3rd week_Daniel_Defoe The neoclassical Period (新古典主义时期) 英美文学赏析 教学课件
Daniel_Defoe
Religious perspective
The pursuit of freedom is also shown in the form of selfdiscovery of God. Individuals can communicate with God directly. They don’t need clergymen in the churches to interfere with their beliefs. Robinson has
Life experience and major works
In 1719 Defoe turned to writing fiction. His novels include: Robinson Crusoe (1719), Captain Singleton辛 格顿船长 (1720), Journal of the Plague Year大疫年日记 (1722), Captain Jack 杰克上校(1722), Moll Flanders墨尔 弗兰德斯(1722) and Roxanda 罗克萨娜(1724). Defoe also wrote a three-volume travel book, Tour Through the Whole Island of Great Britain (1724-27) that provided a vivid first-hand account of the state of the country. Other non-fiction books include The Complete English Tradesman (1726) and London the Most Flourishing City in the Universe (1728). Defoe published over 560 books and pamphlets and is considered to be the founder of British journalism. Daniel Defoe died in 1731.
3rd-Week
第三周课堂练习Practice 1: Insert the article a or an where necessary1.Helium is gas which consists of one proton and one neutron.bor union is organization of workers formed to improve their economic status and working conditions.3.White dwarf is star that is unusually faint given its extreme temperature.4.Rice is cereal grain that usually requires subtropical climate and abundance of moisture for growth.5.Transduction is technique is which genes are inserted into host cell by means of viral infection.6.Heat is form of energy which can be transmitted through solid and liquid media by conduction.Practice 2: Edit the following by reducing the relative clauses where possible1.Aluminum is a lightweight metal that is often used for high-tension power transmission.2.Heat is a form of energy which can be transmitted through solid and liquid media by conduction.3. A brake is a device that is capable of slowing the motion of a mechanism.4. A dome is generally a hemispherical roof which is on top of a circular, square, or other-shaped space.5.Snow is a form of precipitation which results from the sublimation of water vapor into solid crystals attemperatures below 0 degrees centigrade.6．An antigen is a substance which causesthe formation of antibodies, the body’snatural response to foreign substances.7. A piccolo is a small flute that is pitched an octave higher than a standard fulte.8. An oocyte is a cell which undergoes meiosis to produce an ovum or egg.9. A catalyst is a substance that can speed up the rate of a chemical reaction without changing its own structure.10. A black hole is a celestial body which has approximately the same mass as the sun and a gravitational radius of about 3 km.Practice 3: Complete the following definitions by inserting an appropriate preposition1. A thermometer is an instrument ___ which temperature can be measured.2.Photosynthesis is process ___ which sunlight is used to manufacture carbohydrates from water and carbondioxide.3. A credit bureau is an organization ___ which businesses can apply for financial information on potentialcustomers.4.An anhydride is a compound __ which the elements of water have been removed.5.An eclipse is a celestial event ___ which one body, such as star, is covered by another, such as a planet.6.An axis is an imaginary line __ which a body is said to rotate.Practice 4: Put the sentences into a correct order.a.The term itself comes from the ancient Greek word palindromes meaning “running back again.”b.Another good and more rece nt example is “If I had a HiFi.”c.Some very common English words are palindromes, such as pop, dad, and noon.d. A palindrome is a word or phrase that results in the same sequence of letters no matter whether it is read from leftto right or from right to left.e.One of the classic long palindromes is “A man, a plan, a canal, Panama.”f.Long palindromes are very hard to construct, and some word puzzles spend immense amounts of time trying toproduce good example.Practice 5: Below you will find three pairs of sentences, each consisting of a definition and a generalization. When would it be better to begin a text with the first sentence in each pair rather than the second?A: 1. Russian is the first language of about 150 million inhabitants of the former Soviet Union.2. Russian is a language belonging to the West Slavic subgroup of the Indo-European language family.B: 1. A catalyst is a substance which increases the rate of a chemical reaction.2. Catalyst technology has progressed quickly as researchers better understand the complex interactions of molecules.Practice 6: Label the four parts of this problem-solution text.International students often study English for many years before going to an English speaking country to pursue a graduate degree. Their study of English usually focuses on grammar and reading, with little attention paid to speaking, writing, and listening(Belcher 1994.) Despite their many years of English instruction, after arriving in an English speaking country, many international students understandably find that their interactive skills are weak. In particular, they often experience difficulty actually using their English, which can result in frustration and misunderstanding. Recent research has shown that one way to overcome this frustration is to arrange a language exchange with a native speaker of English who wants to learn a foreign language(Brennan 1991). In this arrangement, the two partners exchange their knowledge of their native languages, thus providing a comfortable learning environment. Language exchanges can be one of the best ways to enhance one’s language skills, because they are done on a one-to-one basis.Practice 7: Here is another passage with the same structure. Read it and answer the questions that follow.①Madagascar has one of the world’s oldest systems of natural reserves. ②This system, established during the early 1900s, was designed to protect lemurs and other animal species unique to the island. ③However, due to severe economic hardship, this island country lacks the funds to properly mange the reserve; as a result , many species risk extinction. ④One recent solution to this problem has been offered by the international community. ⑤If Madagascar begins to better protect its reserves, its foreign debt will be reduced. ⑥This incentive should lead to some level of improvement. (based on information from Scientific American, January 1993)1.For what type of audience was this written?2.What assumptions does the author make about the audience’s knowledge background?3.What is the author’s purpose?4.What does this problem in sentence 4 refer to?5.What does this incentive in sentence 6 refer to?6.What does the author think of the solution?7.If the writer had thought that the solution would not work, what might he have written for the last sentence? In such acase, would this last sentence be enough to complete the text? If not, what would need to be added?Practice 8: write your own problem-solution text. Suggested topics:Private carsHigh educationPopulation explosionEnvironmental pollutionOne related to your own field of studyPractice 9: choose a verb from the list that reduces the informality of each sentence.assist reduce create investigate raise establish increase determine fluctuate eliminate1.Expert Systems can help out the user in the diagnosis of problems.2.This program was set up to improve access to medical care.3.Research expenditures have gone up to nearly $350 million.4.The use of optical character readers(OCRs) should cut down the number of problems with the U.S. mail service.5.Researchers have found out that this drug has serious side effects.6.Building a nuclear power plant will not get rid of the energy problem completely.7.Researchers have been looking into this problem for 15 years now.8.This issue was brought up during the investigation.9.Engineers can come up with better designs using CAD.10.The emission levels have been going up and down.Practice 10: Which of the italicized words would be more suitable for an academic paper?1.The government has made good/considerable progress in solving environmental problems.2.We got/obtained encouraging results.3.The results of a lot of/ numerous different projects have been pretty good/encouraging.4. A loss of jobs is one of the things that will happen /consequences if the process is automated.Practice 11: Consider the following passages. Underline the parts in passage b that differ from passage a. Why does b have better “flow” than a?a: Lasers have found widespread application in medicine. Lasers play an important role in the treatment of eye disease and the prevention of blindness. The eye is ideally suited for laser surgery. Most of the eye tissue is transparent. The frequency and focus of the laser beam can be adjusted according to the absorption of the tissue. The beam “cuts” inside the eye with minimal damage to the surrounding tissue –even the tissue between the laser and the incision. Lasers are effective in treating some causes of blindness. Other treatments are not. The interaction between laser light and eye tissue is not fully understood.b: Lasers have found widespread application in medicine. For example, (Lasers) they play an important role in the treatment of eye disease and the prevention of blindness. The eye is edally suited for laser surgery because most of the eye tissue is transparent. Because of this transparency, the frequency and focus of the laser beam can be adjusted according to the absorption of the tissue so that the beam “cuts” inside the eye with minimal damage to the surrounding tissue – even the tissue between the laser and the incision. Lasers are also effective than other methods in treating some causes of blindness. However, the interaction between laser light and eye tissue is not fully understood.Practice 12：Edit the following passage by adding semicolons or commas where necessary.Aluminum alloys are now more important in the automobile industry than ever before. The government is pressuring the industry to produce cars of high quality and with high fuel efficiency hence car makers are replacing traditional iron-based alloys with aluminum alloys. Aluminum alloy parts are typically one-third to one-half the weight of those made with steel as a result cars with all aluminum parts use approximately 50% less fuel than those with steel components. Although most aluminum alloys are soft they can have a higher tensile strength than steel. Adequate alloy and solution treatment can increase their tensile strength thus resulting in a vehicle with good impact capacity.。
英国文学简介--General Introduction to British Literature
Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, 1375-1400
Medieval Literature
Geoffrey Chaucer He is regarded as the father of English
poetry. The Canterbury Tales is his
3. 17th Century British Literature
John Bunyan He is a religious novelist whose
style was modeled after that of the English Bible. His language is concrete and vivid. His masterpiece, The Pilgrim's Progress, is the most successful religious allegory.
Daniel Defoe for st
汉
Literary Influence of Robinson Crusoe
1) Robinson Crusoe was influential in creating a colonization mythology. 2) The novelist James Joyce noted the true symbol of the British conquest is Robinson Crusoe: "He is the true prototype of the British colonist". 小说家乔伊斯认为英国征服的真正象征是鲁滨 逊克鲁索： 他是英国殖民者的真正原型 他是英国殖民者的真正原型。 逊克鲁索：“他是英国殖民者的真正原型。” 3) It has inspired a new genre called the Robinsonade.
他再次出海冒险作为海盗历经西印度群岛印度洋中国海获取了大量财富他将所得带回英国左后与一个船员的妹妹结了婚
Daniel Defoe
Defoe's Literary Works
Essays
1. A General History of Trade 《贸易通史》 2.The Complete English Tradesman 《英国商绅大全》 3.A Plan of the English Commerce《英国商业 方略》 4. An Essay Upon Projects 《论开发》
Pamphlets
The True-Born Englishman (1701): a pamphlet in verse《纯血统的英国人》 《纯血统的英国人》 “The Shortest Way with the Dissenters” ” 1702《对待新教徒的捷径》 《对待新教徒的捷径》 He meant to expose the ruthlessness of the conservatives.
17-18世纪的英国文学
新古典主义时期的英国文学
(1660—1798)
Zhang Yangli
1
Period：
1660：
Stuarts
the return of the
↓
1798：
Lyrical Ballads
2
The Neoclassical Period
10
The great writers
Daniel Defoe Swift Jonathan Henry Fielding
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The dramatist Richard B. Sheridan （理查德· 布· 谢里丹）
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The essayist and lexicographer Samuel Johnson （塞缪尔· 约翰逊 ）
5
purpose
:
to enlighten people with the light of modern philosophical and artistic ideas; to celebrate reason or rationality, equality and science
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5. Pre-Romanticism:
in
the latter half of the 18th century departures from the orderly framework of Neoclassicism
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William Blake (1757-1827), Visionary poet and painter.
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英国文学简史 4新古典主义(18世纪)
The Neoclassical Period （18th century）Definitions of literary terms英语081班汪志超51011080951) The Enlightenment MovementThe 18th-century England is known as the Age of Enlightenment or the Age of Reason.The Enlightenment Movement was a progressive intellectual movement which flourished in France & swept through the whole Western Europe at the time. The movement was a furtherance of the Renaissance of the 15th & 16th centuries. Its purpose was to enlighten the whole world with the light of modem philosophical & artistic ideas. The enlighteners celebrated reason or rationality, equality & science. They called for a reference to order, reason & rules & advocated universal education. Famous among the great enlighteners in England were those great writers like John Dryden, Alexander pope & so on.2) NeoclassicismIn England, neoclassicism is initiated by John Dryden, culminated in Alexander Pope and continued by Samuel Johnson. It was a reaction against the fire of passions that blazed in the later Renaissance. It found its literary artistic model in the classical literature of ancient Greek and Latin authors, such as Homer, Virgil, Horace. The neoclassicists have their artistic ideas: order, logic, symmetry, restraint, accuracy, good taste, good sense, decorum and so on. In drama, they follow the Three Unities closely.1Richard Steele(1672-1729) and Joseph Addison(1672-1719)The Tatler ; The Spectator (the earliest periodicals)2Samuel Johnson（1709-1784）Samuel Johnson, commonly called Dr. Johnson, was one of the greatest figures of 18th-century English literature. He was the last great neoclassicist enlightener in the late 18th century. He had a hand in all the different branches of literary activities. He was a poet, dramatist, prose romancer, biographer, essayist, critic, lexicographer & publicist.His major works :poems: "London", & "The vanity of Human Wishes"a romance: The History of Rasselas, Prince of Abyssinia ;a tragedy: Irenehundreds of essays in the two periodicals :The Rambler & The Idler;English dictionary :A Dictionary of the English Language传记文学双星：Life of Johnson by James Boswell,The Life of Charlotte Bronte by Elizabeth Cleghon Gaskell3Alexander pope（1688-1744）poetPope is one of the fore-most satirists in world literature as well as a great poet. Pope's mock-heroic poem The Rape of the Lock is one of the finest examples of English comic verse. As a representative of the Enlightenment, Pope was one of the first to introduce rationalism to England. He was the greatest poet of his time.His major works1). The Rape of the LockA delightful burlesque of epic poetry, it ridicules the manners of the English nobility. The poem isbased on an actual incident in which a young nobleman stole a lock of a lady's hair.2) An Essay on CriticismHis first important work, An Essay on Criticism was a long didactic poem in heroic couplets. In this work, he reflected the neo-classical spirit of the times by advocating good taste, common sense & the adherence to classical rules in writing & criticism. The whole poem is written in a plain style, hardly containing any imagery or eloquence &therefore makes easy reading.3）The DunciadGenerally considered Pope's best satiric work, The Dunciad goes deep in meaning & works at many levels. Its satire is directed at Dullness in general, & in the course of it all the literary men of the age. Poets mainly who had made Pope's enemies, are held up to ridicule. But the poem is not confined to personal attack. Dullness as reflected in the corruptness of government, social morals, education & even religion, is expertly exposed & satirized.The Realistic Novel:The mid-century was, however, predominated by a newly rising literary form, the modern English novel, which, contrary to the traditional romance of aristocrats, gives a realistic presentation of life of the common English people. This-the most significant phenomenon in the history of the development of English literature in the eighteenth century - is a natural product of the Industrial Revolution & a symbol of the growing importance & strength of the English of the growing importance & strength of the English middle class, Among the pioneers were Daniel Defoe ,Samuel Richardson, Henry Fielding, Laurence Sterne, Tobias George Smollett, & Oliver Goldsmith.1Daniel Defoe(1660-1731)He acquired a pure naked English—smooth, easy, almost colloquial. Yet never coarse. He loved short, crisp, plain sentences. There is nothing artificial in his language; it is really common English.作品：1）Pamphlet: The Trueborn Englishman—A Satire.(It contained a caustic exposure of the aristocracy and the tyranny of the church.)2)Novels:Robinson Crusoe(The character of Robinson Crusoe is representative of the English bourgeoisie atthe earlier stage of its development.); Captain Singleton; Moll Flanders; Colonel Jacque2Jonathan Swift (1667-1745)He is an Irish. Swift is one of the greatest masters of English prose. His language is simple, clear and vigorous. He said, “Proper words in proper places, makes the true definition of a style.” Swift is a master of satirist, and his irony is deadly. But his satire is masked by an outward gravity, and an apparent calmness conceals his bitter irony. This makes his satire all the more powerful, as shown in his Modest Proposal.作品：1）Two stories: A Tale of a Tub; The Battle of the Books(The two stories made him well-known as a satirist.)2) Novel:Gulliver’s Travels3) Pamphlets :The Drapier’s Letters; A Modest Proposal(Swift’s pamphlets in Ireland form avery important part of his works.)3Samuel Richardson(1689-1761)His main achievement as a novelist lies in his technique to show characters as personalities. Psychological analysis.作品：Pamela (The story is a told in a series of letters from the heroine, Pamela Andrews.书信体小说);Clarissa; Sir Charles Grandison.Pamela was a new thing in three ways:Firstly, it discarded the “improbable and marvellous”accomplishment of the former heroic romances, and pictured the life and love of ordinary people.Secondly, its intension was to afford not merely entertainment but also moral instruction. Thirdly, it described not only the sayings and doings of the characters but also their secret thoughts and feelings. It was, in fact, the first English psycho-analytical novel.4Henry Fielding(1707-1754)1)简介：As a novelist, Fielding is very great. He is the founder of the English realistic novel and sets up the theory of realism in literary.“Nature herself,” i.e., the exact observation and study of real life, was the basis of Fielding’s work. Byron, in a famous phrase, called Fielding “the prose Homer of Human Nature”. Fielding established once for all the form of the modern novel. His importance in the history of the novel is unique. He has been rightly call the “father of the English novel”.2）作品：Novels:①Joseph Andrews ②Jonathan Wild ③Tom Jones(流浪汉小说) ④AmeliaPicaresque Novel(流浪汉小说)is a popular sub-genre of prose fiction, which is usually satirical and depict in realistic and humorous details the adventures of a roguish hero of low social class, who lives by his or her wits in a corrupt society. The characteristic of it is loosely linked episodes, intrigue fights and adventures. The style of this novel originated in Spain and flourished in Europe in the 17th and 18th centuries, and continued to influence modern literature. In England, Tobias Smollett’s works, Daniel Defoe’s “Moll Flanders”, Fielding’s “Tom Jones”, and Charles Dickens’“Pickwick Papers” are considered to be picaresque novels. In modern America, Sawl Bellow’s “Adventure of Augie March”, Jack Kerouac’s “Dharma Bums” can be called picaresque novels. The Chinese “Journey to the Wrest” is considered to has considerable elements of picaresque.3）Some Features of Fielding’s Novels①Fielding’s method of Relating a Story: told directly by the author.②Satire in Fielding’s Novels. Satire sounds everywhere in Fielding’s works.③Fielding believed in the educational function of the novel.④Style. Fielding is a master of style. His style is easy, unlaboured and familiar, but extremely vivid and vigorous.5Tobias Smollett(1721-1771)He is a Scottish. He belonged to the realistic school.作品：Roderick Random, Peregrine Pickle, Humphry Clinker, History of England.6Laurence Sterne(1713-1768)He is a novelist of the sentimentalist school. He was born in Ireland.A Sentimental Journey.The drama of the 18th century was extensive, but very little of it has permanent or acting value. Only two men, Goldsmith and Sheridan, produced works which are of high literary quality and which are still remain their interest upon the stage.1Oliver Goldsmith(1730-1774)Goldsmith was a poet, novelist, dramatist and essayist, all combined in one person. He was born in Ireland.Comedies: The Good-Natured Man, She Stoops to Conquer2、Richard Brinsley Sheridan(1751-1816)was, like Goldsmith, an Irishman. His literary fame rests almost exclusively uponhis dramas. His dramas are sufficient to maintain his reputation as one of the most brilliant of English writers of Comedy.戏剧作品：①The Rivals, ②The School for Scandal（It gives a brilliant portrayal and a biting satire ofIn the first half of the 18 century, Pope was the leader of English poetry and the heroic couplet the fashion of poetry. But the middle of the century, however, sentimentalism gradually made its appearance.The appearance and development of sentimentalist poetry marks the midway in the transition from classicism to its opposite, Romanticism, in English poetry.Sentimentalism : It is a literary current started in the middle of 18th century. It is a part of the Pre-Romantic trend as reaction against the cold, logic rationalism that dominated people’s life and writing since the last decade of the 17th century. It appeared to sentiment as a means of achieving happiness and social justice. They believed that the effective emotions were the evidence of kindness and goodness. A ready sympathy and an inward pain for the misery of others became part of accepted social morality and ethics. Their words reveal a purely emotional approach to life on the part of the narrator. They formed the contrast of rationally composed novel. The most outstanding figure of this school was Laurence Stern who composed “Tristram Shandy”and “Sentimental Journey through France to Italy”. Samuel Richardson’s work also belong to this school because he used a lot of psychological analysis. Oliver Goldsmith’s work, especially “The Vicar of Wakefield”is of this time. Thomas Gray, a member of Graveyard school is a member of sentimental school, because Graveyard School is part of Sentimental School.1Laurence Sterne(1713-1768)He is a novelist of the sentimentalist school. He was born in Ireland.作品：Tristram Shandy, A Sentimental Journey.2Thomas Gray(1716-1771):作品：Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard. （This is a poem full of the gentle melancholy which marks all early romantic poetry.）Graveyard School: is a term applied to the 18th century poets who wrote melancholy, reflective works, often set in graveyard, on the theme of human morality. The dominant imageries are graveyard, death and darkness. They are part of Sentimental School in the 18th century literature. Thomas Gray’s “Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard” was the best known example for the time.Elegy: It is an ancient form of writing. Its tradition can be traced back to Greek. It is a kind of war song, the song that eulogizes the warring spirit, especially to celebrate the victory of the war and to lament upon the dead. Later, thiswriting is used for lamentation over one’s loss, one’s complaint, one’s unhappiness or things like that. In France, people sometimes use elegy for love lyric.3Oliver Goldsmith(1730-1774)Goldsmith was a poet, novelist, dramatist and essayist, all combined in one person. He was born in Ireland.作品：⑴Poems:①The Traveller is based on Goldsmith’s personal observation during his European wanderings. He came to the conclusion that human happiness depends less on political institution than onour own minds.②The Deserted Village is Goldsmith’s best poem. It contains some charmingdescriptions of village life. He marks the depopulation in the countryside owing to the inroads ofmonopolizing riches.⑵Novel: The Vicar of Wakefield. His novel appeals to human sentiment as a means of achieving happinessand social justice. That is why he is acknowledged to be one of the representatives of English sentimentalism.⑶Comedies: The Good-Natured Man, She Stoops to Conquer⑷Essays: The Citizen of the World.Goldsmith’s place as one of the greatest English essayists is mainlyIn the latter half of the 18century, a new literary monument arose in Europe, called the Romantic Revival. In England, this movement showed itself in the trend of Pre-Romanticism in poetry, which was ushered by Percy, Macpherson and Chatterton, and represented by Blake and Burns,the two greatest romantic poets of the 18th century.Pre-Romanticism:It rose as a reaction against enlightenment and neoclassicism, especially against reasons advocated by them. It originated by conservative groups men of letters and rose in the latter half of 18th century. The representatives are Thomas Gray, William Blake and Robert Burns.1William Blake(1757-1827)①The earliest of the major English Romantic poets.②Like Shelley, Blake strongly criticized the capitalists' cruel exploitation, saying that the "dark satanic mills left menunemployed, killed children & forced prostitution."③From childhood, Blake had a strongly visual mind; whatever he imagined, he also saw. As an imaginative poet, hepresents his view in visual images instead of abstract terms. " I know that This world is a world of IMAGINATION & Vision," & that "The Nature of my work is visionary or imaginative."④Blake writes his poems in plain & direct language.works：①The Songs of Innocence is a lovely volume of poems, presenting a happy & innocent world,though not without its evils & sufferings.②The Songs of Experience paints a different world, a world of misery, poverty, disease, war &repression with a melancholy tone.③Marriage of Heaven & Hell marks his entry into maturity.④The Book of Urizen, The Book of Los，The Four Zoas，Milton2、Robert Burns(1759-1796)He is the greatest of Scottish poets. He devoted all his free time to collecting, editing, restoring and imitating traditional Scottish songs, or writing verses of his own to traditional tunes.works：①Burns is remembered mainly for his songs written in the Scottish dialect on a variety of subjects.②Numerous are Burns’ songs of love and friendship. A Red, Red Rose③Bruce at Bannockburn is a typical song of patriotism.⑤The Tree of Liberty and A Revolutionary Lyric are the poems on the theme of revolution.⑥The Toadeater is a piece of bitter satire.⑦The Jolly Beggars is characterized by humour and lightheartedness.。
自学考试英美文学选读要点中英文概要
1234代价,与敌人同归于尽。
51. In his life, Milton shows himself a real revolutionary, a master poet and a great prose writer. 弥尔顿毕生都展现了真正的革命精神和非凡的诗歌才华。
52. Paradise Lost:人类由于理性不强,意志薄弱,经不起考验,暗示英国自产主义革命失败的原因。
Chapter2 The Neoclassical Period(1660-1798新古典主义1. In short, it was an age full of conflicts and divergence of values. 总之, 这一时期是矛盾与价值观分歧的时期。
2. The eighteenth-century England is also known as the Age of Enlighte nment or the Age of Reason. 英国的十八世纪也同时是启蒙主义时代, 或曰理性时代。
3. Its purpose was to enlighten the whole world with the light of modern philosophical and artistic ideas. 运动的主旨便是用当代哲学与艺术思想的晨光启迪整个世界。
4. Enlighteners held that rationality or reason should be the only, the fin al cause of any human thought and activities. They called for a referenc e to order, reason and rules. 启蒙者主张理性是任何人思想与行动的唯一缘由。
他们大力提倡秩序,理性及法律。
5. As a matter of fact, literature at the time, heavily didactic and moralizi ng, becamea very popular means of public education. 其实, 当时的文学作品种充满了说教与道德理念,就已经成为大众教育的良好工具。
Chapter 2 The Neoclassical Period 打印本页
Chapter 2 The Neoclassical Period 打印本页一、关于新古典主义时期（一）新古典主义时期的标志Neoclassical period：Between the return of the Stuarts to the English throne in 1660 and the full assertion of Romanticism which came with the publication of Lyrical Ballads by Wordsworth and Coleridge in 1798.（二）新古典主义时期的社会背景The English society of the neoclassical period was a turbulent one; conflicts and divergence of values.1.The Great London Fire: destroyed a large part of the city, leaving two-thirds of the population homeless.2.The Great Plague: took 70,000 lives in London alone in 1665.3.The great political and social events: the Restoration of king CharlesⅡin 1660.4.The Glorious Revolution: King JamesⅡwas replaced by his protestant daughter Mary and her Dutch husband William, Duke of Orange, in 1689.5.There was constant strife（1）between the monarch and the parliament,（2）between the two big parties: the Tories and the Whigs.（3）between the ruling class and the laboring poor.6.The opposing religious sects such as the Roman Catholicism, the Anglican Church and the Dissenters.（三）18th世纪的英国The 18th century saw the fast development of England as a nation.Towards the middle of the 18th, it had been come the work-shop of the world, her manufactured goods flooding foreign markets far and near.1.AbroadA vast expansion of British colonies in North America, India, the West Indies, and a continuous increase of colonial wealth and trade provided England with a market for which the small-scale hand production methods of the home industry were hardly adequate, this created a steady demand for British goods and standardized goods.2.HomeActs of Enclosure were putting more land into fewer privileged rich landowners and forcing thousands of small farmers and tenants off land to become wage earners in industrial towns.This coming together of free labor from the home and free capital gathered or plundered from the colonies was the essence of the Industrial Revolution.3.The British bourgeois or middle classAlong with the fast economic development, it was the major force of the Revolution and was composed of city people: traders, merchants, manufacturers, and other adventurers such as slave traders and colonists.As the Industrial Revolution went on, more and more people joined the rank of this class.It is a revolutionary class and quite different from the feudal aristocratic class.They were people who had known poverty and hardship, and some had obtained their present social status through hard work.They believed in self-restraint, self-reliance and hard work.To accumulate wealth constituted the whole meaning of their life.（四）启蒙运动1.时间:The 18th century England is known as the Age of Enlightenment or the Age of Reason.2.定义:It was a progressive intellectual movement which flourished in France and swept through the whole Western Europe at the time.It was a furtherance of the renaissance of the 15th and 16th centuries.3.宗旨:To enlighten the whole world with the light of modern philosophical and artistic ideas.4.人文观:The Enlighteners celebrated reason or rationality, equality and science.They held that rationality or reason should be the only, the final cause of any human thought and activities.They called for a reference to order, reason and rules.They believed that when reason served as the yardstick for the measurement of all human activities and relations, every superstition, injustice and oppression was to yield place to"eternal truth,""eternal justice,"and"natural equality."5.理性原则:The Enlighteners advocated universal education.They believed that human beings were limited, dualistic, imperfect, and yet capable of rationality and perfection through education.Heavily didactic and moralizing became a very popular means of public education.6.代表作家:John Dryden, Alexander Pope, Joseph Addison, Sir Richard Steele, Richard Brinsley Sheridan, Jonathan Swift, Daniel Defoe, Henry Fielding, Samuel Johnson.（五）新古典主义：1.定义：In the field of literature, Enlightenment Movement brought about a revival of interest in the old classical works.The tendency is known as neoclassicism.2.创作旨意、文学渊源（1）According to the neoclassicists, all forms of literature were to be modeled after the classical works of the ancient Greek and Roman writers and those of the contemporary French ones.（2）They believe that the artistic ideals should be order, logic, restrained emotion and accuracy, and that literature should be judged in terms of its service to humanity.3.新古典主义特点:The writers seek Proportion, unity, harmony and grace in literary expressions, in an effort to delight, instruct and correct human beings, thus, a polite, urbane, witty, and intellectual art developed.4.新古典主义标准:Neoclassicists had some fixed laws and rules for almost every genre of literature.（1）Prose: Precise, direct, smooth and flexible.（2）Poetry: Lyrical, epical, didactic, satiric or dramatic, and each class should be guided by its own principles.（3）Drama: written in the Heroic couplets（iambic pentameter rhymed in two lines抑扬格五音步的押韵双行诗）; The three unities of time, space and action should be strictly observed; regularity in construction should be adhered to, and type characters rather than individuals should be represented.（六）新古典主义启蒙文学影响:The poetic techniques and certain classical graces such as: order, good form, unified structure, clarity and conciseness of language developed in this period have become a permanent heritage.1.早期新古典主义诗歌:（1）From restoration to the 2nd half of 18th century, It witnessed the flourish of English poetry in the classical style climaxing with: John Dryden, Alexander Pope, Samuel Johnson.（2）The wit, form and art of poetry were given much attention.（3）Mock epic, romance, satire and epigram were popular forms adopted by poets of the time.（4）The neoclassical poetry was also noted for its seriousness and earnestness in tone and constant didacticism.2.现实主义小说: （In the mid- 18th century）（1）The modern English novel gives a realistic presentation of life of the common English people.（2）This most significant phenomenon in the history of the development of English literature is a natural product of the Industrial Revolution and a symbol of the growing importance and strength of the English middle class.（3）The pioneers were Daniel Defoe, Samuel Richardson, Henry Fielding, Laurence Sterne3.后期文学创作:From the middle part to the end of the century there was also an apparent shift of interest from the classic literary tradition to originality and imagination, from society to individual, and from the didactic to the confessional, inspirational and prophetic.（1）哥特式小说（gothic novels）Gothic novels - mostly stories of mystery and horror which take place in some haunted or dilapidated Middle Age castles-were turned out profusely by both male and female writers.The Castle of Otranto Horace WalpoleThe Mysteries of Udolpho, The Italian Mrs.Ann RadcliffThe Champion of Virtue, a Gothic Story Clara ReeveThe Monk（2）自然诗人（Nature poets）Nature poets like James Thomson, William Collins, and William Cowper.（3）伤感诗人（sentimentalists or "Graveyard School"）.（4）农民诗人（peasant poet）Robert Burns and William Blake were paving the way for the flourish of Romanticism early the next century.（5）意义：It paves the way for the flourish of romanticism early the next century.4.戏剧界（1）Richard Brinsley Sheridan was the leading figure among a host of playwrights.二、John Bunyan（一）生平（略）（二）作品风格1.His style was modeled after that of the English Bible.With his concrete and living language and carefully observed and vividly presented details, he made it possible for the reader of the least education to share the pleasure of reading his novel and to relive the experience of his characters.（三）主要作品Chief of sinners The Life and death of Mr.BadmanThe Holy War The Pilgrim's progress（四）选读：名利场"The Vanity Fair," an excerpt from part 1 of The Pilgrim's Progress1.作品介绍:The story starts with a dream in which the author sees Christian the Pilgrim, with a heavy burden on his back, reading the Bible.When he learns from the book that the city in which he and his family live shall be burnt down in a fire, Christian tries to convince his family and his neighbors of the oncoming disaster and asks them to go with him in search of salvation, but most of them simply ignore him.So he starts off with a friend, Pliable, Pliable turns back after they stumble into a pit, the Slough of Despond, Christian struggles on by himself.Then he is misled by Mr.Worldly Wiseman and is brought back onto the right road by Mr.Evangelist.There he joins Faithful, a neighbor who has set out later but has made better progress.The twogo on together through many adventures, including the great struggle with Apollyon （devil）, who claims them to be his subjects and refuses to accept their allegiance（faith）to God.After many other adventures they come to the Vanity Fair where both are arrested as alien agitators.They are tried and faithful is condemned to death, Christian, however, manages to escape and goes on his way, assisted by a new friend, hopeful.Tired of the hard journey, they are tempted to take a pleasant path and are then captured by Giant Despair.Finally they get away and reach the Celestial City, where they enjoy eternal life in the fellowship of the blessed.（2）作品寓意:It is the most successful religious allegory in the English language.It purposes is to urge people to abide by Christian doctrines and seek salvation through constant struggle with their own weaknesses and all kinds of social evils.It is not only about something spiritual but also bears much relevance to the time.（3）选读（略）（p85-90）三、Alexander Pope（一）生平（略）（二）创作生涯及时代观1.As a representative of the Enlightenment, Pope was one of the first to introduce rationalism to England.2.He upheld the existing social system as an ideal one, but he was not entirely blind to the rapid moral, political and cultural deterioration.3.He assumed the role of champion of traditional civilization: of reason, classical learning, sound art, good taste and public virtue, and emphasis on order found expression in all of his works.4.For him the supreme value was order-cosmic order, political order, social order, aesthetic order, and this can found expression in all of his works.（三）主要作品介绍An Essay on Criticism,The Rape of the Lock,The Dunciad,An Essay on Man,Eloisa to AbelardEpistle to Dr.ArbuthnotTranslated Homer's Iliad and Odyssey（四）文学观/语言风格1.He was the greatest poet of his time.He strongly advocated neoclassicism, emphasizing that literary works should be judged by classical rules of order, reason, logic, restrained emotion, good taste and decorum.2.He worked painstakingly on his poems, developed a satiric, concise, smooth, graceful and well-balanced style3.Brought to its last perfection the heroic couple Dryden had successfully used in his plays.（五）作品简介1.The Rape of the Lock 《夺发记》The story is based on an actual episode in which a lord did really cut a lock of hair from the head of a young lady, thus breaking up the friendship between the two families, Pope was told to write something to restore peace but he chose to use the mock epic form to retell the cutting of the lock, to ridicule the trivial incident, to emphasize the pettiness of the quarrel and to satirize the foolish, meaningless life of the lords and ladies in the aristocratic bourgeois society of the 18th century England.2.The Dunciad《群愚史诗》It is considered pope's best satiric work, its satire is directed at Dullness in general, and in the course of it all the literary men of the age, poets mainly, who had made Pope's enemies, are held up to ridicule.But the poem is not confined to personal attack.Dullness as reflected in the corruptness of government, social morals,education and even religion, is expertly exposed and satirized.（六）An Essay on Criticism《论批评》1.简介:Pope made his name as a great poet with the publication of An Essay on Criticism, It sums up the art of poetry as upheld and practiced by the ancients like Aristotle, Horace, Boileau, etc, and the 18th century European classicists.2.结构The poet first laments the dearth of true taste in poetic criticism of his day and calls on people to turn to the old Greek and Roman writers for guidance.After a detailed account of the various problems in literary criticism, he offers his own ideas and presents the classical rules.At the end of the poem, he also traces the history.3.体裁、语言风格An Essay on Criticism is a didactic poem written in heroic couplets, written in a plain style, hardly containing any imagery or eloquence and easy reading.P93-94 （line1-8）Some to conceit alone their taste confine,（fantastic ideas or affected thought）And glittering thought struck out at every line;（Devised, invented）Pleased with a work where nothing's just or fit,One glaring chaos and wild heap of wit.Poets, like painters, thus unskilled to trace.The naked nature and the living grace,（To portray nature in its plainness and the beautiful objects from real life.）With gold and jewels cover every part,And hide with ornaments their want of art.（Lack of artistic skill or talent.）有的诗人喜欢追求无谓的雕饰，其作品除了不相干的比喻卖弄以外，一无是处，而他们正是借此掩盖自己本来就缺乏的艺术技巧。
The age of Enlightment (启蒙时期的英国文学)
Historical Background--- Enlightenment
The Enlightenment European intellectual movement reached its high point in the 18th century. Enlightenment thinkers were believers in social progress and in the liberating possibilities of rational and scientific knowledge. They were often critical of existing society and were hostile to religion, which they saw as keeping the human mind chained down by superstition.
Some famous novels of the kind are Laurence
Sterne‘s A Sentimental Journey through France
and Italy (1768), Goldsmith‘ The Vicar of Wakefield (1766).
Gothic Novel
Historical Background--- Enlightenment
The first representatives of the English Enlightenment were Joseph Addison(16721717), and Richard Steele (1672-1929), the publishers of a moralistic journal of The Spectator, and the poet Alexander Pope(1688-1744).
英美文学(大题)
（英国部分）1.What are the general features of Shakespeare’s romantic comedies?2.what did Shakespeare criticize in his plays?3.What does Shakespeare write in his plays?4.William Shakespeare is one of the most remarkable playwrights the world has ever known. his four greatest tragedies.B.What are the characteristics of the four tragedies in common ?C.Briefly summarize each hero’s weakness of nature.5.What’s the theme of The Merchant of Venice by Shakespeare’s work ?6.Briefly discuss William Shakespeare’s artistic achievement in characterization,plot construction and language.7.Hamlet ‘s one of Shakespeare’s great tragedies.Try to analyze the character Hamlet.8.Try to analyze the Merchant of Venice9.Working through the tradition of a christian humanism Milton wrote Paradise Lost ,intending to expose the way of Satan and to “justify the ways of God to men”and what is Milton’s fundamental concern in Paradise Lost?10.According to the setting of the poem Paradise Lost,discuss the theme,the author’s intention to create it and the implication that the poem express.11.According to the setting of the poem Paradise Lost, discuss the theme of it.12.List at least two leading neoclassicist in England. What did Neoclassicists celebrate in literary creation?13.What is Neoclasscism ?14.what are the common features of Defoe’s four minor novels?And what are their social significances ?15.Daniel Defoe’s novel Robinson Crusoe was a great success partly because the protagonist wasa real middle-class hero.Discuss crusoe,the protagonist of the novel as an embodiment of the rising middle-class virtues in the mid-eighteenth century England16.Briefly discuss Enlightenment Movement.17.Robinson Crusoe is universally considered as Daniel Dofoe’s masterpiece .Discuss why it became so successful when it was published .18.what is Swift’s achievements ?19.A Modest of Proposal is a satire written by Swift and it is generally taken as a perfect model of satire.Guliver’s Travel is Swift ‘s masterpiece.Based on them ,discuss why swift is a master satirist.20.Please cite example from Gulliver’s Travels to explain briefly how swift criticized and alluded to the government and the society.21.Briefly discuss why Jonathan Swift is a master satirist based on his greatest novel Gulliver’s Travels.22.what is the position of Henry Fielding in the history of English literature?23.what are the characteristics of Henry Fielding ‘s writing ?24.Fielding has been regarded by some as “Father of the modern novel.”25.What is the Gothic novel?26.How is Romanticism different from Neoclassicism ? Provide brief evidence from the literary works you know best.27.William Blake ‘s own style ,what is it ?28.What does the poem “The Chimney Sweeper(from Songs of Experience )”reveal ?29.Briefly introduce Blake’s Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience.30.Literarily Blake was the first important Romantic poet,showing contempt for the rule of reason,opposing the classical tradition of the 18th century ,and treasuring the individual’s imagination .Please make a comment on William Blake ‘s poetry.31.As a romantic poet,Percy Bysshe Shelley has his own literary style.what is it ?32.William Wordsworth’s literary style,what is it?33.please discuss the significance of William Wordsworth’s poetry in history English literature.34.What are Austen ‘s writing features?35.what ‘s the theme of Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice?36.Generally speaking ,Jane Austen was a writer of the 18th century,though she lived mainly in the nineteenth century .Based on her writings discuss Jane Austen ‘s greatest contribution to English literature.37.In Pride and Prejudice ,Jane Austen explored three kinds of motivations pf marriage themiddle class people had in the second half of the 18th century.Try to make a brief discussion about them with specific examples from the novels.Make comments on Austen’s attitude towards these motivations.38.what is the theme of the novel ,Oliver Twist?39.Let it not be supposed by the enemies of the system,that during the period of his solitary incarceration ,Oliver was denied the benefit of exercise,the pleasure of society,or the advantages of religious consolation.What do you think Character .Dickens intends to say in the above ironic statement taken from Oliver Twist?40.”My boy!”said the old gentleman .leaning over the desk,Oliver started at the sound.He might be excused for doing so,for the words were kindly said and strange sounds frighten one. He trembled violently ,and burst into tears.”(Charles Dickens)Explain why Oliver Twist started first then trembled violently and burst into tears when the words were “kindly ”said.41.Charles Dickens is one of the greatest Victorian writers in his own unique way.Discuss Dickens ‘s art of novels;the setting ,the language ,and the characters,etc, based on his novel Oliver Twist.42.Why is character-portal the most distinguishing features of Charles Dickens’s works?43.Jane Eyre is one of the most popular and important novels of the Victorian Age .Why is Jane Eyre such a successful novel?44.Emily Bronte used a very complicated narrative technique in writing her novel Wuthering Heights.Try to tell Bronte’s way of narrative briefly.45.what’s the theme of Emily Bronte’s Wuthering Heights?46.Make a comment on the character of Jane Eyre ,the heroine of the novel by Charlotte Bronte.47.Why is Thomas Hardy regarded as a naturalistic writers in English literature? Discuss in relation to his novels you know.48.Thomas Hardy ,living at the turn of the century,is often regarded as a transitional writer .Inhim,we see the influence from the past and the modern.Tess of D’urbervilles is out of his greatest works.Try to discuss the fate of Tess in this work.49.Thomas Hardy is not an analyst of human life or nature,but a meditative storyteller or romancer .Please make a brief comment on Hardy’s Tess of the D’Urbervilles.50.Thomas Hardy is often regarded as a transitional writer .Some critics believe that emotional traditional and intellectually advanced .How do you understand this idea?51.George Bernard Shaw is the leading playwright of his time.What’s Shaw’s viewpoint on literature?52.What are the themes of George Bernard Shaw in his novels?53.it’s said that Shaw’s Mrs.Warren’s Profession ,has a strong realistic theme,which fully reflects the dramatist’s Fabianist idea.what is the theme of the work?54.What is your comment on the main features of George Bernard Shaw ‘s plays in the terms of the plots or the talk?55.Discuss brief the features of George Bernard Shaw ‘ works56.The Waster Land is T.S .Eliot’s most important single poem.Try to state the theme and the significance of the poem briefly .57.Please give a short introduce to the major characters of D.H Lawrence’s literary creation in novel writing.（美国部分）1.Discuss the theme and significance of The Scarlet Letter written by Nathaniel Hawthorne2.”Yong Goodman Brown ”by Hawthorne exemplifies the power of blankness in society in general.What is the metaphorical meaning of Brown ‘s experience in the woods?3.why is Hawthorne regarded as a master of symbolism?4.What is the theme of Nathaniel Hawthorne ‘s Young Goodman Brown ?5.Try to discuss the theme of Nathaniel Hawthorne ‘s works6.Discuss the allegory and symbolism in Hawthorne’s Young Goodman Brown7.”My faith is gone !”Gried he (Goodman Brown ),after one stupefied moment “there is no good on earth ;and sin is but a name, come ,devil! For to thee is this world given.”(From Nathaniel Hawthorne’s “Young Goodman Brown”)make a comment on this passage .8.Briefly disuss the theme of Walt Whitman’s volume of poems Leaves of Grass9.Whitman is one of the representative poets in America.He employs brand-new means in his poetry.What are the features of his poetry .10.How did Walt Whitman make use of the poetic “ I ”in his work ?11.Retell in a few sentences the story of the last chapter （chapter 135）“The chase ----Third Day ”of Melville’s novel Moby-Mick.Discuss the meaning of the ending of the story .12.how do you understand the white whale or Moby-Dick Herman Melville’s Moby Dick?13.Symbolism is an importanr literary practice in literature and it has been widely used by many American writers.Discuss the way symbolism is used in Melville’s Moby-Dick.14.What is local colorism in American literature ?15.The literature school of naturalism was quite popular in the late 19th century .What are the major characteristics of naturalism?16.who is the most famous local colorist? What are local colorists most concerned?17.Mark Twain and Henry James are two representatives of the realistic writers in American literature .How is Mark Twain’s realism different from James’s realism?18.How do you interpret the meaning of “the damned human race ,”with reference to The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain ?19.What is the language style of Mark Twain?20.In American literature what is the significance of Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain?21.What is Henry James outlook ,which is an indispensible of his contribution too literature ,in literature criticism?22.what is the most famous theme in Henry James ‘s fiction ?And what is his favourite approachin characterization ,which makes him different from Mark Twain and W.D .Howells as realists?Give two titles of his works in which this theme and this approach are employed .23.Daisy Miller brought Henry James international fame for the first time,what is the character of Daisy Miller,the protagonist?24.According to Henry James ‘viewpoint ,what is the conflict between the American personalities and European personalities?25.Henry James s regarded as one of the most important writers in the Age of Realism in America.Try to discuss his literary achievement.26.Henry James is generally regarded as the forerunner of the 20th century “stream-- of --consciousness”novels and the founder of psychological realism.Based on his work Daisy Miller ,briefly discuss why he achieved this glory.27.the publication of Daisy Miller brought Henry James international fame for the first time .Try to discuss the character of Daisy Miller and the theme of the novel.28.what are major ideas of Henry James ‘s literature criticism reflected in his essay “The Art of Fiction ”?29.please make a comment on American literature naturalist Theodore Dreiser’s writing style.30.Sister Carrier best embodies Theodore Dreiser’s naturalistic belief .How do you understand that ?31.what is Theodore Dreiser ‘s style ?32.Theodore Dreiser is a celebrated American novelist in the realistic period .What do he discuss in his novel?Give examples to prove your viewpoint.33.Emily Dickinson is now recognized not only as a great poetess on her own right but as a poetess of considerable influence upon poetry of the present century .What are the qualities of her poems?34.How does Emily Dickinson deal with the subject love?35.what is the theme of Dickinson ‘ poem?36.Robert Lee Frost’s poems are mostly concerned with his contemplation on nature ,and the relationship between nature and man,what is the characteristics of Robert Lee Frost’s poetry?ment briefly on Robert Frost ‘s nature poetry.38.The Great Gatsby is an examination of American myth in the 20th century .Fitzgerald deliberately depicts Gatsby as a mysterious person as to achieve the effect that Gatsby is American Everyman .Please make a brief comment on The Great Gatsby.39.The Great Gatsby ,a masterpiece in American literature ,evokes a haunting mood of a glamorous ,wild time that seemingly will never come again.Based on the novel ,discuss the characteristics of Fitzgerald’s works.40.F.Scott Fitzgerald id a great stylist in American literature. What is his art of novels？41.what is “Hemingway code Heroes”？（什么是海明威式英雄）42.Give a brief analysis of Emily Grierson,the protagonist of A Rose for Emily by William Faulkner.43.what does Yoknapatwapha country stand for in Faulkner’s novels?44.William Faulkner is one of the greatest American novelists .What do you know about his narrative techniques?。
英国文学史及作品选读练习题(The-18th-Century)Word版
英美文学史及作品选读(207023261) > 课程作业> 复查测验：英国文学史及作品选读练习题（THE 18TH CENTURY)复查测验：英国文学史及作品选读练习题（The 18th Century)名称英国文学史及作品选读练习题（The 18th Century)状态已完成分数得120 分，满分120 分说明问题 1得 2 分，满分 2 分In the last twenty years of the 18th century, England produced two well-known romantic poets. They are William Blakeand .所选答案：Burns正确答案：Robert BurnsBurns问题 2得 2 分，满分 2 分Jonathan Swift’s famous prose work ________ is a satirical dialogue between the Ancients and the Moderns in thecharacter of the Bee and the Spider.所选答案： C. The Battle of the Books正确答案： C. The Battle of the Books反馈：The Battle of the Books问题 3得 2 分，满分 2 分The 18th century witnessed that in England there appeared twopolitical parties, _____.所选答案： A. the Whigs and the Tories正确答案： A. the Whigs and the Tories反馈：the Whigs and the Tories问题 4得 2 分，满分 2 分Blake’s Songs of Innocence is a lovely volume of poems, presenting a world of .所选答案： D. happiness and innocence正确答案： D. happiness and innocence反馈：happiness and innocence问题 5得 2 分，满分 2 分Jonathan Swift held the opinion that human nature , thus human nature and human institutions both neededconstant reform and improvement.所选答案： C. was a mixture of the angelic and the satanic正确答案： C. was a mixture of the angelic and the satanic反馈：was a mixture of the angelic and the satanic问题 6得 2 分，满分 2 分According to the neoclassicists, which of the following istrue?所选答案： D. All the above.正确答案： D. All the above.反馈：All the above.问题 7得 2 分，满分 2 分The social significance of Gulliver’s Travels lies in _____.所选答案：A. the devastating criticisms and satires of all aspects in the then English and European life正确答案：A. the devastating criticisms and satires of all aspects in the then English and European life反馈：the devastating criticisms and satires of all aspects in the then English and European life问题 8得 2 分，满分 2 分Which of the following cannot correctly describe Enlightenment Movement?所选答案： C. It advocated individual education.正确答案： C. It advocated individual education.反馈：It advocated individual education.问题 9得 2 分，满分 2 分In , Jonathan Swift suggests that children of the poor Irish people be sold at one year old as food for the Englishnobles. It shows his indignation toward the terribleoppression and exploitation of the Irish people by theEnglish ruling class.所选答案： A Modest Proposal正确答案： A Modest Proposal反馈： A Modest Proposal问题 10得 2 分，满分 2 分Sir Walter Scott called the father of Englishfiction.所选答案：Fielding正确答案：Henry FieldingFielding反馈：Henry Fielding; Fielding问题 11得 2 分，满分 2 分In his novel, Robinson Crusoe, Defoe eulogizes the hero of the .所选答案： B. rising bourgeoisie正确答案： B. rising bourgeoisie反馈：rising bourgeoisie问题 12得 2 分，满分 2 分The literary form of neoclassicism is of the strict symmetry.The prevailing genre of neo-classical literature is thewhich consists of two riming lines of iambic pentameter, andthe second line completes the thoughts expressed by thecouplet.所选答案：heroic couplet正确答案：heroic couplet反馈：heroic couplet问题 13得 2 分，满分 2 分In the first part of Robinson Crusoe, the hero saved a savage and named him .所选答案：Friday正确答案：Friday反馈：Friday问题 14得 2 分，满分 2 分Thomas Gray has been regarded as the leader of the of the day.所选答案： D.sentimental poetry正确答案： D.sentimental poetry反馈：sentimental poetry问题 15得 2 分，满分 2 分Which of the following is NOT a character in the novel TheHistory of Tom Jones, a Foundling?所选答案： d.Amelia正确答案： d.Amelia反馈：Amelia问题 16得 2 分，满分 2 分is a typical feature of Swift’s writings.所选答案：Bitter Satire正确答案：Bitter Satire反馈：Bitter Satire问题 17得 2 分，满分 2 分Daniel Defoe describes as a typical Englishmiddle-class man of the 18th century, the very prototype of theempire builder or the pioneer colonist.所选答案：Robinson Crusoe正确答案：Robinson CrusoeCrusoe反馈：Robinson Crusoe; Crusoe问题 18得 2 分，满分 2 分In the Houyhnhnm land, Gulliver found that ______ were hairy, wild, low and despicable brutes while ______ are endowedwith reason and all good and admirable qualities.所选答案： B. the Yahoos ... the horses正确答案： B. the Yahoos ... the horses反馈：the Yahoos ... the horses问题 19得 2 分，满分 2 分In the middle decades of the 18th century became the leader of the classic school in English poetry and prose.所选答案：Samuel Johnson正确答案：Samuel JohnsonJohnson反馈：Samuel Johnson; Johnson问题 20得 2 分，满分 2 分ranks among the greatest satirist of England, and of the world. “A Modest Proposal” is one of his satiricalworks.所选答案：Jonathan Swift正确答案：Jonathan SwiftSwift反馈：Jonathan Swift; Swift问题 21得 2 分，满分 2 分_________came into being as a result of a bitter discontent on the part of certain enlighteners in society reality.所选答案： D. Sentimentalism正确答案： D. Sentimentalism反馈：Sentimentalism问题 22得 2 分，满分 2 分The following on Daniel Defoe are true except .所选答案： B. He was a member of the upper class正确答案： B. He was a member of the upper class反馈：He was a member of the upper class问题 23得 2 分，满分 2 分Which of the following place does Gulliver visit first inGulliver’s Travels?所选答案： D. Lilliput正确答案： D. Lilliput反馈：Lilliput问题 24得 2 分，满分 2 分The only novel of Oliver Goldsmith is _________, which givesa detailed account of the numerous misfortunes befalling thecentral character and his family.所选答案： C. The Vicar of Wakefield正确答案： C. The Vicar of Wakefield反馈：The Vicar of Wakefield问题 25得 2 分，满分 2 分In the following writings by Henry Fielding, which brings him the name of the “Prose Homer”?所选答案： D.The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling正确答案： D.The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling反馈：The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling问题 26得 2 分，满分 2 分Of all the 18the century novelists, _________ was the first to set out in theory and practice, to write specially a“comic epic in prose”, and the first to give the modernnovel its structure and style.所选答案： A.HenryFielding正确答案： A.HenryFielding反馈：HenryFielding问题 27得 2 分，满分 2 分The Rivals written by is a clever satire on the sentimental and pseudo-romantic fancies of many young womenof the upper classes of the 18th century.所选答案：Sheridan正确答案：Richard Brinsley SheridanBrinsley SheridanSheridan反馈：Richard Brinsley Sheridan; Brinsley Sheridan; Sheridan问题 28得 2 分，满分 2 分Literature of Neoclassicism is different from that ofRomanticism in that ________.所选答案： C.the former celebrates reason, rationality, order andinstruction while the latter sees literature as an expression on an individual’s feelings and experiences正确答案： C.the former celebrates reason, rationality, order andinstruction while the latter sees literature as an expression on an individual’s feelings and experiences反馈：the former celebrates reason, rationality, order and instruction while the latter sees literature as an expression on an individual’s feelings and experiences问题 29得 2 分，满分 2 分In Gulliver’s Travels, Yahoos are the creatures living on ________.所选答案：Houyhnhnms 正确答案：Houyhnhnms 反馈：Houyhnhnms问题 30得 2 分，满分 2 分The greatest novelist of the 18th century, and also one of the greatest that England ever produced is , who isconsidered as the founder of the English realistic novel.所选答案：Henry Fielding正确答案：Henry FieldingFielding问题 31得 2 分，满分 2 分1. The principal elements of the ________Novel are mystery,horror and suspense.所选答案：Gothic正确答案：Gothic反馈：Gothic问题 32得 2 分，满分 2 分 Friday is a character in the novel__________.所选答案：Robinson Crusoe正确答案：The Life and Strange Surprising Adventures of Robinson CrusoeRobinson Crusoe反馈：The Life and Strange Surprising Adventures of RobinsonCrusoe; Robinson Crusoe问题 33得 2 分，满分 2 分_________is William Blake’s most important prose work, which is the manifesto of his spiritual independence.所选答案： A. The Marriage of Heaven and Hell正确答案： A. The Marriage of Heaven and Hell反馈：The Marriage of Heaven and Hell问题 34得 2 分，满分 2 分“Till a’ the seas gang dry, my dear,And the rocks melt wi’ the sun:I will luve thee still, my dear,While the sands o’ life shall run.”The above verse lines are taken from the famous poem“________”.所选答案： A Red, Red Rose正确答案： A Red, Red Rose反馈： A Red, Red Rose问题 35得 2 分，满分 2 分Jonathan Swift’s Gulliver’s Travels is the greatest work in English literature.所选答案： A. satiric正确答案： A. satiric反馈：satiric问题 36得 2 分，满分 2 分The best part of Robinson Crusoe is the realistic account of his against the hostile nature.所选答案：struggle正确答案：strugglefight反馈：struggle; fight问题 37得 2 分，满分 2 分Which of the following is not true about Robinson Crusoe?所选答案： D. It is a record of Defoe’s own expe rience.正确答案： D. It is a record of Defoe’s own experience.反馈：It is a record of Defoe’s own experience.问题 38得 2 分，满分 2 分The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling has been praised for its excellent plot construction. The three big divisions of theadventures of the hero and the heroine are marked by thechange of scenes: in the country, on the road and in__________.所选答案：London正确答案：London反馈：London问题 39得 2 分，满分 2 分’s poem “Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard” is taken as a model of sentimentalist poetry,esp. the Graveyard school.所选答案：Gray正确答案：Thomas GrayGray反馈：Thomas Gray; Gray问题 40得 2 分，满分 2 分Which of the following is not true about Samuel Richardson?所选答案： D. He is the first novelist of realist tradition.正确答案： D. He is the first novelist of realist tradition.反馈：He is the first novelist of realist tradition.问题 41得 2 分，满分 2 分_______is of the author of the first dictionary by anEnglishman—Dictionary of the English Language, which hasbecome the foundation of all subsequent Englishdictionaries.所选答案： A. Samuel Johnson正确答案： A. Samuel Johnson反馈：Samuel Johnson问题 42得 2 分，满分 2 分Sheridan’s _____is the best English comedy sin ce the days of Shakespeare.所选答案： C. The School for Scandal正确答案： C. The School for Scandal反馈：The School for Scandal问题 43得 2 分，满分 2 分The 18th century England is known as the Age of Enlightenment or the Age of ________.所选答案：Reason正确答案：Reason反馈：Reason问题 44得 2 分，满分 2 分Joseph Andrew is Fielding’s first novel. He wrote the novel with the intention of ridiculing Richard’snovel .所选答案：Pamela正确答案：Pamela反馈：Pamela问题 45得 2 分，满分 2 分In Robinson Crusoe, the writer glorifies .所选答案： A. human labor and the Puritan fortitude正确答案： A. human labor and the Puritan fortitude反馈：human labor and the Puritan fortitude问题 46得 2 分，满分 2 分Many of Burns’ songs deal with friendship, ______has long become a universal parting-song of all the English-speakingcountries.所选答案： D. Auld Lang Syne正确答案： D. Auld Lang Syne反馈：Auld Lang Syne问题 47得 2 分，满分 2 分In the William Blake’s poetry, the father (and any other in whom he saw the image of the father such as God, Priest andKing) was usually a figure of_______.所选答案：tyranny正确答案：tyranny反馈：tyranny问题 48得 2 分，满分 2 分Gothic novels are mostly stories of ____, which take place in some haunted or dilapidated Middle Age castles.所选答案： D. mystery and horror正确答案： D. mystery and horror反馈：mystery and horror问题 49得 2 分，满分 2 分The only important English dramatist produced in the 18thcentury is ________.所选答案：Sheridan正确答案：Richard Brinsley SheridanBrinsley SheridanSheridan反馈：Richard Brinsley Sheridan; Brinsley Sheridan; Sheridan问题 50得 2 分，满分 2 分Of the eighteenth-century novelists Henry Fielding was the first to _____.所选答案： D. give the modern novel its structure and style正确答案： D. give the modern novel its structure and style反馈：give the modern novel its structure and style问题 51得 2 分，满分 2 分Blake’s Songs of Experience paints a world of _____ with a melancholy tone.所选答案： A. misery, poverty, disease, war and repression正确答案： A. misery, poverty, disease, war and repression反馈：misery, poverty, disease, war and repression问题 52得 2 分，满分 2 分In the 18th century, _______found its expression chiefly in poetry, especially that of William Blake and Robert burns.所选答案： D. pre-romanticism正确答案： D. pre-romanticism反馈：pre-romanticism问题 53得 2 分，满分 2 分_______was a progressive intellectual movement going on throughout Europe in the 18th century.所选答案： C. The Enlightenment正确答案： C. The Enlightenment反馈：The Enlightenment问题 54得 2 分，满分 2 分The main literary stream of the 18th century was .What the writers described were mainly social realities.所选答案：Realism正确答案：realism反馈： realism问题 55得 2 分，满分 2 分The rise and growth of __________is the most prominentachievement of the 18th century English literature, which hasgiven the world such writers as Daniel Defoe, Jonathan swiftand Henry fielding.所选答案： B.realisticnovel正确答案： B.realisticnovel反馈：realisticnovel问题 56得 2 分，满分 2 分is undoubtedly the greatest poet Scotland has ever produced. His “Poems Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect” isof great importance.所选答案：Robert Burns正确答案：Robert BurnsBurns反馈：Robert Burns; Burns问题 57得 2 分，满分 2 分Among the representatives of the Enlightenment, _______ was the first to introduce rationalism to England.所选答案：pope正确答案：Alexander PopePope反馈：Alexander Pope; Pope问题 58得 2 分，满分 2 分Modern English novel arose in the ________century.所选答案： C. 18th正确答案： C. 18th反馈：18th问题 59得 2 分，满分 2 分Pamela is written in the form of a ______novel.所选答案：epistolary正确答案：epistolary反馈：epistolary问题 60得 2 分，满分 2 分Which of the following novels by Henry Fielding satirizes thepolitical system of England and the then PrimeMinister Sir Robert Walpole?所选答案： C.Jonathan Wild theGreat正确答案： C.Jonathan Wild theGreat反馈：Jonathan Wild theGreat（注：可编辑下载，若有不当之处，请指正，谢谢!）。
启蒙时期文学
启蒙时期文学（17世纪后期—18世纪中期）1688年的“光荣革命”推翻复辟王朝，确定了君主立宪制，建立起资产阶级和新贵族领导的政权，英国从此进入一个相对安定的发展时期。
18世纪初，新古典主义成为时尚。
新古典主义推崇理性，强调明晰、对称、节制、优雅，追求艺术形式的完美与和谐。
亚历山大·蒲柏（Alexander Pope, 1688-1744）是新古典主义诗歌的代表，他模仿罗马诗人，诗风精巧隽俏，内容以说教与讽刺为主，形式多用英雄双韵体，但缺乏深厚感情。
18世纪英国散文出现繁荣，散文风格基本建立在新古典主义美学原则之上。
理查德·斯梯尔（Richard Steele, 1672-1729）与约瑟夫·艾迪生（Joseph Addison, 1672-1719）创办《闲谈者》（Tatler）与《观察者》（Spectator）刊物，发表了许多以当时社会风俗、日常生活、文学趣味等为题材的文章，他们清新秀雅、轻捷流畅的文体成为后人模仿的典范。
•乔纳森·斯威夫特（Jonathan Swift, 1667-1745）是英国文学史上最伟大的讽刺散文作家，他的文风纯朴平易而有力。
斯威夫特的杰作《格列佛游记》（Gulliver's Travels）是一部极具魅力的儿童故事，同时包含着深刻的思想内容。
作者通过对小人国、大人国、飞岛国、慧马国等虚构国度的描写，以理性为尺度，极其尖锐地讽刺和抨击了英国社会各领域的黑暗和罪恶。
•塞缪尔·约翰逊（Samuel Johnson, 1709-1784）是18世纪英国人文主义文学批评的巨擘，《莎士比亚戏剧集序言》（The Preface to Shakespeare）和《诗人传》（Lives of the Poets）是他对文学批评作出的突出贡献。
他从常识出发，在某些方面突破了新古典主义的框框，不乏真知灼见。
约翰逊的散文风格自成一家，集拉丁散文的典雅、气势与英语散文的雄健、朴素于一体。
Lecture 3 The Neoclassical Period新古典主义时期英国文学介绍
Lecture 2 The Neoclassical Period
Poetry political poet big political and social events heroic couplet a verse form widely adopted by the poets of the 18th century Poet Laureate of England
Lecture 2 The Neoclassical Period
John Dryden 约翰· 德莱顿 one of the leading writers in the Restoration period Age of Dryden prolific poet playwright literary critic
Lecture 2 The Neoclassical Period
The political power of the middle class was firmly established. At home: Acts of Enclosure The Industrial Revolution Abroad: Vast expansion of British colonies So, towards the middle of the eighteenth century, England had become the first powerful capitalist country in the world.
Lecture 2 The Neoclassical Period
Surely men of low degree are vanity, and men of high degree are a lie: to be laid in the balance, they are altogether lighter than vanity. --- The Old Testament Bible 下流人真是虚空，上流人也是虚假。 放在天平里就必浮起。他们一共比空 气还轻。
英美文学选读-英国-新古典主义时期-练习题汇总
1.The 18th-ce ntury En gla nd is known as （（浙0710）A. the Age of Purita nism B. the Age of Reas onC. the Era of CapitalismD. the Age of Glory2.En glish En lighte ners in the 18 th century held _______________ a s the yardstick for the measureme nt of all huma n activities and relati ons. （一）1A.propertyB. educati onC. emoti onD. reas on3.In the Enlightenment Movement, the progressive representatives intended ____________ . （浙0810）A.to call the people to fight aga inst poverty and hardshipB.to tell people to econo mize and to accumulate wealthC.to en lighte n the whole world with the light of moder n philosophical and artistic ideasD.to in struct people to obta in their prese nt social status through hard work4.As to education, the enlighteners thought that __________ . （浙0310 ）A.huma n beings were limited, dualistic, imperfect, and not capable of rati on ality and perfecti onthrough educati on.B.uni versal educati on was unn ecessary.C.if the com mon people were well educated, there would be great cha nee for a democraticand equal huma n society.D.most of the human beings were perfect themselves, so only a few needed further education.5.Why did the enlighteners regard education the major means to improve the society and thepeople?（）（浙0710）A.Because most of the human beings were perfect themselves, so only a few needed further educati on.B.If the com mon people were well educated, there would be great cha nee for a democratic and equal huma n society.C.Because universal education was limited , dualistic, imperfect, and unnecessary.D.Because huma n beings were not capable of rati on ality and perfecti on through educati on.6.About reason , the enlighteners thought _________ .（浙0210 ）A.reas on or rati on ality should be the only, the final cause of any huma n thought andactivitiesB.reas on could n't lead to truth and justiceC.superstiti on was above reas on and rati on alityD.equality and scie nee is con trary to reas on and rati on ality7.In the field of literature, the En lighte nment Moveme nt brought about the tendency of （）A.realismB. purita nismC. n eoclassicismD. roma nticism8.Which of the following statements about Neo-Classicism and Enlightenment Movement is true?A.The Enlightenment was a progressive intellectual movement throughout Western Europe inthe 17th century .B.Neo-Classicism found its artistic models in the classical literature of the ancient Greekand Roma n writers like Homer, Virgil, Horace, Ovid, etc. and in the con temporary French writers.C.Neo-Classicism put the stress on the classical artistic ideals of order, logic, proportion, spontan eous emoti on, and passi on.D.Satire was much used in writing in the neo-classic works. English literature of this age produced a disti nguished satirist Daniel Defoe.9.Which of the follow ing descripti ons of En lighte nment Moveme nt is NOT true? ()A.It was a progressive in tellectual moveme nt that flourished in Fra nee.B.It was a furthera nee of the Ren aissa nee of the 15th and 16th cen turies.C.The purpose was to enlighten the whole world with modern philosophical and artistic ideas.D.The En lighte ners advocate in dividual educati on. (com mon people )10.The enlighteners placed much emphasis on reason, because they thought ( )(浙0710)A.superstiti on was above reas on and rati on ality.B.reas on and emoti on both could lead to truth and justice.C.reason or rationality should be the only, the final cause of any human thought and activities.D.equality and scie nee is con trary to reas on and rati on ality.11.All of the following statements can correctly describe the Enlightenment Movement EXCEPTA.The moveme nt flourished in Fran ce.B.The moveme nt was a furthera nee of the Ren aissa nee.C.The purpose of the movement was to enlighten the whole world.D.The purpose of the movement was to enhance the religious education.12.As a represe ntative of the En lighte nment, _________ w as one of the first to in troduce rati on alismto En gla nd. (094)A.John Bun yanB. Daniel DefoeC. Alexa nder PopeD. Jon athan Swiftth 13.(The) ( ) was a progressive intellectual movement throughout Western Europe in the 18ce ntury. (054)A.Roma nticismB. Huma nismC. En lighte nmentD. Sen time ntalism14.According to the neoclassicists, all forms of literature were to be modeled after the classicalworks of the ancient Greek and ___________ writers. (浙0210 )B. BritishD. Roma n15. Which of the following statements is true according to the principles of the neoclassicists?(浙 0801)A. All forms of literature were to be modeled after the classical works of the ancient Greek andRoma n writers.B. They tried to delight, in struct and correct huma n beings as social ani mals.C. They tried to develop a polite, urbane, witty and intellectual art.D. All of the above.16. The neoclassicists did not believe that ( )(浙 0710)A. the literature should be used to delight and in struct huma n bein gs.B. the artistic ideals should be order, logic, restrained emotion and accuracy.C. the literary works should be created in depe nden tly and origi nally.D. both A and C17. The great political and social events in the English society of neoclassical period were the follow ing EXCEPT ___________ .(104)A. the Restoration of King Charles II in 1660B. the Great Plague of 1665C. the Great London Fire in 1666D. the Wars of Roses in 1689(1455-1487 )th18. The 18 cen tury wit nessed a new literary form — the moder n En glish no vel, which, con trary to the medieval roma nee, gives a __________ prese ntati on of life of the com mon people. (044)A. roma nticB. realisticC. propheticD. idealistic19. Which of the following terms can be used to refer to the 18th-century English literature?A. The Age of Roma nee.B. The Age of Drama .C. The Age of Prose.D. The Age of Poetry.20. The belief of the eighteenth - century neoclassicists in England led them to seek the following EXCEPT __________ . (104)A. proporti onB. UnityC. harm onyD. spirit21. The British bourgeois or middle class believed in the followi ng notio ns EXCEPT ___________ 094)A. self - esteemB. self - relia neeC. self - restra intD. hard work22. I n the 18th cen tury, the British gover nment was main ly con trolled by two political parties inA. Italia n C. Germa nturn. They are ( ) (浙0801)A.the upper House and the lower House.B.the House of Lords and the House of Represe ntatives.C.the Whigs and the Tories.D.the Sen ate and the House of Represe ntatives.23. Contrary to the traditional romanee of aristocrats, the modern English novel gives a realisticprese ntati on of life of . (084)A. the com mon En glish people C. the rising bourgeoisieB. the upper classD. the enterprising landlords24. The pri ncipal eleme nts of ______________ i n the late eightee nth cen tury are viole nee, horror, and the super natural, which str on gly appeal to reader 'emoti on.( ) (一) 3 (浙0601) A. history no vel B. Gothic no vel C. roma ntic no vel D. sen time ntal no vel25. Graveyard School " writers are the followi ng sen time ntalists EXCEPT ___________ . (094)A. James Thoms onC. William Cowper古墓派诗人一汤姆森-科林斯-库伯B. William Colli ns D. Thomas Jacks on26. The poem Elegy Writte n in a Country Churchyard "墓园挽诗established _____________ as the leaderof the sen time ntal poetry of ()(047)A. Thomas Gray 汤姆斯-曷雷the day , especially the Graveyard School ”.B. Samuel Joh nsonD. John Milt on27. Neoclassicists had some fixed laws and rules for prose EXCEPT ____________________ . (一) 4 ()A. being precise C. being flexibleB. being direct D. being satiric28. In the theatrical world of the neoclassical period, ________________ was the leading figure among thehost of playwrights.A. William BlakeB. Richard Brinsley Sheridan 理查德上匕.谢立丹D . Bernard Shaw29. Richard Brinsley Sheridan was the only English dramatist of the ______________ century. (浙0810)A. sixtee nthB. seve ntee nth (一) 5C. eightee nthD. nin etee nth30. In the last few decades of the 18 cen tury, the n eoclassicism was gradually replaced by __.( 浙0510)A. roma nticism C. moder nismB. critical realism D. n aturalism31. The middle of the 18th century saw a newly rising literary form —( ) (浙0301)A. the moder n En glish novelB. the moder n En glish poetryC. the moder n En glish dramaD. both A and B32. Britain witnessed two major romantic poets in the later half of the 18th century. They are( ) (浙0701 ) A. Joh n Milt on and William Blake (一) 6B. Robert Bur ns and Joh n KeatsC. George Herbert and Joh n DonneD. Robert Burns and William Blake33. ______ was the last greatest n eoclassicist en lighte ner in the later 18 th cen tury. A. Henry Fieldi ng B. Alexa nder PopeC. Richard SteeleD. Samuel Joh nson34. ______ was the last great neoclassicist enlightener in the later eighteenth century. He was very much concerned with the theme of the vanity of human wishes.（ ） （一） 7 （浙 0901 ）A. William BlakeB. S amuel Joh nsonC. Thomas GrayD. H enry Fielding35. Which of the follow ing authors does not bel ong to the en lighte ners of the 18th cen tury?（浙0701 ）A. Jonathan Swift.B. Walter Scott .C. Daniel Defoe.D. He nry Fieldi ng.Daniel Defoe36. Which of the following is not Daniel Defoe 'works?（浙 0710）A. Gulliver ' Travels Jonathan SwiftB. Captai n Sin glet onC. Moll Fla ndersD. Rob inson Crusoequalities of middle-class menB. religious devoti on D. pioneering spirit（ ）（一） 8 （浙 0710）B. in depe ndence and stro ng will.（浙 0501）37. In Robinson Crusoe , Daniel Defoe glorifies all the following EXCEPTA. the in dig nity of labourC. loyalty to the king38. In Robinson Crusoe , the writer glorifies A. pride and happ in ess.D. hard work and success.40. The novels of ______________ a re the first literary works devoted to the study of problems of the lower-class people. A. Bunyan C. Fielding41. Defoe 'group of four novels are the first literary works devoted to the study of problems of the lower-class people. They are the following EXCEPT ____________________ .（一） 9 （107 ）A. Capta in Sin glet onB. Moll Fla ndersD. Rob inson Crusoe42. Dan iel Defoe, at the age of n early 60, started his first novel ______________________________ ,which is uni versallycon sidered his masterpiece.(浙 0410)A. Rob inson Crusoe B . Moll Fla ndersC. Col on el JackD. Capta in Sin glet on43. Daniel Defoe ' ___________ is uni versally con sidered as his masterpiece. (104)A. Colonel JackB. Robinson CrusoeC. Capta in Sin glet onD. A Journal of the Plague Year44. Daniel Defoe 'works are all the following EXCEPT __________________ . ()A. Moll Fla ndersB. A Tale of a TubC. A Journal of the Plague YearD. Colo nel Jack45. Daniel Defoe describes ______________________ as a typical English Middle- class man of the eighteenthcen tury, the very prototype of the empire builder or the pion eer coloni st.()A. Tom JonesB . GulliverC .Moll FlandersD . Robinson Crusoe46. Daniel Defoe describes ______________ a s a typical English middle — class man of the eighteenth century , the very prototype of the empire builder , the pioneer colonist .()A. Robi nso n CrusoeB. Moll Fla ndersC. GulliverD. Tom Jones47. The hero Robinson Crusoe is a typical( ) man, who has a great capacity for work,39. The lan guage in Robinson Crusoe is （A. easy, smooth and colloquialC. le ngthy and imagi native ）.B. difficult and artificial D. obsce ne and difficult（浙 0310 ）B . DefoeD . SwiftC. Roxanain exhaustible en ergy, courage, patie nee and persiste nee in overco ming obstacles and struggling against the hostile natural environment. (浙0510)A.seve ntee nth-ce ntury En glish upper classB.eightee nth-ce ntury En glish middle classC.seve ntee nth-ce ntury En glish work ing classD.eightee nth-ce ntury En glish lower classth48.The hero Robinson Crusoe is a typical 18 century English middle-calss man who __.( 浙0610)A.has a great capacity for work, in exhaustible en ergy, courage, patie nee and persiste nee in overco ming obstacles and struggli ng aga inst the hostile n atural environment.B.has strong will, but can 'tendure life 'loneliness.C.has a great capacity for work, but is frightened by the hostile natural environment.D.thinks all the people are born equal.49.The hero in Robinson Crusoe is the prototype of ( ) (一) 10 (浙0210)(浙0810 )A. the the n progressive bourgeoisieB. the empire builderC. the pion eer colonistD. all of the above50. In his novel, Robinson Crusoe, Defoe eulogizes the hero of the ____________________ ?(047)A. aristocratic classB. en terpris ing lan dlordsC. rising bourgeoisieD. hard-work ing people51. ________ ,an adve nture story very much in spirit of the time, is uni versally con sidered Defoe 'masterpiece. (浙0501) A. Moll Fla nders B. Colo nel JackC. Rob inson CrusoeD. Roxa na52. Which of the follow ing works best represe nts the n ati onal spirit of the 18 th -ce ntury En gla nd?A. Robinson CrusoeC. Jon athan Wild the GreatB. Gulliver' Travels (044) D. A Sen time ntal Journey53.Crusoe is the hero in The life and Strange Surpris ing Adve ntures of Robinson Grusoe, of York, Mariner (also known as Robinson Crusoe )by . (034)A. Jon athan SwiftB. Da niel DefoeC. George EliotD. wre nee54.All of the following novels by Daniel Defoe are the first literary works devoted to the study ofproblems of the lower-class people EXCEPT __________________ . (084)A. Robinson Crusoe C. Moll FlandersB. Captain Singleton D. Colonel Jack55. Which of the following is NOT Defoe 'work?( ) (浙0401)A. Moll Fla nders C. Silas MarnerB. Colo nel Jack D. Roxa naJon atha n Swift56. Which of the following is true about Jonathan Swift' thoughts as a representative of theenlightenment movement? ( ) (一) 11 (浙0701)A.To better huma n life, en lighte nment is unn ecessary.B.Huma n n ature is simple and n aive.C. Huma n n ature was dest ined and could n 'be cha nged.D.It 'possible to reform and improve huma n n ature and huma n in stituti ons.57.En glish literature of the 18 th cen tury produces some excelle nt satirists, among whom _________________ i sa master satirist.A. Jonathan Swift .B. Henry Fielding D. Thomas Gray58.As a master satirist, Swift 'satire is usually masked by ( ) (一) 12 (浙0710)A. outward gravity and appare nt earn est nessB. appare nt eager ness and sin cerityC. pessimism and bitter nessD. seem in gly gen tle ness and sweet ness59.1 n the book Gulliver 'Travels the hero traveled to the following places except （）（浙0810 ）A. the In dia n Isla ndB. Brobd ingnagC. LilliputD. the Houyh nhnm land6O.ln which of the following works can you find the proper names Lilliput, ” Brobdingnag, ”Houyhnhnm, ” and Yahoo "”（034）A.James Joyce ' Ulsses.B.Charles Dicke ns ' Bleak House.C.Jonathan Swift ' Gulliver 'Travels.D. D. H. Lawrenee ' Women in love.61. Lilliput is ________ in Gulliver's Travels by Jonathan Swift. （浙0301）A.the n ame of the hero who made deep-sea voyagesB.an imagi nary isla nd in habited by people not more tha n six in ches highC. a minor character who accompa nied the hero duri ng his voyagesD.the cou ntry of horses en dowed with huma n in tellige nee62.Brobdingnag is an imaginary island where the inhabitants are _________ . （一）13 （浙0301）A.ten times taller and larger tha n the ord inary huma n beingsB.the horses who are hairy, wild, low and despicableC.the Yahoos who are wise and intelligentD.the small people who are only six inches tall63.The Houyh nhnms depicted by Jon atha n Swift in Gulliver's Travels are _______ .（）A.horses that are en dowed with reas onB.pigmies that are en dowed with admirable qualitiesC.gia nts that are superior in wisdomD.hairy,wild, low and despicable creatures, who resemble human beings not only in appearancebut also in some other ways.64.The Honyhnhnm Land is an imaginary island where ___________ .（浙0501）A.horses are en dowed with reas on and all good and admirable qualities.B.yahoos are gover ning class.C.horses are hairy, wild, low and despicable brutes, who resemble human beings not only in appeara nce but alsoalmost every other way.D.yahoos are possessed of reas on.65.In the Houyh nhnm land, Gulliver found that _________ were hairy, wild, low and despicable bruteswhile _________ a re en dowed with reas on and all good and admirable qualities. （一）14A. the horses ... the YahoosB. the horses ... human beings （浙0710）C. the Yahoos ... the horsesD. the Yahoos ... huma n beings66.In ______________ of Gulliver' Travels, Jon atha n Swift satirizes the wester n civilizati on in clud ingfalse illusi ons about scie nee, philosophy, history and immortality. A . the first voyage to Lilliput小人国-利利普特，仅 6英寸高，B . the sec ondt voyage to Brobdi ngnag 巨人岛-布鲁布丁鲁那可，国王 60英尺C . the third voyage to the Flying Isla nd 飞岛一与世隔绝的世界D . the fourth voyage to Houyh nhnm land 智慧岛一马-高度智慧-圈养YAHOOS67. As a whole, ___________ isone of the most effective and devastating criticisms and satires of all (044)B. Gulliver ' Travels (一) 15D. The School for Scandal68. Which of the followi ng is true about the book Gulliver's Travels ?( )A. It is a study of huma n n ature and life.B. It has high artistic skills in making the story an orga nic whole.C. It makes criticisms and satires of all aspects in the con temporary En glish and Europea n life.D. It is not a book of satire though it is a book of rebellion.69. The social significanee of Gulliver' Travels lies in _________________ . (浙 0210)A. the devastating criticisms and satires of all aspects in the then English and European life.B. his artistic skill in making the story an organic wholeC. his cen tral concern of study of huma n n ature and lifeD. both B and C70. As one of the greatest masters of English prose, ________________ defined a good style as properwords in proper places ”. (084)A . Henry FieldingB . Jonathan Swift (一) 16C. Samuel JohnsonD . Alexander Pope71. Who defined a good style as proper words in proper places? ” (浙0307)A. Jon athan SwiftB. Charles Dicke nsC. Edmu nd Spen cerD. George Bern ard Shaw72. A good style of prose "proper works in proper places ” was defined by ________________ . ()A. Joh n Milt onB. He nry Fieldi ngC. Jon athan SwiftD.T.S. Eliot73. Jonathan Swift 'greatest satiric work is ______________ . A. A Tale of a TubB. The Battle of the BooksC. Gulliver ' TravelsD. A Modest Proposalaspects in the the n En glish and Europea n life—socially, politically, religiously, philosophically,scientifically, and morally. A. Moll Fla nders C. Pilgrim 'Progress74.Jon atha n Swift' s ____________is gen erally regarded as the best model of satire, not only of theperiod but also in the whole En glish literary history. （一）17 （104）A. Gulliver s TravelsB. The Battle of the BooksC. A Modest Proposal ”D. A Tale of a Tub75.The best model of satire in the whole English literary history is Jonathan Swift's ______________ . （094）A. A Modest ProposalB. A Tale of a TubC. Gulliver's TravelsD. The Battle of the Books76.Jonathan Swift is a master satirist in English literature. His A Tale of a Tub is an attack on （）.A. the governmentB. greed （一）18C. the churchD. the abuse of power77. __________________ is a typical feature of Swift's writings. （）A. Bitter satireB. Elegant styleC. Casual narrationD. Complicated sentence structure78.Which of the following is not Swift 'works? （浙0310）A. A Tale of a TubB. The Battle of the BooksC. Gulliver 'TravelsD. Tom Jones79.Henry Fielding is mainly concerned about ___________ in his works. （浙0701）A.the miserable life of the middle-class peopleB.the ordi nary and usually ridiculous life of the com mon peopleC.the special life style of some groupsD.the real life of the upper-class people80. ______ i s gen erally con siered Fieldi ng 'masterpiece. （浙0610）A. Joseph An drewsB. Jon athan Wild the GreatC. Tom JonesD. Gulliver 'Travels82. Of all the eightee nth - cen tury no velists __________ w as the first to set out, both in theory and practice, to write specifically a comic epic in prose ”， the first to give the modern novel its structure and style.（104）A. He nry Fieldi ng B. Da niel DefoeC. Jon atha n SwiftD. Laure nee Sterneth83.Of all the 18 century novelists Henry Fielding was the first to set out, both in theory and practice, to writespecifically a ___ in prose, "the first to give the modern novel its structureand style. A.tragic epic C.roma nee84 Of the eighteenth-century novelists Henry Fielding was the first to A. in struct the people through his writ ingB. give the moder n no vel its structure and styleC. amuse the people through his worksD. adopt the third-pers on n arrati on85. In Tom Jones , the hero Tom is _________________ in contrast with Blifil who is _______________ .（浙 0301） A. innocent and kind-hearted ... hypocritical and wicked B. hypocritical and wicked ... innocent and kindhearted C. rude and stubbor n ... cunning and speculati ng D. cunning and speculati ng ... rude and stubbor n86. An hon est, kin d-hearted you ng man, who is full of ani mal spirit and lacks prude nee, is expelled from the paradise and has to go through hard experience to gain knowledge of himself and fin ally to have bee n accepted both by a virtuous lady and a rich relative . （一） 20（044）The above sentence may well sum up the theme of Fielding 'work _____________________ . A. Jon athan Wild the Great B. Tom JonesC. The Coffe-House Politicia nD. Amelia87. Henry Fielding adopted __ to relate a story in his novel in which the author becomes theall- knowing God ”.（107）A. the first- pers on n arrati onB. the epistolary formC. the picaresque formD. the third -pers on n arrati on88. Henry Fielding adopted _____________ a s his way to relate the story in a novel. （浙 0601 ）A. the epistolary formB. the picaresque formC. the third-pers on n arrati onD. flashback89. For his contribution to the establishment of the form of the modern novel, ________________ h as beenregarded as Father of the En glish Novel ”.（047）A. He nry Fieldi ngB. Da niel DefoeC. Joh n BunyanD. James Joyce90. For his contribution to the establishment of the form of the modern novel, ___________ has been regarded by some as Father of the English Novel ”.（浙 0301 ）A. Da niel DefoeB. He nry Fieldi ngC. Jon athan SwiftD. Samuel Richards on（）ic epicD.lyric epic（浙 0210）91 . Henry Fielding has been regarded by some as _ _,for his contribution to theestablishment of the form of the modern novel. （浙0310 ）92. Henry Fielding has been regarded as “_ for his contribution to the establishment of theform of the modern ________ . （浙 0810）（浙 0210 ）（浙 0510 ）A. Father of En glish Poetry...poetryB. Father of En glish Novel... novelC. Father of Moder n En glish Poetry...poetryD. Father of Modern En glish Novel... novelIII. Questi ons and An swers （24 points in all, 6 for each ）45. List at least two leading neoclassicists in England. What did Neoclassicists celebrate in literary creation? （094） |（一） 4845. A. Alexa nder Pope, Joh n Dryde n, Samuel Joh nson.B. They believed that the artistic ideals should be order, logic, restrained emotion and accuracy and that literature should be judged in terms of its service to humanity. They seek proporti on, uni ty, harm ony and grace in literary expressi ons, in an effort to delight, in struct and correct huma n bein gs. Thus a polite, elega nt, witty, and in tellectual art developed.IV. Topic Discussi on （20 points in all, 10 for each ）49 . Daniel Defoe ' novel Robinson Crusoe was a great success partly because the protagonist was a real middle-class hero. Discuss Crusoe, the protag onist of the no vel, as an embodime nt of the rising middle-class virtues in the mid-eighteenth century England.（084 ）1. Give a brief comment on the hero in The Adventures of Robinson Crusoe.（浙 0810）1. A. Fieldi ng has bee n regarded as Father of the En glish no vel ”，for his con tributi onto the establishment of the form of the modern novel.B. Of all the eightee nth-ce ntury no velists Field ing was the first to set out, both in theory andpractice, to write specifically a comic epic in prose, ” the first to give the modern novel its structure and style.C. Before him, the relating go a story in a novel was either in the epistolary form （a series ofletters ）, as in Richards on ' Pamela , or the picaresque form （adve nturous wan der ings ） through the mouth of the pr in cipal character, as in Defoe' Robinson Crusoe , but Field ingadopted the third-person narration, ” in which the author becomes the all-knowing God. f D. In planning his stories, he tries to retain the grand epical form of the classical works but atthe same time keeps faithful to his realistic prese ntati on of com mon life as it is.A . Father of the English NovelC . Father of the English Drama B. Father of the English Poetry D. Father of the English Short Story。
The Neoclassical Period 新古典主义
Alexander Pope
1688-1774
2。亚历山大 蒲柏 Alexander Pope
1688-1744 A great poet
蒲柏是启蒙主义时期英国文学的代表人物，新古典主义的倡 导者，他第一个将理性主义（rationalism)引入英国，强调 秩序在文艺创作中的重要性。作为当时最伟大的诗人，他发 展了讽刺，简练，通顺，优雅及平衡的诗风，并使英雄偶句 诗体(Heroic couplet) 完美化。 代表作有 《论批评》（An Essay on Criticism), 《夺发纪》（The Rape of the Lock), 《群愚史诗》（The Dunciad）， 《论人类》（An Essay on Man）等， 另有译作《伊里亚特》（Iliad) 和《奥德赛》（Odyssey）
Heroic Couplet
The heroic couplet, lines in iambic pentameter rhymed in pairs, appeared early in English---it was Chaucer„s favorite meter---and came into vogue流行 in poetic drama in the seventeenth century, but in the eighteenth century, in the hands of masters like Dryden, Pope, and Johnson, it became for many years the dominant English verse form. In the Neo-classical period the heroic couplet consisted of a couplet of end-stopped lines which formed a short stanza, and substituted for the Greek and Latin heroic hexameter 六音步 .
The Neoclassical Period 新古典主义
Neoclassicism(新古典主义)
1)In the field of literature, the 18th century Enlightenment Movement brought about a revival of interest in the old classical works. This tendency is known as neoclassicism. 2)The neoclassicists hold that forms of literature were to be modeled after the classical works of the ancient Greek and Roman writers such as Homer and Virgil and those of the contemporary French ones. 3)They believed that the artistic ideas should be order, logic, restrained emotion and accuracy, and that literature should be judged in terms of its service to humanity.
1。约翰 班扬 John Bunyan（1628-1688）
班扬是个坚定的清教徒，深信人一定能通过精神上 的奋斗得到拯救。他的写作风格与《圣经》异曲同 工 代表作《天路历程》（The Pilgrim‟s Progress) 是英文作品中最成功的宗教语言（the religious allegory) 。
The Neoclassical Period
笛福—英文简介
Memorial to Daniel Defoe
Bunhill Fields, City Road, London
• 摩尔.弗兰德斯
Moll Flanders
Brief Introduction of Moll Flanders
• Moore. Flanders was not born guilty. Moore, kind, sincere, is full of fantasy for life. Moore Flanders was born at Newgate and her mother is a thief exiled in Virginia. She was adopted during childhood, but she always hoped to be independent and to realize her simple ideal-being a dame with honest labor. But she became a maid when she was a young girl, seduced by the eldest son of the host family at the age of 15, after that she married the youngest master.
Moll’s outlook on economic individualism and Defoe’s concern about soul salvation • The heroine Moll Flanders is an unforgetta ble character. The successful portrayal of Moll Flanders lies in the revelation of her c haracter. This character, in essence, bears a marked brand of the time and the rising capitalist class. It reflects the economic ind ividualism world outlook at that time.
鲁滨逊漂流记英文简介
no human habitation, finally overcome the difficult
environment, create a wonderful life. In suffering again and again full of twists and turns, his confidence, kind-hearted,
optimistic, tough character has been a step by step
sublimation, Robinson's actions shows a hard man to manly character and a hero
Character introduction
Robinson Crusoe
introduction
Character introduction
Robinson Crusoe
Robinson is a man who is full of working passion and determination and courage. Living in the island for 28 years
Creation background
inspiration
This novel was inspired by a true story at the time of Defoe. In September 1704 a man named Alexander Selkirk, a Scottish sailor at sea with the captain quarrel, was thrown into the ANN Philippine South Devon Island for 4 years 4 months long, four years after he was captain woodes Rogers had saved. The famous English writer Daniel Defoe in Selkirk's saga is modeled to their years of maritime experience devoted in man, and make full use of their own rich imagination processing literature,
英国文学各时期文学的特点
Chapter 1 The Renaissance PeriodTime: Generally, it refers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th centuries.The Renaissance （文艺复兴）: The Renaissance is a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers and scholars made attempts to get rid of those old feudalist ideas in medieval Europe, to introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie, and to recover the purity of the early church from the corruption of the Roman Catholic Church.Humanism (人文主义): Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance. “Man is the measure of all things.” Thomas More, Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare are the best representatives of the English humanists.Mainstream of Literary Forms: In the early stage of the Renaissance, poetry and poetic drama were the most outstanding literary forms and they were carried on especially by Shakespeare and Ben Jonson. The Elizabethan drama, in its totality, is the real mainstream of the English Renaissance.Chapter 2 The Neoclassical PeriodTime: Between the return of the Stuarts to the English throne in 1660 and the full assertion of Romanticism which came with the publication of Lyrical Ballads by Wordsworth and Coleridge in 1798.Social Events: Glorious Revolution （光荣革命）; British colonies (Abroad); Acts of Enclosure （圈地运动）(At home); The Enlightenment Movement （启蒙运动）. The Enlightenment Movement: The 18th century England is known as the Age of Enlightenment or the Age of Reason. The Enlightenment Movement was a progressive intellectual movement which purpose was to enlighten the whole world with the light of modern philosophical and artistic ideas. The enlighteners celebrated reason or rationality, equality and science. They held that rationality or reason should be the only, the final cause of any human thought and activities. They called for a reference to order, reason and rules. They believed that when reason served as the yardstick for the measurement of all human activities and relations, every superstition, injustice and oppression was to yield place to “eternal truth,” “eternal justice” and “natural equality”. Great writers like John Dryden, Alexander Pope, Joseph Addison and Sir Richard Steele, the two pioneers of familiar essays, Jonathan Swift, Daniel Defoe, Richard Brinsley Sheridan, Henry Fielding and Samuel Johnson.Neoclassicism: In the field of literature, the Enlightenment Movement brought about a revival of interest in the old classical works. This tendency is known as neoclassicism. According to the neoclassicists, all forms of literature were to be modeled after the classical works of the ancient Greek and Roman writers. They believed that the artistic ideals should be order, logic restrained emotion and accuracy, and that literature should be judged in terms of its service to humanity.This belief led them to seek proportion, unity, harmony and grace in literary expression, in an effort to delight, instruct and correct human beings, primarily as social animals. Thus a polite, urbane, witty, and intellectual art developed. Neoclassicists had some fixed laws and rules for almost every genre of literature. Prose should be precise, direct, smooth and flexible. Poetry should be lyrical, epical, didactic, satiric or dramatic; Drama should be written in the Heroic Couplets (英雄双韵体诗).In the last few decades of the 18th century, the neoclassical emphasis upon reason, intellect, wit and form was rebelled against or challenged by the sentimentalists, and was gradually replaced by Romanticism.Novel: The mid-century was predominated by a newly rising literary form---the modern English novel. Gothic novels---mostly stories of mystery and horror which take place in some haunted or dilapidated Middle Age castles.Chapter 3 The Romantic PeriodTime: From 1798 with the publication of Lyrical Ballads to 1832 with Sir Walter Scott’s death and the passage of the first Reform Bill in the Parliament.Social Events: French Revolution; English Industrial Revolution.Romantic Movement: The Romantics saw man essentially as an individual in the solitary state and emphasized the special qualities of each individual’s mind. Thus we can say that Romanticism actually constitutes a change of direction from attention to the outer world of social civilization to the inner world of the human spirit. In essence, it designates a literary and philosophical theory which tends to see the individual as the very center of all life and all experience.Major Figures: Blake, Wordsworth, Coleridge, Byron, Shelly and Keats. Theme: Imagination and NatureMajor Literary Forms: Poetry (best), prose, novel (Jane Austen and Walter Scott). Drama is less successful.Chapter 4 The Victorian PeriodTime: Queen Victoria who ruled over England from 1836 to 1901. The period has been generally regarded as one of the most glorious in the English history.Social Events: Reform Bill （改革法案）；Chartist Movement (宪章运动)；Theme: Common sense and moral propriety, which were ignored by the Romanticists, again became the predominant preoccupation in literary works. Theory of “art for art’s sake”: Osca r Wilde and Walter PaterUtilitarianism(功利主义): Utilitarianism was widely accepted and practiced. Almost everything was put to the test by the criterion of utility, that is, the extent to which it could promote the material happiness. Dickens, Carlyle, Ruskin and many other socially conscious writers severely criticized the Utilitarian creed, especially its depreciation of cultural values and its cold indifference towards human feelings and imaginationMajor Literary Forms:1. Novel (best): In this period, the novel became the most widely read and the mostvital and challenging expression of progressive thought. While sticking to the principle of faithful representation of the 18th century realist novel, they carried their duty forward to the criticism of the society and the defense of the mass. They were all concerned about the fate of the common people. They were angry with the inhuman social institutions, the decaying social morality as represented by the money-worship and Utilitarianism, and the widespread misery, poverty and injustice.2. Prose: Many of the prose writers joined forces with the critical realist novelists in exposing and criticizing the social reality, and some became very influential in the ideological field.3. Poetry: The poetry of this period was mainly characterized by experiments with new styles and new ways of expression. “psycho-analytical” elementChapter 5 The Modern PeriodTime: 1850-1910Social Events: First World War; Sun-never-set Empire collapsedNew Theories:1. Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels: they put forward the theory of scientific socialism.2. Darwinism: Darwin’s theory of evolution exerted a strong influence upon the people, causing many to lose their religious faith. The social Darwinism, under the cover of “survival of the fittest,” vehemently advocated colonialism or jingoism.3. Einstein: Einstein’s theory of relativity provided entirely new ideas for the concepts of time and space.4. Freud: Freud’s analytical psychology drastically altered our conception of human nature.5. Arthur Schopenhauer: a pessimistic (悲观主义) philosopher, started a rebellion against rationalism（唯理主义）, stressing the importance of will and intuition.6. Friedrich Nietzsche: he went further against rationalism by advocating the doctrines of power and superman and by completely rejecting the Christian morality.7. Henry Bergson: He established his irrational philosophy, which put the emphasis on creation intuition, irrationality and unconsciousness. The irrationalist philosophers exerted immense influence upon the major modernist writers in Britain.Modernist Movement: Modernism takes the irrational philosophy and the theoryof psycho-analysis as its theoretical base. The major themes of the modernist literature are the distorted, alienated and ill relationships between man and nature, man and society, man and man, and man and himself. The modernist writers concentrate more on the private than on the public, more on the subjective than on the objective. They are mainly concerned with the inner being of an individual. Modernism is a reaction against realism. It rejects rationalism, which is the theoretical base of realism. As a result, the works created by the modernist writersare often labeled as anti-novel, anti-poetry and anti-drama.Major Figures: Kafka, Picasso, Pound, Webern, Eliot, Joyce and Virginia Woolf. Major Literary Forms:1. Modern Poetry: The early poems of Pound and Eliot and Yeats’s matured poetry marked the rise of “modern poetry”, which was a revolution against the conventional ideas and forms of the Victorian poetry. The modernist poets fought against the romantic fuzziness and self-indulged emotionalism, advocating new ideas in poetry-writing such as to use the language of common speech, to create new rhythms as the expression of a new mood, to allow absolute freedom in choosing subjects, and to use hard, clear and precise images in poems.2. Realistic Novel: The realistic novels in the early 20th century were the continuation of the Victorian tradition, yet its exposing and criticizing power against capitalist evils had been somewhat weakened both in width and depth. Another important aspect of realistic novels in this period is the fact that there rose a few working class writers, who gave a direct portrayal of the working-people’s poverty and sufferings, by singing highly of the heroic struggles against capitalism waged by the working class.3. Modernist Novel: In stimulating the technical innovations of novel creation, the theory of the Freudian and Jungian psycho-analysis played a particularly important role. Writers like Dorothy Richardson, James Joyce and Virginia Woolf concentrated all their efforts on digging into the human consciousness. They had created unprecedented stream-of-consciousness novels such as Pilgrimage by Richardson, Ulysses by Joyce.4. Drama: Oscar Wilde and G.B. Shaw, who, in a sense, pioneered the modern drama, though they didn’t make so many innovations in techniques and forms as modernist poets or novelists.。
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Language G. Richard Brinsley Sheridan理查*比*谢立丹The School for
Scandal 造谣学校 H. Thomas Grey托马斯*格雷 An Elegy Written in a Country
Churchyard墓园挽歌
Daniel Defoe: 1660-1731
❖ Son of James and Mary Foe, a merchant family committed to Puritanism (Presbyterians)
❖ Sound education at Morton’s Academy. Only Anglicans could graduate from Oxford or Cambridge.
❖ 1684: Marries Mary Tuffley, an heiress with 3,700 a year.
❖ Fought briefly in the Duke of Monmouth’s rebellion against James II.
❖ Bankruptcy and debt turned him towards writing.
❖ 欧洲文艺复兴后产生了一种主张理性至上、尊重传统道德价 值、倡导公民义务等的新古典主义文艺思潮，也就是启蒙主 义运动。
II. The Age of Enlightenment:
❖ 1. The outline: A. The definition: ❖ The eighteenth-century England is also known as the Age
Crusoe: 1810 edition
His life
❖ was born in London in a butcher’s family, not obeying his father’s will, he developed his interest in business, though his business underwent many ups and downs, yet he was never beaten;
of Enlightenment or the Age of Reason. The Enlightenment Movement was a progressive intellectual movement. B. The source: ❖ It flourished in France and swept through the whole Western Europe at the time. C. The nature: ❖ The movement was a furtherance延续与发展 of the Renaissance of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. D. The purpose: ❖ Its purpose was to enlighten the whole world with the light of modern philosophical and artistic ideas.
The neoclassiLeabharlann al Period (新古典主义时期)
I. The time period:
❖ The neoclassical period is between the return of the Stuarts to the English throne in 1660 and the full development of Romanticism which came with the publication of Lyrical Ballads in 1798.
III. The literature forms:
1. The sentimental Literature: 2. The Gothic novels: 3. Gothic novels ---mostly stories of mystery and
horror which take place in some haunted or dilapidated Middle Age Castles ---were turned out profusely by both male and female writers. 4. Others: Eulogizing颂扬 or lamenting哀悼 lyrics; The romantic poems; the theatrical world; the witty and satiric prose.
❖ 1701: writes “The True Born Englishman” 《真正 英国人》
❖ 1703: Pilloried for writing “The Shortest Way with Dissenters.” 《消灭不同教 派的捷径》
Defoe’s Robinson Crusoe
IV 主要作家作品
A. John Bunyan 约翰*班扬 The Pilgrim’s Progress 天路历程 B. Alexander Pope 亚力山大*蒲伯 An Essay on Criticism 批评论 C. Daniel Defoe 丹尼尔*笛福Robinson Crusoe 鲁宾逊漂流记 D. Jonathan Swift 乔纳森*斯威夫特 Gulliver’s Travels 格列佛游记 E. Henry Fielding 亨利*费尔丁The History of Tom Jones, a
❖ 1719: First volume of Robinson Crusoe. A hit with lower and middle classes.
❖ Based on the experience of Alexander Selkirk.
❖ 1722: Moll Flanders. A novel that draws on his own experience in Newgate prison.