第一章 殖民地时期及独立革命时期的美国文学
美国文学
美国文学一、殖民地时期1607-17651607年，captain john smith 带领第一批移民在北美大陆建立第一个英国殖民地--詹姆斯敦。
1765年，殖民地人民奋起抗议英国政府颁布的印花税。
文学特点：宗教色彩，讲经布道向欧洲读者或亲友介绍新大陆的小册子和游记书信著名作家：Captain john smith,Anne Bradstreet, 以夫妻恩爱家庭美满为题材Edward Taylor，清教徒，牧师，讲道二、启蒙时期&独立战争时期1765-18世纪1730s，爱德华兹（Johnathan Edwards）为首的清教徒掀起“大觉醒”运动，企图恢复清教主义的统治，失败。
启蒙运动代表人物Benjamin Franklin(文学家科学家政治家):《格言历书》poor richard's almanac,通过格言警句宣传创业持家，待人处事的道德原则和勤奋致富的生活道路《自传》Autobiography，开创了美国名人写传记的风气独立战争时期文学以理性的散文为主，主要是各派政治力量对于革命的必要性、革命的前途与方向、政府的形式与性质等重大问题展开讨论时产生的杂文、政论文和演讲词，即便诗歌也以政治为内容。
代表作家：潘恩Thomas paine 的《常识》commom senseThomas Jefferson Declaration of Independence汉密尔顿、麦迪逊、杰伊合写的《论联邦》The Federalist Papers威廉-希尔-布朗william hill brawn,第一部美国小说《同情的力量》三、浪漫主义时期1800-1865作家们强调文学的想象力和感情色彩，反对古典主义的形式与观点，歌颂大自然，崇尚个人和普通人的思想感情，并且寻根问祖，发幽古之思情。
素材完全取自美国现实，如西部开发和拓荒经历。
他们赞美美国山水，讴歌美国生活，反映美国人民的乐观与热情。
美国文学绪论
美国文学选读绪论(一) 殖民时期(1492-1765)安妮·布雷特兹里特《献给我亲爱的丈夫》《灵与肉》爱德华·泰勒《家务》(二) 革命与建国时期(1765-18世纪末)潘恩《常识》杰斐逊《独立宣言》威廉·希尔·布朗《同情的力量》富兰克林《格言历书》《自传》(三) 浪漫主义时期（1800-1865）欧文《见闻札记》库柏《皮袜子故事集》布莱恩特《致水鸟》爱默生《论自然》《论独立》朗费罗《海华莎之歌》惠蒂埃《大雪封门》惠特曼《草叶集》狄金森《艾米莉·狄金森诗集》霍桑《福古传奇》《红字》梅尔维尔《白鲸》埃德加·爱伦·坡《乌鸦》《失窃的信件》斯托夫人《汤姆叔叔的小屋》弗莱德雷克·道格拉斯《弗莱德雷克·道格拉斯，一个美国奴隶的自述》(四) 现实主义时期（1865-1918）乡土文学朱厄特《迪普黑文》哈里斯《雷莫斯大叔：他的歌与话》肖邦《觉醒》哈特《咆哮营的幸运儿》19世纪70年代马克·吐温《汤姆索亚历险记》《哈克贝里·费恩历险记》詹姆斯《一位女士的画像》19世纪末克莱恩《街头女郎梅季》辛克莱《屠场》德莱塞《美国的悲剧》《嘉莉妹妹》(五) 现代主义时期（1918-1945）海明威《太阳照常升起》《永别了，武器》《老人与海》菲茨杰拉德《了不起的盖茨比》桑德堡《芝加哥诗集》庞德《诗章》弗罗斯特《少年的意志》罗宾逊《夜之子》赖斯《加算器》奥尼尔《天边外》斯泰因《三个女人的一生》华顿《快乐之家》《天真时代》刘易斯《大街》多斯·帕索斯《三个士兵》约翰·里德《震撼世界的十日》赖特《土生子》福克纳《圣殿》《八月之光》《喧哗与骚动》图默《甘蔗》休斯《黑白混血儿》(六) 第二次世界大战后的美国文学（1945-至今）欧文·肖《幼狮》琼斯《从这里到永恒》约瑟夫·海勒《第22条军规》塞林格《麦田里的守望者》金斯堡《嚎叫》凯鲁亚克《在路上》巴勒斯《赤裸的午餐》波特《斜塔》《愚人船》麦卡勒斯《心灵是孤独的猎手》《伤心咖啡馆之歌》贝娄《晃来晃去的女人》英奇《回来吧，小希巴》威廉斯《欲望的号街车》米勒《推销员之死》阿尔比《美国梦》梅勒《黑夜的军队》哈伯·里《杀死一只知更鸟》肯·凯西《飞跃疯人院》拉尔夫·埃里森《看不见的人》詹姆斯·鲍德温《向苍天呼吁》马丁·路德·金《我有一个梦想》《自传》普拉斯《钟瓮》玛格丽特·沃克·亚历山大《欢乐》洛兰·汉斯贝里《阳光下的葡萄干》(七) 20世纪70年代以来的美国文学阿历克斯·哈利《根》艾丽斯·沃克《紫颜色》托尼·莫里森《宝贝儿》赵健秀等人《哎—咿！》斯科特·莫马迪《黎明之屋》詹姆斯·威尔契《雪中冬季》罗斯《鬼作家》约翰·厄普代克《兔子》四部曲冯纳古特《囚鸟》《神枪手迪克》托马斯·品钦《拍卖第49批》《万有引力之虹》黄哲伦《蝴蝶君》玛莎·诺曼《晚安，母亲》埃·劳·道克托罗《雷格泰姆音乐》总结美国文学历史不长，但发展较快。
美国文学发展历程探究
美国文学发展历程探究美国文学的发展历程可以追溯到殖民地时期。
随着欧洲人的移民到北美，他们开始在新大陆建立自己的社会和文化，这促使了美国文学的产生和发展。
以下是美国文学的主要发展阶段。
第一阶段：殖民地时期（17世纪至18世纪）在殖民地时期，美国的文学主要受到英格兰文学的影响。
初期的文学作品多以宗教为主题，例如普林斯顿学院校长埃德温·桑德斯对美国文学的定义认为，它是“真正属于美洲的成就，而不是来自外国或短暂存在的痕迹”。
约翰·丹福斯（John Winthrop）《模範》（Model of Christian Charity）（1630年）是殖民地时期最重要的文学作品之一，强调基督教道德和殖民地社会的建立。
启蒙时期是美国文学发展的重要时期，表达了美国人民对自由、平等和理性的追求。
启蒙时期的代表作家包括本杰明·富兰克林、托马斯·潘恩和托马斯·杰斐逊等。
本杰明·富兰克林的《自传》（1750年至1790年）描述了他的成长和成功经历，被认为是美国第一部经典文学作品之一。
美国独立战争的爆发和美国宪法的制定也启发了许多启蒙时期的作品。
第三阶段：浪漫主义时期（19世纪初至中叶）浪漫主义时期是美国文学发展的高潮期，表达了个人情感和人类内心世界的追求。
浪漫主义时期的代表作家包括华盛顿·欧文、爱德加·爱伦·坡和纳撒尼尔·霍桑等。
华盛顿·欧文的《伊卡博德·克兰普》（1819年）是美国文学中最早的短篇小说之一，展示了对美国历史和传说的迷恋。
爱德加·爱伦·坡的小说和诗歌融合了恐怖、神秘和奇幻元素，对后来的美国文学产生了深远的影响。
现实主义时期强调以真实和客观的方式描写生活。
现实主义时期的代表作家包括马克·吐温、亨利·詹姆斯和斯蒂芬·克莱因等。
马克·吐温的《汤姆·索亚历险记》（1876年）和《哈克贝里·费恩历险记》（1884年）描写了美国南部社会的贫困和不公正。
美国文学史
美国文学史梗概一、殖民地时代和美国建国初期最早来自这片新大陆的欧洲移民主要是定居在新英格兰的清教徒和马萨诸塞的罗马天主教徒，二者虽然在教义上有很多不同之处，但他们都信奉加尔文主义：人生在世只是为了受苦受难，而他们唯一的希望是争做上帝的“选民”，死后进天国，相信“原罪”。
这时的文学作品也主要反映了这些思想，和欧洲文学一脉相承。
代表作家：考顿·马瑟，乔纳森·爱德华兹，安妮·布拉兹特里特，爱德华·泰勒。
二、18世纪独立战争胜利后，美国经济社会进入稳步发展时期这一时期是启蒙运动时期（the Enlightenment）,从字面上讲，启蒙运动就是启迪蒙昧，反对愚昧主义，提倡普及文化教育的运动。
但就其精神实质上看，它是宣扬资产阶级政治思想体系的运动，并非单纯是文学运动。
它是文艺复兴时期资产阶级反封建、反禁欲、反教会斗争的继续和发展，直接为一七八九年的法国大革命奠定了思想基础。
启蒙思想家们从人文主义者手里进一步从理论上证明封建制度的不合理，从而提出一整套哲学理论，政治纲领和社会改革方案，要求建立一个以“理性”为基础的社会。
他们用政治自由对抗专制暴政，用信仰自由对抗宗教压迫，用自然神论和无神论来摧毁天主教权威和宗教偶像，用“天赋人权”的口号来反对“君权神授”的观点，用“人人在法律面前平等”来反对贵族的等级特权，进而建立资产阶级的政权。
是欧洲第二次思想解放运动。
）主要文学指导思想是“自然神论”（Deism），这个思想认为虽然上帝创造了宇宙和它存在的规则，但是在此之后上帝并不再对这个世界的发展产生影响。
自然神论反对蒙昧主义和神秘主义，否定迷信和各种违反自然规律的“奇迹”；认为上帝不过是“世界理性”或“有智慧的意志”；上帝作为世界的“始因”或“造物主”，它在创世之后就不再干预世界事务，而让世界按照它本身的规律存在和发展下去；主张用“理性宗教”代替“天启宗教”。
人生在世，不再是受苦受难以换取来世的新生，而是要消灭种族、性别和信仰的不平等，建立自己的“人间乐园”。
童明《美国文学史》（增订版）笔记和课后习题（含考研真题）详解
我国各大院校一般都把国内外通用的权威教科书作为本科生和研究生学习专业课程的参考教材，这些教材甚至被很多考试（特别是硕士和博士入学考试）和培训项目作为指定参考书。
为了帮助读者更好地学习专业课，我们有针对性地编著了一套与国内外教材配套的复习资料，并提供配套的名师讲堂、电子书和题库。
《美国文学史》（增订版）（童明主编）一直被用作高等院校英语专业英美文学教材，被很多院校指定为英语专业考研必读书和学术研究参考书。
为了帮助读者更好地使用该教材，我们精心编著了它的配套辅导用书。
作为该教材的学习辅导书，全书遵循该教材的章目编排，共分27章，每章由三部分组成：第一部分为复习笔记（中英文对照），总结本章的重点难点；第二部分是课后习题详解，对该书的课后思考题进行了详细解答；第三部分是考研真题与典型题详解，精选名校经典考研真题及相关习题，并提供了详细的参考答案。
本书具有以下几个方面的特点：1．梳理章节脉络，归纳核心考点。
每章的复习笔记以该教材为主并结合其他教材对本章的重难点知识进行了整理，并参考了国内名校名师讲授该教材的课堂笔记，对核心考点进行了归纳总结。
2．中英双语对照，凸显难点要点。
本书章节笔记采用了中英文对照的形式，强化对重要难点知识的理解和运用。
3．解析课后习题，提供详尽答案。
本书对童明主编的《美国文学史》（增订版）每章的课后思考题均进行了详细的分析和解答，并对相关重要知识点进行了延伸和归纳。
4．精选考研真题，补充难点习题。
本书精选名校近年考研真题及相关习题，并提供答案和详解。
所选真题和习题基本体现了各个章节的考点和难点，但又不完全局限于教材内容，是对教材内容极好的补充。
第1部分 早期美国文学：殖民时期至1815年第1章 “新世界”的文学1.1 复习笔记1.2 课后习题详解1.3 考研真题和典型题详解第2章 殖民地时期的美国文学：1620—1763 2.1 复习笔记2.2 课后习题详解2.3 考研真题和典型题详解第3章 文学与美国革命：1764—18153.1 复习笔记3.2 课后习题详解3.3 考研真题和典型题详解第2部分 美国浪漫主义时期：1815—1865第4章 美国浪漫主义时期4.1 复习笔记4.2 课后习题详解4.3 考研真题和典型题详解第5章 早期浪漫主义5.1 复习笔记5.2 课后习题详解5.3 考研真题和典型题详解第6章 超验主义和符号表征6.1 复习笔记6.2 课后习题详解6.3 考研真题和典型题详解第7章 霍桑、麦尔维尔和坡7.1 复习笔记7.2 课后习题详解7.3 考研真题和典型题详解第8章 惠特曼和狄金森8.1 复习笔记8.2 课后习题详解8.3 考研真题和典型题详解第9章 文学分支：反对奴隶制的写作9.1 复习笔记9.2 课后习题详解9.3 考研真题和典型题详解第3部分 美国现实主义时期：1865—1914第10章 现实主义时期10.1 复习笔记10.2 课后习题详解10.3 考研真题和典型题详解第11章 地区和地方色彩写作11.1 复习笔记11.2 课后习题详解11.3 考研真题和典型题详解第12章 亨利·詹姆斯和威廉·迪恩·豪威尔斯12.1 复习笔记12.2 课后习题详解12.3 考研真题和典型题详解第13章 自然主义文学13.1 复习笔记13.2 课后习题详解13.3 考研真题和典型题详解第14章 女性作家书写“女性问题”14.1 复习笔记14.2 课后习题详解14.3 考研真题和典型题详解第4部分 美国现代主义时期：1914—1945第15章 美国现代主义15.1 复习笔记15.1 复习笔记15.2 课后习题详解15.3 考研真题和典型题详解第16章 现代主义的演变16.1 复习笔记16.2 课后习题详解16.3 考研真题和典型题详解第17章 欧洲的美国现代主义17.1 复习笔记17.2 课后习题详解17.3 考研真题和典型题详解第18章 两次世界大战间的现代小说18.1 复习笔记18.2 课后习题详解18.3 考研真题和典型题详解第19章 现代美国诗歌19.1 复习笔记19.2 课后习题详解19.3 考研真题和典型题详解第20章 非裔美国小说和现代主义20.1 复习笔记20.2 课后习题详解20.3 考研真题和典型题详解第5部分 多元化的美国文学：1945年至新千年第21章 新形势下的多元化文学21.1 复习笔记21.2 课后习题详解21.3 考研真题和典型题解析第22章 美国戏剧：三大剧作家22.1 复习笔记22.2 课后习题详解22.3 考研真题和典型题详解第23章 主要小说家：1945年至60年代23.1 复习笔记23.2 课后习题详解23.3 考研真题和典型题详解第24章 1945年以来的诗学倾向24.1 复习笔记24.2 课后习题详解24.3 考研真题和典型题详解第25章 20世纪60年代以来的小说发展状况25.1 复习笔记25.2 课后习题详解25.3 考研真题和典型题详解第26章 当代多民族文学和小说26.1 复习笔记26.2 课后习题详解26.3 考研真题和典型题详解第27章 美国文学的全球化：流散作家27.1 复习笔记27.2 课后习题详解27.3 考研真题和典型题详解第1部分 早期美国文学：殖民时期至1815年第1章 “新世界”的文学1.1 复习笔记Ⅰ. Discoveries of America（发现美洲大陆）Who discovered America?谁发现了美洲？1 The credit is often attributed to Christopher Columbus. Yet this argument is controversial.一种说法是哥伦布发现了美洲大陆。
英语八级英美文学整理
美国文学第一阶段独立革命之前（十七世纪中期之前）（before the revolution of independence）第一节美国本土文学（美国印第安传统文学）印第安传统文学的主要内容和形式：在各种典仪上咏颂的祝词，在劳作中吟唱的歌曲，时代交口相传的部落神话故事和英雄故事，刻写在山河岩壁上的象形史诗。
第二节北美殖民时期文学（十六世纪末-----十七世纪中）（colonial settlement）这一时期的文学作品主要是一些英国的殖民地官员或者传道士、冒险家们以日记或游记等形式记录的新大陆的风土人情、自然景色和民间生活等。
John Smith 约翰·史密斯《关于弗吉尼亚的真实叙述》A True Relation of Virginia（被认为是美国文学史上的“第一部作品”）第三节请教思想的表述（Puritanism）他们的作品主要是以传布清教主义思想的布道文为主第二阶段独立革命时期（十七世纪中期-------十八世纪末）（around the revolution of independence）独立革命前后的美国文学，标志着北美文学产生后的第一次大转折该期文学特色：充满浓烈的政治性和思辨性。
主题多为爱国主义及对于独立民主自由的热切呼唤。
Benjamin Franklin 本杰明·富兰克林《穷查理历书》Poor Richard’s Almanac《自传》The AutobiographyThomas Paine 托马斯·潘恩《常识》Common Sense 《美国危机》The America Crisis《人的权利》Rights of Human《理性时代》The Age of ReasonPhilip Freneau 菲利普·弗伦诺（18世纪最杰出的美国诗人，被誉为“the poet of the American revolution）《英国囚船》The British Prison Ship 《美国的荣耀蒸蒸日上》The Rising Glory of America《印第安人殡葬地》（lyric）The Indian Burying Ground 《野金银花》The Wild Honey Suckle第三阶段浪漫主义时期（18世纪末---19世纪中后期）（American Romanticism）该时期主题多为传统文化与现代文明之间的冲突、“对久远与遥远故事的兴趣”以及对死亡、潜意识的剖析等。
专业英语8级人文知识之美国文学
专业英语八级人文知识之美国文学第一阶段独立革命之前（十七世纪中期之前）概述1、美国本土文学（美国印第安传统文学）早在欧洲人闯入北美大陆之前，那里世世代代居住的原始人是印第安人，他们的文化早已在这片土地上流传、存在了几千年之久。
他们创造出了并仍然在创造这优秀的印第安口头文学。
在各种典礼上咏诵的祝词，在劳作中吟唱的歌曲，世世代代交口相传的部落神话故事和英雄故事，刻写在山间岩壁上的象形史诗，都是印第安传统文学的只要内容和形式，也是人类文明的宝贵遗产之一。
后来，随着殖民地的开拓，移民人数的剧增，印第安文化不断遭受重创，从而在17世纪出现断裂。
18世界末又开始以书面文学的形式开始了新的发展。
Three stages of development：1）traditional literature 2）transitional literature 3）modern literature2、北美殖民时期文学（十六世纪末—十七世纪中期）北美殖民文学的开端，以1607年英国在今佛吉尼亚的詹姆斯顿建立第一个永久性殖民点为标志。
从那时起直到1776年美利坚合众国成立，这半个世纪的北美英语文学的发展是外来文学移植、扎根并本土化的一个准备过程。
这一时期的文学作品主要是一些英国的殖民地官员或传道士、冒险家们以日记或游记随笔等形式记录的新大陆的风土人情、自然景色和民间生活等。
John Smith was considered to be the first author in the history of American literature。
3、清教思想的表述最初从欧洲来到美国的定居者被成为“清教徒”，因为他们迁徙的主要目的之一是为了“净化”教堂中的宗教行为。
他们的作品主要以传布清教主义思想的布道文为主。
第二阶段独立革命时期（17世纪中期—18世纪末）概述独立革命前后的美国文学，标志着北美文学产生后的第一次大转折，其主要内容和形式与殖民时期文学截然不同：如果说殖民时期文学主要反映的是清教精神，独立革命时期的文学则充满了浓烈的政治性和思辨性。
第一章 殖民地时期及独立革命时期的美国文学
第一章殖民地时期及独立革命时期的美国文学I.知识结构II.知识点精讲1.时代背景1)The Native American and their culture---Indians. Before ChristopherColumbus discovered the American continent, there was no real literature.2)Christopher Columbus discovered the American continent in 1492.3)Captain Christopher Newport reached Virginia in 1607.4)Puritans came to the New England area, by Mayflower（五月花号）in1620.In 1629, the puritans established the Massachusetts Bay Colony.（马萨诸塞湾）Puritans came to America out of various reasons, but it should be remembered that they were a group of serious, religious people, advocating highly religious and moral principles. It is true that they wished to escape religious persecution—and the English government regarded its American colony as an ideal dumping ground for the undesirables, but they were also determined to find a place where they could worship in the way they thought true Christians should.They regarded themselves as God's chosen people, they were meant to reestablish a commonwealth based on the teachings of the Bible, restore the lost paradise, and build the wilderness into a new Garden of Eden. 5)The puritan migration began.The settlement of the North American continent by the English began in the early part of the seventeenth century. The first settlers who became the founding fathers of the American nation were quite a few of them Puritans. They carried with them to America a code of values, a philosophy of life, and a point of view, which, in time, took root in the New World and became what is popularly known as American Puritanism.6) The British Industrial revolution (1750-1830) spurred the economy in American colonies; in American, there was War of Independence (1776-1783); the spiritual life of the colonies----Enlightenment began toappear. Thus, this period was the literature of reason and revolution (1781-1815).2.名词解释1）Puritans（清教徒）: They are one division of English Protestant.They regarded the reformation of the church under Elizabeth as incomplete, and called for further purification.The 17th century American Puritans included two parts: Separatists and Massachusetts Bay Group. Their religious doctrines are original sin, total depravity, predestination and limited atonement (or the salvation of a selected few) through a special infusion of grace from God. They regarded themselves as chosen people of God. They were meant to reestablish a commonwealth based on the teachings of the Bible, restore the lost paradise, and build the wilderness into a new Garden of Eden. They opposed arts and pleasure. They suspect joy and laughter as symptoms of sin.They are opposed to mysticism and pantheism because these tended to destroy the transcendence of God.They embraced hardships, industry and frugality. They favoreda disciplined, hard, somber, ascetic and harsh life. Their attitudestoward work: work itself is good in addition to what it achieves, that time saved by efficiency or good fortune should be spent in doing further work. Pushing the frontiers with them as they movedfurther and further westward, they became more practical, as indeed they had to be."A doctrinaire opportunist" came perhaps closest to the American Puritan ideal for man.2）American Puritanism(美国清教主义): It is a religious and political movement. Through it, one sees emerging the right of the individual to political and religious independence.It has become, to some extent, so much a state of mind, rather than a set of tenets,a part of the national cultural atmosphere that the Americansbreathe, that we may state with a degree of safety that, without some understanding of Puritanism, there can be no real understanding of American culture and literature.American Puritanism has been, by and large, a healthy legacy to the Americans.3）American Dream(美国梦): The American Dream is the faith held by many in the United States of America that through hard work, courage, and determination one can achieve a better life for oneself, usually through financial prosperity. These were values held by many early European settlers, and have been passed on to subsequent generations. Nowadays the American Dream has led to an emphasis on material wealth as a measure of success and/or happiness.4）Great Awakening(宗教大觉醒): Great Awakening is a series ofreligious revivals that swept over the American colonies about the middle of the 18th century. It resulted in doctrinal changes and influenced social and political thought. In New England it was started (1734) by the rousing preaching of Jonathan Edwards.3.作家作品1）Captain John Smith(1580-1631)（约翰·史密斯）---first American writer Captain John Smith was one of the first early 17th-century British settlers in North America. He was one of the founders of the colony of Jamestown, Virginia. His writings about North America became the source of information about the New World for later settlers. One of the things he wrote about that has become an American legend was his capture by the Indians and his rescue by the famous Indian Princess, Pocahontas.Another thing he wrote about that became historically important is his description of the fertile and vast new continent in his A Description of New England. His narrative reveals the early settlers' vision of the new land as something capable of being built into a new Garden of Eden.His contributions: There was the famous John Smith's description of New England as a promising virgin land, which came to the attention of many people in England and Europe and drew many of them over to the New World.His description of American was filled with themes, myths, images,scenes, characters and events that were a foundation for the nation’s literature. He lured the Pilgrims into fleeing here and creating a new land.2)William Bradford (1590-1657)（威廉·布拉德福德）---- the first governor of the PlymouthWilliam Bradford led the Mayflower endeavor and became the first governor of the Plymouth Plantation that he established with his group of Pilgrim Fathers. His Of Plymouth Plantation （《普利茅斯殖民史》）records, along with other things of a historic nature, the deliberations that the first settlers of North America had regarding their colonizing undertaking.In chapter IV, "Showing the Reasons and Causes of their Removal," Bradford states the fourth reason for their departure for the new world when he says that his people had "a great hope and inward zeal" to do the spadework for disseminating "the gospel of the kingdom of Christ" in the new world and they were even willing to be stepping-stones for others in doing this great work.The religious and idealistic nature of their adventure into the unknown world is self-evident.The characteristics of the Of Plymouth Plantation （《普利茅斯殖民史》）are simplicity, full of earnestness, direct reporting. It is readable and moving.3)John Winthrop 温斯罗普(1588-1649) ---- The first governor of theMassachusetts Bay ColonyJohn Winthrop, the first governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, states in this speech of his that there was the cause between God and his people who entered into a covenant with God for this work of building a new garden of Eden in the new worldJohn Winthrop’s works are A Model of Christian Charity（《基督教仁爱的典范》）, which is a speech, and The History of New England（《新英格兰的历史》）.4) Anne Bradstreet (1612-1672)（安妮·布雷兹特里特）-----a Puritan poetThe American poets who emerged in the 17th century adapted the style of established European poets to the subject matter confronted in a strange, new environment. Anne Bradstreet (1612-1672) was one such poet.The argument of most of Anne Bradstreet’s poems is essentially about the justice of God’s ways with His Puritan flock. Her works search for a sense of man’s nature and destiny and his mission in the new world. One more thing to note about Anne Bradstreet is her description of the early settlers’ life in the new world.For example, “As Weary Pilgrim,”（《疲倦的朝圣者》）one devoted to God as much as any of her other poems, offers some hints of the hardships that they suffered in their first days there.Anne Bradstreet was a Puritan poet who wrote “ponderous Verses ofinterminable, inter-locking poems” on the four elements, the constitutions and ages of man, the seasons of the year, and the chief empires of the ancient world. Her poems made such a stir in England that she became known as the “Tenth Muse”who appeared in America. Most of other verses (have fallen into the obscurity of time, but her gentle “Contemplations”（《沉思》）are still read today.The ninth offers the reader an insight into the mentality of the early Puritans pioneering in a new world.When the poet heard the grasshopper and the cricket sing, she thought of this as their praising their Creator and searched her own soul accordingly. It is evident that she saw something metaphysical inhering in the physical, a mode of perception that was singularly Puritan.Her other poems such as“To My Dear and Loving Husband”（《致我亲爱的丈夫》）and “In Reference to Her Children,”however, denote the human side of her being clearly.Take “To My Dear and Loving Husband”for instance:Coming from a devout Puritan, these lines are surprising because they reveal the inner “soul-scape” of the “Puritans” so graphically. Read Anne Bradstreet’s poems on her children and grandchildren, and it will be clear that the love, the care, and the happiness that comes from family life are all the important to her indeed.“The Flesh and the Spirit”（《灵魂和肉体》）The struggle between the two impulses (spiritual and material) is perennial and constitutes the basic texture of the Puritan mind. Her poem, “The Flesh and the Spirit,” depicting as it does two sisters arguing about their values, is a good illustration. The Flesh, one of the twin sisters, is forthright with her assertion of her views about the importance of this world while the Spirit, the other, tries to convince her of the greatness of the Kingdom of God. The Spirit seems to be winning as she has a much longer and more final argument to offer. The twin sisters are evidently the integral parts of one Puritan mind.5）Edward Taylor (1642-1729)（爱德华·泰勒）Edward Taylor (1642-1729) was a meditative poet.In his splendid, exotic images, Taylor came nearest to the English baroque poets. For all his indulgence in his “un-Puritan” imagery, however, he was, first and last, a Puritan poet, concerned about how his images speak for God.A good example is his poem, “Huswifery,” (《家务》)which indicates that he saw religious significance in a simple daily incident like a housewife spinning：The spinning wheel, the distaff, the flyers, the spool, the reel and the yarn have all acquired a metaphysical significance in the symbolic, Puritan eyes of Edward Taylor.In his interesting poem“Upon a Spider Catching a Fly”（《蜘蛛捕捉苍蝇之遐想》）, Taylor sees the spider as a symbol of Hell with its traps.It is obvious that Taylor has faith in God who can save the erring, or possibly sinful, humankind from the evil designs of Hell.6)Roger Williams (1603-1683) （罗杰·威廉斯）Roger Williams was one of the greatest Puritan dissenters in the early days of Puritan theocracy in New England. He came to America in 1630 and began to preach for civil and religious liberty and against the Puritan oligarchy of Boston. His call for democratic government and his opposition to the eviction of the Indians from their ancestral properties incurred the wrath and hatred of such “orthodox”Puritans as John Cotton (1584-1652), who banished him from the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1635. He lived for a while with the Indians before immigrating to Rhode Island, where he established the “Rhode Island Way” to encourage religious toleration, and protect Indian rights.Williams published his “The Bloody Tenet of Persecution for the Cause of Conscience”（《血腥的迫害教义》）(1644), furiously attacking the “soul-killing”requirement of religious conformity and vigorously upholding the spiritual freedom of the individual.7)John Woolman (1720-1772)（约翰·伍尔曼）Born into a pious Quaker family in New Jersey, John Woolman was early convinced that true religion consisted in an inward life in which the heart loved and respected God and learned to exercise true justice and goodness toward men and brutes alike.His Journal(1774) veritably notes down his experience and feeling during witnessing the slave trade, revealing the cruel truth of black slave selling. Besides he has the courage to criticize himself and pursue self-perfection, which is consequently consideration as a “Quaker classic of the inner Light,” and countless non-Quaker readers have been touched by its “exquisite purity and grace.”His essays are "Some Considerations on the Keeping of Negroes" and "A Plea for the Poor," in which he tried to plead for the rights of all men and for the abolition of the slavery system.He also kept a Journal for the most part of his life, recording his spiritual experiences of inward communication with God.8) Thomas Paine (1737-1809)(托马斯·潘恩)The life of Thomas Paine was one of continual, unswerving fight for the rights of man. He was a propagandist and a major influence in the American Revolution. He wrote a number of works of such a revolutionary and inflammatory character that it is no exaggeration to state that he helped to spur and inspire two greatest revolutions that his age witnessed.His main works were a series of pamphlets.His Common Sense（《常识》）, declaring as it did that "Government, even in its best state, is but a necessary evil; In its worst state an intolerable one," attacked British monarchy and added fuel to the fire which was soon to bring the colossusof its colonial rule down in flames.The booklet was warmly received in the colonies both as a justification for their cause of independence and as an encouragement to the painfully fighting people. Paine became a major influence in the American Revolution.His American Crisis （《美国危机》）series of pamphlets came out at one of the darkest moments of the revolution when Washington's troops had just suffered one of the worst defeats in the war and were in the process of retreating."These are the times that try men's souls," it declared. "The harder the conflict, the more glorious the triumph." Here the word “try” was in a sense of “test to the limit” and “subject to great hardships”.Later he participated in the French Revolution, and wrote The Rights of Man（《人权》）and The Age of Reason(《理性的时代》), spreading the ideals of the French Revolution among the people.9) Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826)（托马斯·杰弗逊）Thomas Jefferson was a resourceful and intelligent man. He played different roles in his life. He was an enlightener, an aristocrat, a lawyer, scientist, inventor, musician, linguist, architect, diplomat and a writer.He was one of the men who drafted The Declaration of Independence（《独立宣言》）. It was adopted on July 4, 1776, announcing the birth of a new nation and a philosophy of human freedom. It was a statement of American principles and a review of the Causes of thequarrel with Britain. In The Declaration of Independence, people instilled a sense of their own importance and inspired struggle for personal freedom, self government and a dignified place in society.10)Philip Freneau (1752-1832)（菲利普·弗瑞诺）---- “poet of the revolution” and “Father of American Poetry”Philip Freneau was important in American literary history in a number of ways.a. He used his poetic talents in the service of a nation struggling for independence, writing verses for the righteous cause of his people and exposing British colonial savageries.b.He was a most notable representative of dawning nationalism in American literature.c. Almost alone of his generation, Freneau managed to peer through the pervasive atmosphere of imitativeness, see life around directly, and appreciate the natural scenes on the new continent and the native Indian civilization.His main works were "The Rising Glory of America," (《美国荣誉的崛起》1772)"The Wild Honey Suckle,"（《野忍冬花》1786）"The Indian Burying Ground"（《印第安墓地》1788）and "The Dying Indian: Tomo Chequi". Take "The Wild Honey Suckle,"for instance.Stanza 1: the flowers hidden in the retreat;Stanza 2: Nature makes their beauty;Stanza 3&4: reinforce the message.The lyric beauty, the heartfelt pathos, and the multiple emotional responses and echoes that, the sight described can awaken in the bosoms of the readers —all these are simply amazing. Through the poetic image, the poet describes the beauty of nature."The Indian Burying Ground"In this poem,Philip Freneau gave recognition to the Native American culture as a potential indigenous subject for American writers---- another potential subject for them; he revealed not only his tolerance of a different way of life, but also his admiration for it.11) Charles Brockden Brown（查尔斯·布洛克登·布朗）Charles Brockden Brown is one of the most prominent among these writers.a.His first novel, Wieland(《威兰》); or, The Transformation: AnAmerican Tale (1798) has been regarded as the first Americannovel.b.Basically, Brown was an imitator. The Gothic features of hisworks are a good illustration.c.He awared that his inspiration was rooted in his own land, itsnew life and energy which, he felt, offered the writers withareas of exploration different from European subjects. Brownbelieved that his novels were all about his country and hispeople and that he employed new narrative techniques hithertounheeded by his predecessors.d.Another thing of historic significance that Brown did was hisdescription of his characters' inner world.e.His four major novels—Edgar huntly (1799), Ormond (1799),Arthur Mervyn (1800), as well as Weland—are all solidevidence of his literary beliefs put into practice.f.Brown began to explore the emotional world of his charactersand found that man is not always controlled by reason and thatsensual experiences, passion and illusion could all impacthuman thinking and emotional responses. He became awarethat the subconscious is mystic and unfathomable and that artis a necessary medium to externalize the deeper impulses ofthe human psyche. In a manner of speaking, Brown's workscan be read as psychological novels. Hisprotagonists—Wieland or Huntly or Ormond—all exhibit theessential characteristics of a neurotic.12）Jonathan Edwards (1703-1758)（乔纳森·爱德华兹）Edwards was born into a very religious New England family. Well prepared by his father, he entered Yale at the age of 13. After graduation in 1720, he stayed on at Yale for a couple of years before he went to a New York Scotch Presbyterian church. In 1723 he returned toYale, took his M. A., and became a tutor. Three years later (1726), he became, first, assistant to his famous grandfather, Solomon Stoddard, the well-known minister of the church of Northampton, Massachusetts and, then, its minister. He preached with horrific vividness in order to make religious ideas felt along the senses. His sermons taught the power of God and the depravity of man and man's need to communicate with the Holy Spirit to receive God's grace. What he was trying to do was to reinstate these Calvinist ideas in ways acceptable to an audience already becoming susceptible to the ideas of Enlightenment. Jonathan Edwards was probably the last great voice that was ever heard in America to reassert the Calvinist stance so as to bring the people back to its fold.His greatest works that have made people remember him even today. These include The Freedom of the Will (1754)（《论意志自由》）, The Great Doctrine of Original Sin Defended (1758)（《论原罪》）, and The Nature of True Virtue (1765)（《论真实德行的本源》）；His sermon "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God,"（《愤怒的上帝手中之罪人》）.He was the first modern American and the country’s last medieval man.In his works,Edwards represents the element of piety, the religious passion, the aspect of emotion and ecstasy, of the New England tradition, a tradition that he did his best but failed torevitalize. He discovered, beneath the dogmas of the old theology, a dynamic world filled with the presence of God.Edwards believes in the regeneration of man. He urges his people to enjoy the sweetness of "conversion," the change of heart with the help of the grace of God.When Edwards saw the sun rise out of darkness and from under the earth, raising the whole world with it, raising mankind out of their beds and brightening up everything, he thought of Jesus Christ rising from His grave and from a state of death and bringing happiness, life and light to the world of man. His Images or Shadows of Divine Things （《圣灵的影像》）contains a great many instances of this kind which were part of the Puritan typological tradition and, in the way that Edwards extends typology beyond the strict limits of the Bible, the work anticipated the nature symbolism of nineteenth-century Transcendentalism. In his doctrines of inward communication of God and man, and of the immanence of God in nature, and in his literary expression of all these ideas, Edwards was, in the words of F. I.Carpenter, a good deal of a transcendentalist.13）Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790)(本杰明·富兰克林)Franklin came from a very simple Calvinist background. Born in 1706 into a candle-maker's family—"poor and obscure" as he says of himself in his Autobiography（《自传》）, he had very little formal education. When still very young he was apprenticed to his olderhalf-brother, a printer, and began at 16, to publish essays under the pseudonym, Silence Dogood, essays commenting on social life in Boston. At 17 he ran away to Philadelphia to make his own fortune. His entrance into the city marked the beginning of a long success story of an archetypal kind. He set himself up as an independent printer and publisher, founded the Junto Club (a society meeting regularly for informal discussions of good books, business ethics etc.) and a subscription library, issued the immensely popular Poor Richard's Almanac（《穷理查年鉴》）and retired around forty-two years of age, soon after he became financially independent.He helped found the Pennsylvania Hospital, an academy which led to the University of Pennsylvania, and the American Philosophical Society.Among the things which he started and for which he is still remembered today were volunteer fire departments, effective street lighting, the Franklin Stove, bifocal glasses, and efficient heating devices. His research on electricity, his famous experiment with his kite line, the experiment that won Immanuel Kant's admiration when the German philosopher called him "the new Prometheus who had stolen fire [electricity in this case] from heaven," his lightning-rod, the recognition he won from the Royal Society of London—all these made him one of the preeminent scientists of his day.His major works: Poor Richard's Almanac and Autobiography.In Poor Richard's Almanac,sayings like "Lost time is never found again," "A penny saved is a penny earned," "God help them that help themselves," "Fish and visitors stink in three days" and "Early to bed, and early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy, and wise"—these and many other similar statements filled the almanac, and taught as much as amused. The practical wisdom of Franklin shone forth rays of grandeur from its pages.AutobiographyThe book consists of four parts, written at different times. Franklin was 65 when he first wrote it.It is an inspiring account of a poor boy’s rise to a high position. It is a how-to-do-it book, one on the art of self-improvement. It covered Franklin’s life only until 1757 when he was 51 years old. It described his life as a shrewd and industrious businessman. He narrated how he owned the constant felicity of his life, his long-continued health and acquisition of fortune.The whole book is an impressive record of a man trying to be of value to mankind: Franklin spent his whole life doing all kinds of things for the welfare of the world, as indeed we have noted a moment earlier. Creating as it does the image of a boy's rise from rags to riches, the book demonstrates Franklin's confident belief that the new world of America was a land of opportunities which might be met through hard work andwise management, and that "one man of tolerable abilities will work great changes and accomplish great affairs among mankind." Thus through telling a success story of self-reliance, the book celebrates, in fact, the fulfillment of the American dream.（14）Hector St. John de Crevecoeur (克雷福科)Crevecoeur was a French settler.He wrote letters back to Europe, explaining the meaning of America to the outside world. The first eight of Crevecoeur's twelve letters reveal the pride of a man being an American, the "new man," planted in a new world, who left behind him the old world with its oppression and servility, working and getting "rewards of his industry" and acquiring the dignity and self-confidence of a true human being in what he called "the most perfect society now existing in the world." In his letters we hear the note of pride in democratic equality and abundance of opportunity, a note we are to hear over and again in the writings of later American authors.The note of pessimism began to vibrate in Letters from an American Farmer (1775)（《美国农民的来信》）.In his lifetime, Crevecoeur also saw and spoke of the illusory nature of that dream. In fact, starting from his ninth letter, he began to speak with a different voice, the voice of a definitely disillusioned man.There in the same New World, he became aware of the existence of slavery, avarice, violence, famine and disease, and all other forms of evil that hethought the American had left behind with his migration to this side of the Atlantic.4. 重点难点Puritanism’s influence on American literature 清教主义对美国的影响（1）American literature—or Anglo-American literature—is based ona myth, that is, the Biblical myth of the Garden of Eden. This literatureis in good measure a literary expression of the pious idealism of the American Puritan bequest.(2)The American Puritan's metaphorical mode of perception waschiefly instrumental in calling into being a literary symbolismwhich is distinctly American.To the pious Puritan the physical,phenomenal world was nothing but a symbol of God.Physical lifewas simultaneously spiritual; every passage of life, en-meshed inthe vast context of God's plan, possessed a delegated meaning. Theworld was, in a word, one of multiple significance.(3)Style: With regard to technique one naturally thinks of thesimplicity, which characterizes the Puritan style of writing. Withregard to their writing, the style is fresh, simple and direct; thestructure is tight and logic; it adopts a lot of homely imagery; therhetoric is plain and honest, not without a touch of nobility oftentraceable to the direct influence of the Bible.(4)A dominant factor in American life, American Puritanism was oneof the most enduring shaping influences in American thought and American literature.It has become, to some extent, so much a state of mind, rather than a set of tenets, so much a part of the national cultural atmosphere that the Americans breathe,that we may state with a degree of safety that, without some understanding of Puritanism, there can be no real understanding of American culture and literature.All this has left an indelible imprint on American writing.Thus American Puritanism has been, by and large, a healthy legacy to the Americans.General features of Colonial American literature殖民时期美国文学特征(1)American literature grew out of humble origins. Diaries,histories, journals, letters,commonplace books, travel books,sermons, in short, personal literature in its various forms,occupy a major position in the literature of the early colonialperiod.(2)In content these early writings served either God or colonialexpansion or both. Most of them were practical matter-of-factaccounts of life in the new world; there were highly theoreticaldiscussions of religious questions.。
美国文学复习提纲
第一部分殖民时期一、时期综述（关于清教的应该都是重点）1、清教徒采用的文学体裁：A、narratives 日记B、journals 游记2、清教徒在美国的写作内容：①their voyage to the new land ②adapting themselves to unfamiliar climates and crops③about dealing with Indians ④guide to the new land, endless bounty，invitation to bold spirit★3、清教徒的想法：①Puritans want to make up pure their religious beliefs and practices.净化信仰和行为方式②wish to restore simplicity to church services and the authority of the Bible to theology.重建教堂，提供简单服务，建立神圣地位③look upon themselves as a chosen people，and it follow logically that anyone who challenged their way of life is opposing God’s will and is not to be accepted。
认为自己是上帝选民，对他们的生活有异议就是反对上帝。
④Puritan opposition to pleasure and the arts sometimes has been exaggerated.反对对快乐和艺术的追求到了十分荒唐的地步。
⑤religious teaching tended to emphasize the image of a wrathful God。
强调上帝严厉的一面，忽视上帝仁慈的一面.4、典型的清教徒：John Cotton and Roger Williams他们的不同:John Cotton was much more concerned with authority than with democracy。
美国文学史及选读
History And Anthology of American Literature (VolumeⅠ)美国文学史及选读1PartⅠThe Literature of Colonial America殖民主义时期的文学1.17世纪早期English and European explorers开始登陆美洲。
在他们之前100多年Caribbean Islands, Mexico andother Parts of South America已被the Spanish占领。
2.17th早期English settlements in Virginia and Massachusetts(弗吉尼亚和马萨诸塞)开始了美国历史3.美国最早殖民者(earliest settlers)included Dutch ,Swedes ,Germans ,Freunch ,Spaniards ,Italians and Portugueses(荷兰人，瑞典人，德国人，法国人，西班牙人，意大利人及葡萄牙人等)。
4.美国早期文学主要为the narratives and journals of these settlements采用in diaries and in journals(日记和日志)，他们写关于the land with dense forests and deep-blue lakes and rich soil.5.第一批美国永久居民：the first permanent English settlement in North America was established atJamestown,Virginia in 1607(北美弗吉尼亚詹姆斯顿)。
6.船长约翰·史密斯Captain John Smith他的作品(reports of exploration)17th早期出版，被认为是美国第一部真正意义上的文学作品in the early 1600s,have been described as the first distinctly American literature written in English.他讲述了filled with themes, myths, images, scenes, character and events,吸引了朝圣者和清教徒前往lure the Pilgrims and the Puritans.7.美国第一位作家：1608年Captain John Smith写了封信《自殖民地第一次在弗吉尼亚垦荒以来发生的各种事件的真实介绍》“A True Relation of Such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath Happened in Virginia Since the First Planting of That Colony”.8.他的第二本书1612年《弗吉尼亚地图，附：一个乡村的描述》“A Map of Virginia: with a Description of theCountry”.9.他一共出版了八本书，其中有关于新英格兰的历史及描述。
美国文学简史学习指南(第4版)
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1.1 殖民地时期文学概述。
美国文学第1章(殖民及革命时期文学)
In 1942, Christopher Columbus found the new continent called America. ⑵ Immigrants: Spanish (they built the first town on the new continent); Dutch (they built New York city at the beginning stage); French (today still lots of people’s mother tongue is French in North America)
American Puritanism（清教主义）
To
be a Puritan: taking religion as the most important thing; living for glorifying God; believing predestination（命运天定）, original sin（原罪，人生下来就是有罪的， 因为人类的祖先亚当和夏娃是有罪的）, total depravity（人类是完全堕落的，所以人要处 处小心自己的行为，要尽可能做到最好以取 悦上帝）, limited atonement（有限救赎，只 有被上帝选中的人才能得到上帝的拯救）
Idiosyncratic Features of American Literature
Colonial
American Literature
Colonial Literature ⑴ General features ◆ Humble origins: diaries, histories, letters etc. ◆ In content: serving either God or colonial expansion or both ◆ In form: imitating English literary traditions
美国文学——独立革命时期
美国独立革命时期的文学（一）独立革命时期的历史背景18世纪的美国经历了两场革命：一场是独立战争，这场革命诞生了一个新的国家，它对美国社会的影响超过了在此之前的任何事件；另一场革命就是启蒙运动。
这是一场知识革命，其理智精神激励着美国的知识界，将他们带入了一个新的思想境界，超越在此之前的清教主义的局限。
这两场运动产生了一大批政治和文学人物，如：本杰明·富兰克林、托马斯·潘恩、托马斯·杰弗逊等，他们的文学天赋使他们成为了政治领袖，也让文学成为了革命的一部分。
随着殖民地的不断扩大，欧洲各国在北美殖民地的矛盾冲突进一步激化。
哥伦布发现“新大陆”后，西班牙人首先在北美站稳了脚跟，进而占领了西印度群岛，1565年在弗罗里达建立了第一个殖民地。
法国占领了奎北克地区。
到了17世纪，法国人逐步深入到了大湖区和密西西比地区。
欧洲各国在商贸、交通等活动中矛盾重重，战争不可避免。
欧洲殖民者在新大陆的战争于17世纪末开始，经历了英法1689年的奥哥斯伯格联盟战争；1702—1713年的英国和西法联军的战争；1745—1748年间的奥地利继承权战争等一系列的战争，英国殖民者最终大获全胜。
战争的胜利使得英属北美殖民地的经济和军事实力进一步加强。
到了18世纪殖民地的人们纷纷提出要进一步团结起来的主张。
到1760—1776年间革命的团结的思想逐渐形成。
美国革命的原因即有政治方面的，也有经济方面的。
为进一步掠夺殖民地的资源，英国政府先后颁发了一系列有损于殖民地人民利益的法案。
航海和商业法伤害了北方殖民者的感情；1763年的山禁政策使广大殖民地人民感到不可容忍；1765年的印花税法更加激怒了十三个殖民地的人民；1767年的宅地法引起了人民的公开抵制。
1773年爆发了波士顿革命事件；1775年列克星敦的枪声标志着美国革命的开始。
美国人民向英国统治者打响了第一枪。
战争持续了6年，在华盛顿将军的带领下，在经历了一系列的挫折和失败之后，殖民地人民最终迎来了美国的独立。
美国文学概论1作者作品
美国文学概论1作者作品美国文学作者作品1一、殖民主义时期The Literature of Colonial America1.Captain John Smith 船长约翰·史密斯A True Relation of Such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath Happened in Virginia Since the First Planting of That Colony 《自殖民地第一次在弗吉尼亚垦荒以来发生的各种事件的真实介绍》? A Map of Virginia: with a Description of the Country《弗吉尼亚地图，附：一个乡村的描述》General History of Virginia 《弗吉尼亚通史》2.William Bradford 威廉·布拉德福德The History of Plymouth Plantation 《普利茅斯开发历史》3.John Winthrop 约翰·温思罗普The History of New England 《新英格兰历史》4.Roger Williams 罗杰·威廉姆斯A Key into the Language of America 《开启美国语言的钥匙》A Help to the Language of the Natives in That Part of America Called New England或叫《美洲新英格兰部分土著居民语言指南》5.Anne Bradstreet 安妮·布莱德斯特The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America 《在美洲诞生的第十个谬斯》二、理性和革命时期文学The Literature of Reason and Revolution1. Jonathan Edwards 乔纳森·爱德华兹1703-1758Personal Narrative 《自述》The Freedom of the Will 《意志的自由》The Great Doctrine of Original Sin defended 《原罪说辩》The Nature of True Virtue 《神灵的形影》2. Thomas Paine托马斯·潘恩1737-1809The Case of the Officers of Excise 《税务员问题》Common Sense 《常识》American Crisis 《美国危机》Rights of Man 《人的权利》Downfall of Despotism 《专制体制的崩溃》The Age of Reason 《理性时代》3. Benjamin Franklin本杰明·富兰克林1706-1790The Autobiography 《自传》Poor Richard’s Almanac 《格言历书》The Way to Wealth 《致富之道》A Modest Inquiry into the Nature and Necessity of a Paper Money4. Hector St·John D e Crevecoeur 赫克托·圣约翰·戴·克里夫古尔1735-1813Letters front an American Farmer 《来自一个美国农夫的信》V oyage dans La haute Pennsylvanie et dans L’ etat de New York 《宾夕法尼亚州北部与纽约州游记》Sketches of Eighteenth Century America 《十八世纪美国见闻》5. Philip Freneau菲利普·弗伦诺1752-1832The Rising Glory of America 《美洲光辉的兴起》The Jamaica Funeral 《牙买加葬礼》The Beauties of Same Cruz 《圣克鲁斯的美丽风光》The House if Night 《夜之屋》The British Prison Ship 《英国囚船》National Gazette 《民族之声》——作为主编The Wild Honeysuckle 《野金银花》The Indian Burying Ground 《印第安人墓地》The Dying Indian: Tomo Chequi 《奄奄一息的印第安人：托姆·柴吉》To the Memory of the Brave Americans 《纪念美国勇士》——同类诗中最佳三、浪漫主义文学The Literature of Romanticism1.Washington Irving华盛顿·欧文1783-1859The Author’s Account of Himself 《作者自叙》The Legend of Sleepy Hollow 《睡谷传奇》Sketch Book 《见闻札记》Jonathan Oldstyle 《乔纳森·欧尔德斯泰尔》A History of New York 《纽约外史》Bracebridge Hall 《布雷斯布里奇庄园》Tales of Traveller 《旅行者故事》Charles the Second Or The Merry Monarch 《查理二世》或《快乐君主》A History of the Life and V oyages of Christopher Columbus 《克里斯托弗·哥伦布生平及航海历史》? A Chronicle of the Conquest of Grandad 《格拉纳达征服编年史》aV oyages and Discoveries of the Companions of Columbus 《哥伦布同伴航海及发现》Alhambra 《阿尔罕布拉》Legends of the Conquest of Spain 《西班牙征服传说》A Tour on the Prairies 《草原游记》Astoria 《阿斯托里亚》The Adventures of Captain Bonneville 《博纳维尔船长历险记》Life of Oliver Goldsmith 《奥立弗·戈尔德史密斯》Life of George Washington 《乔治·华盛顿传》2.James Fenimore Cooper詹姆斯·费尼莫尔·库珀1789-1851The Spy 《间谍》Leather Stocking T ales 《皮袜子五部曲》The Pioneers 《开拓者》The Last of the Mohicans 《最后的莫希干人》The Prairie 《草原》The Pathfinder 《探路者》The Deerslayer 《杀鹿者》The Pilot 《领航者》U.S. Navy 《美国海军》The Littlepage Manuscripts 《利特佩奇的手稿》3.William Cullen Bryant 威廉?卡伦?布莱恩特(1794-1878)To a Waterfowl 《致水鸟》Thanatopsis 《死之思考》四、超验主义文学New England Transcendentalism1.Ralf Waldo Emerson拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生1803-1882Nature 《论自然》——新英格兰超验主义者的宣言书Essays：First Series 《散文选：第一集》Essays：Second Series 《散文选：第二集》Representative Men 《代表性人物》English Traits 《英国人的特征》The Conduct of Life 《论处世为人》Self-Reliance 《论自助》The American Scholar 《论美国学者》——American’s Declaration of Intellectual Independence ?The Divinity School Address 《神学院致辞》The Oversoul 《论超灵》The Transcendentalist 《超验主义者》2.Henry David Thoreau亨利·大卫·梭罗1817-1862Walden, or Life in the Woods《华腾湖或林中生活》Civil Disobedience《非暴力反抗》The Maine Woods 《缅因森林》Cape Cod 《科德角》A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers 《康科德和梅里马科河上的一周》?Slavery in Massachusetts 《马萨诸塞省的奴隶制》A Plea for Captain John Brown 《为约翰·布朗请命》Letters to Various Persons 《书信集》3.Henry Wadsworth Longfellow亨利?沃兹沃思?朗费罗1807-1882The Song of Hiawatha 《海华沙之歌》——美国人写的第一部印第安人史诗?V oices of the Night 《夜吟》Ballads and Other Poems 《民谣及其他诗》Belfry of Bruges and Other Poems 《布鲁茨的钟楼及其他诗》Tales of a Wayside Inn 《路边客栈的故事》——诗集An April Day 《四月的一天》A Psalm of Life 《人生颂》Paul Revere’s Ride 《保罗?里维尔的夜奔》Evangeline 《伊凡吉琳》The Courtship of Miles Standish 《迈尔斯?斯坦迪什的求婚》——叙事长诗Poems on Slavery 《奴役篇》——反蓄奴组诗4.Nathaniel Hawthorne纳撒尼尔·霍桑1804-1864Twice-told Tales 《故事重述》Mosses from an Old Manse 《古宅青苔》The Scarlet Letter 《红字》The House of the Seven Gables 《七个尖角阁的房子》The Blithedale Romance 《福谷传奇》The Marble Faun 《大理石雕像》Young Goodman Brown 《年轻小伙子布朗》——心理若们罗曼史The Custom House 《海关大楼》The Minister’s Black Veil 《教长的黑面纱》Dr. Rappacini’s Daughter 《拉普奇尼博士的女儿》5.Herman Melville赫尔曼·梅尔维尔1819-1891Moby-Dick 《白鲸——莫比·迪克》Typee 《泰比》Omoo 《欧穆》Mardi 《玛地》White Jacket 《白外套》Billy Budd 《比利·巴德》Battle Pieces 《战争诗集》Clarel 《克拉泰尔》Pierre 《皮埃尔》6.Walt Whitman沃尔特·惠特曼1819-1892Leaves of Grass 《草叶集》Song of Myself 《自我之歌》Democratic Vistas 《民主远景》Drum-taps 《桴鼓集》O Star of France 《啊，法兰西之星》7.Emily Dickinson埃米莉·迪金森1830-1886Because I could not stop for Death 《我不能等候死神》I taste a liquor never brewed 《我品味未经酿造的饮料》I felt a Funeral, in my Brain 《我意识到一场葬礼》A Bird came down the Walk 《鸟儿沿着小径过来》I died for Beauty-but was scarce 《我为美而死》I heard a Fly buzz—when I died 《听到苍蝇的嗡嗡声—我死时》8.Edgar Allan Poe埃德加·爱伦·坡1809-1849（以诗为诗；永为世人共赏的伟大抒情诗人-----叶芝）The Raven 《乌鸦》To Helen 《献给海伦》Israfel 《伊斯拉菲尔》The City in the Sea 《海城》Tamerlane and Other Poems 《帖木儿和其他诗》Al Araaf, Tamerlane and Minor Poems 《艾尔·阿拉夫，帖木儿和其他诗》Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque 《怪诞奇异故事集》The Purloined Letter 《被盗的信》The Murders in the Rue Morgue 《莫格路上的暗杀》MS. Found in a Bottle 《在瓶子里发现的手稿》The Oval Portrait 《椭圆形的画像》The Imp of the Perverse 《反常的小鬼》William Wilson 《威廉·威尔逊》The Fall of the House of Usher 《厄舍古屋的倒塌》The Masque of the Red Death 《红色死亡的化妆舞会》The Cask of Amontillado 《一桶酒的故事》Ligeia 《莉吉娅》Annabel Lee 《安娜贝尔·李》——歌特风格；首开近代侦探小说先河，又是法国象征主义运动的源头9.Harriet Beecher Stowe哈丽特·比彻·斯托1811-1896Uncle T om’s Cabin 《汤姆叔叔的小屋》A Tale of the Great Dismal Swamp 《德雷德阴暗大沼地的故事片》The Min ister’s Wooing 《牧师的求婚》The Pearl of Orr’s Island 《奥尔岛的珍珠》Oldtown Folks 《老城的人们》五、现实主义文学The age of Realism1.William Dean Howells 威廉·狄恩·豪威尔斯1837-1920A Modern Instance 《现代婚姻》The Rise of Silas Lapham 《赛拉斯·拉帕姆的发迹》Criticism and Fiction 《批评和散文》Literature and Life 《文学与生活》A Hazard of Now Fortunes 《时来运转》A Traveller from Altruia 《从利他国来的旅客》Through the Eye of the Needle 《透过针眼》——乌托邦小说;Novel-Writing and Novel-Reading 《小说创作与小说阅读》2.Henry James享利·詹姆斯1843-1916The Art of Fiction 《小说的艺术》Daisy Miller 《苔瑟·密勒》The American 《美国人》The Portrait of a Lady 《贵妇人画像》The Bostonians 《波士顿人》The Princess Casamassima 《卡萨玛西玛公主》What Maisie Knew 《梅西的见闻》The Wings of the Dove 《鸽翼》The Ambassadors 《使节》The Golden Bowl 《金碗》Hawthorne 《霍桑》Partial Portraits 《不完全的画像》六、地方色彩文学Local colorism1.Mark Twain马克?吐温835-1910（Samuel Longhorne Clemens ——美国文学的一大里程碑The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County 《卡拉韦拉斯县驰名的跳蛙》Life on the Mississippi 《密西西比河上》The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn 《哈克贝利?费恩历险记》Roughing It 《艰苦岁月》The Gilded Age 《镀金时代》The Adventures of Tom Sawyer 《汤姆·索耶历险记》The Prince and the Pauper 《王子和贫儿》A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur’s Court 《在亚瑟王朝廷里的的康涅狄格州美国人》Pudd’nhead Wilson 《傻瓜威尔逊》Personal Recollections of Joan of Arc 《冉?达克——圣女贞德》Following the Equator 《赤道旅行记》The Man That Corrupted Hadleyburg 《败坏了赫德莱堡的人》What Is Man 《人是怎么回事》The Mysterious Stranger 《神秘的来客》The Innocent’s Abroad傻瓜出国记;Autobiography 《自传》七、美国自然主义文学American Naturalism1.Stephen Crane斯蒂芬·克莱恩1871-1900Maggie, A Girl of the Streets 《街头女郎玛琪》（美国文学史上首次站在同情立场上描写受辱妇女的悲惨命运）The Red Badge of Courage 《红色英勇勋章》George’s Mother 《乔治的母亲》Active Service 《服现役》The Back Riders and Other Lines 《黑衣骑士及其他》War Is Kind 《战争是仁慈的》The Bride Comes to Yellow Sky 《新娘来到黄天镇》The Blue Hotel 《蓝色旅馆》The Open Boat 《海上扁舟》2.Frank Norris弗兰克·诺里斯1870-1902McTeague麦克提格（naturalistic）Vandover and the Brute 《凡陀弗与兽性》The Epic of the Wheat(realistic) 《小麦生产、销售和消费三部曲》The Octopus 《章鱼》The Pit 《粮食交易所》The Wolf 《狼》（未完成去世）Moran of the Lady Letty 《茱蒂夫人号上的莫兰》（romantic）3.Theodore Dreiser西奥多·德莱塞1871-1945Sister Carrie 《嘉莉姐妹》Jennie Gerhardt 《珍妮姑娘》Trilogy of Desire 《欲望三部曲》The Financer 《金融家》The Titan 《巨头》The Stoic 《斯多葛》The “Genius” 《天才》An American Tragedy 《美国的悲剧》（被称为美国最伟大的小说）?Nigger Jeff 《黑人杰弗》4.Edwin Arlington Robinson鲁宾逊1869-1935Man Against the Sky衬托着天空的人Richard CoryMiniver CheevyFlammondeCaptain Craig 《克雷格上尉》——诗体小说The T own Down the River 《河上的城镇》The;Avon’s Harvest 《沃冯的收成》Collected Poems 《诗集》5.Jack London杰克?伦敦1876-1916Marti Eden 《马丁·伊登》The People of the Abyss 《深渊中的人们》The War of the Classes 《阶级间的战争》The Iron Heel 《铁蹄》The Call of the Wild 《野性的呼唤》White Fang 《白牙》The Son of the Wolf 《狼之子》The Sea-wolf 《海狼》The Law of Life 《生活的法则》Revolution革命。
英语专八美国文学
American Literature第一阶段独立革命之前（十七世纪中期之前）The Literature before the Revolution of Independence第一节美国本土文学（美国印第安传统文学）Native American Literature (The Traditional Literature of the American Indians)Three stages of development: traditional literature---transitional literature---modern literature第二节北美殖民时期文学（十六世纪末—十七世纪中）Literature of Colonial SettlementsJohn Smith (1580-1631)---the “first author” in the history of American literature;第一位美国作家---A True Relation with a Description of the Country (1608) 《关于弗吉尼亚的真实叙述》was considered to be the “first book” in American literature.美国文学史上的“第一部作品”第三节清教思想的表述PuritanismAmerican Puritanism stressed predestination, original sin, total depravity, and limited atonement from God’s grace. 第二阶段独立革命时期（17C中期—18C末）The Literature around the Revolution of Independence With Franklin as its spokesman, the literature of this period experienced an age of reason and order. Thomas Jefferson’s attitude, that is, a firm belief in progress, and the pursuit of happiness, is typical of the period we now call Age of Reason.第三阶段浪漫主义时期（十八世纪末—十九世纪中后期）American Romanticism was also called American Renaissance. Romantics shared characteristics: moral enthusiasm, individuality and intuitive perception.第四阶段现实主义时期（十九世纪中期—二十世纪初）American RealismMajor Features: 1) Straightforward or matter-of-fact manner;2) Focus on commonness of the lives of the common people;3) Objective rather than idealistic view of human nature;4) Present moral visions;5) Usually open ending.American industrialization was the first important factor of the development of American Realistic literature. This was the beginning of the Age of Realism, which is also called “the Gilded Age” by Mark Twain.The development of the Far West was the second important factor to promote the literary development. (The Gold Rush)Local color fiction had a brief vogue when Realism first emerged in America.第五阶段现代主义时期（二十世纪初—）American ModernismModernism used to show the literary art possessing outstanding characteristics in conception, feeling, form and style after the WWⅠ. It means cutting off history and a sense of despair and loss. It refused to accept the traditional concept of value and all traditional ideological influences.。
美国文学史
美国文学史美国文学作为世界文学中的一支重要力量，具有独特的发展历程和风格。
从殖民地时期开始，美国文学就逐渐形成了自己的特色，逐步走向独立和多元化。
本文将从不同时期和流派的角度，对美国文学史进行探讨。
殖民地文学时期在殖民地时期，北美洲最早由英国、荷兰和法国等欧洲国家殖民，形成了各具特色的殖民地文学。
早期殖民者主要是宗教领袖和移民，他们的文学作品大多与宗教和生活有关。
其中，《普利茅斯纪事》是北美最早的历史文学作品之一，记录了普利茅斯殖民地的建立和发展历程。
独立战争与浪漫主义美国独立战争的胜利为美国文学的繁荣奠定了基础。
浪漫主义在19世纪初发展起来，强调个人主义、自然和民族主义，代表作品有爱默生的《自然》和露易丝·梅·奥尔科特的《小女亨丽特》等。
这一时期的作品多表现出对自由、民主和原生态的向往，具有强烈的思想性和感情色彩。
现实主义和自然主义19世纪中后期，美国文学逐渐发展出现实主义和自然主义两大流派。
现实主义作品关注于社会生活和人性，代表作品有马克·吐温的《哈克贝利·费恩历险记》和亨利·詹姆斯的《彭伯顿夫人》等。
自然主义则更加强调环境和遗传的影响，代表作品有杰克·伦敦的《野性的呼唤》和斯蒂芬·克莱恩的《红字》等。
这一时期的作品在探讨社会问题和人性方面展现出了深度和广度。
现代主义和后现代主义20世纪初，现代主义在美国兴起，表现出对传统文学形式和观念的挑战。
代表作家有欧内斯特·海明威、弗吉尼亚·吴尔芙和威廉·福克纳等，他们的作品多以流畅的叙述和复杂的心理描写为特点。
后现代主义则更加强调对现实的怀疑和对语言的实验，代表作家有托马斯·品钦和唐·德里罗斯等，他们的作品反映出了当代社会的多样性和碎裂性。
结语美国文学历经多个阶段和流派的发展，呈现出了多样的表现形式和思想内涵。
从殖民地时期到现代，美国文学逐渐形成了独具特色的风格和传统。
美国文学史选读整理第一部分殖民地时期的文学
第一部分殖民地时期的文学17世纪历史文化背景1.17世纪早期，英国人最终在弗吉尼亚Virginia和马萨诸塞Massachusetts定居，奠定了人们熟知的美国主流文化的基础2.The first writings that we call American were the narratives and journals of these settlements.3.The first permanent English settlement in North America was established at Jamestown, Virginia in 1607.4.New England: 美国东北部地区，范围包括缅因州，新罕布什尔，佛蒙特，马萨诸塞，罗得岛和康涅狄格。
1614年由英国人John Smith命名。
5.Jamestown: 北美洲英国第一个永久性殖民地，建于1607.5.14.这里最先种植烟草，建立了大陆上第一个代议制政府（1619），运进第一批非洲奴隶，建立了美洲第一个圣公会教堂。
6.John SmithWilliam Byrd II:文学巨匠，《分界线的历史》Thomas Jefferson: 政治型学者，美国第三任总统，《独立宣言》的主要起草人，《英属美洲权利概述》（1774）：英国国会无权为殖民地制定法律；《弗吉尼亚笔记》：种族问题。
美国第一位作家：Captain John Smith1.<A True Relation of Such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath Happened in Virginia Since the FirstPlanting of That Colony>16082.<A Map of Virginia>1612（第二本书，共出版了8本书,部分记载了关于新英格兰的事）3.<General History of Virginia>1624有关于酋长之女波卡洪特斯Pocahontas的故事早期新英格兰文学：1.勤劳hard work、节俭thrift、虔诚piety、节制sobriety2.The Puritans had come to New England for the sake of religious freedom, while Virginia had been plantedmainly as a commercial venture.3.清教传教士：John Cotton约翰·科登，Cotton Mather科登·马瑟William Bradford and John Winthrop1.Plymouth: 普利茅斯，北美第二个英国殖民地，1620五月花号抵达地2.威廉·布拉德福德（1590-1657）：<The History of Plymouth Plantation>(普利茅斯开发史)From my years young in days of youth那时我青春年少懵懂无知God did make known to me His Truth上帝眷顾教我真理And call’d me from my native place蒙他召唤我离开家乡For to enjoy the Means of Grace矢志追寻他的荣光In wilderness He did me guide苍茫大地他给我指引And in strange lands for me provide陌生土地终归我统领……As Pilgrim passed I to and fro.我作为清教徒而来，我作为清教徒而去3.约翰·温思罗普（1588-1649）：<The History of New England>(新英格兰史)清教徒的思想1.As the word itself hints, Puritans wanted to make pure their religious beliefs and practices. The Puritan wasa “would-be purified.”2.The Puritans wished to restore simplicity to church services and the authority of the Bible to theology.3.Separatists—they wished to break free from the Church of England.4.Emphasize the image of a wrathful God and to forget his mercy.Anne Bradstreet and Edward Taylor清教徒诗人1.安妮·布雷兹特里特（1612-72）：<The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America>(在美洲诞生的第十个缪斯); <Upon the Burning of Our House>; 《沉思录》；《疲乏的朝圣者》2.爱德华·泰勒（1642-1729）：清教徒诗人中最杰出的一位。
L01 殖民时期及十八世纪美国文学
Amerigo Vespucci: Italian sailor,who sailed
to Brazil in 1501 and noted that they had arrived at a new continent. It was after him that the new land was named: America.
《美国危机》
The Rights of Man《人权》 The Age of Reason《理性时代》
Benjamin Franklin
Life
(1706-1790)
本杰明·富兰克林
Main works Style of writing Embodiment of the American Dream
Puritans’ way of Life
Over the years in the new homeland the Puritans built a way of life that stressed hard work, thrift, piety, and sobriety. In Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter there is a good description of the Puritans’ life.
Puritanism vs. Confucianism (p13) Influence on American literature
Optimistic attitude (origin of the American Dream) (p14) Literary symbolism (p14) Style of writing (p15)
了解美国文学史分期,简述各期 文学创作特点 (120字左右
了解美国文学史分期,简述各期文学创作特点(120字左右1、第一阶段：殖民时期（约1607-1765）这一时期大约从1607年JohnSmith船长带领第一批移民在北美大陆建立第一个英国殖民地Jamestown到1765殖民地人们愤怒抗议英国政府颁布的印花税法。
2、第二阶段：启蒙时期与独立战争时期（1765-18世纪末）这是北美人民争取独立、建立美利坚和中和国的时期。
18世纪30年代，在欧洲启蒙主义和自然神论等哲学思潮的影响下，上帝的作用大大削弱，清教徒们掀起一场“大觉醒”运动。
18世纪末期，北美大陆的政治形势发展很快，从1765年英国殖民者第一次反对英国政府的印花税到1789年美国联邦政府成立，文学作品主要围绕着革命的必要性、革命的前途和方向、政府的形式与性质等问题。
3、浪漫主义时期（1800-1865）19世纪初，美国完全摆脱了对英国的依赖，以独立国家的身份进入世界政治舞台。
民族文学开始全面繁荣，逐渐打破英国文学在美国的垄断局面。
这时期作家们跟英国浪漫主义作家一样，强调文学的想象力和感情色彩，反对古典主义的形式和观点，歌颂大自然，崇尚个人和普通人的思想感情，并且寻根问祖，发幽古之思情。
特别是以爱默生为代表的超验主义（Transcendentalism）的倡导, 这些作家们主张人能超越感觉和理性而直接认识真理，摒弃以神为中心的清教教义。
4、现实主义时期（1865-1918）南北战争（1861-1865）以后到第一次世界大战爆发，美国完成了从农业社会到工业社会的转化，社会面貌和经济生活开始发生急剧的变化。
工业化带来了蓬勃兴旺的发展，同时也带来了政治日趋腐败，政界丑闻屡见不鲜，是人们重新认识新的生活和新开发的土地。
于是乡土文学得到了很大的发展。
5、现代主义时期（1918-1945）自20世纪开始，美国文学进入新的时代。
第一次世界大战对美国人的思想和精神面貌产生极大的影响。
人们对于自由民主的信念开始动摇，普遍感到迷茫，甚至绝望。
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第一章殖民地时期及独立革命时期的美国文学
I.知识结构
II.知识点精讲
1.时代背景
1)The Native American and their culture---Indians. Before Christopher
Columbus discovered the American continent, there was no real literature.
2)Christopher Columbus discovered the American continent in 1492.
3)Captain Christopher Newport reached Virginia in 1607.
4)Puritans came to the New England area, by Mayflower（五月花号）in
1620.
In 1629, the puritans established the Massachusetts Bay Colony.（马萨
诸塞湾）
Puritans came to America out of various reasons, but it should be remembered that they were a group of serious, religious people, advocating highly religious and moral principles. It is true that they wished to escape religious persecution—and the English government regarded its American colony as an ideal dumping ground for the undesirables, but they were also determined to find a place where they could worship in the way they thought true Christians should.They regarded themselves as God's chosen people, they were meant to reestablish a commonwealth based on the teachings of the Bible, restore the lost paradise, and build the wilderness into a new Garden of Eden. 5)The puritan migration began.
The settlement of the North American continent by the English began in the early part of the seventeenth century. The first settlers who became the founding fathers of the American nation were quite a few of them Puritans. They carried with them to America a code of values, a philosophy of life, and a point of view, which, in time, took root in the New World and became what is popularly known as American Puritanism.
6) The British Industrial revolution (1750-1830) spurred the economy in American colonies; in American, there was War of Independence (1776-1783); the spiritual life of the colonies----Enlightenment began to
appear. Thus, this period was the literature of reason and revolution (1781-1815).
2.名词解释
1）Puritans（清教徒）: They are one division of English Protestant.
They regarded the reformation of the church under Elizabeth as incomplete, and called for further purification.
The 17th century American Puritans included two parts: Separatists and Massachusetts Bay Group. Their religious doctrines are original sin, total depravity, predestination and limited atonement (or the salvation of a selected few) through a special infusion of grace from God. They regarded themselves as chosen people of God. They were meant to reestablish a commonwealth based on the teachings of the Bible, restore the lost paradise, and build the wilderness into a new Garden of Eden. They opposed arts and pleasure. They suspect joy and laughter as symptoms of sin.
They are opposed to mysticism and pantheism because these tended to destroy the transcendence of God.
They embraced hardships, industry and frugality. They favored
a disciplined, hard, somber, ascetic and harsh life. Their attitudes
toward work: work itself is good in addition to what it achieves, that time saved by efficiency or good fortune should be spent in doing further work. Pushing the frontiers with them as they moved。