思想政治专业英语第三课 参考译文
新视野第三册第3课课件
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Similar Expressions
regard…as consider…as take…as
5. to cultivate a comprehensive set of principles (L. 9) 倡导一整套价值观念
这位作家在其小说中塑造了一整套栩栩如生 的人物形象。 The writer has created a comprehensive set of vivid images in her novel.
二战结束五十多年后,日军在华遗留的化学武 器因此次事件而备受世人关注。 More than 50 years after WWII, the chemical weapons Japan left behind in China receive considerable publicity for this incident.
The firemen came, complete with rescue equipment, first aid kit, etc. 离城不远有个很好的旅馆,带有游泳池 和通向海滩的花园。
There is a good hotel not far from the city, complete with a swimming pool and a garden leading to the beach.
1. to operate on the principle that… (L. 1)以 · · · · · · 为原则(宗旨)运作
由于这所学校的办学宗旨是品德第一,所以道 德观和学习成绩受到同样的重视。(P71.XI.4) As the school operates on the Character First principle, moral values and academic achievements are stressed equally.
专业英语翻译基本知识
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专业英语翻译基本知识(仅供参考)1.英语翻译的标准专业英语的翻译注重客观性、准确性,不强调翻译者的主观色彩。
翻译的用词应该准确、恰当,句子叙述清楚,表达简洁、流畅。
(1)准确忠实:准确无误,不得有错。
即要如实表达原文的含义,不缺漏原文表达的每一层意思,也不添加任何原文没有的含义。
(2)通顺流畅:译文必须符合汉语的语法要求、修辞规则和通常习惯,使读者易看易懂易读。
因此,要求译文不能逐字逐句死译,而是要按照汉语的语法规律和习惯表达出来,做到通俗易懂。
(3)简练清楚:译文在清楚明白表达原文意思,不使人产生歧义和模糊不清的前提下,尽可能简洁、精炼、不重复啰嗦。
2.英语翻译的基本技巧2.1词性转译法在翻译过程中,为了符合汉语的表达习惯,使译文更加通顺,或为达到一定的修饰目的,可以适当改变一下原文中某些词的词类,将原句中属于某词类的词转译成为另一类词。
一般而言有四种(1)转译成名词(动词、形容词、副词等转译为名词)例:The cutting tool must be strong, tough, hard, and wear resistant.(形容词转译为名词)刀具必须有足够的强度、韧性、硬度,而且耐磨。
(2)转译成动词(名词、形容词、介词和副词等转译成动词)例:Rigid pavements are made from cement concrete.刚性路面是用水泥混凝土建造的(介词转译成动词)(3)转译成形容词(名词、副词等转译成形容词)例:This experiment in a success这个实验是成功的。
(名词转译成形容词)(4)转译成副词(名词、动词和形容词译成副词)例:Although the basic materials for bridge building remain either prestressed concrete orsteel, there have been some recent changes尽管建桥的基本材料仍然是预应力混凝土或钢材,但近来已经有些变化了。
思想政治专业英语第二课 参考译文(2)
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第二课参考译文当再一次有人问他勇敢是天生就有的还是由教育得来的时候,苏格拉底回答说:“我认为就好像一个人的身体本来就比另一个人的身体更强壮,可以经得住劳苦一样,一个人的灵魂在对付危险方面也许天生得就比另一个人的灵魂更为坚强。
我确实注意到:在同样的习俗和法律之下成长起来的人,在胆量方面是一点也不相同的。
不过,我还是认为,通过学习和锻炼,人的胆量是可以得到提高的。
例如,很明显,西徐亚人和色雷斯人是不敢冒险拿圆盾和长矛来跟斯巴达人作战的;而斯巴达人也不愿意拿圆盾和标枪与色雷斯人,或用弓箭与西徐亚人作战。
我以为,这种原则具有一般性:人们之间的天性差异可以通过后天的勤奋努力得到缩小。
所有这一切都清楚地说明,不管是天资比较鲁钝的人或是天资比较聪明的人,如果想取得值得称道的成就,都必须勤学苦练。
关于明智和智慧,苏格拉底并没有加以区分。
他认为,能充分认识美和善的事物而生活于其间,同时知道什么是丑恶的事情并且谨慎加以防范的人,都是些既明智而又明智的人。
又有人问他,他是否认为那些明知自己该做什么但不去做的人是聪明而又自制的吗?他回答道:“肯定不是,我反倒把这样的人看破成是既不聪明也不能自制的人。
我以为,那些既有智慧又能自制的人宁愿尽可能去做在他们的目力所及的范围内对他们最有益的事情,那些既没有智慧也不能自制的人则去做些不义之事。
苏格拉底说:正义和所有其它的一切美德都是智慧。
也就是说,正义之事及一切按美德而行的事物都是“美而好的”;知道美德之事人不会有意去选择其他的事物,缺乏美德知识的人则没有能力去做,即使他尝试去做,也会失败。
(知行合一)因此,智慧的人能做美而好的事情;而愚昧的人则不能做美而好的事情,尽管他们试着去做,也是注定要失败的。
因此,既然所有的正义之事和其他一切美而好的事都是美德,非常明显,正义和所有其它美德都是智慧。
另一方面,苏格拉底认为,疯狂是智慧的对立面;但是,他并没有简单地把无知当成疯狂,他是这样定义疯狂的:某个人本来一无所知,但是他却设想和假装自己知道他不知道的事,这样的人即使不是疯了,也是类似于疯了。
新视野大学英语综合教程3课文及课文翻译Unit3[教学]
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00Vincent van Gogh0001 Between November of 1881 and July of 1890, Vincent van Gogh painted almost 900 paintings, but never achieved fame. Yet since his death, he has become one of the most celebrated painters in the world.002 The two most important but apparently independent features about van Gogh which most people know about are his spectacular, almost explosive, use of colour and the poor state of his mental health, which brought his life to a sad end.0003 Yet, according to medical research since van Gogh's death, it now seems that these two features may be linked, and that his mental health may have contributed to his artistic style, not just at the end of his life, but at earlier times as well.004 Van Gogh was born in Holland in 1853, and his early career working for an international art dealer took him to London, Paris and Belgium. When he decided to become a painter in 1880 with the support of his brother Theo, his early work was, not surprisingly, filled with the gloomy light of Northern Europe.0005 In Paris van Gogh met many of the artists later known as Impressionists, such as Degas, Toulouse-Lautrec, Pissarro and Gauguin. His style changed under their influence, and became lighter and brighter. He used small strokes of primary colours (red, blue and yellow) and complementary colours (purple, orange and green). He was also sensitive to the more abstract style of Gauguin's paintings, where shapes of objects are represented by distinct zones of colour.006 Yet despite working in such an encouraging atmosphere, van Gogh could not equal his friends' growing success. He was unable to pay for models, and so he painted a large number of self-portraits, which may indicate his potential for soul searching.007 Van Gogh soon grew discouraged with his life in Paris, and moved to Arles in the south of France, where, drawn by the sunshine, he hoped to establish an artists' community. He felt liberated by the people, the buildings and the scenery there, and painted them with vivid, passionate colours and a cheerfulness which was new to him and his career. He was keen for Gauguin to visit him, and finally persuaded him to make the journey. The paintings of Sunflowers and his home were partly intended as a welcome to Gauguin, partly a reflection of his happiness. But because of the intensityof van Gogh's friendship for him and hostile disagreements about their working methods, Gauguin left Arles. At this event, van Gogh cut off part of his own right ear.08 Van Gogh spent several desperate periods in a mental hospital over the next two years because of his depression and his concern that he had heard voices. His style became more experimental, with stronger lines and sharper colours, always dominated by the green of the olive trees, the blue of the sky and the spectacular yellow of the sun. This was the period of his greatest output and some success, with the famous The Starry Night and other paintings being well-received by critics at the annual exhibition in Paris.0009 But these very productive periods were matched by moments when despair prevailed, during which he doubted his ability to create a work of value. In a delicate state of mind, van Gogh returned to a friend near Paris and continued his work. In 1890 he shot himself, taking two days to die.0010 So what is the link between his love of intense colour and his destructive mental state?0011 We now know more about mental and physical illness, and their effects. Van Gogh suffered from epilepsy, an illness which leads to fits, and which may have been caused by a defect in the brain at birth. This was made worse by drinking absinthe, a popular but dangerous alcohol often drunk by artists at the time. His doctor prescribed a drug which can cause the patient to see everything in yellow or to see yellow spots. This may have been why van Gogh loved the colour.0012 Van Gogh experienced a surge of activity, after which he became tired and depressed. We now recognize these to be symptoms of bipolar disorder. He also used lead-based paints, exposure to which can lead to lead poisoning. One of the symptoms of lead poisoning is a swelling of the retinas in the eyes, which can cause one to see light in circles around objects. We can see this effect in paintings such as The Starry Night.00013 Another condition linked to epilepsy and manic behaviour is the spontaneous need to write continuously. Van Gogh wrote over 800 letters to his brother, Theo, which might be the result of this condition.0014 Van Gogh wanted his paintings to be realistic, so he worked outdoors. Some of the episodes of aggressiveness and feeling sick may be the effects of sunstroke.00015 Finally, hearing voices is a well-established symptom of schizophrenia, a seriousmental illness which changes the relationship between what you think and reality.00016 We talk about the genius necessary to produce great works of art. In van Gogh's case, his genius, especially in his use of colour, may be due to his mental health. As art lovers, we acknowledge that van Gogh produced some of the greatest paintings the world has ever known, and gave inspiration to so many later artists. But we should not overlook the mental torture he suffered for his art.00文森特• 凡• 高00在1881年11月至1890年7月之间,文森特• 凡• 高大约画了900幅画,却没有成名。
翻译课堂融合思政教育——以河北传媒学院英语翻译教学为例
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2021年16期总第560期ENGLISH ON CAMPUS翻译课堂融合思政教育——以河北传媒学院英语翻译教学为例文/王九敏 张淑红【摘要】高校全程育人、全方位育人的建设应体现在专业教学中。
在高校翻译课堂融入思政教育,真正实现培养符合时代需求的外语人才,这是一个值得探索的课题。
本文基于翻译教学与课程思政融合的路径研究,以河北传媒学院英语翻译教学为例,探讨课程思政融入翻译课堂的策略方法,主要包括提高专业教师的思政德育素养、精选教学内容以及创新教学方法。
【关键词】翻译教学;思政教育;融合【作者简介】王九敏(1985-),女,满族,河北承德人,河北传媒学院国际传播学院,讲师,文学硕士,研究方向:英美文学、翻译;张淑红(1979-),女,汉族,河北保定人,河北传媒学院国际传播学院,副教授,文学硕士,研究方向:英美文学、翻译。
【基金项目】本文系2019年河北省普通本科院校英语教学改革研究与实践项目(项目编号:2019YYJG092)的研究成果之一。
一、前言党的十八大以来,以习近平同志为核心的党中央高度重视培养社会主义建设者和接班人,坚持把立德树人作为中心环节,把思想政治工作贯穿教育教学全过程,实现全程育人、全方位育人。
教育的根本任务是“立德树人”,培养“德智体美全面发展的社会主义建设者和接班人”,既强调人才的全面发展,又把“德”(思想政治素质)放在首位。
这就要求新时期对人才培养的思想政治教育和专业教学应该相互统一,同等重要。
高校外语英语专业是中西文化思想激烈碰撞的前沿学科。
实际教学中,忽视思政教育,生搬硬套思政理论或是强行说教的情况并不少见。
如何实现思政教育与翻译课程的有机融合,改善翻译课堂中母语文化的缺失、思想认识落后的状况,让学生坚定社会主义理想信念和文化自信,成为具有国际视野、交流才能的适应国家发展需要的新时代人才,这是高校翻译教学应该重视并亟待解决的问题。
二、课程思政与翻译教学全国高校思想政治工作会议上,习近平总书记重点强调了高校思想政治工作的重要性,尤其是意识形态建设和国家人才培养。
新视野大学英语第三册Unit3课文翻译
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【导语】本⽂《新视野⼤学英语第三册Unit3课⽂翻译》由⽆忧考写作翻译频道整理,仅供参考。
如果觉得很不错,欢迎点评和分享~感谢你的阅读与⽀持! 海德中学的办学宗旨是:如果你向学⽣传授诸如求真、勇敢、正直、领导能⼒、好奇⼼和关⼼他⼈等美德的话,学⽣的学习成绩⾃然就会提⾼。
该校的创始⼈约瑟夫·⾼尔德声称学校的教学很成功。
海德中学位于缅因州巴思市,每年的学费⾼达1.8万美元,因其教导问题少年有⽅⽽闻名遐迩。
“我们并不把⾃⼰看作⼀所专为某⼀类孩⼦⽽开设的学校,”马尔科姆·⾼尔德说。
他是约瑟夫的⼉⼦,毕业于海德中学,现任海德中学校长。
“我们把帮助孩⼦培养⼀种⽣活⽅式看作⾃⼰的职责,办法是倡导⼀整套能影响所有孩⼦的价值观念。
” 现在,乔·⾼尔德(约瑟夫·⾼尔德)正试图将他尚有争议的“品德第⼀”的理念向旧城区的公⽴学校推⼴。
这些学校愿意将⽤于传统教学计划的税⾦⽤于实施这⼀新的教学⽅法。
海德公⽴学校第⼀个教学计划始于1992年9⽉。
但⼏个⽉后,该计划即告暂停。
教师们对教学计划的⾼要求以及⾼强度⼯作所带来的压⼒表⽰*。
今年秋天,海德基⾦会计划在巴尔的摩启动初步的公⽴学校教学计划。
教师要接受培训,以便今后能在整个巴尔的摩体系内胜任⼯作。
美国其他学校的领导们也在关注这个教学计划。
去年秋天,在家长的⼀⽚*声中,海德基⾦会在康涅狄格州纽⿊⽂市郊区的⼀所中学内启动了⼀个引⼈注⽬的教学计划。
当地居民担⼼该校可能招进来旧城区的少数民族学⽣和问题学⽣。
就像在缅因州那样,求真也在康涅狄格州的这所中学得到⼴泛推崇。
在⼀堂英语课上,11名学⽣⽤最后的5分钟展开激烈的讨论,依照1-10的评分标准相互评价他们当天的课堂表现。
“我得10分。
” “我有意见。
你既没做语法作业,也没做拼写练习。
” “那好,就7分吧。
” “你只能得6分。
” “等等,我可是全⼒以赴的。
” “是的,可你今天没提问。
新视野大学英语3第三版课文翻译
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新视野大学英语3第三版课文翻译Unit 1 The Way to Success课文ANever, ever give up!永不言弃!As a young boy, Britain's great Prime Minister, Sir Winston Churchill, attended a public school called Harrow. He was not a good student, and had he not been from a famous family, he probably would have been removed from the school for deviating from the rules. Thankfully, he did finish at Harrow and his errors there did not preclude him from going on to the university. He eventually had a premier army career whereby he was later elected prime minister. He achieved fame for his wit, wisdom, civic duty, and abundant courage in his refusal to surrender during the miserable dark days of World War II. His amazing determination helped motivate his entire nation and was an inspiration worldwide.Toward the end of his period as prime minister, he was invited to address the patriotic young boys at his old school, Harrow. The headmaster said, "Young gentlemen, the greatest speaker of our time, will be here in a few days to address you, and you should obey whatever sound advice he may give you." The great day arrived. Sir Winston stood up, all five feet, five inches and 107 kilos of him, and gave this short, clear-cut speech: "Young men, never give up. Never give up! Never give up! Never, never, never, never!"英国的伟大首相温斯顿·丘吉尔爵士,小时候在哈罗公学上学。
思想政治专业英语第三课 参考译文
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第三课参考译文一德性有两种:理智的和道德的。
理智的德性,是由于训练而产生和增长的(所以必需时间和经验),道德的德性则是习惯的结果;以我们希腊的语言来说,道德的德性这个名字,是由习惯这个名字稍加变化而成。
从这一点说,显然,我们没有天赋的道德的德性;因为天赋的东西是不能由于训练而改变的。
例如石头是天然有下降的趋势,纵然你训练它,向上掷一万次,也不能把它训练得习惯于上升;你也不能训练火焰习惯于向下燃烧;也不能使任何天然这样行为的东西,习惯于另一种方式行为。
德性非生于天性,但也不违反天性。
自然给我们以获得德性的才能,这种才能是由习惯而完善的。
再看自然赋于我们各种力量。
我们总是先有潜能,然后把这种潜能用到行为上:这从感官的情形,可以看得明白。
我们不是由于常看、常听而获得看和听的才能,而是先有了看和听的才能,然后用之,即不是由于先用之而后得之。
但是德性则由于先做一个一个的简单行为,而后形成的,这和技艺的获得一样。
当我们学过一种技艺时,我们愿意去做这种技艺,于是去做。
就由于这样去做,而学成了一种技艺。
我们由于从事建筑而变成建筑师,由于奏竖琴而变成为竖琴演奏者。
同样,由于实行公正,而变为公正的人,由于实行节制和勇敢而变为节制的、勇敢的人。
这一点,也可以由国家行政的情形证明。
立法的人,都是用训练的方法,使他们的公民变善:这是一切立法者的愿望;办不到的便是没达到目的。
正是在这一点上,好的政体与坏的政体区别开来。
所以每种德性的产生和消灭,都是由于同样原因和同样的手段。
技艺也是如此,好的弹琴者与坏的弹琴者,都是习弹的结果,建筑师和其他技艺人才的产生,都是这样。
建筑得好的人,便成为好的建筑师;建筑得坏的人,便成为坏的建筑师。
的确,每一种技艺的好坏不由于这样的练习,那么,他们便不需要任何的教师,并且他们的技艺的好坏便是天生成的了。
德性的形成也是这样。
我们由于和别人交际,而后变成公正的或不公正的人;由于身处危险之中,感受恐惧与大胆,经过这训练,即成为勇敢的或怯懦的人。
大学英语精读第3册 第3课 课文翻译及课后答案
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大学英语精读第3册第3课课文翻译及课后答案Unit 3我为什么当老师你为什么要教书呢?当我告诉一位朋友我不想谋求行政职务时,他便向我提出这一问题。
所有美国人受的教育是长大成人后应该追求金钱和权力,而我却偏偏不选择明明是朝这个目标“迈进”的工作,他们对此感到迷惑不解。
当然,我之所以教书并不是因为我觉得教书轻松。
我做过各种各样的工作借以谋生:机修工、木工、作家,教书可是其中最难的一行。
对我来说,教书是个会令人熬红眼睛、掌心出汗、精神沮丧的职业。
说熬红眼睛,这是因为我晚上不管备课到多晚,总觉得准备得还不充分。
说掌心出汗,是因为我跨进教室之前总是非常紧张,自信学生一定会发觉我其实是个傻瓜笨蛋。
说精神沮丧,这是因为我1小时后走出教室时,确信这堂课上得比平常还要平淡无味。
我之所以教书,也不是因为我认为自己能够解答问题,或者因为我有满腹学问,非与别人分享不可。
有时我感到很吃惊,学生竟真的把我课上讲的东西做了笔记!这样说来,我为什么还要教书呢?我教书,是因为我喜爱校历的步调。
6月、7月和8月提供了一个供思考、研究和创作的机会。
我教书,是因为教学是建立在“变化”这一基础上的职业。
教材还是原来的教材,但我自身却变了——更重要的是,我的学生变了。
我教书,是因为我喜欢有让自己犯错误的自由,有自己吸取教训的自由,有激励自己和激励学生的自由。
作为教师,我可以自行做主。
如果我想要求一年级的学生通过自行编写课本的办法来学习写作,谁能说我不可以那样做呢?这样的课程也许会彻底失败,但我们都可以从失败的尝试中获得教益。
我教书,是因为我喜欢学生提出必须绞尽脑汁才能回答的问题。
我们这个世界有无穷无尽的正确答案来对付拙劣的问题。
何况我在教学过程有时也会想到一些出色的问题。
我教书,是因为我喜欢想方设法使自己和我的学生从象牙塔里走出来,进入现实世界。
我曾经开过一门叫做“在工业技术社会里如何自力更生”的课程。
我教的15位学生读了爱默生、梭罗和赫胥黎的作品,记了日记,还写了学期论文。
新视野大学英语第三版3课后翻译答案
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如今,很多年轻人不再选择“稳定”的工作,他们更愿意自主创业,依靠自己的智慧和奋斗去实现自我价值。
青年创业(young entrepreneurship)是未来国家经济活力的来源,创业者的成功不但会创造财富、增加就业机会、改善大家的生活。
从长远来看,对于国家更是一件好事,创业者正是让中国经济升级换代的力量。
尤其是在当前,国家鼓励大众创业,万众创新,在政策上给予中小企业支持,这更加激发了年轻人的创业激情。
Nowadays, many young people no longer choose “stable” jobs. Instead, they prefer to start their own businesses and realize their self-value through their own wisdom and efforts. Young entrepreneurship is the source of national economic vitality in the future. The success of entrepreneurs not only creates fortune, increases job opportunities, improves people’s life, but it is also good for the country in the long term. Entrepreneurs are a driving force in upgrading China’s economy. Especially for the time being, our country is encouraging people to start their own businesses and make innovations and giving policy support for medium and small businesses. This further arouses young people’s enthusiasm to start their own businesses.实现中华民族伟大复兴(rejuvenation)是近代以来中国人民最伟大的梦想,我们称之为“中国梦”,其基本内涵是实现国家富强、民族振兴、人民幸福。
专业英语A组笔译初赛参考答案
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第二十六届湖北省翻译大赛专业英语A组笔译初赛试题(A)卷参考答案I.Phrase Translation from Chinese into English(1’*10=10’)12345678910 B D C D B A D C B CII.Phrase Translation from English into Chinese(1’*10=10’)12345678910 C B A B D C C B D AIII.Reading Comprehension(2’*10=20’)Passage112345A DB D BPassage2678910D C A A BIV.Sentence Translation from English into Chinese(6’*5=30’)1.【原文】British gamer Leahviathan live streams around six hours of footage a day on -an Amazon-owned site that streams live videos of people playing video games. She has nearly150thousand followers.【参考译文】英国玩家利维坦每天在亚马逊旗下的游戏视频直播平台上直播接近六个小时。
她目前有近15万的粉丝。
2.【原文】There is a stereotype of a gamer who isn’t there because she’s good at games or enjoys games;she’s just there because she’s trying to impress guys or something.It’s not true.【参考译文】人们有一种先入为主的成见,觉得女玩家参与竞技游戏不是因为游戏打得好或者喜欢玩游戏,而仅仅是为了吸引男性的关注。
educationlesson3课文翻译
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educationlesson3课文翻译摘要:一、教育的重要性和目的1.教育对个人成长的作用2.教育对社会发展的贡献3.教育的目的和价值二、教育的分类和体系1.正规教育与非正规教育2.基础教育与高等教育3.我国教育的体系特点三、课程设置与教学方法1.课程设置的原则与内容2.教学方法的多样性与创新3.我国课程设置与教学方法的现状四、教育公平与质量1.教育公平的内涵与重要性2.提高教育质量的途径3.我国教育公平与质量的现状与挑战正文:教育是培养人才、传承文化、促进社会发展的重要手段。
教育不仅关乎个人的成长,还关系到国家的未来。
因此,教育的重要性和目的是本篇文章要探讨的核心问题。
首先,教育对个人成长的作用不容忽视。
教育使人们掌握知识、发展智力、培养良好的品德和习惯。
通过教育,个人可以实现自我价值,为国家和社会作出贡献。
其次,教育对社会发展的贡献也是显而易见的。
教育培养出的人才可以推动科技进步、经济发展、文化繁荣等方面的发展。
教育还可以提高国民素质,增强国家的竞争力。
关于教育的目的和价值,我国认为教育的根本任务是培养德智体美全面发展的社会主义建设者和接班人。
这一任务体现了教育的价值取向,即培养具有全面素质、创新精神和实践能力的人才。
在教育体系方面,教育可以分为正规教育和非正规教育。
正规教育主要包括基础教育、高等教育等,而非正规教育则包括职业培训、继续教育等。
我国教育体系的特点是,九年义务教育为基础,高中和大学教育为两翼,形成了一个金字塔形的教育结构。
课程设置与教学方法是教育的核心环节。
课程设置应遵循教育目标、学生发展需求和学科体系等原则,内容涵盖基础学科、专业学科和素质教育等方面。
教学方法则应注重启发式教学、实践教学、个性化教学等,以提高学生的学习兴趣和效果。
教育公平与质量是教育领域的热点问题。
教育公平主要是指每个人都有平等接受教育的机会,体现在入学机会、教育资源配置、教育援助等方面。
而提高教育质量则需要从课程改革、教师队伍建设、教育评价体系等多方面入手。
大学英语精读第三册Unit3WhyITeach
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• 精神沮丧的
• profession:n. 职业
• A profession is a type of job that requires advanced education or training.
• stay up: 熬夜
• I used to stay up to watch TV. • 我熬夜写作业。
• I stay up to do my homework.
• T: • 说熬红眼睛,这是因为我晚上无论备课
备到多晚,总觉得备得还不充分。 • no matter+疑问词:引导让步状语从句
• Sinking-stomach, because I leave the classroom an hour later convinced that I was even more boring than usual.
• 1〕I don't teach because teaching is easy for me.
•
(Teaching is easy for me, so I don't
teach.)
• 2) I don't teach because teaching is easy for me.
• ( I teach, but it isn't because teaching is easy for me.)
• T:
• 我之所以教书,也不是因为我认为自己 能够解答问题,或者因为我有满腹学问, 觉得非与别人分享不可。
综合英语 book3 Unit 1 My father 课文翻译
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Unit ThreeSection AMy Father “Dr. Pat”参考译文我的父亲,“帕特医生”[1]在美国文学中,有关黑人中产阶级,尤其是南方黑人中产阶级的作品很少。
其实在我成长的过程中,这一阶层中出现过一些美国生活中最复杂和最具吸引力的人物。
[2]我深信,我的父亲就是其中之一。
他是位极有才华、思想开放的人物,16岁进了大学,18岁读医学院,一直到获得三个学位,才离开学校。
不过当我懂事时,他仅仅是位牙医(当时我们镇上已有一位黑人医生开业,事业很成功),兼任药剂师,配制一些奇特而有效的药水,最著名的是“帕特医生的小木屋咳嗽糖浆”。
这是一种棕黑色,有甜味,刺激性很强的药水,它保证能根除最顽固的伤风咳嗽,销售得很快。
[3]除了是一名医务人员,他还是一名出色的表演家。
每个星期日下午,他就把装满“小木屋咳嗽糖浆”的纸板箱子塞进家里的汽车,前往四、五个教堂。
在那些地方,他总会被请求“讲几句话”,于是开始恭维“姐妹们”的漂亮外貌及“兄弟们”有远见和卓识来选择如此有魅力的人间尤物。
当教徒们安静下来时,他的脸神严肃起来,以响亮的声音宣讲“黑人们应该永远互相帮助,这样我们才能都过得舒服。
”[4]教堂的主体是灰色的,位于棉花田边上,紧靠着萧瑟的坟地。
在父亲“演讲”时,一律身穿白制服的工作人员散发着红、禄色的传阅材料,上面印有他的照片,所获医学学位的一览表及一两条格言(“双鸟在林不如一鸟在手”)。
另一宣传材料是白色的,上面也有他的照片,还有一首诗歌“人人引吭高歌”,不过没提到它的作者是詹姆斯. 威尔顿.约翰逊。
[5]在他的“演讲”中,他背诵了自己的诗歌,也背了莎士比亚和弥尔顿的诗歌以强调黑人要互相爱护和支持,尤其是要爱护和支持自己的专业人员。
为了表明这一点他总是要我和哥哥站起来,提高嗓门,“这是我的两个男孩,一个将来要成为医生,另一个要当律师,但是我需要得到你们的帮助,这俩孩子是我的也是你们的,在上帝的帮助下,我们要很好地把他们抚养大。
新视野大学英语综合教程3 课文及课文翻译Unit4
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Work in corporate America1 It is not surprising that modern children tend to look blank and dispirited when informed that they will someday have to "go to work and make a living". The problem is that they cannot visualize what work is in corporate America.2 Not so long ago, when a parent said he was off to work, the child knew very well what was about to happen. His parent was going to make something or fix something. The parent could take his offspring to his place of business and let him watch while he repaired a buggy or built a table.3 When a child asked, "What kind of work do you do, Daddy?" his father could answer in terms that a child could come to grips with, such as "I fix steam engines" or "I make horse collars".4 Well, a few fathers still fix steam engines and build tables, but most do not. Nowadays, most fathers sit in glass buildings doing things that are absolutely incomprehensible to children. The answers they give when asked, "What kind of work do you do, Daddy?" are likely to be utterly mystifying to a child.5 "I sell space." "I do market research." "I am a data processor." "I am in public relations." "I am a systems analyst." Such explanations must seem nonsense to a child. How can he possibly envision anyone analyzing a system or researching a market?6 Even grown men who do market research have trouble visualizing what a public relations man does with his day, and it is a safe bet that the average systems analyst is as baffled about what a space salesman does at the shop as the average space salesman is about the tools needed to analyze a system.7 In the common everyday job, nothing is made any more. Things are now made by machines. Very little is repaired. The machines that make things make them in such a fashion that they will quickly fall apart in such a way that repairs will be prohibitively expensive. Thus the buyer is encouraged to throw the thing away and buy a new one. In effect, the machines are making junk.8 The handful of people remotely associated with these machines can, of course, tell their inquisitive children "Daddy makes junk". Most of the workforce, however, is too remote from junk production to sense any contribution to the industry. What do these people do?9 Consider the typical 12-story glass building in the typical American city. Nothing is being made in this building and nothing is being repaired, includingthe building itself. Constructed as a piece of junk, the building will be discarded when it wears out, and another piece of junk will be set in its place.10 Still, the building is filled with people who think of themselves as working. At any given moment during the day perhaps one-third of them will be talking into telephones. Most of these conversations will be about paper, for paper is what occupies nearly everyone in this building.11 Some jobs in the building require men to fill paper with words. There are persons who type neatly on paper and persons who read paper and jot notes in the margins. Some persons make copies of paper and other persons deliver paper. There are persons who file paper and persons who unfile paper.12 Some persons mail paper. Some persons telephone other persons and ask that paper be sent to them. Others telephone to ascertain the whereabouts of paper. Some persons confer about paper. In the grandest offices, men approve of some paper and disapprove of other paper.13 The elevators are filled throughout the day with young men carrying paper from floor to floor and with vital men carrying paper to be discussed with other vital men.14 What is a child to make of all this? His father may be so eminent that he lunches with other men about paper. Suppose he brings his son to work to give the boy some idea of what work is all about. What does the boy see happening?15 His father calls for paper. He reads paper. Perhaps he scowls at paper. Perhaps he makes an angry red mark on paper. He telephones another man and says they had better lunch over paper.16 At lunch they talk about paper. Back at the office, the father orders the paper retyped and reproduced in quintuplicate, and then sent to another man for comparison with paper that was reproduced in triplicate last year.17 Imagine his poor son afterwards mulling over the mysteries of work witha friend, who asks him, "What's your father do?" What can the boy reply? "It beats me," perhaps, if he is not very observant. Or if he is, "Something that has to do with making junk, I think. Same as everybody else."在美国大公司工作要是有人跟现在的孩子说他们长大后要“去工作以谋生”,他们往往会表现出一脸的茫然和沮丧,这并不奇怪。
专业学位硕士研究生英语教程Unit-3词汇及课后答案
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Unit 3Language LearningWord Bankalign: v. to fall into a line成一条线ambitious adj. full of ambition; greatly (desire->) desirous; eager; requiring; challenging雄心勃勃的bottleneck n. the narrow part of a bottle near the top瓶颈(Certificate->) certify (=prove): v. to confirm; (quantity<->quality->)qualify确认cohort: n. a group of people一群人; a crowd of people; gang/ bandconcrete: 1.adj. actual; specific; real具体的; 2. n. (cement)混凝土cosmopolitan: world; international: adj.世界的,国际的curriculum: n. courses offered by an educational institution全部课程dual: adj. double成双的elementary (primary): adj. fundamental; basic基础的; chemical~化学元素; elementary (primary)school小学enroll (enlist): v. to enter or register in a roll征兵,招生; enable sb. to do sth.(execute->)executive: 1.adj. carrying out or executing; (administrate->) administrative; (manage->manager->) managerial执行的,行政的; 2. 首席执行(CEO)flagship: n. the chief one of a related group王牌,旗舰geometry: n. one branch of mathematics几何学(immerse->) immersion: n. covering with water; (submerge->) submerging it浸没; sub-/ sup-: under, e.g. submarine潜水艇;(indicate=imply->implication) indicative: adj. suggestive指示性的,象征性的initiate: v. to begin; start首创, 开始jointly: adv. in common; together共同地,联合地; join in加入launch: v. to set going; initiate发动,发射lottery: n. a selection made by lot from a number of applicants or competitors抓阄法,彩票;draw lots抽签notion: n. a belief or opinion思想,概念concept/ ideapaste: v. to adhere粘贴pipeline: n. a direct channel渠道,管道; smoke a pipe抽烟斗placement: n. assignment; arrangement布置,编排;place=put;placement test=streaming test 分班考试proponent: n. advocate (n./ vt.); supporter倡导者;pro-: 1. forward; 2. officiallyrecruit: v. to enroll; to enlist征募,招收secondary: adj. not primary; minor; lesser第二的,次等的; secondary school中专/ 中学; high schoolstint: n. task; limitation; restriction定额,限制(substance->) substantial: adj. material; true or real; ample (enough); (consider->) considerable 物质的,真实的,相当多的a substantial meal丰盛的饭triangle: n. the plane figure formed by connecting three points三角形;tri-:underwrite: v. to assume (=take responsibility) financial responsibility for同意承担的…费用(virtue->) virtually: adv. in fact; practically; nearly; almost实际上,几乎;virtual:adj. 1.虚拟的2. 实际的3.道德的Phrases and Expressionsbe in a position: be able to能够; be ready to do sth./ be willing to do sth.; pose->posing picture come by: to gain; to acquire/ get 获得from scratch: from the very beginning 从头开始,(give sb. a hand=) give sb. a leg up: to help improve the situation of帮某人改善状况(respond->) in response to: in answer to回应,响应take off: to achieve wide use or popularity广泛使用,大受欢迎; put on<->take off. E.g. ~one’s clothes; the plane will soon ~.(on the way#) under way: in operation; in progress进行中,启动; a bridge under building正在建设中的桥梁Reading ComprehensionI. Choose the best for each of the following.1. Paris Buedel does all of the following except __C___.A. taking basketball lessonsB. playing the pianoC. going to art classesD. learning Chinese2. "The opposite trend" in Para. 3 probably means that ___B__.A. Americans begin to oppose other countriesB. Americans begin to learn languages of other countriesC. Americans have international content in their lifeD. Americans realize the usefulness of Mandarin3. According to Thomas Matts __A___.A. hundreds of secondary schools were able to offer courses in Chinese language and literatureB. since the Soviet Union launched Sputnik people haven't seen any interest in RussianC. advanced curriculum and exam in Chinese were requiredD. people are having more interest in Chinese than Russian4. Mayor Richard Daley of Chicago said: "I think there will be two languages in this world. There will be Chinese and English." His words imply that __C___.A. Chinese and English will be the only languages in the futureB. China and America will be the only important states in the futureC. Chinese and English will be the most important languages in the futureD. Chinese and English will make other languages extinct5. Which of the following is the obstruction of expanding Chinese instruction in U.S. schools? ( A )A. It is difficult to find qualified teachers and teaching materials.B. It is hard to find an active ally in the Chinese government.C. Chinese government didn't help sponsor the Chicago program and new Advanced Placement exam.D. There is not an agreement on building Chinese language programs in 2,000 public schools over the next five years.II. Complete the following (sum up) summary(->summarize)of the text by filling in the blanks with words. The initial letter of each word has been given to you.Paris Buedel, a typical American 8-year-old (boy), is (1) immersion"the fastest-growing (2) curriculum trends in U. S. schools: the study of Chinese. The interest inlearning Chinese in life because (4) Mandarin is spoken by more people than any other languages, and they appreciate the importance of China in the (5) global culture, politics and economy. The program of studying Chinese can be found in primary, secondary schools and at colleges and universities in (rural<->urban=) metropolitan areas like Chicago and in some towns like Glenwood and Chapel Hill. However, the biggest (6) obstacle to expanding Chinese instruction in U.S. schools is finding qualified teachers, for the federal No Child Left Behind legislation requires all teachers to be (7) certified. Finding suitable teaching materials is another bottleneck. They can't use materials from China because the curriculums are not (8) aligned (=same). Despite (=In spite of) all the difficulties, proponents are finding an active ally (cooperation) in the Chinese government. It helps (9) underwrite (take up some responsibility) the program and new Advanced Placement exam and has a new agreement with the College Board to build (set up/ establish) Chinese language programs in 2,000 public schools over the next five years. Moreover, the U.S. Department of Education and the Ministry of Education in Beijing have (10) cooperated to create Chengo (实用汉语), an online games-based program for beginning Chinese.VocabularyI . Choose the answer that best completes each sentence.1. Thomas holds a belief (=believes) in the ___A__ nature of reality. [believe sb.相信某人的话;believe in sb.=trust sb.信赖某人; believe in sth.持有某种信仰]A. dualB. bothC. eitherD. twin (孪生子)2. I think that the Christian baptism (洗礼) is by complete ___B__ of the person in water.A. (immense巨大的->) immensityB. immersionC. immorality不道德[immortal不朽]D. immaturity不成熟3. Man has a(n) __B___ need for love and (nurture->) nurturing (养育). nurture<->educationA. easyB. elementary(=basic)C. submerging(没入)D. direct (adj.直接的; vt.指引方向)4. This building represents the post-modernist __C___ in architecture. (arch-/ arc-:穹顶); bishop->archbishopA. markB. trench壕沟/ 战壕C. (social) trend趋势D. (personal) tendency趋向5. One common Chinese __D___ is that the elders ought to be respected.[respect: vt./n.尊敬;respectable值得尊敬的;respectful毕恭毕敬的;respective各自的]A. noticeB. ideaC. (object to) objection 反对D. notion6. This was the moment (time) when Spielberg's (job->) career (事业/生涯) really __D___.A. kept off保持距离B. cut off切断C. got off从…下来D. took off开始/ 起飞7. For low income families, mortgages (抵押贷款) are hard to __A___.A. come by (=get)B. come inC. come backD. come over8. He was appointed (任命) as the director to __B___ a team of investigators. [invest投资]A. overlook忽略(vt.)B. supervise监督(vt.)C. check (n./vt.)支票/审查/监控D. supply (vt./n.)供应9. The company __C___ the new perfume (香水) with prime-time commercials (commercial advertisements) on the major networks (网络). [be at one’s prime time正当年]A. startedB. beganC. launchedD. initiated10. You'll meet the same word again in a __A___ different context (上下文/ 语境).A. slightlyB. (delicate精巧的->delicacy美食) delicatelyC. lightlyD. rarely=hardly, seldom/ scarcely几乎不II. Fill in the blanks with the words or phrases given below. Change the form where necessary. under way in response to virtually ambitioussubstantial concrete proponent jointlyfrom scratch initiate recruit be in a position to executive secondary paste1. Despite (In spite of) some slight recovery, the world economic crisis is still2. My husband holds a position as the executive director (行政主管)(group剧团).paralyzed by the transit (transportation运输) strike.4. He then attempted (=tried) something more ambitious, a novel of 200,000 words.5. He started from scratch when he came to America.6. Ministry of Education introduced (引进) more flexible (灵活机动的) policy for colleges to recruit minority students.7. Buying cars in the second-hand market, you are in a position to bargain (make a bargain讨价还价).8. The lawyer was confident to win the case, for he had the concrete evidence needed to convict (vt.证明...有罪;n.罪犯).10. The (price<->) prize was given to a young proponent on women's education in Kenya for his work to ensure (mak e sure that…/ see to it that…确保…得以实现) the rights of citizenship of women.Part II TranslationPut the following paragraphs into Chinese.Paris is enrolled in a "dual immersion" program at the Glenwood Elementary School here in which the pupils-half native Chinese, half English speakers—do their lessons in two languages. The program is indicative of one of the fastest-growing curriculum trends in U.S. schools: the study of Chinese."Americans are used to hearing about people in other countries learning English. Now we're seeing the opposite trend," said Michael Levine, executive director of the Asia Society, which promotes international content in U.S. schools. "Parents and students are deciding that, since more people speak Mandarin than any other language, it might be a useful skill to have."参考译文:帕里斯参加了格兰乌德小学的“双语浸入式”项目,这个项目里的学生有一半的母语是汉语,有一半是英语,他们用两种语言上课。
专业英语参考译文(工程类)综述
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Unit 1 建筑业Text A参考译文:建筑业主要是一个服务产业,其主要职责是将工程师或设计师所准备的计划或者规范转换成为最终完成的建筑物。
建筑项目包含成千上万种细节以及业主、设计师、工程师、总承包商、分承包商、制造商、材料经销商、设备经销商、政府机构、人力之间复杂的关系。
承包商承担以固定的价格及时间完成工程的责任。
在此过程中,他具有法律、经济和管理的义务。
建筑业占据每100个职位中的15个,并且比其他任何工业消耗的原材料都多。
在其服务需求不断增长的促进下,建筑业不断沿地理范围和技术尺度扩张。
建筑是将设计诠释为现实。
它同设计一样重要和复杂以使得建筑物能够在规定的时间以最低的成本完成并且同预想的一致。
设计师必须与建筑过程中的任何事保持联系,以保证任何工地设施、原料及工作的变化能够被加以评估,在必要情况下加以改正或改进。
建筑商应该对工程计划有与设计师一致的认同。
他们必须了解设计的细节以及设计中任何一个不寻常的方面。
事实上,建筑商应该在设计阶段向工程师征询信息和建议,这样计划中就不会出现任何经济上难以达到的事情。
设计师和建筑商必须互相配合工作。
在顶峰阶段,大量的工人被雇佣。
需要尽早给予工人工作技能和知识的培训以保证质量和安全。
这可以大量提高工作效率。
建筑工作可以分为以下几个阶段:1.评估计划、规范、基本要求以及工地特点2.计划以及工程进度3.准备施工现场4.构造建筑物主体5.清理收尾第一阶段的评估包括细致研究计划和工地本身。
通常在第三、四阶段进行时此阶段还未开始,而此时已经太晚了。
第二阶段对于保证工程能够经济的完成是十分重要的。
每个阶段的设备、人力及原材料都必须在适当的时机提供。
第三阶段包括建造通道、仓库、混凝土搅拌车、办公室以及工人的住所。
当然,这通常只是工作的开始,具体布局随工程的进度会有数次的改变。
时间和资金的大部分都用在建筑阶段上。
随着科学和技术的发展,建筑手段在每一领域都发生改变。
许多日常功能都可以自动化并有电脑控制,尤其是住宅建设中。
2023年专八翻译真题与答案
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2023 年英语专业八级考试--翻译局部参考译文中国科技馆的诞生来之不易。
与国际著名科技馆和其他博物馆相比,它先天有些缺乏,后天也常缺乏养分,但是它成长的步伐却是坚实而有力的。
它在国际上已被公认为后起之秀。
世界上第一代博物馆属于自然博物馆,它是通过化石、标本等向人们介绍地球和各种生物的演化历史。
其次代属于工业技术博物馆,它所呈现的是工业文明带来的各种阶段性结果。
这两代博物馆虽然起到了传播科学学问的作用,但是,它们把参观者当成了被动的旁观者。
世界上第三代博物馆是布满全理念的博物馆。
在这里,观众可以自己去动手操作,自己细心体察。
这样,他们可以更贴近先进的科学技术,去探究科学技术的微妙。
中国科技馆正是这样的博物馆!它吸取了国际上一些著名博物馆的特长,设计制作了力学、光学、电学、热学、声学、生物学等展品,呈现了科学的原理和先进的科技成果。
参考译文The first generation of museums are what might be called natural museums which, by means of fossils, specimens and other objects, introduced to people the evolutionary history of the Earth and various kinds of organisms. The second generation are those of industrial technologies which presented the fruits achieved by industrial civilization at different stages of industrialization. Despite the fact that those two generations of museums helped to disseminate / propagate / spread scientific knowledge, they nevertheless treated visitors merely as passive viewers.The third generation of museums in the world are those replete with / full of wholly novel concepts / notions / ideas. In those museums, visitors are allowed to operate the exhibits with their own hands, to observe and to experience carefully. By getting closer to the advanced science and technologies in this way, people can probe into their secret mysteries.The China Museum of Science and Technology is precisely one of such museums. It has incorporated some of the most fascinating features of those museums with international reputation. Having designed and created exhibits in mechanics, optics, electrical science, thermology, acoustics, and biology, those exhibits demonstrate scientific principles and present the most advanced scientific and technological achievements.2023 年英语专业八级考试--翻译局部参考译文C-E 乔羽的歌大家都生疏。
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第三课参考译文一德性有两种:理智的和道德的。
理智的德性,是由于训练而产生和增长的(所以必需时间和经验),道德的德性则是习惯的结果;以我们希腊的语言来说,道德的德性这个名字,是由习惯这个名字稍加变化而成。
从这一点说,显然,我们没有天赋的道德的德性;因为天赋的东西是不能由于训练而改变的。
例如石头是天然有下降的趋势,纵然你训练它,向上掷一万次,也不能把它训练得习惯于上升;你也不能训练火焰习惯于向下燃烧;也不能使任何天然这样行为的东西,习惯于另一种方式行为。
德性非生于天性,但也不违反天性。
自然给我们以获得德性的才能,这种才能是由习惯而完善的。
再看自然赋于我们各种力量。
我们总是先有潜能,然后把这种潜能用到行为上:这从感官的情形,可以看得明白。
我们不是由于常看、常听而获得看和听的才能,而是先有了看和听的才能,然后用之,即不是由于先用之而后得之。
但是德性则由于先做一个一个的简单行为,而后形成的,这和技艺的获得一样。
当我们学过一种技艺时,我们愿意去做这种技艺,于是去做。
就由于这样去做,而学成了一种技艺。
我们由于从事建筑而变成建筑师,由于奏竖琴而变成为竖琴演奏者。
同样,由于实行公正,而变为公正的人,由于实行节制和勇敢而变为节制的、勇敢的人。
这一点,也可以由国家行政的情形证明。
立法的人,都是用训练的方法,使他们的公民变善:这是一切立法者的愿望;办不到的便是没达到目的。
正是在这一点上,好的政体与坏的政体区别开来。
所以每种德性的产生和消灭,都是由于同样原因和同样的手段。
技艺也是如此,好的弹琴者与坏的弹琴者,都是习弹的结果,建筑师和其他技艺人才的产生,都是这样。
建筑得好的人,便成为好的建筑师;建筑得坏的人,便成为坏的建筑师。
的确,每一种技艺的好坏不由于这样的练习,那么,他们便不需要任何的教师,并且他们的技艺的好坏便是天生成的了。
德性的形成也是这样。
我们由于和别人交际,而后变成公正的或不公正的人;由于身处危险之中,感受恐惧与大胆,经过这训练,即成为勇敢的或怯懦的人。
我们对于我们的兽性的嗜欲和暴怒的情绪的调摄,也有同样的情形。
由于各人对于可怒的事件,持不同的态度,因而有人变为节制的,文雅的,有人变为放荡的。
总而言之,同样的行为,产生同样的习惯或性格。
因此,我们必须注意我们的行为是属于哪一种的。
因为不同的行为产生不同的性格。
一个人自幼受的训练,与人如有不同,那末后来所形成的差别便会重大,甚至可说是完全两样。
二我们现在的研究,不像其他仅以理论知识为目的的研究;我们的研究不仅仅要知道什么是道德,而是要成为善人。
否则它对于我们毫无益处。
所以我们必须考虑各种行为的性质,弄明白我们应当做那一类的行为;因为,像我们说过的,决定我们的习惯或性格的,就是这些行为。
首先我们的行为必须遵循正当的理性,这是一个公理,是我们必须要假定的。
至于正当的理性是什么,正当的理性和其他德性的关系如何,这些问题,以后讨论。
在进行讨论之先,我们要明白,关于实践之事的一切理论,只能言其大概的情形,而无科学的确切性;因为,像我们开首所言这样的推理的确切性,只能就其所讨论之问题所允许者,而要求之;在实践的事件和关于利害得失的问题中,正如在关于健康的问题里一样,是没有不变的法则的。
我们一般的结论,既然是这样的不确切,那么关于特殊情形的一切推理,就更不确切了。
因为这些推理不属于科学地建立的规则,也不属于传统的公理的系统。
这种推理的主动人,必须像诊病和航海一样,时时考虑到特殊情况的要求。
虽然如此,但是我们仍必须尽力研究它。
我们首先必须注意,过度与不及,均足以败坏德行。
这正如体力和健康的情形一样(因为我们只能用可见事物来说明不可感的东西),运动太多或太少,同样有损体力;饮食过度或过少,也会损害健康;惟有适度才可以产生、增进和保持健康。
节制,勇敢,及其他德性,也正是这样。
一个畏首畏尾、退缩不前、永不能应事的人,可以变为懦夫;同时,一个无所畏惧、敢冒一切危险的人,则会成为莽汉。
一个纵情恣乐,毫无节制的人,会变成放荡的人;一个像乡下人一样、忌避一切快乐的人,会变为麻木不仁。
所以,过度与不及都有损节制和勇敢,惟适度可以保全之。
习惯或性格的类型,不但其产生、生长和毁灭的原因与根源相同,而且,其实现的范围也相同,这从体力之类事情上可见出来,并且在同样的环境中表现出来。
这和体力等显而易见的情形一样。
体力生于滋养的充分摄取,和担当艰巨的工作;反过来说,体力强的人也最能摄取滋养,担当最艰苦的事情。
德性也是这样,我们由于禁止享乐,可变为有节制的,而我们既变为有节制的以后,又更能禁止享乐。
勇敢也是这样,我们若习于蔑视危险而正视它,逐变为勇敢;既变勇敢以后,又更能冒险。
三与活动相伴随的快乐的痛苦,成为人们品质的表征。
一个人如回避肉体的快乐,且以回避肉体快乐为快乐就是节制;而沉湎于肉体快乐就是放纵。
一个人在困难面前坚定不移,保持快乐,或者无所畏就是勇敢,如果痛苦不堪就是懦弱。
伦理德性就是涉及到快乐和痛苦的德性。
快乐能使人去做卑贱的事情,痛苦能使人离开崇高的事情。
正像相拉图所说的,重要的是从小就培养起对事物的正确的快乐和痛苦的情感。
正确的教育就基于这点。
另外,因为伦理德性和行为、情感相关,而所有行为和情感都伴随着快乐和痛苦,所以说,伦理德性也就与快乐和痛苦有关。
我们知道,痛苦的媒介就是惩罚,惩罚也是一种有效的手段,它通过快乐的对立物来发挥作用。
其次,前面已经说过灵魂的品质,在本性上和那些使它变好或变坏的事物相关联。
快乐和痛苦都会败坏人,或是因为在不应该的时间,或是因为以不应该的方式,寻求或回避所不应该的事情,或是因为这些事情在原理上有不同的规定。
正是基于这一点,有些人把德性限定为不动感情,宁静安适。
但因这种说法太笼统,所以显然不见得就好。
还应该加进去以应有的方式、在合适的时间之类的条件。
我们的基本命题是,伦理德性是与快乐和痛苦有关的、以最好的行动方式行动的品质,反之,品质就不好。
我们的问题可由以下得到些启发。
有三种东西可以选择,这就是祟高,有利,快乐;又有三种东西使人回避:卑鄙,不利,痛苦。
对这一切,善良的人会处理得恰到好处,邪恶的人则陷入误区。
而对快乐则更是如此。
快乐为所有生物所共有,也伴随着所有被选择的东西。
因为崇高和有利总是让人感到快乐的。
从摇篮里开始快乐就伴随着我们,在生命之中深深地铭刻,难以消除。
人们总是以快乐和痛苦来调节自己的行为,只不过有人偏重一些,有人就轻一些。
正是因为这个缘故,所有事情都必须围绕着它们进行。
对善的或恶的是感到快乐,还是痛苦,对行为有很大的影响。
另外,如赫拉克里特所说,与快乐博斗难于与愤怒作博斗。
而德性和技术一样,总是与难度较大的东西相关联着而形成,因为困难越大,可能结果也就越好。
所以,不管是德性还是政治学,都以接受快乐和化解痛苦为己任。
处理好这些事情就是善良的人,处理不好就是邪恶的人。
我们可以说,德性依附于快乐和痛苦而存在,形成德性的行为也增长着德性,反之则毁灭德性。
当然,形成德性的行为实质上就是德性的现实活动。
四有人会提出这样的问题,我们为什么说,只有做公正的事情才会成为公正的,只有做节制的事情才会成为节制的。
因为,人们如果做了公正和节制的事情,他们就算是公正和节制的了。
就象一个能正确书写的人就是有文化的人,一个能演奏音乐的人就是有教养的人一样。
但技艺却不可能是这样。
一个人或者因为机会,或者受别人指教能正确地拼写,但是只有当他在理论上懂得语法规则并且按正确的语法去拼写的时候,他才算得上懂语法的。
这就是说,他要按照语法学本身去正确拼写。
技术和德性也不完全相似。
人为的东西有它们本身的优点,因此,只要它们形成,就会有某种它们本身的性质,也就算可以了。
然而,合乎德性的行为本身带有某种性质还不行,只有在于为者行动时同时处在某种心境状态,才可以说它们是公正的或有节制的。
其一,他必须是有所知,自觉的;其二,他必须是有意识地选择行为的,而且是为了行为本身所做的选择;其三,他必须在行动中,鼓励要坚持到底。
对于技艺而言,除了必须对它所知外,上述其它的条件就不必要了。
但对于得到德性来说,知的作用是微不足道的,而其他条件的作用一点也不小,它们比知的作用显得更重要。
这是因为公正和节制的德性,是由公正和节制的多次重复行动后才产生的。
尽管某些行为被称为公正的和节制的,正像公正的人和节制的人所做的那样,然而,这不是因为他做了公正的事情而成为公正的,做了节制的事情而成为节制的,而是因为他像公正的人和节制的人一样在做这些事情。
人们说得对,一个人公正是因为他做了公正的事,一个人节制是因为他做了节制的事。
如果没有去做这些事,也不可能成为有德行的人。
但是多数人不是去这么做,而是满足于空谈。
他们认为他们自己是爱智慧者,认为空谈就可以成为好人。
这有点与专心听医生教导,却不按照医生的嘱咐去做的病人相类似。
正如病人这样做不会使身体好起来一样,那些自称爱智慧的人满足于空谈也不会使其灵魂变好。
五其次,我们必须研究德性是什么?在灵魂里可以看到三类东西:情感,官能,习惯或品性,德性必是这三者之一。
所谓情感,是指嗜欲,忿怒,恐惧,自信,嫉妒,喜悦,友情,憎恨,渴望,好胜心,怜悯心,和一般伴随痛苦或快乐的各种感情;所谓官能,是指使我们能获得感情的东西,例如,我们借我们的官能,方能发怒、感觉痛苦、起怜悯心等;习惯或品性是指我们借以调摄我们的情感变好或变坏的东西,例如我们竟至于暴怒,或应怒而不怒,这是调摄得坏的结果,但是若怒而适得其当,这就是调摄得好。
至于其他的情感,可以类推。
德性和过恶都不是情感,(1)因为只就我们的情感说,无所谓善恶,就我们的德性说,方有善恶可言;(2)只就我们的情感说,我们既不会被称赞,也不会被谴责(一个人,不因为害怕或发怒而被称赞,也不仅仅因为发怒即被谴责,但以在某种特殊的方式下发怒,才被谴责),就我们的德性或过恶说,才会被称赞或谴责;(3)我们可以不经审慎的选择而发怒或害怕,而德性则是一种审慎的选择,至少,没有审慎的选择,德性是不可能的;(4)只就情感而言,我们可说是被感动,若就我们的德性和过恶说,我们便不能说是被感动的,只能说这是用这种或那种方法被处理的。
因为这同样的理由,德性和过恶也不是官能;因为我们若仅仅有发生情感的官能,则是既无善恶可言,也不会被称赞或谴责。
当自然赋予我们的官能时,既未令我们善,也未令我们恶(这一点,我在前面已经讨论过了)。
德性既非情感,又非能力,那就只有是习惯或品性了。
这样,我们已经发现了德性所属的种类了。
六然而,我们不但要知道德性是一种品性,并且要明白这种品性是什么。
我们可以确定的说,每一个德性都能既使一件东西本身变好,又能使这件东西完满地完成其功能。
例如眼的优点,既可使眼成为好眼,又可使眼的活动圆满。
因为我们由于我们的眼的优点,才看得清楚。