress and other school-related messages from the teacher. These booklets are read and written daily by teachers and parents. Teachers regularly provide advice and reminders to parents, and write about homework assignments of the child, special activities and the child’s behavior (Benjamin, 1997, p. 119, p. 1993–1995). Newsletters, parents’ v isits to school, school reports, home visits by the teacher and observation days sustain communication in later years at school. According toBenjamin (1997), schools also inform parents about how to coach their children on proper behavior at home. Shimahara (1986), Hess and Azuma (1991), Lynn (1988) and White (1987) also try to explain national differences in educational achievement. They argue that Japanese mothers succeed in internalizing into their children academic expectations and adaptive dispositions that facilitate an effective teaching strategy, and in socializing the child into a successful person devoted to hard work.Support, Support and SupportEpstein (1995) constructed a framework of six types of involvement of parents and the community in the school: (1) parenting: schools help all families establish home environments to support children as students; (2) communicating: effective forms of school-to-home and home-to-school communications about school programs and children’s progress; (3) volu nteering: schools recruit and organize parents help and support; (4) learning at home: schools provide information and ideas to families about how to help students at home with homework and other curriculum-related activities, decisions and planning; (5) decision making: schools include parents in school decisions, develop parent leaders and representatives; and (6) collaborating with the community: schools integrate resources and services from the community to strengthen school programs, family practices, and student learning and development. All types of involvement mentioned in studies of Japanese education and in the discourse on the roots of the achievement gap belong to one of Epstein’s first four types of involvement: the creation of a conducive learn ing environment (type 4), the expression of high expectations (type 4), assistance in homework (type 4), teachers’ notebooks (type 2), mother’s willingness to facilitate school activities (type3) teachers’ advice about the child’s behavior (type 1), observ ation days by which parents observe their child in the classroom (type 2), and home visits by the teachers (type 1). Thus, when one carefully reads Stevenson and Stigler’s, Benjamin’s and other’s writings about Japanese education and Japanese students’ high achievement level, one notices that parents’ role in the child’s school learning is in particular one of support, expected and solicited by the school. The fifth type (decision making) as well as the sixth type (community involvement) is hardly ever mentioned in the discourse on the achievement gap.In 1997, the OECD’s Center for Educational Research and Innovation conducted a cross-national study to report the actual state of parents as partners in schooling in nine countries, including Japan. In its report, OECD concludes that the involvement of Japanese parents in their schools is strictly limited, and that the basis on which it takes place tends to be controlled by the teacher (OECD, 1997, p. 167). According to OECD (1997), many countries are currently adopting policies to involve families closely in the education of their children because (1) governments are decentralizing their administrations; (2) parents want to be increasingly involved; and (3) because parental involvement is said to be associated with higher achievement in school (p. 9). However, parents in Japan, where students already score highly on international achievement tests, are hardly involved in governance at the national and local level, and communication between school and family tends to be one-way (Benjamin, 1997; Fujita, 1989; OECD, 1997). Also parent–teacher associations (PTA, fubo to kyoshi no kai ) are primarily presumed to be supportive of school learning and not to participate in school governance (cf. OECD, 2001, p. 121). On the directionsof the occupying forces after the second world war, PTA were established in Japanese schools and were considered with the elective education boards to provide parents and the community an opportunity to participate actively in school learning (Hiroki, 1996, p. 88; Nakata, 1996, p. 139). The establishment of PTA and elective education boards are only two examples of numerous reform measures the occupying forces took to decentralize the formal education system and to expand educational opportunities. But after they left the country, the Japanese government was quick to undo liberal education reform measures and reduced the community and parental role in education. The stipulation that PTA should not interfere with personnel and other administrative tasks of schools, and the replacement of elective education boards by appointed ones, let local education boards believe that parents should not get involved with school education at all (Hiroki, 1996, p. 88). Teachers were regarded to be the experts and the parents to be the laymen in education (Hiroki, 1996, p. 89).In sum, studies of Japanese education point into one direction: parental involvement means being supportive, and community involvement is hardly an issue at all. But what is the actual state of parent and community involvement in Japanese schools? Are these descriptions supported by quantitative data?Statistics on Parental and Community InvolvementTo date, statistics of parental and community involvement are rare. How-ever, the school questionnaire of the TIMSS-R study did include some interesting questions that give us a clue about the degree of involvement relatively compared to the degree of involvement in other industrialized countries. The TIMSS-R study measured science and math achievement of eighth graders in 38 countries. Additionally, a survey was held among principals, teachers and students. Principals answered questions relating to school management, school characteristics, and involvement. For convenience, the results of Japan are only compared with the results of those countries with a GNP of 20650 US dollars or higher according to World Bank’s indicators in 1999.Unfortunately, only a very few items on community involvement were measured. According to the data, Japanese principals spend on average almost eight hours per month on representing the school in the community (Table I). Australian and Belgian principals spend slightly more hours and Dutch and Singaporean principals spend slightly less on representing the school and sustaining communication with the community. But when it comes to participation from the community, Japanese schools report a nearly absence of involvement (Table II). Religious groups and the business community have hardly any influence on the curriculum of the school. In contrast, half of the principals report that parents do have an impact in Japan. On one hand, this seems a surprising result when one is reminded of the centralized control of the Ministry of Education. Moreover, this control and the resulting uniform curriculum are often cited as a potential explanation of the high achievement levels in Japan. On the other hand, this extent of parental impact on the curriculum might be an indicator of the pressure parents put on schools to prepare their children appropriately for the entrance exams of senior high schools.In Table III, data on the extent of other types of parental involvement in Japan and other countries are given. In Japan, parental involvement is most common in case of schools volunteering for school projects and programs, and schools expecting parents to make sure that thechild completes his or her homework. The former is together with patrolling the grounds of the school to monitor student behavior most likely materialized through the PTA. The kinds and degree of activities of PTA vary according to the school, but the activities of the most active and well-organized PTA’s of 395 elementary schools investigated by Sumida (2001)range from facilitating sport and recreation for children, teaching greetings, encouraging safe traffic, patrolling the neighborhood, publishing the PTA newspaper to cleaning the school grounds (pp. 289–350). Surprisingly, less Japanese principals expect from the parents to check one’s child’s completion of homework than principals of other countries. In the discourse on the achievement gap, western observers report that parents and families in Japan provide more assistance with their children’s homework than parents and families outside Japan. This apparent contradiction might be the result of the fact that these data are measured at the lower secondary level while investigations of the roots of Japanese students’ high achievement levels focus on childhood education and learning at primary schools. In fact, junior high school students are given less homework in Japan than their peers in other countries and less homework than elementary school students in Japan. Instead, Japanese junior high school students spend more time at cram schools. Finally, Japanese principals also report very low degrees of expectations toward parents with regard to serving as a teacher aid in the classroom, raising funds for the school, assisting teachers on trips, and serving on committees which select school personnel and review school finances. The latter two items measure participation in school governance.In other words, the data support by and large the descriptions of parental of community involvement in Japanese schooling. Parents are requested to be supportive, but not to mount the territory of the teacher nor to be actively involved in governance. Moreover, whilst Japanese principals spend a few hours per month on communication toward the community, involvement from the community with regard to the curriculum is nearly absent, reflecting the nearly absence of accounts of community involvement in studies on Japanese education. However, the reader needs to be reminded that these data are measured at the lower secondary educational level when participation by parents in schooling decreases (Epstein, 1995; OECD, 1997; Osakafu Kyoiku Iinkai, unpublished report). Additionally, the question remains what stakeholders think of the current state of involvement in schooling. Some interesting local data provided by the Osaka Prefecture Education Board shed a light on their opinion.ReferencesBenjamin, G. R. (1997). Japanese lessons. New York: New York University Press.Cave, P. (2003). Educational reform in Japan in the 1990s: ‘Individuality’ and other uncertainties. Comparative Education Review, 37(2), 173–191.Chen, C., & Stevenson, H. W. (1989). Homework: A cross-cultural examination. Child Development, 60(3), 551–561.Chuo Kyoiku Shingikai (1996). 21 seiki o tenbo shita wagakuni no kyoiku no arikata ni tsu-ite [First Report on the Model for Japanese Education in the Perspective of theCummings, W. K. (1989). The American perception of Japanese parative Education, 25(3), 293–302.Epstein, J. L. (1995). School/family/community partnerships. Phi Delta Kappan , 701–712.Fujita, M. (1989). It’s all mother’s fault: childcare and the socialization of working mothers in Japan. The Journal of Japanese Studies , 15(1), 67–91.Harnish, D. L. (1994). Supplemental education in Japan: juku schooling and its implication. Journal of Curriculum Studies , 26(3), 323–334.Hess, R. D., & Azuma, H. (1991). Cultural support for schooling, contrasts between Japanand the United States. Educational Researcher , 20(9), 2–8, 12.Hiroki, K. (1996). Kyoiku ni okeru kodomo, oya, kyoshi, kocho no kenri, gimukankei[Rights and duties of principals, teachers, parents and children in education. InT. Horio & T. Urano (Eds.), Soshiki toshite no gakko [School as an organization](pp. 79–100). Tokyo: Kashiwa Shobo. Ikeda, H. (2000). Chiiki no kyoiku kaikaku [Local education reform]. Osaka: Kaiho Shup-pansha.Kudomi, Y., Hosogane, T., & Inui, A. (1999). The participation of students, parents and the community in promoting school autonomy: case studies in Japan. International Studies in Sociology of Education, 9(3), 275–291.Lynn, R. (1988).Educational achievement in Japan. London: MacMillan Press.Martin, M. O., Mullis, I. V. S., Gonzalez, E. J., Gregory, K. D., Smith, T. A., Chrostowski,S. J., Garden, R. A., & O’Connor, K. M. (2000). TIMSS 1999 Intern ational science report, findings from IEA’s Repeat of the Third International Mathematics and ScienceStudy at the Eight Grade.Chestnut Hill: The International Study Center.Mullis, I. V. S., Martin, M. O., Gonzalez, E. J., Gregory, K. D., Garden, R. A., O’Connor, K. M.,Chrostowski, S. J., & Smith, T. A.. (2000). TIMSS 1999 International mathemat-ics report, findings from IEA’s Repeat of the Third International Mathematics and Science Study at the Eight Grade.Chestnut Hill: The International Study Center. Ministry of Education, Science, Sports and Culture (2000).Japanese government policies in education, science, sports and culture. 1999, educational reform in progress. Tokyo: PrintingBureau, Ministry of Finance.Monbusho Ed. (1999).Heisei 11 nendo, wagakuni no bunkyoshisaku : Susumu kaikaku [Japanese government policies in education, science, sports and culture 1999: Educational reform in progress]. Tokyo: Monbusho.Educational Research for Policy and Practice (2004) 3: 95–107 © Springer 2005DOI 10.1007/s10671-004-5557-6Heidi KnipprathDepartment of MethodologySchool of Business, Public Administration and TechnologyUniversity of Twente P.O. Box 2177500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands译文:家长和社区在日本儿童教育中的作用摘要在日本,人们越来越关心家庭和社区参与到儿童教育中。
案例教学法中英文文献
案例教学法中英文文献案例教学法是一种教学方法,它通过真实的案例来帮助学生理解和应用所学知识。
在英文文献中,有很多关于案例教学法的研究和实践的文献。
以下是一些相关的英文文献:1. Herreid, C. F. (2007). Start with a story: The case study method of teaching college science. Arlington, VA: NSTA Press.这本书介绍了如何使用案例教学法来教授大学科学课程,作者提供了许多实际案例和教学方法。
2. Bonk, C. J., & Khoo, E. (2014). Adding some TEC-VARIETY: 100+ activities for motivating and retaining learners online. Open World Books.这本书提供了丰富的在线教学案例和活动,帮助教师更好地应用案例教学法在在线教育中。
3. McLeod, P. L., & Lehman, D. W. (1996). The use ofcase studies in management education: An exploratory study. Journal of Management Education, 20(2), 146-160.这篇文章探讨了案例教学法在管理教育中的应用,作者通过实证研究分析了案例教学法对学生学习成效的影响。
4. Flick, L. B. (2008). The power of case-based reasoning: A review. Journal of Nursing Education, 47(10), 433-436.这篇文章从护理教育的角度探讨了案例教学法的重要性和效果,作者总结了案例教学法在护理教育中的应用和优势。
学前教育外文翻译文献
文献信息:文献标题:Motivations and Barriers in Promoting Preschool Education (推进学前教育的动因与障碍)国外作者:A.Güler Küçükturan,Sadegül Akbaba Altun文献出处:《Kuram Ve Uygulamada Egitim Bilimleri》,2017,17(4):1433–1450字数统计:英文2785单词,15301字符;中文4524汉字外文文献:Motivations and Barriers in Promoting Preschool Education Abstract This study is designed to explore the reasons for sending and not sending preschool age children to preschools at an early age by exploring the motivations for and barriers towards promoting preschool education in Turkey. It aimed to determine various stakeholders’ perceptions, attitudes, and knowledge related to preschool education in order to promote high-quality and comprehensive preschool education. The research was conducted with 224 participants in five cities in Turkey. Qualitative data was collected through individual and focus group interviews and interpreted by content analysis and descriptive analysis. The findings indicated that families put forward the following reasons for sending their children to preschool: preschool education prepares children for school and helps form the habit of attending school, teachers’ efforts in convincing parents to send their children to preschool, providing the care for the children of working mothers with preschool teachers , and preschool helps children develop social behavior. The following factors were reasons families did not send their children to preschool: economic conditions, perceiving the child as too young, concerns over practices at school, perceptions about the mother’s role, and distrust of the transportation system. The results will help decision makers develop policies and strategies to heighten the general public’s awareness of the need for early education, as well as better provide early educationopportunities.Keywords:Preschool education; Motivation; Barrier; Pre-schooling; Dissemination of preschool educationIntroductionResearch is well established in showing that access to a high-quality early childhood education has a direct and permanent effect at every stage of human development (Avila & Baldwin, 2007; Barnett, 2008; Blau & Currie, 2005; Heckman & Masterov, 2007; Reynolds, 1992; Reynolds, Mehana, & Temple, 1995). For this reason, in order to provide early education policies, countries determine their equality in opportunity policies and form new strategies. Many countries regulate their early childhood education practices through the state legislature and as part of the education system according to the socio-political developments of the country. These legislative regulations determine basic core values in areas like curriculum, institutional process, teacher education, personnel requirement, monitoring and finance, and parent-teacher cooperation (Banković, 2014; Karila, 2008; Kuisma & Sandberg, 2008; Sheridan, Williams, Sandberg, & Vuorinen, 2011).Likewise, preschool education and the preschool teacher training system have been changed and developed in Turkey. Even though kindergartens opened before 1908, they became organized and widespread following the Temporary Preschool Law dated 23 September 1913. After two years, the Law Primary school bylaws were issued in 1915.Accordingly, kindergartens were opened, whether attached or unattached to primary schools, in order to provide education for children aged four to seven (Akyüz, 1989; Cicioğlu, 1989). With the opening of kindergartens, the need for trained teachers in these schools arose. In the same year as the issuance of the bylaws, a kindergarten teacher education school providing one year of education was opened in Istanbul, but it was closed after four years of operation in 1919. In this period, 370 preschool teachers were educated (Oğuzkan & Oral, 1987) and preschool education took its institutional place in the education process in real terms.However, for many years, the insufficient quality and quantity of early education, the changing position of women within the family and their active roles in real life due to rapid socio-cultural and economical changes, and, most importantly, the positive impact of early education on a child’s development as proven by educational studies and brain surveys demonstrate the necessity to take certain measures in the early stages of care and education of children.Early education gained f unctionality with the “Preschool Curriculum and Regulations,” “Temporary Teacher Training Regulation,” and “Preschool Regulation,” all of which were issued in 1952 and cover the voluntary education process for students not at elementary school age. Today, early education is given by the Ministry of National Education, Ministry of Family and Social Politics, Ministry of Labor, Universities, and voluntary agencies in kindergartens, implementation classrooms, nurseries, and day care centers for care and educational purposes. This multi-headed structure prevents education from reaching its desired quality level.Educational programs for early education were prepared by the Ministry of National Education (MoNE) and Board of Education in order to give high-quality training to teachers. Program developments were made at various times to troubleshoot and practice new applications that were presented by scientific studies. Accordingly, current education programs were updated under the Education of Early Education Strengthening Project that was introduced by the Ministry of National Education, financed by the European Community, and technically supported by UNICEF. Currently, applied education programs are prepared separately for 0–36 months old and for 37–72 months old. An educational approach based on the Developmental Appropriate Program is adopted. In this approach, it is essential to consider the active participation of the child and the family, suitability of the requirements, and environmental properties. Thus, it aims to raise a child’s behaviors in all development areas to a higher level by meeting his requirements and supporting interactions with each other in his development areas. Teachers who have graduated from the undergraduate program in early education from faculties of education are responsible for the implementation of this program in the preschool educationinstitutes. Training is given in separate classrooms, formed according to their ages (3, 4, and 5). Classes are composed of 20–24 groups of children composed equally of each gender.When the current structure of education in Turkey is assessed in terms of program, equipment, and teacher education, it appears that they have several characteristics in common with EU and OECD member countries. However, even though the starting age for early education in OECD countries varies, if early education is evaluated in terms of schooling rates, 71% of three-year-old children and 86% of four-year-old children participated in this non-compulsory education in 2014. The participation of four-year-old children at 94% was significantly higher in 2016. At least 90% of children aged three to four were enrolled in early childhood education in OECD countries—such as Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Island, Israel, Italy, Norway, Spain, and Sweden—and in most of the OECD countries have full enrollment in ECEC for five year olds (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development [OECD], 2016). Even though the targeted schooling rate is set to 50% for three to five (37–72 months) years of age and 100% for five (60–72 months) years of age in the Ninth Development Plan for the year 2013 and despite all the efforts for promoting preschool education, at the beginning of the academic year of 2015/2016 the schooling rate for Turkey is 11.74% for three years of age, 33.56% for four years of age and 67.17% for five years of age (MEB, 2015). These rates indicate that the desired and targeted levels in early education have not yet been met.However, this transition is not always smooth and fast in nature for major stakeholders, who include preschool age children, their families, teachers, mukhtars, prayer leaders, representatives of the Board of National Education, municipality, and written/visual press. In order to promote preschool education, it is important to determine how those stakeholders perceive what their own attitudes are and what they think of not sending children to preschools. In addition, in order to increase schooling rates to acceptable levels at the preschool level, it is crucial to define and understand the context that policy makers deal with.Therefore, this study has been conducted to determine the stakeholders’motivations for sending or not sending their children to preschool education. The results may inform decision or policy-makers at all levels as they develop policies and strategies to increase the general public awareness of the need for preschool education, as well as provide preschool education opportunities by increasing awareness about how different stakeholders perceive preschool education.MethodThis study was designed as a qualitative case study in order to explore the reasons the participants considered in sending or not sending their children to preschool. Case studies are used for describing an intervention or phenomenon and its real-life context when posing questions like “how” or “why” (Yin, 2003).ParticipantsThe sampling process included criterion and maximum sampling procedures (Patton, 1990). Variables including geographical regions, migration patterns (incoming-outgoing), and schooling rates were considered the main factors affecting preschool education attendance; therefore, based on these criteria, five cities were determined. When selecting the participants, it was also ensured that both rural and urban settlements were represented. Finally, a total of 224 participants representing parents, preschool teachers, preschool students, imams (prayer leaders), mukhtars (head of village or neighborhood), and branch directors of provincial national education bodies (DoPNE) responsible for preschool education were included in the study (See Table 1). Selection of those participants was based on maximum sampling procedures.Table 1 Demographics of ParticipantsParticipantsNumber of ParticipantsAdana Konya Van Erzurum Ordu TotalParents 23 28 25 28 19 123 Mukhtar and imam 5 5 4 4 5 23 Student 15 5 18 5 4 47 Rep from DoPNE 1 2 1 1 1 6 Teacher 5 5 5 5 5 25Total 49 45 53 43 34 224 Data Collection Tools and AnalysisThis study is part of a larger project based on mixed method analysis. In this paper, only qualitative data was used. Qualitative data was gathered from interviews and focus group discussions held with families, mukhtars, imams, preschool aged children, preschool education teachers, representatives from the Ministry of National Education, and representatives from the media.The qualitative data was analyzed through content analysis. Face-to-face meetings and focus group discussions were transcribed and frequently repeated terms and words were determined. While coding the data, these concepts were used as keywords during data coding. After the completion of coding, concepts were determined and grouped under a common theme. Coding procedures were completed by three different researchers. Later on, those codings were compared. Based on the similarities between them, a final decision was made to determine the categories and themes. In order to establish credibility and internal validity, peer debriefing was used throughout the research. Thick description was also used as the validation strategy. The analysis results were reported verbatim from the data along with visual representations.FindingsThis research aimed to determine stakeholders’ reasons for sending or not sending children for preschool education according to a qualitative paradigm. Themes and categories were formed and named according to the emerging patterns gathered from families, mukhtars, imams, and preschool aged children, preschool education teachers, representatives from the Ministry of National Education, and representatives from the media. The themes and categories that emerged are presented in Table 2.Table 2 Themes and Categories in FindingsMotivation BarriersPreparing children for school: “He should get used to school”Contribution to Language Development: “They learn and speak Turkish correctly”Efforts of Convincing: “Their teacher came and asked him to come to school”Women’s Participation in Business Life: “I work; therefore, I send my child to s chool”Transferring the Child’s Care: “S/he shouldn’t stay at home in an ‘overcrowded’ house”Gaining Social Behavior: “He should learn how to share”Economic Conditions: “We couldn’t afford it” Perceiving the child too young: “I pity him” Concerns over Pr actices at School: “They teach the wrong things”Perception about the Mother’s role: “The mother is already home; she can give good care to them” Distrust in Transportation System: “I can’t trust the transportation system”Lack of Knowledge of Preschool Education: “People don’t know the importance and necessity of preschool education in our country”.Conclusion and DiscussionPreschool education has the power to reduce the developmental inequalities of groups at risk as well as to support the healthy development of children. For this reason, countries determine national policies for preschool education. This study, which aimed at determining the barriers to children’s access to preschool education was conducted in cities where the preschool education schooling rate was low. The findings of this study indicate that the problems in promoting preschool education are multifaceted and should be approached from different perspectives. The perceived needs of preparing children for schooling and of children to gain social behaviors, the efforts of convincing campaign through local and central administrations, women’s participation in business life, and the contextual conditions (including economic and social factors) lead families to send their children to preschool. However, the economic conditions, perceiving the child as too young, concerns over practices at preschools, perception about the mother’s role, distrust in the transportation system, and a lack of knowledge of preschool education seem to hinder parents from enrolling their children in preschool.In Turkey, there has been a decrease in schooling statistics in preschool education due to the changes made according to the regulation number 222 dated 01/05/1961. Downgrading the schooling age to 66-month-olds and leaving it up to the parents to decide if their 60-month-old is to start school led to a drastic decrease of schoolingrates from 65.16% in 2011/2012 academic year to 39.72% in 2012/2013 (MEB,2015).This situation can be explained simply by the nature of compulsory education, but it can also be explained with the attitudes of parents who believed that 6 years of age is too early to send their children to preschool. On the other hand, parents’ views of “a child should go to school at the age of 6, it is too early before that age” might lead to a concern that their children would not get any preschool education at all. On the other hand, as also stated among the reasons to send children to preschool education, “gaining sharing behavior,” which could be discussed in terms of emotional regulation, peer acceptance, self-control, and taking precautions. However, it should be noted here that there is a contradiction in this study between the reasons parents posit for sending their children to preschool and their appreciation of year 5 and above as the appropriate age for starting preschool education in this study. This contradiction can be explained by the barriers families face, such as the household budget. Families are requested to contribute tuition since early education is costly and expensive to operate.The finding related to parents’ unwillingness to send their children to preschool at the age of 6 is quite remarkable. The downgrade of compulsory education to 66 months old and families’ perceptions re garding this age level seemed to be the main barriers to early childhood development. The research is well established to show that early childhood education has a tremendous impact on a child’s later development (Carneiro & Heckman, 2003; Cunha & Heckman, 2007; Cunha, Heckman, Lochnerand, & Masterov, 2005; Heckman 2006; Shonkoff & Philips, 2000). It is noteworthy that disadvantaged families and their children would benefit at the maximum level from preschool education and that it helps to bridge the opportunity gaps they suffer from (Halle et al., 2009; Heckman, 2008). In particular, Campbell and Ramey’s (1994) study showed how preschool education impacts children’s cognitive and academic development. Therefore, it is important to take necessary steps to reverse the existing notions about age, to establish the requirement for starting preschool education at earlier ages, and to (re-)educate parents.According to a recent report prepared by the World Bank titled “TheDevelopment and Dissemination of Preschool Education in Turkey,” it has been emphasized that the dissemination of preschool education is only possible by a comprehensive and/or focused approach in practice. The report proposes two models for Turkey: Sweden’s model, which is a model for nationwide practice, and New Zealand’s model, which focuses on earlier childhood education with a special emphasis on minority groups (i.e., Maori). However, in this report, the Chilean model is a more comprehensive model for children under supervision and is a kind of combination of the previous two models (World Bank, 2013). This model aims at both disseminating preschool education and reaching disadvantaged groups. However, several measures must be taken to prevent misapplications and their repercussions, such as negative attitudes about and decreased demand for preschooling. The participants in this study have stated that a determined focus on disseminating preschool education, increasing awareness, meeting the demands, and conducting ongoing assessments are needed. Based on these results, it is suggested that certain measures need to be taken and policies set.中文译文:推进学前教育的动因与障碍摘要本研究的目的是通过分析推进土耳其学前教育的动因和障碍,来探讨将学龄前儿童送到或不送到幼儿园的原因。
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对菲律宾学校辅导员学习观的探索艾伦 B.I.贝尔纳多著[摘要]学生学习改革是学校改革的重中之重,辅导员在学生的学习和进步中起着推动作用。
然而,辅导员对学习过程有着怎样的理解呢?在这个研究中,我们调查了115个菲律宾学校的辅导员。
就学习过程和影响学习的因素,他们对42个州的看法和做法表明了态度。
一个对42个州的回应分析报告阐释了三个因素:(F1)社会认知构建主义,(F2)以教师或课程为中心的行为主义,(F3)个别差异。
研究的主要成果是菲律宾学校辅导员的学习观对引导并促进学生的学习和进步起着很大影响。
[关键词]学习观,学习概念,学校辅导员,学生学习,菲律宾世界上许多不同地区的学校改革都将重点放在学生学习上。
特别是,大多数学校改进项目都将学生能接受高质量的教育和技能作为自己的目标,以帮助学生活跃于当今竞争激烈的全球经济社会(如:Lee & Williams, 2006)。
在这方面,学校改革项目吸取了当代一些学习理论和研究(如:Bransford, Brown, & Cocking, 1999; Lambert & McCombs, 1998)。
其中中心思想是学校改进的重点应致力于保证学生高质量的学习或接受有明确目标和标准的课程。
例如,教科书(Chien & Young, 2007),计算机与教育技术(Gravoso, 2002; Haertnel & Means, 2003; Technology in Schools Task Force, 2003),教育评估体系(Black & Wiliam, 2004; Cheung & Ng, 2007; Clark, 2001; Stiggins, 2005)被重新考虑,因为这些支撑性的技术和资料影响着学生学习的进步。
同样地,学校财政资源的管理和分配也被评估,以验证它们是否被充分调动起来促进学生学习。
(Bolam, 2006; Chung & Hung, 2006; Retna, 2007)从这方面来说,一些支持者号召在改革中对学校辅导员进行测试(Herr, 2002)。
在美国,House and Hays (2002) 提出学校辅导员在引导学生进步中应扮演积极的领导角色。
与此同时,美国学校辅导员协会在1997年倡导,“学校辅导员计划视是为了促进和加强学习过程”。
为了回应这个提议,一些人推荐了所谓的最好办法,让学校辅导员全面参与到促进学生学习中来。
(如:Rowell & Hong, 2002; Sink, 2005)。
提高学生的学习也是菲律宾学校改革的主题之一(Bernardo & Garcia, 2006; Bernado & Mendoza, 2009)。
然而,尽管学校辅导员在学生学习中的作用引起人们的重新思考,但这股浪潮并不十分明显。
在菲律宾,学校辅导员通常被叫做指导员。
他们在学生学习中所起的合作者作用在菲律宾学校辅导员作用讨论中并没被强调。
并且,这些作用在菲律宾学校辅导员讨论(Abrenica, 2001; Salazar-Cleme.a, 2000)和辅导员教育计划(Almeda-Estanislao, 2007; Guarino, 2007; Pabition, 2003)中也没被提及。
事实上,没有任何出版物系统研究过辅导员在学生学习和进步中所起的作用(Pabition, 2001, is a rare example)。
本研究将通过调查菲律宾学校辅导员有关学生学习过程的观念或信念,以主动探究他们在促进学生学习中可能起的作用。
“什么是学习,为何学习”一直是各类教育利益相关者研究的重点。
例如,有的侧重于学生学习概念的研究(Purdie & Hattie,2002),因为这些概念涉及到学生的学习行为和策略(Entwistle & Peterson, 2004; Pillay, Purdie, Boulton-Lewis, 2000)。
同样,一些研究侧重讨论教师(Boulton-Lewis, Smith, McCrindle, Burnett, & Campbell, 2001; Kane, Sandretto, & Heath, 2002; Samuelowicz & Bain, 2001))和职前教师(Bernardo, 2008; Cliff, 1998)对学习的理解和信仰,因为据说这些认知可以指导教师在课堂上的行为(Calderhead, 1996),甚至关系到学生成就(Gao & Watkins, 004)。
本研究旨大规模探讨菲律宾学校辅导员对学习所持的信念。
不像学生和教师,学校辅导员不是学校学习的直接参与者。
然而,学校辅导员对自身在促进学生的学习方面的认识,很可能受制于他们对学习概念的理解。
学校辅导员要想成为学生学习的有效帮助者,就必须客观深刻的理解学习过程以及促进或妨碍学生学习的因素。
在这项研究中,我们调查了菲律宾六个不同地区的学校辅导员,要求他们评估有关学习过程不同看法,并表明他们的立场。
我们用主成分分析法分析他们的回答,以揭示他们的学习观结构。
我们还讨论了在众多的学习观中,辅导员将倾向于选择哪种。
方法参与者116个来自全国不同地区的学校辅导员参与了这项研究,研究主要采用调查问卷的方式。
其中男性10人,女性103人,还有三人为注明性别。
参与者大多比较年轻,20多岁的占43.1%,三十多岁的占30.2%。
大多数被调查者是刚参加工作的辅导员;50.9%的受访者有五年或以下的工作经历,仅26.7%的人有五到十五年的工作经历。
大约有一半或54.9%的参与者只有学士学位,其余的具有硕士以上学位。
工具调查问卷中有42个涉及学习过程和影响学习过程的因素。
看法来自于当代的各种学习理论和学习原则。
问卷中的题目按随机顺序排列。
与会者被要求表明是否同意问卷中的每个声明,每题有从0(非常不同意)到7(非常同意)八个不同选项。
问卷还包括调查学校辅导员的教育和专业背景及其他一些人口统计信息。
结果为探讨辅导员学习观结构,我们采用探索性因素分析法对他们的反应进行了分析。
首先,对42个项目的内部一致性和该项目相关性进行计算。
该项目相关性介于0.27~0.66之间,信度α=.94.Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin充分抽样调查指数是0.815,这表明数据是可行的。
然后,采用主成分分析法分析42个项目中的原始数据,得到三个主要因素。
我们应用旋转矩阵(正交因子旋转斜职位)分析组成因子。
该模式有三个因素矩阵占总数的42.30%. 因素负荷量的判别方法是,其中一个因素至少占0.40,而其他因素不能多于0.35。
因素1的测试(特征值=12.62; 方差=30.06%)表明,大多数人的学习观念与认知建构主义观点是一致的。
这些条目强调实现更高层次的认知知识和技能,同时积极参与更复杂的新旧知识构建。
一些样本项目包括:“学习各种材料,包括能够有效地计划如何理解一个复杂的技能或概念”和“学习多种材料,包括改变或重新构建大脑的信息框架”。
另一方面,因素2(特征值= 3.26; 方差= 7.77%)指出与行为主义相一致的学习观。
这也表明,学习过程受先天能力的限制,但也受到更加传统的引导教学的影响。
其中的条目显示了学习者的被动,和教学过程中外部引导的重要性。
一些样本项目包括:“学习复杂的材料,包括通过反复练习强化复杂技能,这种方法省力高效”,“学习各种资源,包括按意愿模仿生活中模范人物的行为”。
最后,因素3(特征值=1.88; 方差= 4.48%),是指个体差异影响因素,如发育,动机,社会和个人认知。
这些条目大多是指个人、群体或社会因素会影响学习效果。
示例项目包括:“在学习过程,所学任务或概念与生活有无关联影响着学生的学习兴趣”,“学习过程受到学生成功期望值的影响”。
代表三个不同因素的项目被分为三块,分别表示每个因素。
社会认知的建构主义信念量表有17个项目(男= 5.72,标准差= 0.72,信度α= .92)。
行为主义信念量表包括9项(男= 5.14,标准差= 0.98,信度α= 0.83)。
最后,个体差异信念量表包括9项(男= 5.64,标准差= 0.78,信度α= .82)。
参与者对不同项目的反应在三个因素中密切相关。
社会认知建构主义与行为主义相关(r =0 .48,p<0.0001),也与个体差异相关(r = 0.67,p<0.0001)。
行为主义信念也与个体差异信念相关(r = 0.50,p<0.0001)。
这三个因素的描述性统计表明,辅导员没有明确的偏好,各个信念也没有大的差别。
其他描述性统计分析显示,这三个因素与教育,职业,或个人(性别,年龄,工龄,教育专业,教育成就)无必然联系。
讨论这样说来,如果这种信念不是正式顾问教育课程的产品,那探究这种信念如何出现将是一件有趣的事情。
也许,这些信念来自于菲律宾学校顾问的个人学习经验或个人的阅读资料和研究。
菲律宾学校学生的个人学习经验会塑造学习概念,这和信仰结构的第三因素的特点相符合。
因素3里的条目表明了个体差异,发展和社会因素影响菲律宾学校顾问学习理念的学习构成和重要视角。
这个因素表明了菲律宾学校顾问的一个重要倾向:考虑与不同个人或者不同情境因素有关的学习过程,这些因素为特定的个人学习经历下定义。
这个学习概念的形成揭示了,这个概念在一个程度上注意到了每个学生不同的学习经历,专注影响每一位学生学习的发展的、社会的、甚至文化因素。
这样一种构想最可能关系到菲律宾学校顾问进行心理评估的核心功能,该评估突显出个体差异。
基本的咨询技巧也同样需要顾问去探究特定的因素,这些因素决定那些不被看好的学生、荣誉学生和其他顾问在职业生涯中遇到的特殊学生的学习结果和经历。
即使这项研究的结果只是初步探测,但是它提示了有用的类别或构建,来用于研究菲律宾顾问推动和促进菲律宾籍学生的学习的更方面能力。
前面的讨论凸显了与第三因素相关的学习观念是如何与学校顾问的基本职能和功能相密切联系。
与前两个因素或视角相对应的学习理念也可能与处理学生的学习需求的特定选择相关。
那些强烈坚信社会构建主义学习信念的学校顾问很可能对一些学习问题进行概念,这些问题关于学习策略的积极使用,计划和其他的自律的学习模式,以及影响学生学习能力和动机的个人和社会因素。
此外,社会建构主义学习理念可能与是开发更强的机构和学生自主决定的努力相联系。
另一方面,那些坚信行为学习理念的顾问倾向于对学习问题从以下方面概念:适当的内部和外部的强化有效的学习行为,他们会把注意力集中在分析教师、父母、同辈、甚至是学生们自己如何应对各种有效和无效的学生学习行为。