毕业设计外文翻译相关注意事项课件资料14p
本科毕业设计外文翻译需要注意的问题
外文翻译需要注意的问题，
1 外文文献的出处不要翻译成中文，且写在中文译文的右上角（不是放在页眉处）；会议要求：名称、地点、年份、卷（期），等
2 作者姓名以及作者的工作单位也不用必须翻译；
3 abstract翻译成“摘要”，不要翻译成“文章摘要”等其他词语；
4 Key words翻译成“关键词”
5 introduction 翻译成“引言”(不是导言)
6 各节的标号I、II等可以直接使用，不要再翻译成“第一部分”“第二部分”，等。
7 注意排版格式，都是单排版，行距1.25，字号小4号，等（按照格式要求）
8 里面的图可以拷贝粘贴，但要将图标、横纵指标的英文标注翻译成中文
9里面的公式、表不可以拷贝粘贴，要自己重新录入、重新画表格
大家翻译时，可以将太长的句子用两句或多句描述。
毕业设计外文翻译
引言概述：正文内容：一、外文翻译的重要性1.外文翻译在学术领域的作用外文翻译可以帮助我们了解和掌握国外学术前沿，扩大我们的学术视野，促进思维的创新与交流。
2.外文翻译在商业领域的意义外文翻译在商业领域中，特别是跨国公司的经营中起到了至关重要的作用，能够帮助企业了解竞争对手的动态，并进行市场调研和产品开发。
3.外文翻译在文化交流中的作用外文翻译是促进国与国之间文化交流的重要手段，能够传播本国文化，增进两国人民的友谊。
二、外文翻译的技巧1.语言能力的培养外文翻译的首要条件是具备扎实的外语基础，需要加强对词汇、语法和表达方式的学习。
2.翻译技巧与方法翻译技巧包括对上下文的理解、逐词逐句的翻译和准确传达原意等。
同时，还可以运用翻译工具进行辅助翻译。
3.灵活运用翻译策略根据翻译的目的和要求，可以选择直译、意译或文化转换等不同的翻译策略。
三、外文翻译的难点1.语言和文化差异不同语言和文化之间的差异可能导致翻译难度增加，需要对原文进行深入理解，并灵活运用翻译技巧。
2.专业术语的翻译外文翻译中遇到的专业术语需要准确传达，这需要对相关领域的专业知识有一定的了解，可以借助词典和其他资源进行查询。
3.语义和语境的理解在翻译过程中，对原文的语义和语境理解不准确可能导致误译，需要细致入微地理解每个句子和词语的意义。
四、外文翻译中常见的问题1.语法和表达问题外文翻译中经常会涉及到语法和表达问题，需要对原文和翻译文本进行仔细对比和校正，确保语法和表达的准确性。
2.遗漏和加词问题翻译过程中可能会出现遗漏或者加词的情况，需要细心排查，保持原文和翻译文本的一致性。
3.歧义和模糊问题外文翻译中可能会存在歧义和模糊的词语或句子，需要根据上下文进行准确的判断和翻译。
五、外文翻译的应用1.学术研究和论文撰写外文翻译能够帮助学者了解国外学术动态，并为自己的研究提供参考资料，从而提升论文的质量和水平。
2.商业与经济领域外文翻译对于跨国公司的运营和市场开拓至关重要，可以帮助企业了解竞争对手和市场需求，为企业决策提供依据。
毕业设计外文翻译
毕业设计外文翻译Newly compiled on November 23, 2020Title:ADDRESSING PROCESS PLANNING AND VERIFICATION ISSUES WITH MTCONNECTAuthor:Vijayaraghavan, Athulan, UC BerkeleyDornfeld, David, UC BerkeleyPublication Date:06-01-2009Series:Precision Manufacturing GroupPermalink:Keywords:Process planning verification, machine tool interoperability, MTConnect Abstract:Robust interoperability methods are needed in manufacturing systems to implement computeraided process planning algorithms and to verify their effectiveness. In this paper wediscuss applying MTConnect, an open-source standard for data exchange in manufacturingsystems, in addressing two specific issues in process planning and verification. We use data froman MTConnect-compliant machine tool to estimate the cycle time required for machining complexparts in that machine. MTConnect data is also used in verifying the conformance of toolpaths tothe required part features by comparing the features created by the actual tool positions to therequired part features using CAD tools. We demonstrate the capabilities of MTConnect in easilyenabling process planning and verification in an industrial environment.Copyright Information:All rights reserved unless otherwise indicated. Contact the author or original publisher for anynecessary permissions. eScholarship is not the copyright owner for deposited works. Learn moreADDRESSING PROCESS PLANNING AND VERIFICATION ISSUESWITH MTCONNECTAthulan Vijayaraghavan, Lucie Huet, and David DornfeldDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeley, CA 94720-1740William SobelArtisanal SoftwareOakland, CA 94611Bill Blomquist and Mark ConleyRemmele Engineering Inc.Big Lake, MNKEYWORDSProcess planning verification, machine tool interoperability, MTConnect.ABSTRACTRobust interoperability methods are needed in manufacturing systems to implement computeraided process planning algorithms and to verifytheir effectiveness. In this paper we discuss applying MTConnect, an open-source standardfor data exchange in manufacturing systems, in addressing two specific issues in processplanning and verification. We use data from an MTConnect-compliant machine tool to estimatethe cycle time required for machining complex parts in that machine. MTConnect data is also used in verifying the conformance of toolpaths to the required part features by comparing the features created by the actual tool positions tothe required part features using CAD tools. We demonstrate the capabilities of MTConnect in easily enabling process planning and verificationin an industrial environment.INTRODUCTIONAutomated process planning methods are acritical component in the design and planning of manufacturing processes for complex parts. Thisis especially the case with high speed machining, as the complex interactions betweenthe tool and the workpiece necessitates careful selection of the process parameters and the toolpath design. However, to improve the effectiveness of these methods, they need to be integrated tightly with machines and systems in industrial environments. To enable this, we need robust interoperability standards for data exchange between the different entities in manufacturing systems.In this paper, we discuss using MTConnect – an open source standard for data exchange in manufacturing systems – to address issues in process planning and verification in machining.We discuss two examples of using MTConnect for better process planning: in estimating the cycle time for high speed machining, and in verifying the effectiveness of toolpath planning for machining complex features. As MTConnect standardizes the exchange of manufacturing process data, process planning applications can be developed independent of the specific equipment used (Vijayaraghavan, 2008). This allowed us to develop the process planning applications and implement them in an industrial setting with minimal overhead. The experiments discussed in this paper were developed at UC Berkeley and implemented at Remmele Engineering Inc.The next section presents a brief introduction to MTConnect, highlighting its applicability in manufacturing process monitoring. We then discuss two applications of MTConnect – in computing cycle time estimates and in verifying toolpath planning effectiveness. MTCONNECTMTConnect is an open software standard for data exchange and communication between manufacturing equipment (MTConnect, 2008a). The MTConnect protocol defines a common language and structure for communication in manufacturing equipment, and enables interoperability by allowing access to manufacturing data using standardized interfaces. MTConnect does not define methods for data transmission or use, and is not intended to replace the functionality of existing products and/or data standards. It enhances the data acquisition capabiltiies of devices and applications, moving towards a plug-and-play environment that can reduce the cost of integration. MTConnect is built upon prevalent standards in the manufacturing and software industry, which maximizes the number of tools available for its implementation and provides a high level of interoperability with other standards and tools in these industries.MTConnect is an XML-based standard andmessages are encoded using XML (eXtensibleMarkup Language), which has been usedextensively as a portable way of specifying data interchange formats (W3C, 2008). A machinereadable XML schema defines the format ofMTConnect messages and how the data itemswithin those messages are represented. At thetime of publication, the latest version of the MTConnect standard defining the schema is (MTConnect, 2008b).The MTConnect protocol includes the following information about a device:Identity of a deviceIdentity of all the independent components ofthe deviceDesign characteristics of the deviceData occurring in real or near real-time by thedevice that can be utilized by other devices or applications. The types of data that can beaddressed includes:Physical and actual device design dataMeasurement or calibration dataNear-real time data from the deviceFigure 1 shows an example of a data gatheringsetup using MTConnect. Data is gathered innear-time from a machine tool and from thermal sensors attached to it. The data stored by the MTConnect protocol for this setup is shown inTable 1. Specialized adaptors are used to parsethe data from the machine tool and from thesensor devices into a format that can beunderstood by the MTConnect agent, which inturn organizes the data into the MTConnect XML schema. Software tools can be developed which operate on the XML data from the agent. Sincethe XML schema is standardized, the softwaretools can be blind to the specific configuration ofthe equipment from where the data is gathered. FIGURE 1: MTCONNECT SETUP.TABLE 1:MTCONNECT PROTOCOL INFORMATION FOR MACHINE TOOL IN FIGURE 1.Device identity “3-Axis Milling Machine”Devicecomponents1 X Axis; 1 Y Axis; 1 Z Axis;2 Thermal SensorsDevice designcharacteristicsX Axis Travel: 6”Y Axis Travel: 6”Z Axis Travel: 12”Max Spindle RPM: 24000Data occurringin deviceTool position: (0,0,0);Spindle RPM: 1000Alarm Status: OFFTemp Sensor 1: 90oFTemp Sensor 2: 120oFAn added benefit of XML is that it is a hierarchical representation, and this is exploited by designing the hierarchy of the MTConnect schema to resemble that of a conventional machine tool. The schema itself functions as a metaphor for the machine tool and makes the parsing and encoding of messages intuitive. Data items are grouped based on their logical organization, and not on their physical organization. For example, Figure 2 shows the XML schema associated with the setup shown in Figure 1. Although the temperature sensors operate independant of the machine tool (with its own adaptor), the data from the sensors are associated with specific components of the machine tool, and hence the temperature data is a member of the hierarchy of the machine tool. The next section discusses applying MTConnect in estimating cycle time in high-speed machining.ACCURATE CYCLE TIME ESTIMATESIn high speed machining processes there can be discrepancies between the actual feedrates during cutting and the required (or commanded) feedrates. These discrepancies are dependenton the design of the controller used in the machine tool and the toolpath geometry. While there have been innovative controller designs that minimize the feedrate discrepancy (Sencer,2008), most machine tools used in conventional industrial facilities have commercial off-the-shelf controllers that demonstrate some discrepancies in the feedrates, especially when machining complex geometries at high speeds. There is a need for simple tools to estimate the discrepancy in these machining conditions. Apart from influencing the surface quality of the machined parts, feedrate variation can lead to inaccurate estimates of the cycle time during machining. Accurate estimates of the cycle time is a critical requirement in planning for complex machining operations in manufacturing facilities. The cycle time is needed for both scheduling the part in a job shop, as well as for costing the part. Inaccurate cycle time estimates (especiallywhen the feed is overestimated) can lead to uncompetitive estimates for the cost of the part and unrealistic estimates for the cycle time. Related Workde Souza and Coelho (2007) presented a comprehensive set of experiments to demonstrate feedrate limitations during the machining of freeform surfaces. They identified the causes of feedrate variation as dynamic limitations of the machine, block processing time FIGURE 2: MTCONNECT HIERARCHY.for the CNC, and the feature size in the toolpaths. Significant discrepancies were observed between the actual and commanded feeds when machining with linear interpolation (G01). The authors used a custom monitoring and data logging system to capture the feedrate variation in the CNC controller during machining. Sencer et al. (2008) presented feed scheduling algorithms to minimize the machining time for 5- axis contour machining of sculptured surfaces. The algorithm optimized the profile of the feedrate for minimum machining time, while observing constrains on the smoothness of the feedrate, acceleration and jerk of the machine tool drives. This follows earlier work in minimizing the machining time in 3-axis milling using similar feed scheduling techniques(Altintas, 2003). While these methods are very effective in improving the cycle time of complex machining operations, they can be difficult toapply in conventional factory environments asthey require specialized control systems. The methods we discuss in this paper do notaddress the optimization of cycle time during machining. Instead, we provide simple tools to estimate the discrepancy in feedrates during machining and use this in estimating the cycletime for arbitrary parts.MethodologyDuring G01 linear interpolation the chief determinant of the maximum feedrateachievable is the spacing between adjacentpoints (G01 step size). We focus on G01 interpolation as this is used extensively when machining simultaneously in 3 or more axes.The cycle time for this machine tool to machinean arbitrary part (using linear interpolation) is estimated based on the maximum feedachievable by the machine tool at a given path spacing. MTConnect is a key enabler in this process as it standardizes both data collectionas well as the analysis.The maximum feedrate achievable is estimated using a standardized test G-code program. This program consists of machining a simple shapewith progressively varying G01 path spacings.The program is executed on an MTConnectcompliant machine tool, and the position andfeed data from the machine tool is logged innear-real time. The feedrate during cutting at the different spacings is then analyzed, and amachine tool “calibration” curve is developed, which identifies the maximum feedrate possibleat a given path spacing.FIGURE 3: METHODOLOGY FOR ESTIMATING CYCLE TIME.Conventionally, the cycle time for a giventoolpath is estimated by summing the time takenfor the machine tool to process each block of Gcode, which is calculated as the distancetravelled in that block divided by the feedrate ofthe block. For a given arbitrary part G-code to be executed on a machine tool, the cycle time is estimated using the calibration curve as follows. For each G01 block executed in the program, the size of the step is calculated (this is the distance between the points the machine tool is interpolating) and the maximum feedrate possible at this step size is looked up from the calibration curve. If the maximum feedrate is smaller than the commanded feedrate, this line of the G-code is modified to machine at the (lower) actual feedrate, if the maximum feedrate is greater, then the line is left unmodified. This is performed for all G01 lines in the program, and finally, the cycle time of the modified G-code program is estimated the conventional way. This methodology is shown in Figure 3. The next section discusses an example applying this methodology on a machine tool.ResultsWe implemented the cycle time estimation method on a 3-axis machine tool with a conventional controller. The calibration curve of this machine tool was computed by machining a simple circular feature at the following linear spacings: ”, ”, ”, ”,”, ”, ”, ”, ”. Weconfirmed that the radius of the circle (that is, the curvature in the toolpath) had no effect on the feedrate achieved by testing with circular features of radius ”, ”, and ”, andobserving the same maximum feedrate in all cases. Table 2 shows the maximum achievable feedrate at each path spacing when using a circle of radius 1”. We can see from the table that the maximum feedrate achievable is a linear function of the path spacing. Using a linear fit, the calibration curve for this machine tool can be estimated. Figure 4 plots the calibration curve for this machine tool. The relationship between the feedrate and the path spacing is linear asthe block processing time of the machine tool controller is constant at all feedrates. The block processing time determines the maximumfederate achievable for a given spacing as it isthe time the machine tool takes to interpolateone block of G-code. As the path spacing (or interpolatory distance) linearly increases, thespeed at which it can be interpolated alsoincreases linearly. The relationship for the datain Figure 4 is:MAX FEED (in/min) = 14847 * SPACING (in)TABLE 2: MAXIMUM ACHIEVABLE FEEDRATE AT VARYING PATH SPACINGSpacing Maximum Feedrate”””””””””We also noticed that the maximum feedrate for agiven spacing was unaffected by thecommanded feedrate, as long as it was lesserthan the commanded feedrate. This means thatit was adequate to compute the calibration curveby commanding the maximum possible feedratein the machine tool.FIGURE 4: CALIBRATION CURVE FOR MACHINE TOOL.Using this calibration curve, we estimated thecycle time for machining an arbitrary feature inthis machine tool. The feature we used was a3D spiral with a smoothly varying path spacing,which is shown in Figure 5. The spiral path isdescribed exclusively using G01 steps andinvolves simultaneous 3-axis interpolation. Thepath spacing of the G-code blocks for thefeature is shown in Figure 6.FIGURE 5: 3D SPIRAL FEATURE.FIGURE 6: PATH SPACING VARIATION WITH GCODE LINE FOR SPIRAL FEATURE.Figure 7 shows the predicted feedrate based onthe calibration curve for machining the spiralshape at 100 inches/min, compared to the actualfeedrate during machining. We can see that the feedrate predicted by the calibration curvematches very closely with the actual feedrate.We can also observe the linear relationship between path spacing and maximum feedrate by comparing figures 6 and 7.FIGURE 7: PREDICTED FEEDRATE COMPARED TO MEASURED FEEDRATE FOR SPIRAL FEATURE AT 100 IN/MIN.FIGURE 8: ACTUAL CYCLE TIME TO MACHINE SPIRAL FEATURE AT DIFFERENT FEEDRATES. The cycle time for machining the spiral atdifferent commanded feedrates was alsoestimated using the calibration curve. Figure 8 shows the actual cycle time taken to machinethe spiral feature at different feedrates. Noticehere that the trend is non-linear – an increase infeed does not yield a proportional decrease incycle time – implying that there is somefeedrate discrepancy at high feeds. Figure 9 compares the theoretical cycle time to machineat different feedrates to the actual cycle time andthe model predicted cycle time. We can see thatthe model predictions match the cycle times very closely (within 1%). Significant discrepancies are seen between the theoretical cycle time and the actual cycle time when machining at high feed rates. These discrepancies can be explained bythe difference between the block processingtime for the controller, and the time spent oneach block of G-Code during machining. At high feedrates, the time spent at each block is shorterthan the block processing time, so the controller slows down the interpolation resulting in a discrepancy in the cycle time.These results demonstrated the effectiveness of using the calibration curve to estimate feed, and ultimately apply in estimating the cycle time.This method can be extrapolated to multi-axis machining by measuring the feedrate variationfor linear interpolation in specific axes. We canalso specifically correlate feed in one axis to the path spacing instead of the overall feedrate. FIGURE 9: ACTUAL OBSERVED CYCLE TIMESAND PREDICTED CYCLE TIMES COMPARED TO THE NORMALIZED THEORETICAL CYCLE TIMES FOR MACHINING SPIRAL FEATURE AT DIFFERENT FEEDRATES.TOOL POSITION VERIFICATIONMTConnect data can also be used in verifying toolpath planning for the machining of complex parts. Toolpaths for machining complex featuresare usually designed using specialized CAM algorithms, and traditionally the effectiveness ofthe toolpaths in creating the required partfeatures are either verified using computer simulations of the toolpath, or by surfacemetrology of the machined part. The formerapproach is not very accurate, as the toolpath commanded to the machine tool may not matchthe actual toolpath travelled during machining.The latter approach, while accurate, tends to betime consuming and expensive, and requires the analysis and processing of 3D metrology data(which can be complex). Moreover, errors in the features of a machined part are not solely due to toolpath errors, and using metrology data fortoolpath verification may obfuscate toolpatherrors with process dynamics errors. In aprevious work we discussed a simple way toverify toolpath planning by overlaying the actualtool positions against the CAM generated tool positions (Vijayaraghavan, 2008). We nowdiscuss a more intuitive method to verify the effectiveness of machining toolpaths, wheredata from MTConnect-compliant machine toolsis used to create a solid model of the machined features to compare with the desired features.Related WorkThe manufacturing community has focussed extensively on developing process planning algorithms for the machining of complex parts.Elber (1995) in one of the earliest works in thefield, discussed algorithms for toolpathgeneration for 3- and 5-axis machining. Wrightet al. (2004) discussed toolpath generationalgorithms for the finish machining of freeform surfaces; the algorithms were based on thegeometric properties of the surface features. Vijayaraghavan et al. (2009) discussed methodsto vary the spacing of raster toolpaths and tooptimize the orientation of workpieces infreeform surface machining. The efficiency ofthese methods were validated primarily bymetrology and testing of the machined part. MethodologyTo verify toolpath planning effectiveness, we logthe actual cutting tool positions during machiningfrom an MTConnect-compliant machine tool,and use the positions to generate a solid modelof the machined part. The discrepancy infeatures traced by the actual toolpath relative tothe required part features can be computed by comparing these two solid models. The solidmodel of the machined part from the toolpositions can be obtained as follows:Create a 3D model of the toolCreate a 3D model of the stock materialCompute the swept volume of the tool as ittraces the tool positions (using logged data)Subtract the swept volume of the tool from thestock materialThe remaining volume of material is a solidmodel of the actual machined part.The two models can then be compared using 3D boolean difference (or subtraction) operations.ResultsWe implemented this verification scheme bylogging the cutter positions from an MTConnectcompliant 5-axis machine tool. The procedure toobtain the solid model using the tool positionswas implemented in Vericut. The two modelswere compared using a boolean diff operation in Vericut, which identified the regions in the actual machined part that were different from therequired solid model. An example applying thismethod for a feature is shown in Figure 10.FIGURE 10: A – SOLID MODEL OF REQUIRED PART; B – SOLID MODEL OF PART FROM TOOL POSITIONS SHOWING DISCREPANCIES BETWEEN ACTUAL PART FEATURES AND REQUIRED PART FEATURES. SHADED REGIONSDENOTE ~” DIFFERENCE IN MATERIAL REMOVAL.DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS MTConnect makes it very easy to standardize data capture from disparate sources anddevelop common planning and verification applications. The importance of standardization cannot be overstated here – while it has always been possible to get process data from machine tools, this can be generally cumbersome andtime consuming because different machine tools require different methods of accessing data.Data analysis was also challenging to standardize as the data came in differentformats and custom subroutines were needed to process and analyze data from differentmachine tools. With MTConnect the data gathering and analysis process is standardized resulting in significant cost and time savings. This allowed us to develop the verification tools independent of the machine tools they were applied in. This also allowed us to rapidly deploy these tools in an industrial environment without any overheads (especially from the machine tool sitting idle). The toolpath verification was performed with minimal user intervention on a machine which was being actively used in a factory. The only setup needed was to initially configure the machine tool to output MTConnect-compliant data; since this is a onetime activity, it has an almost negligible impacton the long term utilization of the machine tool. Successful implementations of data capture and analysis applications over MTConnect requires a robust characterization of the data capture rates and the latency in the streaming information. Current implementations of MTConnect are over ethernet, and a data rate of about 10~100Hzwas observed in normal conditions (with no network congestion). While this is adequate for geometric analysis (such as the examples in this paper), it is not adequate for real-time process monitoring applications, such as sensor data logging. More work is needed in developing theMTConnect software libraries so that acceptable data rates and latencies can be achieved.One of the benefits of MTConnect is that it can act as a bridge between academic research and industrial practice. Researchers can developtools that operate on standardized data, whichare no longer encumbered by specific data formats and requirements. The tools can then be easily applied in industrial settings, as the framework required to implement the tools in a specific machine or system is already in place. Greater use of interoperability standards by the academic community in manufacturing research will lead to faster dissemination of research results and closer collaboration with industry. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSWe thank the reviewers for their valuable comments. MTConnect is supported by AMT –The Association for Manufacturing Technology. We thank Armando Fox from the RAD Lab at UC Berkeley, and Paul Warndorf from AMT for their input. Research at UC Berkeley is supported by the Machine Tool Technology Research Foundation and the industrial affiliates of the Laboratory for Manufacturing and Sustainability. To learn more about the lab’s REFERENCESAltintas, Y., and Erkormaz, K., 2003, “Feedrate Optimization for Spline Interpolation In High Speed Machine Tools”, CIRP Annals –Manufacturing Technology, 52(1), pp. 297-302. de Souza, A. F., and Coelho, R. T., 2007, “Experimental Inv estigation of Feedrate Limitations on High Speed Milling Aimed at Industrial Applications”, Int. J. of Afv. Manuf. Tech, 32(11), pp. 1104–1114.Elber, G., 1995, “Freeform Surface Region Optimization for 3-Axis and 5-Axis Milling”, Computer-Aided Design, 27(6), pp. 465–470. MTConnectTM, 2008b, MTConnectTM Standard, Sencer, B., Altintas, Y., and Croft, E., 2008, “Feed Optimization for Five-axis CNC Machine Tools with Drive Constraints”, Int. J. of Mach.Tools and Manuf., 48(7), pp. 733–745. Vijayaraghavan, A., Sobel, W., Fox, A., Warndorf, P., Dornfeld, D. A., 2008, “Improving Machine Tool Interoperability with Standardized Interface Protocols”, Proceedings of ISFA. Vijayaraghavan, A., Hoover, A., Hartnett, J., and Dornfeld, D. A., 2009, “Improving Endmilli ng Surface Finish by Workpiece Rotation and Adaptive Toolpath Spacing”, Int. J. of Mach. Tools and Manuf., 49(1), pp. 89–98.World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), 2008, “Extensible Markup Language (XML),”Wright, P. K., Dornfeld, D. A., Sundararajan, V., and Misra, D., 2004, “Tool Path Generation for Finish Machining of Freeform Surfaces in the Cybercut Process Planning Pipeline”, Trans. of NAMRI/SME, 32, 159–166.毕业设计外文翻译网址。
毕业论文的外文翻译要求
毕业论文的外文翻译要求毕业论文是学生完成学业的重要标志，而其中的外文翻译部分更是为了提供更全面的学术支持和国际交流。
为了确保翻译的准确性和专业性，我们有一些明确的要求和规定。
一、译稿准确性要求1.1 语义准确：译稿应准确地传达原文的含义，翻译词语和句子应与原文相对应，确保不出现歧义或误解。
1.2 文法准确：译稿应符合外语语法规范，句子结构要清晰连贯，语法错误应予避免。
1.3 词汇准确：译稿应使用准确的词汇，能够准确表达原文中的专业术语和概念。
1.4 表达准确：译稿应能充分表达原文作者的意图和观点，不改变原意，不添加任何无关信息。
二、格式要求2.1 页面设置：译稿与正文部分应保持一致，包括页边距、字体、字号和行间距等方面。
2.2 段落格式：译稿应采用适当的段落划分，确保内容结构清晰，段落之间应有明显的过渡关系。
2.3 标点符号：译稿中的标点符号应准确无误，与原文保持一致。
2.4 图表翻译：如原文中包含图表、图片等内容，应准确翻译并清晰插入，保持与原文的对应关系。
三、语言风格要求3.1 学术性语言：译稿应以学术性的语言进行表达，避免使用口语或俚语词汇。
3.2 表达简明：译稿应尽量使用简明扼要的语言，避免冗长和啰嗦的表达。
3.3 文体恰当：译稿应根据原文的文体特点，保持与之一致的语言风格，如正式、客观等。
3.4 遵循学科要求：根据不同学科的要求，译稿应遵循相应的学科规范和术语。
四、参考文献要求4.1 引用准确：如译稿中涉及引用原文中的内容，应准确标注出处，遵循学术引用规范。
4.2 参考文献著录：如译稿中有参考文献部分，应按照规范的著录格式进行排版，确保引用的准确性。
4.3 翻译标注：如译稿中对参考文献进行翻译或添加注释，应将其清晰标注，以区分原文与译文。
总结：毕业论文的外文翻译要求是多方面的，从译稿准确性、格式要求、语言风格要求到参考文献要求，都需要学生严格遵循。
合理的格式和清晰的语言表达是展示学术水平和专业素养的重要方面，而译稿的准确性更是毕业论文的基石。
毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译
毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译学院：艺术学院专业：环境设计姓名：学号：外文出处: The Swedish Country House附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文附件1：外文资料翻译译文室内装饰简述一室内装饰设计要素1 空间要素空间的合理化并给人们以美的感受是设计基本的任务。
要勇于探索时代、技术赋于空间的新形象，不要拘泥于过去形成的空间形象。
2 色彩要求室内色彩除对视觉环境产生影响外，还直接影响人们的情绪、心理。
科学的用色有利于工作，有助于健康。
色彩处理得当既能符合功能要求又能取得美的效果。
室内色彩除了必须遵守一般的色彩规律外，还随着时代审美观的变化而有所不同。
3 光影要求人类喜爱大自然的美景，常常把阳光直接引入室内，以消除室内的黑暗感和封闭感，特别是顶光和柔和的散射光，使室内空间更为亲切自然。
光影的变换，使室内更加丰富多彩，给人以多种感受。
4 装饰要素室内整体空间中不可缺少的建筑构件、如柱子、墙面等，结合功能需要加以装饰，可共同构成完美的室内环境。
充分利用不同装饰材料的质地特征，可以获得千变完化和不同风格的室内艺术效果，同时还能体现地区的历史文化特征。
5 陈设要素室内家具、地毯、窗帘等，均为生活必需品，其造型往往具有陈设特征，大多数起着装饰作用。
实用和装饰二者应互相协调，求的功能和形式统一而有变化，使室内空间舒适得体，富有个性。
6 绿化要素室内设计中绿化以成为改善室内环境的重要手段。
室内移花栽木，利用绿化和小品以沟通室内外环境、扩大室内空间感及美化空间均起着积极作用。
二室内装饰设计的基本原则1 室内装饰设计要满足使用功能要求室内设计是以创造良好的室内空间环境为宗旨，使室内环境合理化、舒适化、科学化；要考虑人们的活动规律处理好空间关系，空间尺寸，空间比例；合理配置陈设与家具，妥善解决室内通风，采光与照明，注意室内色调的总体效果。
2 室内装饰设计要满足精神功能要求室内设计的精神就是要影响人们的情感，乃至影响人们的意志和行动，所以要研究人们的认识特征和规律；研究人的情感与意志；研究人和环境的相互作用。
大学本科毕业设计论文外文翻译
XXXX大学本科毕业设计(论文)外文翻译原文：How Visual Studio .NET Generates SQL Statements forConcurrency ControlAuthor: Steve SteinVisual Studio TeamAbstract: This paper examines the SQL statements Visual Studio® .NET generates for different kinds of concurrency control, how to modify them for better performance, and how to generate a statement that does not use concurrency control. (5 printed pages).IntroductionAny application that might have multiple users simultaneously attempting to access and modify data needs some form of concurrency control. Otherwise, one user's changes could inadvertently overwrite modifications from other users. The design tools in Visual Studio .NET can create SQL statements that use the "check all values" approach to optimistic concurrency or the "last-in wins" approach to updating data. This paper will explain:∙How each of these statement types are generated.∙How to modify the generated SQL statement for better performance.PrerequisitesYou should have an understanding of:∙Fundamental data concepts, including datasets and data adapters. For more information, see Introduction to Data Access with .∙Concurrency control basics and the options available in Visual Studio .NET. For more information, see Introduction to Data Concurrency in .Where Are the SQL Statements?SQL statements are located in the CommandText property of command objects. SQL commands are automatically generated at design time when configuring data adapters, and at run time when using command builder objects. For more information, see Concurrency and Command BuilderObjets .before us have addressed overlay network programming issues. Even early overlay network Configuring Data Adapters∙Drag a data adapter from the Data tab of the Toolbox∙Drag a table from Server Explorer∙Modifying an existing adapter, by selecting a data adapter and clicking the Configure Data Adapter link at the bottom of the Properties window.Command Builder objects∙Command builder objects are created programmatically at run time. For more information, see (SqlCommandBuilder or OleDbCommandBuilder)Concurrency and Data AdaptersWhen configuring data adapters with the Data Adapter Configuration Wizard, you can decide whether to use optimistic concurrency for the generated Update and Delete statements.Considerations and Caveats∙Your data source must have a primary key in order for the SQL statements to be generated to use optimistic concurrency.∙When creating data adapters by dragging tables from Server Explorer, the data adapter creates Update and Delete statements that are automatically configured for optimisticconcurrency. If you do not want to use optimistic concurrency, you can reconfigure the dataadapter: Right-click the adapter and select Configure Data Adapter from the shortcut menu,then clear the Use optimistic concurrency option of the Advanced SQL Generation OptionsDialog Box. The wizard will recreate the statements without the additional code to check forconcurrency violations.∙When reconfiguring an existing data adapter, note that the advanced settings all revert to their default state. For example, if you cleared the Use optimistic concurrency option when theadapter was originally configured, it will automatically be selected if you reconfigure it, even if you do not access the Advanced SQL Generation Options dialog box.∙If you select the Use existing stored procedures option in the Choose a Query Type section of the Data Adapter Configuration Wizard, the option to use optimistic concurrency is notavailable. The stored procedures will execute as is, and any desired concurrency checkingmust be done within the stored procedure, or programmatically built into your application.。
毕业设计外文翻译相关事项
/
美国“科学”网站收录内容以研究与开发报告为主，所有的信息均
免费使用，也不必注册，但是通过这些站点链接的有些信息是限制
使用或有条件使用的。
温州大学物理与电子信息工程学院
可整理ppt
8
Introduction
DATASHEET网站
翻译地名、人名和其他专用名称时，要尽量符合习惯译法，并应在翻 译（通常为音译）时将原文名称用括号 “（）”注释在译名的后面。 如 傅立叶（ Fourier） 等。
文件中表格或图片上的文字，可编辑的，在原位置进行翻译；不可编 辑的，在表格或图片下面以中外文对应的格式完成。
完成稿件后对照原文进行核对，确保不出现漏译。 正确使用目标语言的标点符号，外文与中文的标点符禁止混淆使用。
/ 国外老牌Datasheet网站，规格书较全。
不提供规格书，只提供定制的Google 搜索，95%以上的规格书都能搜 索到
/ 自称最大的在线电子元件数据搜索引擎
① 人名、地名、日期、方位、数字等方面有无遗漏 ② 段、句或重要的词有无遗漏 ③ 修改译错的和不妥的句子、词组和词 ④ 拒绝冷僻罕见的词汇，力求译文段落、标点符号正确无误 ⑤ 校核两遍（一）内容简介（二）润饰文字
温州大学物理与电子信息工程学院
可整理ppt
11
Introduction
机器翻译例
This means that digital voltmeters have a very high resistance (usually called input impedance) of 1M or more, usually 10M, and they are very unlikely to affect the circuit under test.
毕业设计 外文翻译
毕业设计外文翻译毕业设计外文翻译在大学生的学习生涯中，毕业设计是一个重要的环节。
无论是本科生还是研究生，毕业设计都是对所学知识的一次综合应用和实践。
而在毕业设计中，外文翻译是一个常见的任务，它不仅要求学生具备一定的语言能力，还需要学生具备良好的翻译技巧和跨文化交流能力。
外文翻译作为毕业设计的一部分，其重要性不言而喻。
随着全球化的发展，跨国交流越来越频繁，对外文翻译的需求也越来越大。
在毕业设计中进行外文翻译，不仅可以帮助学生提高自己的语言能力，还可以为学生提供一个锻炼自己翻译技巧的机会。
在进行外文翻译时，学生需要具备一定的语言基础。
首先，学生需要熟悉所要翻译的语言，包括语法、词汇和表达方式等。
其次，学生需要了解所要翻译的领域知识，因为不同领域的术语和表达方式可能会有所不同。
最后，学生还需要具备良好的阅读理解能力，能够准确理解原文的意思。
除了语言基础外，学生还需要具备一定的翻译技巧。
首先，学生需要善于利用翻译工具，如词典、翻译软件等。
这些工具可以帮助学生快速查找词汇和短语的翻译，提高翻译效率。
其次，学生需要注重语言的准确性和流畅性。
翻译不仅要求准确传达原文的意思，还需要符合目标语言的语言习惯和表达方式。
最后，学生还需要注重文化差异的处理。
不同的文化背景可能会导致语言的差异，学生需要注意这些差异，并灵活运用翻译策略。
外文翻译不仅是一种语言活动，更是一种跨文化交流的过程。
在进行外文翻译时，学生需要了解不同文化之间的差异，避免因为文化差异而产生误解和冲突。
同时，学生还需要具备一定的跨文化交流能力，能够在翻译过程中进行文化适应和沟通。
在毕业设计中进行外文翻译，学生需要注重翻译的质量和效率。
首先，学生需要保证翻译的准确性和流畅性。
翻译不仅要求准确传达原文的意思，还需要符合目标语言的语言习惯和表达方式。
其次，学生还需要注重翻译的效率。
毕业设计的时间通常比较紧张，学生需要合理安排时间，提高翻译的效率。
总之，外文翻译作为毕业设计的一部分，对学生的语言能力、翻译技巧和跨文化交流能力提出了一定的要求。
毕业设计(论文)外文资料及译文(模板)
大连东软信息学院
毕业设计（论文）外文资料及译文
系所：
专业：
班级：
姓名：
学号：
大连东软信息学院
Dalian Neusoft University of Information
外文资料和译文格式要求
一、装订要求
1、外文资料原文（复印或打印）在前、译文在后、最后为指导教师评定成绩。
2、译文必须采用计算机输入、打印。
3、A4幅面打印，于左侧装订。
二、撰写要求
1、外文文献内容与所选课题相关。
2、本科学生译文汉字字数不少于4000字，高职学生译文汉字字数不少于2000字。
三、格式要求
1、译文字号：中文小四号宋体，英文小四号“Times New Roman”字型，全文统一，首行缩进2个中文字符，1.5倍行距。
2、译文页码：页码用阿拉伯数字连续编页，字体采用“Times New Roman”字体，字号小五，页底居中。
3、译文页眉：眉体使用单线，页眉说明五号宋体，居中“大连东软信息学院本科毕业设计（论文）译文”。
大连东软信息学院毕业设计（论文）译文
大连东软信息学院毕业设计（论文）译文
大连东软信息学院毕业设计（论文）译文
大连东软信息学院毕业设计（论文）译文
大连东软信息学院毕业设计（论文）译文。
学术论文中的翻译和引用外文资料注意事项
学术论文中的翻译和引用外文资料注意事项在当今全球化的学术研究环境中，翻译和引用外文资料已成为学术论文写作中不可或缺的一部分。
正确、恰当的翻译和引用不仅能够丰富论文的内容，增强其说服力，还能展示作者对国际学术动态的了解和掌握。
然而，在这一过程中，存在着诸多需要注意的事项，若处理不当，可能会导致学术不端、论文质量下降等问题。
一、翻译外文资料的注意事项1、准确性准确是翻译的首要原则。
在翻译外文资料时，必须确保对原文的理解准确无误，避免错译、漏译或曲解原文的意思。
对于专业术语和特定概念，应查阅权威的词典、专业书籍或咨询相关领域的专家，以获取最准确的翻译。
例如，在医学领域，“cardiovascular disease”应准确翻译为“心血管疾病”，而不能简单地译为“心脏血管病”；在计算机科学中，“algorithm”应译为“算法”，而非“计算法”。
2、通顺性翻译后的文本应通顺流畅，符合中文的表达习惯。
避免生硬的直译，要根据上下文进行灵活的调整和语序的转换，使译文易于理解。
比如，“The research shows that”直译为“这个研究展示那个”就显得很别扭，可通顺地译为“研究表明……”3、保持原文风格在翻译过程中，应尽量保持原文的风格特点，包括正式程度、语气等。
如果原文是严谨的学术论述，译文也应体现出相应的严谨性；如果原文较为通俗易懂，译文也不应过于晦涩。
4、专业背景知识翻译外文资料时，具备相关的专业背景知识至关重要。
不同学科领域有其特定的术语、概念和研究方法，如果对这些缺乏了解，就很难做出准确的翻译。
以经济学为例，“inflation targeting”应译为“通货膨胀目标制”，如果不了解经济学知识，可能会翻译错误。
二、引用外文资料的注意事项1、遵循学术规范引用外文资料必须严格遵循所在学科领域的学术规范。
不同的学术领域可能会有不同的引用格式要求，如 APA、MLA、Chicago 等。
作者应熟悉并正确运用相应的引用格式。
外文翻译毕业设计
外文翻译毕业设计外文翻译毕业设计在当今全球化的时代，外文翻译已经成为跨国交流的重要环节。
随着经济全球化的不断推进，越来越多的企业和组织需要进行跨语言的沟通和合作。
因此，外文翻译专业的毕业设计显得尤为重要。
毕业设计是外文翻译专业学生在大学期间最为重要的一项任务。
它不仅是对学生所学知识的综合应用，更是对其翻译能力和专业素养的全面考核。
一个出色的外文翻译毕业设计不仅要求学生具备扎实的外语基础和翻译技巧，还需要他们具备良好的研究能力和创新思维。
首先，一个成功的外文翻译毕业设计需要学生具备扎实的外语基础。
外文翻译专业的学生通常需要掌握至少两种外语，例如英语和法语、德语等。
他们需要具备良好的听、说、读、写能力，能够准确理解和表达外语信息。
此外，他们还需要了解外语国家的文化和背景，以便更好地理解和传达信息。
其次，外文翻译毕业设计需要学生具备高超的翻译技巧。
翻译是一门复杂的艺术，要求译者能够准确传达原文的意思，并符合目标语言的语言习惯和文化背景。
学生需要掌握各种翻译技巧，如直译、意译、文化转换等，以便在不同的翻译场景中选择合适的方法。
此外，他们还需要具备良好的写作能力，能够将翻译结果以流畅、准确的方式呈现出来。
除了语言能力和翻译技巧，外文翻译毕业设计还需要学生具备良好的研究能力和创新思维。
毕业设计通常需要学生选择一个特定的主题进行深入研究，并提出自己的见解和创新。
学生需要具备查找和分析文献的能力，能够从大量的信息中筛选出有用的内容。
此外，他们还需要能够独立思考和解决问题，提出新的观点和方法。
在进行外文翻译毕业设计时，学生可以选择不同的研究方法和翻译对象。
例如，他们可以选择研究某一特定领域的翻译问题，如医学翻译、法律翻译等；或者选择研究某一具体的翻译作品，如一部文学作品或一部电影的字幕翻译。
无论选择何种研究对象，学生都应该注重研究的深度和广度，力求在该领域或作品的翻译问题上有所突破。
外文翻译毕业设计的完成需要学生付出大量的时间和精力。
毕业设计(论文)外文翻译-副本课件
本科毕业设计（论文）外文参考文献译文及原文学院信息工程学院专业信息工程（电子信息工程方向)年级班别200级（）班学号3109002745学生姓名李指导教师郝2013年6月目录1 数据库的管理 (1)1.1 数据库的管理系统的组织技术 (2)1.1.1 逻辑结构 (2)1.1.2 链表结构 (2)1.1.3 层次结构 (2)1.1.4 网状结构 (3)1.1.5 关系型结构 (3)1.1.6 物理结构 (3)2 Oracle的数据库管理功能 (4)2.1 Oracle企业管理器 (4)2.2 附加包 (4)2.2.1 标准管理包 (4)2.2.2 诊断包 (4)2.2.3 调整包 (5)2.2.4 变化管理包 (5)2.2.5 可用性 (5)3 备份与恢复 (6)3.1 恢复管理者 (6)3.2 附加备份和恢复 (6)3.3 连续存储管理器 (6)3.3 可用性 (6)4 Oracle和SQL Server比较 (7)附录外文翻译原文 (9)1 数据库管理数据库（有时拼成Database）也称为电子数据库，是指由计算机特别组织的用下快速查找和检索的任意的数据或信息集合。
数据库与其它数据处理操作协同工作，其结构要有助于数据的存储、检索、修改和删除。
数据库可存储在磁盘或磁带、光盘或某些辅助存储设备上。
一个数据库由一个文件或文件集合组成。
这些文件中的信息可分解成一个个记录，每个记录有一个或多个域。
域是数据库存储的基本单位，每个域一般含有由数据库描述的属于实体的一个方面或一个特性的信息。
用户使用键盘和各种排序命令，能够快速查找、重排、分组并在查找的许多记录中选择相应的域，建立特定集上的报表。
数据库记录和文件的组织必须确保能对信息进行检索。
早期的系统是顺序组织的（如:字母顺序、数字顺序或时间顺序）；直接访问存储设备的研制成功使得通过索引随机访问数据成为可能。
用户检索数据库信息的主要方法是query（查询）。
论文系列讲座之外文翻译PPT课件
如何查询会议文献演示
常用全文会议文献数字资源
中文：
1. 万方数据资源系统 2. 国家科技图书文献中心 3. 中国高等教育文献保障系统中文数据库
[CALIS] 4. 读秀 [学术搜索]
常用全文会议文献数字资源
外文： 1. 国家科技图书文献中心 2. Taylor & Francis出版社电子期刊 3. Ei Compendex [工程索引》web版]
3、利用各类搜索引擎
AltaVista＞ LYCOS ＞http:// YAHOO! ＞http:// EXCITE ＞http:// INFOSEEK ＞http:// HOTBOT ＞http:// EVLAST ＞http:// GALAXY ＞http:// NORTHERNLIGHT ＞http:// OPENTEXT ＞
写在最后
感谢聆听
不足之处请大家批评指导
Please Criticize And Guide The Shortcomings
讲师：XXXXXX XX年XX月XX日
如何查询电子期刊文献演示
常用全文电子期刊论文数字资源
中文： 1. 中国学术期刊网络出版总库[中国期刊
全文数据库] 2. 中文科技期刊数据库[维普全文期刊数
据库] 3. 万方数据资源系统[多种类型数据库群] 4. 人大复印报刊资料
常用全文电子期刊论文数字资源
外文：
1. Open J-Gate [开放获取期刊门户] 2. ScienceDirect [Elsevier SDOL] 3. EBSCO
九、查阅文献的渠道
1、利用校藏各类期刊杂志
盯住一些权威核心期刊以及本行业内时 新期刊 推荐资料：
报刊：《中国旅游报》 杂志期刊： 《旅游学刊》、《旅游科学》
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温州大学物理与电子信息工程学院
毕业设计外文翻译相关注意事项
3
Introduction
文献选择
与毕业设计相关
期刊/会议论文
芯片资料
原版书籍/著作
使用说明书
…
温州大学物理与电子信息工程学院
毕业设计外文翻译相关注意事项
4
Introduction
文献获取
导师指定
自己选择
温州大学物理与电子信息工程学院
毕业设计外文翻译相关注意事项
6
Introduction
期刊论文网站
香港科技大学图书馆Dspace t.hk/dspace 香港科技大学的学术论文、学位论文、研究报告等内容，免费获取。 Openj-gate / 提供4000多种开放获取的期刊的数百万期刊全文文献，其中超过 1500 种学术期刊经过同行评议（ Peer-Reviewed）。 加利福尼亚大学国际和区域数字馆藏 /escholarship/ 加利福尼亚大学国际和区域数字馆藏研究项目。 eScholarshipRepository主要提供已出版的期刊论文、未出版的研究 手稿、会议文献以及其他连接出版物上的文章，免费阅读。 剑桥大学机构知识库 / 提供剑桥大学相关的期刊、学术论文、技术报告、评论等文献全文。包含艺术学、生物 学、社会科学、资源环境学等学科的相关论文，另还有博硕士论文。 标识为OPEN的可打开全文。
毕业设计外文翻译相关注意事项 7
温州大学物理与电子信息工程学院
Introduction
期刊论文网站
kl ArXiv / ArXiv是属于Cornell University的非盈利教育机构，面向物理学、 数学、非线性科学、计算机科学和定量生物学等学科提供免费电子 期刊的访问。 DOAJ (Directory of Open Access Journals) / 免费的全文科技学术期刊。 HighWire Press 斯坦福大学图书馆的分支机构——HighWire出版社，拥有最大的 免费期刊数据库。 / 美国“科学”网站收录内容以研究与开发报告为主，所有的信息均 免费使用，也不必注册，但是通过这些站点链接的有些信息是限制 使用或有条件使用的。
毕业设计外文翻译相关注意事项 8
温州大学物理与电子信息工程学院
Introduction
DATASHEET网站
/ 国外老牌Datasheet网站，规格书较全。 不提供规格书，只提供定制的Google 搜索，95%以上的规格书都能搜 索到 / 自称最大的在线电子元件数据搜索引擎 / 资料比较全 / 免费的中文datasheet查询和下载站点 / 提供datasheet预览的图片和替代型号，有好多电子书，可找到一些其 他地方找不到的比较老的芯片资料 /soft/39/ 有很多的最新PDF IC中文资料和其他较全的中文资料
网络
书籍
期刊 资料 …
毕业设计外文翻译相关注意事项 5
温州大学物理与电子信息工程学院
Introduction
期刊论文网站
温州大学图书馆
பைடு நூலகம்
外文数据库 /new/szzy/foreignindex.asp 在图书馆的主页“数字资源”下的“外文数据库”中有多种外 文电子期刊。在图书馆主页有图书馆订购的全部电子期刊，如 Springer外文数据库、EBSCO数内外标准 /。 国内外专利 /patent(中国专利) /ibm.html(美国专利库)
外文翻译相关事项
翻译——跨文化交际
Introduction
内容
学院要求 文献选择 文献获取 翻译原则 翻译步骤 注意事项
毕业设计外文翻译相关注意事项 2
温州大学物理与电子信息工程学院
Introduction
学院要求
翻译与本专业或本课题有关的外文文献
翻译成中文后不少于2000个汉字
毕业设计外文翻译相关注意事项 9
温州大学物理与电子信息工程学院
Introduction
翻译原则
泰特勒三原则(Alexander Fraser Tytler) 译文应完全复写出原作的思想 The translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work. 译文的风格和笔调应与原文的性质相同 The style and manner of writing should be of the same character with that of the original. 译文应和原作同样的流畅 The translation should have the ease of the original composition. 用词准确，符合原意；语言流畅，符合汉语表达习惯