7. The characteristics of Chinese
Quiz2测验完整版
B1_U3 Text A停办cease hold文化大革命the Cultural Revolution位于be located in解释，说明account for被充分开发be fully exploited to在…到…范围内变化range from to持续增长consistently increase与... 相符合fit in with以…的形状in the shape of巨大的技术进步immense advancement in techniques展览, 公开展出on display国际交流international exchange1.What is this festival famous for?It famous for its exquisite and artistic ice and snow sculptures.2.Why do we say that the ice festival is important for tourism?This is china’s original and greatest ice artwork festival ,attracting hundreds of thousands of local people and visitors from all over the world.Text C四月中旬fall in mid-April与…相当be equivalent to农历lunar calendar佛像the Buddha Statue扔绣球throw embroidered balls放高升shoot bamboo fireworks讲述tell of诱骗某人干某事trick sb into doing sth切掉cut off轮流干某事take turns doing sth辞旧迎新send off the old year and greet the new one1.What is water splashing festival aimed at?The water slashing festival is said to be aimed at washing away the evil spirits of the old year and welcoming the joy of the new.2.What are the meanings of the three days of this festival?The first day is equivalent to the New Year’s Eve on the lunar calendar.The second day is considered as a surplus day.The third day falls on New Year’s Day.B2_U2 Text B以…的名字命名be named after仙丹magic pills for immortality总称collective name有…引以为豪的事物boast of各种各样的great variety of因…而著名be celebrated for由于thanks to保护的好的生态系统well-preserved ecosystem濒临于，接近于on the verge of某地特有的be endemic to自然栖息地the natural habitat全年all the year round避暑胜地summer resort1.What are the Four Wonders of Mt. Huangshan?The oddly shaped pines,grotesque rocks,sea of clouds and hot springs.2.In what aspects does natural environment influence Mt. Huangshan’s ecosystem? Forest,species and animals.Text C玉带jade ribbon海平面sea level世界遗产名录World Heritage List避暑胜地summer resort授予称号bestow the title国家地质公园National Geopark of China4A级旅游景区AAAA-rated Tourism District赞之不尽beyond all praise候鸟migratory birds世界奇观world wonder富于，有大量的…abounds in享有很高的声誉enjoy high prestige书法作品calligraphic works一大景quite a sight阴暗处shady places与自然景观巧妙融合be well integrated with the natural scenery群聚in clusters密集的挤在一起be densely packed together养眼/赏心悦目pleasing to the eye1.What makes it a world wonder?The immense flocks of cranes dancing over the lake’s water2.What are quite sight on Lushan? Say something about it.The villas are quit a sight on Lushan. There are about 600 villas here,with the styles of 18 nations and cultures.Each villa is an individual building complex with unique style and sculture,including styles of Rome and Gothic churches,Japanese buildings and Islamic Mosques.B2_U3 Text B位于lie in佛教圣山Buddhist mountains佛教经文Buddhist scriptures对……表达敬意/献给pay homage与……的联系associations of达到鼎峰enjoy its zenith佛教礼仪Buddhist rituals焚香the burning of incense早鸣钟the tolling of bells in the morning晚击鼓the beating of drums in the evening文殊菩萨Manjusri Bodhisattva舍利子Buddha Relics供奉be dedicated to1.Can you name at least 3 famous temples on Mt. Wutai?Xiantong Temple,Tayuan Temple,Manjusri Temple,Shuxiang Temple,Luohou Temple 2.Who is dedicated to on Mt. Wutai?Manjusri Bodhisattva(Wenshu Buddha in Chinese,Buddha of Wisdoms)Text C继位take the throne皇宫Imperial palace建筑群building complex世界文化遗产World Cultural Heritage List人与自然统一Unity of human beings and nature封建伦理feudal ethic and undermined由……组成be composed of除……之外apart from归因于be attributed to由来已久be of long standing1.What is Mt.Wudang famous for?Its magnificent and mysterious ancient temples.2.When were Wudang temples initially built? When was it expanded?Tang Dynasty. Song Dynasty.3.When was the large-scale construction?Ming Dynasty.4.When was it put on the World Heritage list? For what reasons?1994,UNESCO formally inscribed the Ancient Buiding Complex in Wudang Mountains on its World Cultural Heritage List.B1_U4 Text A中国菜Chinese food享有很高的声誉enjoy a high reputation中国烹饪Chinese cookery做工精良precise processing火候amount of heat因地而异vary from region to region刀工slicing techniques当地农产品local produce常被用于be frequently used as保持天然的味道freshness and tenderness still remaining烹饪技巧cooking techniques雕工carving techniques回锅肉twice-cooked pork总结be summed up毫不夸张地说it is no exaggeration to say that1.What are the characteristics of Chinese cookery?It is characterized by fine selection of ingredients,precise processing,particular care to the amount of heat,and substantial nourishment.2.What are the four typical cuisines of Chinese food?Shandong cuisines,Cantonese cuisines,Jiangsu cuisine,Sichuan cuisines3.What features Shandong cuisine?Shandong cuisine is generally salty,with a prevalence of light-colored sauces.The dishes feature choice of materials,adept slicing techniques and perfect cooking skills.Shandong dishes taste pungent.4.What is essential in Cantonese cuisine?Soup is essential in Cantonese cuisine.5.What cooking techniques does Huaiyang cuisine conclude?Cooking techniques consist of stewing,braising,roasting,and simmering.6.What is Sichuan cuisine characterized by? What does it emphasize?Sichuan cuisine is characterized by its numerous varieties of delicacies and strong flavors,and is best known for being spicy-hot.It emphasizes the use of chili,red pepper,and hot oil.e one sentence to sum up the characteristic flavor of China’s four major cuisines. The light southern cuisine,the salty northern cuisine,the sweet eastern cuisine and the spicy western cuisine.Text C茗茶tea drinking茶文化tea culture茶圣tea sage茶经The Classic of Tea花茶scented tea紧压茶compressed tea茶叶tea leaves属于……类别fall into …category部分发酵be made after partial fermentation在加工的过程中in the course of茉莉花茶Jasmine tea富含各种维生素be rich in vitamins敬茶serve a cup of tea促进消化promote digestion1.How are Chinese tea classified according to different techniques involved in the making of tea?green tea,black tea,Wulong tea ,scented tea,and compressed tea.2.There is a tradition of serving tea in China. What does it symbolize?It’s a symbol of togetherness,a sharing of something enjoyable and a way of showing respect to visitors.3.What are the advantages of tea drinking?For smokers,tea helps to diacharge nicotine out of the system,Another advantage of tea drinking is that it can make drinkers feel uplifted and revitalized.。
中国饮食文化 英文版
Thirdly, racial culture is influential to food culture. People in South C hina tend to be more careful and sensitive than northern people. As a result, their dishes as well as appearance are really cute and attr active. Just like dim sum, which means ―touch the heart‖, is one of t he most famous Cantonese meal. It consists of a variety of delicaci es and is usually served for breakfast or dinner.
Secondly, South China is one of the most developed areas in China . It welcomes people from the entire world. As a result, Sothern Cui sine, especially Guangdong Cuisine, emphasizes a flavor which is clear but not light, refreshing but not common, tender but not crude. In summer and autumn it pursues clarity and in winter and spring, a little more substance.
The food with Chinese characteristics
中国文化概述 chapter 11 Architecture
本章教学的时间安排
教师课堂讲解 (60 minutes)
➢ 1. Architecture in Ancient China (10 minutes) ➢ 2. Famous Styles of Ancient Chinese
Architecture (20 minutes) ➢ 3. Chinese Bridges (15 minutes) ➢ 4. Typical Chinese Structures and Ornaments
A Glimpse of Chinese Culture
Chapter 11
Architecture
本章教学的目的
1. 掌握中国古代建筑的特点 2. 了解中国古代建筑的主要类型 3. 介绍中国桥梁 4. 辨认典型的中国风格建筑
本章教学的重难点
1. 中国古代建筑的特点 2. 中国古代建筑的主要类型 3. 中国的桥梁 4. 典型的中国风格建筑
The building materials
Wooden ancient Chinese buildings and structures were the most common but some were built with either red or grey bricks.
The arflexible and beautiful layout
Chinese structures are based on the principle of balance and symmetry. The main structure is the axis. The secondary structures are positioned as two wings on either side to form the main room and yard.
中文特点英语作文
中文特点英语作文The Characteristics of Chinese in English WritingOne of the most significant challenges faced by Chinese writers when composing in English is the inherent differences between the Chinese and English languages. These linguistic disparities often manifest in the writing style and structure adopted by Chinese authors, resulting in a unique blend of Chinese characteristics within their English compositions. Understanding and exploring these distinctive features can provide valuable insights into the cross-cultural exchange of ideas and the evolving landscape of global literature.Firstly, the influence of the Chinese language can be observed in the sentence structure employed by Chinese writers in their English compositions. In the Chinese language, the subject-verb-object (SVO) sentence structure is the most common, whereas English typically follows a subject-verb-object (SVO) or subject-object-verb (SOV) pattern. This fundamental difference can lead Chinese authors to construct sentences that may appear unnatural or evengrammatically incorrect to native English readers. For instance, Chinese writers may place the verb at the end of the sentence, mimicking the structure of their native tongue. This can result in sentences such as "I yesterday to the park went," which deviates from the standard English syntax.Moreover, the concise and compact nature of the Chinese language often translates into a more succinct writing style in English. Chinese writers may tend to omit certain articles, pronouns, or conjunctions that are considered essential in standard English grammar. This can create a sense of directness and efficiency in their writing, but it may also lead to a lack of fluidity or clarity for English readers. For example, a Chinese author might write, "Went to the park, saw many people" instead of the more conventional "I went to the park and saw many people."Another distinguishing characteristic of Chinese-influenced English writing is the use of idiomatic expressions and metaphors that are deeply rooted in Chinese culture and philosophy. These linguistic elements, often drawn from classical Chinese literature or traditional Chinese proverbs, can be challenging for non-Chinese readers to comprehend. For instance, the Chinese idiom "fighting the wolf at the door" might be used to describe a dire financial situation, whereas an English reader might be more familiar with the expression "on the brink of bankruptcy."Furthermore, the concept of "face" (mianzi) in Chinese culture, which emphasizes social status, reputation, and the preservation of dignity, can also manifest in the writing of Chinese authors. This cultural value may lead to a more indirect or subtle approach to addressing sensitive topics or criticizing others, as direct confrontation could be perceived as a threat to one's "face." Consequently, Chinese writers may employ euphemisms, rhetorical devices, or a more diplomatic tone when expressing potentially contentious ideas, which may be interpreted differently by readers from Western cultural backgrounds.Additionally, the influence of traditional Chinese literary forms, such as the four-character idiom (chengyu) or the parallel structure (duilian), can be observed in the stylistic choices of Chinese authors writing in English. These poetic elements, which are highly valued in Chinese literature, can add a sense of elegance and rhythm to the English prose, but they may also create a sense of formality or distance that could be unfamiliar to Western readers.It is important to note that the characteristics mentioned above are not universal or exclusive to all Chinese writers in English. The degree to which these features are present can vary greatly depending on the individual's language proficiency, educational background, and the specific context of their writing. Additionally, as Chinese writers become more immersed in the English language and Western literarytraditions, they may consciously adapt their writing style to better align with the expectations and conventions of the target audience.Despite these linguistic and cultural differences, the unique characteristics of Chinese-influenced English writing can offer valuable insights and perspectives to the global literary landscape. By embracing and understanding these distinctive features, readers and scholars can engage in a richer cross-cultural dialogue, fostering a deeper appreciation for the diversity of literary expression and the ways in which language and culture intersect.In conclusion, the characteristics of Chinese-influenced English writing, such as sentence structure, conciseness, idiomatic expressions, and cultural nuances, represent a fascinating intersection of linguistic and cultural exchange. As Chinese writers continue to navigate the challenges of composing in a foreign language, their unique literary contributions will undoubtedly continue to enrich and expand the boundaries of global literature.。
Characteristics of Chinese prose
6.Short length 篇幅短小精悍 Generally, prose is short, less hierarchical, and structure is not very complex, but it also has those characteristics, such as :Select material accuratelly,concise and comprehensive , great significance ...
XiMurong from the perspective of an ordinary citizen, enumerates the mysteries of street, those show the author loves the life deeply, from ordinary things found in the "bright spot".
THE CHARACTERISTICS OF CHINESE PROSES
7、be particular about literary expression
（4）items 物 The "items" in the prose is more extensive.Human production, plants, animals and natural phenomena are likely to become a target for prose writing.
中国文化之-建筑(中英文)
the use of cloud computing technology to collect and analyze data from various building systems, providing
decision support for building management.
Water conservation
the use of water-saving technologies and devices to reduce water consumption in buildings, such as low-flow faucets and water-saving toilets.
Respect for human needs
the design of buildings should respect human needs and preferences, providing comfortable and convenient living spaces.
Inቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱegration of traditional culture
Promotion of intelligent buildings
Smart sensors
the application of smart sensors in buildings to monitor and control building systems, such as lighting, air conditioning and security.
雕刻是中国传统建筑中最为常见的装饰形式之一，包括木 雕、石雕、砖雕等。雕刻的题材广泛，包括花卉、动物、 人物等，通过雕刻可以表现出极高的艺术价值和深厚的文 化底蕴。
中国传统文化的英文句子
中国传统文化的英文句子在大学英语写作里，经常会接触到中国传统文化的英文写作，但是不少学生经常无法用英文表达中国传统文化，下面，店铺为大家送上一些中国传统文化的英文句子，供大家参考。
1. According to the Constitution of the People’s Republic of China, what are the administrativedivisions of China? 根据中华人民共和国宪法，我国的行政划分是什么?The country is divided into provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government. 我国的行政划分是省，自治区和直辖市。
2. What climatic zone does China lies in?China’s climate cond itions vary greatly. It includes tropical, subtropical, the temperate and cool-temperate conditions. But the country for the most part lies in temperate zone. 中国的气候条件差异很大，包括热带，亚热带，温带和中温带。
但是大多数区域处于温带。
3. In what area does China still fall behind its neighbors? 中国在什么领域落后于邻国?China still falls behind its neighbors in the area of design. 中国在设计领域落后于邻国。
4. How many schools is cooking in China divided into? 中式烹饪有那几派?Cooking in China is divided into four schools: the Cantonese, Sichuan, Shandong, and Huaiyang Dishes. 中式烹饪分为粤菜，川菜，鲁菜和淮阳菜。
跨文化交际unit 2练习 and key
Unit 2 Comparison of valuesPart I Blank FillingDirections: Fill in each underlined space with a proper expression.1.The English proverb “Look before you leap.” stresses the same value of caution as theChinese proverb __________. 三思而后行2.According to the present western value of human nature, men are basically a mixture of__________. good and evil3.Chinese people are usually encouraged to be good by the people around them and are likely tofeel ashamed if they fail to live up to other s’ expectations that they should be virtuous. In this case, Chinese culture is called a kind of __________. shame culture.4.When it comes to the relationship of human to nature, Chinese culture emphasizes thathumans are a part of nature and they should live in __________ with nature. Harmony5.In Chinese culture, people’s behaviors should be suitable to their __________ and characters.social status or roles6.Quite a lot westerners hold such a belief that Chinese people often make their talk with othersa performance to show off themselves and their conversation is often lacking in __________.information.7.“Every man is the architect for his own fortune.”vividly indicates American value of__________. individualism8.__________ and __________ are the typical two features of Chinese features of collectivism. Group interest, duty and loyalty, harmony, hierarchy, or modesty任选其二Part II T or FDirections:Read the following statements and decide whether they are true or false.1. ____ V alues people hold exert a strong influence on people’s daily life by teaching people how to behave properly. T2. ____ The value that every person desires to live a happy life is typically a universal value rather than an individual value. T3. ____ The proverb “The early bird catches the worm.” reflects the value of efficiency. F4. ____ Western people are mainly future-oriented so that they are good at making plans for the future and are likely to ignore their history. F5. ____ In many instances contradictory values are found in a particular culture. That is, there is often a gulf between the values that are articulated (idealism) and the values that are acted out (reality).T6. ____ American people take actions very seriously and emphasize their goals. When they accomplish achievements, the outcome is usually measured qualitatively. F7. ____ We Chinese value hard work, honesty, kindness, and so do Americans. TPart III Multiple ChoiceDirections:There are 25 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Choose the ONE that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.1. The following all can reflect Chinese values about human nature except _____. AA. 人人为我B. 知足常乐C. 近朱者赤D. 仁者爱人2. All the following things are valued in western individualist culture except _____. DA. self-relianceB. equality of opportunityC. separatenessD. family duty3. Which of the following proverbs was originated from Greece? CA. Sauce for the goose is sauce for the gander.B. Too many cooks spoil the broth.C. God helps those who help themselves.D. Blood is thicker than water.4. After making an appointment, if is _____ people who are usually late. DA. ChineseB. EnglishC. GermanD. French5. In western culture, land is just like _____.CA. motherB. hometownC. powerD. rootPart IV Short Answer Questions. (15%)Directions:Choose three questions from the following five questions and answer them briefly. Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET1. What are the main features of Western values in your opinion?2. Can you list out some of negative features of Chinese values and explain them?3. Can you list out some of negative features of American values and explain them?4. "Face" is a very important concept in China. See how many phrases i you can think of that contain the term "face". How important is "face" to you? Give some situations in which "face" is concerned. What do you think "face" means? Why is "face" important in China?"Face" is not new to Chinese and other Asians. It carries a range of meanings based upon a core concept of "honor". Within sociological and sociolinguistic studies it is generally defined as "the negotiated public image, mutually granted each other by participants in a communicative events. (Scollon & Scollon, 2000) It refers roughly to a set of claims one makes regarding his/her characteristics and traits. These characteristics and traits are usually what a society thinks are good and desirable. Having some of these characteristics of a certain person called into question would mean that that person was likely to be looked down upon by others. He/She thus loses face, feeling embarrassed, upset, and angry. If that happens, there is little harmony.We have to know, however, that the face-concept is not unique in China and other parts of Asia. Sociologists hold that this concept exists among Americans too (and in fact among allother peoples). The difference is that face simply has greater social significanc e for the Chinese than for the Americans. In China, everyone is conscious of face all the time. An oft-repeated Chinese proverb puts it thus: "A person needs face as a tree needs bark. " In the United States, concern for face exists but remains largely out of most people’s awareness.5. What Chinese basic values are most impressive in your mind. List out two of them and explain.One of the characteristics of the Chinese culture is hierarchy. Every person is supposed to have a set position in family and society in order to achieve harmony between the people. One of the famous saying of Confucius is "Let the emperor be an emperor, the subject a subject, the father a father, and the son a son", the implication being that within the family as within the nation, persons are not equal; each has to mind his/her own position and role and act accordingly; and personal desires are best subjugated to the will of the patriarch (the male head of a family and a tribe). Confucius found there was nothing wrong with inequality because, in his view, the obligations between senior and junior ran in both directions. The senior party had his duties for the junior, and vice versa. These reciprocal obligations were expressed in the Chinese virtue known as li, which means " right conduct in maintaining one' s place in the hierarchical order.Large power distance characterizes a hierarchical culture in which people are comfortable with an unequal distribution of power and thus do not try to bring about a more nearly equal distribution. Throughout the Chinese history, people have shown respect for age, seniority, rank, maleness, and family background, from which hierarchy is clearly seen. Of course, as we all know, in the past decades, this way of thinking has noticeably eroded. In spite of the change, the basic assumptions are still there.So it s not difficult to see that humility is an important value in China, and the concern for humility is apparent everywhere, though often without our awareness. The way of showing humility is usually by self-disparaging. For example, when the Chinese entertain a guest or some guests with a sumptuous dinner with the table overflowing with six or eight beautifully presented, mouth-watering dishes, the comment of the host/hostess is likely to be (in a suitably apologetic tone of voice) " We hope you won' t mind joining our simple home meal. We' re not very good at cooking, so we ve only prepared a few dishes for this evening." Or a very renowned artist usually writes in the corner of his/her exquisite painting something that means "trying one's hand" or "daubing".There is another example where modesty and humility is displayed. When a large number of people are preparing themselves for a group photograph, they usually begin by crowding into the back row ( s) , because they understand that the front row, especially the center-front location, is the place of honor and recognize that proper humility requires them to not willingly place themselves in the front. Only after some good-natured scuffling and earnest appeals from the junior members and the photographer to the senior ones, the situation resolves itself properly, with the most important seniors at the center-front, which also reflects the hierarchical conception.As harmony is the goal in a hierarchical society, courtesy or good manners has always been stressed by the Chinese tradition when interacting with other people. One important way to achieve this harmony is to accept and respect each person' s need to preserve face.Part V Case studies.Directions: S tudy the following cases and answer the questions. Choose two from the three cases.Case 1When a middle aged American couple who were both professors showed up to help a young Chinese couple move into their new apartment, they were surprised that the Chinese couple would not allow them to do any work. Instead they found a place for them to sit and gave them tea. Question:Why were the American couple surprised? What kind of values are reflected in this case?Key: The Chinese couple thought it was inappropriate for an older distinguished professor t move furniture and carry boxes for them. It would not be dignified. In US when someone moves into a new house, it is a custom for friends to help clean and carry, so the Americans were eager to help and were upset that their presence only created more worked for their young friends.Note:Read Chapter 9 and finish the attached exercises《跨文化交际实用教程》（by 胡超）。
中国人的特性英语作文
Chinese culture is one of the oldest and richest in the world,and the characteristics of the Chinese people are deeply rooted in this history.Here are some of the key traits that are often associated with the Chinese people:1.Respect for Elders and Tradition:Chinese society places a high value on respecting ones elders and maintaining traditional values.This is evident in the importance of family and the reverence for ancestors.2.Hardworking Nature:The Chinese are known for their strong work ethic.This is reflected in the countrys rapid economic growth and the dedication of its people to their jobs and studies.3.Emphasis on Education:Education is highly valued in Chinese culture.Parents often place great importance on their childrens academic success,and there is a strong emphasis on continuous learning and selfimprovement.4.Collectivist Orientation:Unlike individualistic cultures,Chinese society tends to prioritize the group over the individual.This is seen in the way decisions are made and how people work together for the common good.5.Indirect Communication:Communication in Chinese culture is often more subtle and indirect compared to Western cultures.There is a preference for preserving harmony and avoiding confrontation.6.Hospitality and Generosity:Chinese people are known for their warm hospitality and generosity.It is common to offer guests food and drink,and to be very welcoming to visitors.7.Pride in National Identity:There is a strong sense of national pride among Chinese people.This is evident in the celebration of national holidays and the respect for the countrys history and achievements.8.Adaptability and Resilience:Chinese people have shown great adaptability and resilience throughout history,overcoming numerous challenges and changes.9.Attention to Detail:Whether in craftsmanship,art,or business,Chinese people often pay great attention to detail and strive for perfection in their work.10.Philosophical Outlook:Influenced by philosophies such as Confucianism,Taoism, and Buddhism,Chinese people often have a holistic and interconnected view of the world,emphasizing balance and harmony.11.Food as a Cultural Expression:Food is not just a necessity but also a form of cultural expression in China.Chinese cuisine is diverse and rich,reflecting the countrys vast geography and history.12.Importance of Face:The concept of face or mianzi is significant in Chinese culture.It refers to a persons reputation and social standing,and maintaining face is important in social interactions.These characteristics are not universal to all Chinese people,as individual personalities and regional differences can vary greatly.However,they provide a general understanding of some of the cultural traits that are often associated with the Chinese people.。
英汉互译 第四章
25．该厂产品的主要特点
是工艺精湛，经久耐用。 The products of this factory are chiefly characterized by their fine workmanship and durability.
26．他在最后的一幕里
占了很突出的地位。 She figured prominently in the last act.
12．我国科学研究发展的特
点是理论联系实际。 13．我们觉得解决这个问题 并不难。 14．雄伟的人民大会堂给我 们留下了深刻的印象。 15．社会主义革命的目的是 为了解放生产力。
12.
The development of scientific research in our country is characterized by the combination of theory with practice. 13.We felt no difficulty in solving this problem.
获悉贵国遭受地震，我们 极为关切。 We are deeply concerned at the news that your country has been struck by an earthquake. 11． 她母亲为她的健康担忧。 Her mother was anxious about her health.
3．你必须好好地照顾病人。
You
must take good care of the patient. 4．他在讲话中特别强调提高 产品质量。 In his speech he laid special stress on raising the quality of the products.
中国文化英语复习资料
中国文化三个特点The characteristics of Chinese culture1.Chinese culture regards human life as part of nature and ,assuch, the only way for us to survive is to live in harmony with nature.The fundamental significance of civilization lies in the creation of a peaceful world, which also requires avoiding conflict between humans and nature.Instead of dictating to nature, people should hold nature in aweand gratitude.2Chinese culture emphasizes harmonious human relationships.An individual cannot live without community and society.Chinese culture strives to build a world of harmony based on friendship between individuals, mutual assistance between families, and respect between nations.3.Chinese thinking stresses self-reflection. People should not only understand the external world, but also and more importantly, improve their internal state of mind.孔子Confucius(551-479 BC), known as Kongzi, given name Qiu and alias Zhongni,lived in the state of Lu during the Springand Autumn Period.He was a great thinker, educator and founder of Confucianism.Confucius is an ancient sage to the Chinese people. His words and life story were recorded by his disciples and their students in The Analects.“天/自然”Confucius on Heaven/Nature: the Source of EverythingConfucius regarded “Heaven”as nature. Heaven does not speak in words. It speaks through the rotation of the four seasons and the growth of all living things.Heaven equalednature, nature was not a lifeless mechanism separate from humans, it was the great world of life and the process of creation of life. Human life was part and parcel of nature as a whole创造生命Equation of Heaven with the creation of life.The natural process of life creation was the “way of Heaven”. This idea was later developed in The Book of Changes.As the natural process of creation of life, Heaven was the source of allliving things and the source of all values.The great virtue of Heaven and Earth is creating life.( The Book of Changes)In the natural process of creation of life, Heaven had its inner purpose in creating all things as well as protecting and improvinglife.天命Heavenly mission:Heaven had originated humanity, and humans were obliged to accomplish this purpose. In otherhuman life.Confucian “Heaven”words, humans are born with a sense of “heavenly mission”, and this is the meaning ofalso had a certain sacred element, which was related to its being the source of life. Thus Confucius required people to hold Heaven in awe. He said a person of virtue must “respect his heavenly mission”, listen to and live out the purpose of Heaven by caring for and improving life.?Under the influence of Confucius, the ancient Chinese developed a sense of aweand belief in Heave.Heaven was not a supernatural, personified deity, but was the world of ever-generating life.To them, Heaven was the highest sacred being, with the profound mystery never to be fully understood by mortal.Confucius on People: ren and li仁Ren: love of peopleThis kind of love begin with the love for one’s parents.No one could love people in general if they did not even love their own parents.The essence of ren is “filial piety and fraternal duty”(孝悌）The Doctrine of the Mean中庸quotes Confucius : The greatest love for people is the love for one’s parents.【Children should not travel far while their parents are alive. If they have no choice but to do so, they must retain some restraint.】【Children should think often of the age of their parents. They should feel happy for the health and longevity of their parents. They should also feelconcern for the aging of their parents.】Confucius: One should be aware that other people may have similar desires as oneself.【While fulfilling one’s desires, allow others to fulfill their desires as well.】【Do not do toward others anything you would not want to be done to you.】礼Li Mencius: Loving one’s parents, loving the people, loving everything in the world.Li refers to rituals, traditions andnorms in social life. Of these, Confucius regarded burial rituals and ancestral worship rituals as the most important, because they arose from human feeling.The role of li is to maintain harmony among people.Li also has philosophical implications.While individuals have a limited lifespan, life in nature is everlasting. Life is given by one’s parents and extended through one’s children.In this way, a limited, individual life becomes merged with the limitless life of nature.教育Confucius was the first figure in Chinese history to initiate private education.Confucius taught for many years andtrained 3000 disciples. 72 of them excelled in the sixth arts., i.e., ritual, music, archery , (carriage) driving, calligraphy, and mathematics.Confucius believed the basic goal of education was to cultivate “persons of virtue”, who should have sound character and uplifted minds. Such persons should be able to shoulder important social responsibilities and to make contributions to society.Confucius regarded lofty ideals, great virtue, love of people, and the “six arts”as the generalprinciples of education.Confucius emphasized aesthetic education. He said, “ Studying The Book of Songs(诗经）inspires the spirit and helps one appreciate beauty. Studying music lifts the spirit and helps one to enjoy life.”Simply knowing the highest standard of virtue is not as good as setting it as one’s goal. Setting it as one’s goal is not as good as enjoying the practice of it.Confucius regarded the highest state of life as harmony among people and harmony between people and nature. This was a true aesthetic outlook on life.影响Under the influence of Confucius, Chinese thinkers of later generations all believed that students and scholars shouldnot only increase their knowledge, but also and more importantly, broaden their minds and enhance their spiritual ethos.In other words, they should continually seek the greater meaning and value of life. Many modern scholars think the theory on the perspective on life is the most valuable feature of Chinese philosophy.What is The Analects mainly about?The Analects is mainly about Confucius’words and life story.What is Confu cius’view on Heaven?Confucius regarded Heaven as nature.What is Confucius’innovative idea about Heav en?Confucius’innovative idea about Heaven is that Heaven(or nature)is the process of life creation.What does t he“heavenly mission”refer to?The heavenly mission is to accomplish Heaven’ purpose of protecting and improvi ng life. How is Confucius’concept of Heaven related to the modern ecological civilization?Confucius advocate d“standing in awe of the ordinances of Heaven”and warned against offending Heaven.This is,in essence,equival ent to the modern idea of staying in harmony with nature.So in this way Confucius’concept of Heaven is similar to the modern ecological civilization.What is Confucius’interpretation of ren?Confucius interpreted ren as love of people,which begins with the love for one’s parents.According to Confucius,what is the most important part of li?According to Confucius,the most important part of li is the burial and ancestral worship rituals.What qualitiesare“persons of virtue”supposed to have?Persons of virtue are supposed to have sound character and uplifted minds and they can shoulder important social responsibilities and make contributions to society.Why do people ne ed to study music according to Confucius?According to Confucius,studying music can lift one’s spirit and help one appreciate beauty.What did Confucius think of Zeng Dian’s aspiration?Confucius thought highly of Zeng Dian’s aspiration and regarded harmony among people and harmony between people and nature as the highest state of life.天何言哉？四时行焉，百物生焉，天何言哉？Heaven does not speak in words.It speaks through the rotation of the four seasons and the growth of all living things 生生之谓易 Continuous creation of life is change. 天地之大德曰生The great virtue of Heaven and Earth is creating life.获罪于天，无所祷也 He who offends against Heaven has none to whom he can pray.仁者，人也，亲亲为大。
中西饮食文化的差异(学士论文)
The Differences Between Chinese and Western Food Dietetic Culture中西饮食文化的差异College of MinshengHenan UniversityMay 2011AcknowledgementThere are a lot of people who help me to contribute to the completion of this thesis. Firstly, my deepest gratitude goes first and foremost to Zhu Taiyin , my teacher for his constant encouragement and guidance. He has led me through all the stages of the writing of this thesis. Without his consistent ad illuminating instruction, this thesis could not have reached its present form.Secondly, I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to all the teachers, who lead me into the world of English. They instructed and helped me a lot in the past four years.Last, owe my sincere gratitude to my friends and my fellow classmates who gave me their help and time in listening to me and helping me work out my problems during the difficult course of the thesis.[Abstract]: This thesis explores the differences between Chinese and Western food dietetic culture. The food dietetic culture plays an important role in the world culture. The differences between Chinese and Western culture created the differences between Chinese and Western food dietetic culture. Different countries have their own food dietetic cultural. In different cultural contexts, both in concept, objects, manner, tableware, etiquette and nature, these differences are obvious. But as the communication and integration of the international, Chinese and western food culture will be developed in common communicate. This will play a significant role to promote the communication of culture in the world.[Key Words]:intercultural communication; food dietetic culture; culturedifferences[摘要]:本篇论文探讨了中西方饮食文化的差异.饮食文化在世界文化中起着非常重要的作用.中西方文化的差异带来了中西饮食文化的差异,不同的国家有自己不同的饮食文化特点.在不同的文化背景下,无论是在观念,对象,方式,餐具还是礼仪等各方面,这些不同都是显而易见的.但是,随着国际的交流与融合,中西饮食文化业将会在交流中共同发展,这对全世界范围内的文化交流将起到促进作用.[关键词]: 跨文化交际; 饮食文化; 文化差异ContentsAbstract (Engl ish) (i)Abstract (Chinese) (ii)Introduction (1)Chapter One Chinese and Western Food Dietetic Culture (3)1.1 Characteristics of Chinese food dietetic culture (3)1.2 Characteristics of the Western food dietetic culture (3)Chapter Two Differences in the performance of Chinese and Western Food (5)2.1 Differences between Chinese and Western diet concept (5)2.2 Differences between Chinese and Western diet objects (6)2.3 Differences between Chinese and Western diet manner, tableware andetiquette (7)2.3.1 Diet manner (7)2.3.2 Diet tableware (8)2.3.3 D iet etiquette (9)2.4 Differences between Chinese and Western diet nature (9)Chapter Three Reasons for the differences between Chinese and Western food dietetic culture (11)3.1 The impact of the geographical environment (11)3.2 The impact of the economic system (11)Conclusion (14)Bibliography (15)IntroductionWith the deepening of the international communication, in different countries or cultural background, the communication of people are increasing all the time, and the communication between them is called intercultural communication. Intercultural communications gradually becomes an indispensable content of people's life. Due to the differences of regional, different nations and countries form different cultures. People with different cultural backgrounds behavior or habits is endless and same, they have their social statute or habits, reflected in the political economy, education religion, culture , art and so on. America famous newly chemical representative figure White is called “father of cult urology”, he put the culture as a kind of special and objective social phenomenon, and as a complete system (White, 1949). So specially, what is culture? Chen Huawen once lists cases to illustrate the connotation and importance of culture; he said “culture is like air and water that permeates every corner of our lives, people are enjoying the culture achievements that were created by predecessors in every time, also, people are inventing new culture in every moment. Our progress is the result of the culture creation and developing.”(Chen Huawen, 2001:2) When people are communicating under the different culture background, the language and non-language factors which influence of message effect are make communication hen culture. If foreign language learners are lack of knowledge for its behavior and function, it will appear inappropriate behavior, resulting in the communication barriers, and it is difficult for effective cross-cultural communication, as a result causes of communication error.The diet is the first need for human’s survival and development; also it is the one of the basic form of social life. However under the different cultural background, having different diet idea and diet custom, then finally form the different diet culture. Food culture is an important part in the intercultural communication. Understand the differences between Chinese and western diet culture and its origin, for foreign language learners, not only increase the understanding of the target language culture,but also improve the success rate of intercultural communication, avoid the misunderstandings and communication barriers just because of the inappropriate way or behavior .In Sun Weixue’s book <<culture of America>>, he once pointed out any country in the world should carry out cultural exchanges and publicity actively, this is not only benefit to their native culture, but also spread the culture in worldwide .(Sun Weixue, 2004) This paper expounded from various of the differences between Chinese and western food dietetic culture, enhance mutual understanding and facilitate communication.Chapter One Chinese and Western Food Dietetic Culture 1.1 Characteristics of Chinese food dietetic cultureChina is one of the most ancient countries on the world, it has the long history of 5000 years, and created innumerable splendid civilization. In this culture, it makes China contain more expansive and profound diet. It has experienced several thousand years of history development, and has become one of the most important Chinese traditional cultures of department.Because of the district difference in our land, it gradually formed four major cuisines that is Sichuan cuisine, Guangdong cuisine, Shandong cuisine and Chaozhou cuisine. This four major cuisine have different features, but in common is with making complex fastidious, the product methods are very complex, and have a great diversity of taste and dishes, this is amazing. Because of our vast land, there are differences in climate, products and custom in every place. For a long time, on food was formed many flavor. Our country has been have the saying of “ south rice north noodles”, in the taste, it has the differences that “sour in east, hot in west, sweet in south and salty in north", it mainly have four flavor about Bashu, Qilu, Haiyangn and Yuemin. ( Zou Guangwen, 1998) On the other hand, all the year round, according to season for eat is a feature in China’s cooking. Since ancient times, our country has been according to season changes to taste, and dishes. Winter taste strong, summer flavor cleaner; in the winter more braised stews, summer more cold.In the long-term development, evolution and accumulation process, Chinese people gradually formed its own unique food folk from many aspects, such as diet structure, food production, food utensils, nutrition healthy and diet aesthetic, this created a diet with unique flavor of the Chinese food culture, become a pearl of the world food culture.1.2 Characteristics of the Western food dietetic cultureRational westerners pay more attention to the nutrition and survival. Due to the different philosophical thoughts of Chinese and western, westerners in diet takes thescience, takes the science about nutrition, so the nutrition is the supreme principle in the western diet.Eating like a biological machine add fuel, especially about the food's nutrition composition, protein, fat, carbohydrates, vitamins and all kinds of inorganic element content,( Dang Binghua, 2010) whether calorie supply properly, and whether these nutrients can be fully absorbed, and presence of other side effects, and dishes color, fragrance and taste is the second requirement. Even in the west’s leading power –France, even though in many aspects the diet culture is similar with our diet, but a contact to nutrition, both sides will the gap. While French cook also pursued delicious, but also adhere to the “nutrition” this one major premise, they don’t agree with pieces of nutrition and beg delicious.In the culture of diet, westerners have the culture descent of nomads and sailing nationality, they hunting, breeding, aided by acquisition and planting, they eat more meet, the eating, wearing and using are took of animals, even the western medicine are made from animals to take. Pay more attention to animal protein and fat intake, in the structure of diet, also with animal figurines in the majority, it is mainly dishes, beef, chicken, pork, mutton and fish. So the meat diet has been very high in proportion. In modern times, planting proportion is increasing, but the proportion in meat still higher than Chinese.Chapter Two Differences in the performance of Chinese andWestern food dietetic2.1 Differences between Chinese and Western diet conceptChinese people are thinking highly of eat. “B read is the staff of life”, this old adage explained that we see eating as important as days. Because our national for thousands of years are in the low level of productivity, people always do not have enough to eat, so they would have a unique food culture that eating is very important.I think this is probably from a survival to needs. Li Xiaohong pointed out: “I f a culture put ate as primary, so it will appear two phenomena: on one hand will put the food function to acme, not only survive, but also use it to maintain healthy, this is also the culture basis that “diet cures more than the doctors”. On the other hand, the excessive attention to eat, it can make the person praise highly of delicious pursuit.”(Li Xiaohong, 2010: 33)In China, the pursuit of delicious reached almost acme, Chinese living overseas to open restaurants for industry in the world, it has become our settlement fundamental.Unfortunately, when we put the pursuit of delicious as the first requirement, we are neglecting the most fundamental nutritional value of food. Many of our traditional foods are through hot fried and long time boil, cover the dish nutrients to sabotage, many nutrients are loss in the machining process. As a result of nutrition problem, in fact touched on the Chinese culinary culture to the greatest weakness. Folk have saying, “It is of great importance of eating and whether the food is delicious or not depends on taste”, this is the pursuit of delicious make us ignore the real meaning of dinner.European is represented the western, also, his culture has a long history. In the middle ages, the European culture has very perfect, during this period; the old western food culture has been formed. Its main features are: most food with flour primarily, raw material also more abundant, its production method is simple, but also in China pays much attention to taste.China's five mixed cookery aims to pursue delicious, its processing process of hot fried and long time of fire, this can make dishes nutrients were damaged. (Lin Lirui, 2009) In western countries, especially in 1960s, appearing the emergence of modern cooking thought, with particular emphasis on health care, reduce weight, thus less oil, emphasize the pursuit of light by fresh materials, emphasizing the cooking process of nutrients and maintain the original taste, so the vegetables are basically raw. So says the heavy nutrition in western diet is universal.2.2 Differences between Chinese and Western diet objectsWesterners believe that cuisine is the longing, so only eat of meat, chicken this "hard food"; While Chinese cuisine is "taste". So the Chinese cooking with makings also show great randomness, many westerners as something is the outcast, this in China are excellent raw material, foreign chefs can't handle this things, but to a Chinese chef hands, this can turn decayed for magical. It serves to show the Chinese diet in the wide randomness of materials.According to the survey of western plant scholars, Chinese eat vegetables have more than 600 specious, it is six times more than the west. In fact, in the Chinese dishes, vegetarian dishes are common food, only in holidays or volunteers at the higher living standards, it can enters the usual diet, so since ancient times, we will have saying of "food feed", food feed is the dominant statement in our usual diet. The Chinese make plant as the main dish, and has a lot of contact with the advocacy of Buddhism. Their think the animal is "the life", but plants the laws of nature "not to work", therefore, advocates the vegetarianism. (Yang Naiji, 1993)Westerners in introducing the food characteristic of their own country, they feel more attention about reasonable collocation of nutrition than China. They have more developed food industry, such as canned, fast food. Although the taste is common, saving time and the nutrition is good. So in common, human body of their country is stronger than Chinese: tall, long legs, broad shoulders and developed muscle; But Chinese appears narrow skinny, short legs and the color is yellow. Someoneaccording to the obvious differences in characteristic of western diet object, the Chinese character known as the plants, the Western character known as animals.2.3 Differences between Chinese and Western diet manner, tablewareand etiquette2.3.1 Diet mannerChinese and Western food is quite different from the way that such differences also have an impact on the national character. In China, any of the feast, whatever the purpose, there will be only one form, that is, we were sitting around, sharing one seat. The banquet must use the round table; this formally has created one kind of unity, politeness, altogether the interest atmosphere. The delicacy delicacies put on table of people's centers, it not only is the object which table of people appreciates, tastes, also is a table of people sentiments exchange intermedium. People propose a toast of each other for food, vegetables, in the face of good things, reflects the mutual respect between people, the virtues of comity. Duo Xiaoping said that: “A lthough from the health perspective, this kind of food have obvious deficiency, it meets the general mind of happy in our national, reflects the influence thoughts to offspring about Chinese classical philosophy, facilitate the emotional communicated of collective, and yet difficult to reform”.( Duo Xiaoping, 2005: 12)Freedom westerner is individual serving when they eating, the first is the point of all the food, they can eat what something, and it also showed respect for the West on the personality. After serving up, people eat the entire various one and their random add spices, the second course dish to eat after eating, before and after the two never mixed vegetables to eat. The most popular form of buffet in western is individual eating, incompatible interference, and lack of the emotional appeal for chat with each other.In the western-style banquets, food and wine are very important, but in fact it is setoff. The core of banquet in friendship, through the conversation with neighbors, in order to achieve the friendship. If the companionship of party is compared withdance, then it can be said that Chinese banquet is like collective dance, and western banquet is like dancing between women and men. Therefore, the purpose of companionship is obvious between Chinese banquet and western banquet, only Chinese banquet more reflected in all guest, and western banquet more reflected the friendship between adjacent guests. And Chinese food is more obvious differences between them were western popular buffet. This method is: we need display all the food, should not fixed in his seat to eat, you can walk freedom, this method in favor of the emotional communicated between individuals, not speak all the words on the table, this also showed respect for the personality and self.Therefore, in the final analysis is differences between perceptual and rationality. However, the difference seems to be with the development of science and become blurred. More and more Chinese no longer only paying attention to food color, fragrance and taste, they pay more attention to its health and nutrition. Especially after the experience of SARS. Also, because of people are more and more busy with job, they think when doing the Chinese food is too much trouble, not equal convenient to come a hamburger and so on. So in dietary the differences were not too clear.2.3.2 Diet tablewareIn the space of diet tableware, the differences are more obvious. As we know, Chinese people including some Asian countries, use chopsticks, spoon, when they have a meal also use bowl to fill. But how about westerners? They are fill food use plate, to use a knife and fork to eat, there are specialized spoon to drink soup. Chopsticks and knife, fork as two kinds of representative tableware for the east and west, they affected the different lifestyle of eastern and western, representing two kinds of different wisdom.As we know the emergence of a knife and fork is much later than chopsticks, it was originally the ancient nomadic origin and the European lifestyle; they carry knives for live, and often cooked the meat, then cut off to eat. After settle the city, the knives and forks into the family kitchen, at this time, people just do not have to carry them. However, only about the 18th century, there was found the fork for fourfork. Therefore, western people using a knife and fork, just four or five hundred years of history. Compared with the simple chopsticks, the type of knife and fork much more, knife and fork belong to the special tools, but because of this "special" often show "great wisdom appears stupid", so they are often ignored by their people.Different people have different views, it is difficult to draw the conclusions that the relationship of thinking method between chopsticks and knife and fork. However, there is scientific basis of use of chopsticks is better training your thinking ability. From a physiological point of view, Hu Wenzhong has made a study of chopsticks, he found that when you eating with chopsticks, it affect the human body of thirty joints and fifty muscles, there by stimulating the activity of brain systems,it brings agility and quick thinking.(Hu Wenzhong, 1999)And there is no doubt that the chopsticks have the scientific principles.2.3.3 Diet etiquetteIn etiquette, both in the west and Chinese are even more different. In ancient China, during people have the dinner, they have a set of unnecessary and over elaborate formalities. When people eat together, not just eat their own interests. If you eat with others, you must check the hands clean. Do not put extra food into the pot, and do not post occupied food. After dinner, guests should pack up and move the dishes on the table, take them to the master, then the master get off, you should request them do not work, then the guests sit down again. Some of this ritual is essential in modern manners. In the west banquet, the master generally folder the dish only once for the guests, and the remaining self-consumption by the guests, if guests do not eat, you should not let them to eat, according to the habit of Chinese, people are not frequently provide guests to drink and take the food. When people eating, do not make the noise, but the guests should pay attention to appreciate the food by the master. If talking to people, only overstated with your neighbors, do not talk to people with the distance.2.4 Differences between Chinese and Western diet natureFrom the different concepts, the western diet tends to scientific and rational, Chinese food tends to artistic and emotional. After cooking the delicious food, diet was originally designed to supply a life-sustaining nutrition.Li Mingying said: “the focus of the western diet custom raw diet is just an extension of utility, and customs of the Chinese diet's emphasis on flavor, put the food into the art. We can see the point from two different diet concepts, the western diet is increasing normalization, and the Chinese diet is more randomness. ( Li Mingying, 1997: 03)Chapter Three Reasons for the differences between Chineseand Western food dietetic culture3.1 The impact of the geographical environmentChina is the closed continental geographical, this environment limited the thinking of the Chinese people within the local community, they good at summing up the experiences and lessons from their predecessors, they like “history as a mirror”, and their spatial awareness is weak. (Bian Haoyu, 2004) This mentality of inward-looking led to the Chinese people have the personality of stability and quiet, they lack of curiosity about the new things, and also they lack of interest in the unknown things. So the Chinese diet food is more have the regional characteristics, different places have the different favorite food to eat, the north have the lower temperature than south, especially in the winter, the weather is very cold, so in the diet of the north, a large proportion of fat and protein in the food, especially in pastoral areas, the food of pastoralists is majority of milk and meat, also they like eating noodles. And the food diet of southerners is based on the plant, the residents have the habit of drinking soup and eat porridge, no matter if the food has been put on, they must be the first to eat soup, drink soup before eating a bit, after fond, they also have another bowl of soup to drink, this to be considered as eating a meal. And they mainly eat rice.The majority of western countries are in the open ocean environment of geography, they developed industry and seafaring, since the ancient Greece, they have valued the study of natural objects, and they exploring the mysteries of the natural heritage. At the same time, the marine environment, mountain tsunami, unrest, this all constitutes the personality of the western nation pay attention to the space expansion and military conquest. So westerners have a scientific attitude of the food diet, this also very standard and arbitrary, and they like to eat the meat food.3.2 The impact of the economic systemMarx once said: “Ideas of consciousness is initially directly with peopleproduce the material activity, and people's physical contact and the reality of language intertwined production.” (Marx, 1972: 89) This point of view clear expressed the symbiotic isomorphism relations between the cultural and economic activity. Peter, Koslowski also said that, “the most important ec onomic behavior is decided by the cultural, their cultural engraved with cultural cachet.”(Peter, Koslowski, 1999: 229) The real economic growth depends on the culture. The traditional economy of China is a typical self-sufficient economy. People are more law-abiding and conservative, because they can live for the whole life rely on a piece of land. And their culture is more introverted. Moreover, China’s ancient civilization originated in the river basin, it belongs the agricultural civilization, "agricultural civilization character" inspired the Asian emphasis on ethics, and the principle of life is “harmony, and love for the high”. In the ancient China, people are still more poor rather than the western countries, at that time, the lower people just required eat their fill and wear the warm clothes, the Chinese people in the old ancient, because without something to eat and drink, a lot of people and children are being starved to death. You can not image the horror in that time. Followed the progress and development of the social, people have been get the basic meet in terms of food, they do not worried just because they have not enough food to eat, on the other hand, people are paying attention to the nutrition of diet food, and trying to convince themselves to eat more healthy, more nutrition, so now there have been many so-called food therapy.The ancient Greek civilization of the west is originated in the Aegean coast, belongs to the Marine civilization, besides Europe's farming is not far as China's agriculture as important in ancient society, so the Europeans like to explore the world, and their cultural is more comparative extroversion. Lai Anfang is mentioned in the book of <<An outline introduction to Britain and America>>, “pursuit of freedom and eq uality has been the guiding principles and goal of the western culture.”(Lai Anfang, 2004: 229) And through the industrial revolution, the western countries is early enter into the industry economy, "industrial civilization character" contributed to thewesterners have stronger struggle spirit and legal consciousness to protect one’s own interest. These also can manifest in their eating habits.ConclusionThe differences between Chinese and Western food dietetic culture is obvious, and they have their own strengths. Followed the economic globalization and the accelerated flow of information changes, Chinese and western food culture will be continued integration in the collision, complement each other in the fusion. Chinese food now has begun focus on food, nutrition, health, the science of cooking, western food also begun to develop from the realm of Chinese food’s color, smell, taste and meaning. Chinese and western food culture will be developed in common communicate. This will play a significant role to promote the communication of culture in the world.BibliographyLeslie ,White. 1949. The science of culture. New York: Random.Peter, Koslowski. 1999. Post-modernism culture. Ludwig Maximilian Muenchen University. 卞浩宇,2004, <<论中西饮食文化的差异>>。
跨文化交际期末
定义题1. What is “intercultural communication”? P6refer to communication between people whose cultural backgrounds are distinct enough to alter their communication event.There are three kinds of things you need to learn if you want to be able to communicate effectively with Westerners. First, you need to learn a foreign language, usually English. Second, you should learn as much as possible about Western cultures. However, studying English language and Western culture is not enough. You should also learn something about what happens when people from different cultures try to communicate with each other —in other words, "intercultural communication."2.What is a culture? P13A culture is essentially a group of people who carry many of the same ideas in their heads.Culture: can been seen as shared knowledge, what people need to know in order to act appropriately in a given culture.Culture: a learned set of shared interpretations about beliefs, values, and norms, which affect the behavior of a relatively large group of people3.What are stereotypes?P13Stereotypes means very broad generalizations such as “British people are polite,”“Americans are friendly”, and so forth.It is a derogatory word. It means that image, idea, character that has become fixed or standardized in a conventional form without individuality and is therefore false and shallow. Stereotypes may have a basis in fact, but they are too broad and shallow, and they give us the mistaken idea that a people’s culture can be summed up easily in a few short , simple statements. Stereotypes are also dangerous because they may trick us into believing that knowing a few stereotypes is the same thing as understanding another culture.4.What does “interpretation” means?P24A very important aspect of intercultural communication is “interpretation”, t he process of deciding what foreigners’ words and actions mean and why they do what they do. For example, when Xiao Li tries to understand why the taxi driver asked for so much money, she is “interpreting” his behavior.5.I n dividualist p32Individualist culture is one in which people tend to view themselves as individuals and emphasize the needs of individuals. In general, Western culture tends to be individualist. They view themselves as independent of collectives; are primarily motivated by their own preferences, needs, rights, and the contacts they have established with others; give priority to their personal goals over the goals of others; and emphasize rational analyses of the advantages and disadvantages to associating with others.6.Collectivist P32Collectivist culture is one in which people tend to view themselves as members of groups (families, work units, tribes, nations), and usually consider the needs of the group to be more important than the needs of individuals. Most Asian cultures, including China's, tend to be collectivist. People see themselves as parts of one or more collectives; are primarily motivated by the norms of, and duties imposed by, those collectives; are willing to give priority to the goals ofthese collectives over their own personal goals; and emphasize their connectedness to members of these cultures.7.What is “hierarchy”?P50Hierarchy is differences in rank and power. Every society has hierarchy to some degree. In other words, some people have higher rank and more power than others, perhaps because they are older, stronger, wealthier, or have some kind of official position.8.What is “culture shock”?P58“Culture shock”is often used to describe what happens whenever a person encounters a culture different from his or her own. The term culture shock describes what happens when a sojourner from culture A goes to live in culture B, and needs to adapt to life there.The constant effort and uncertainty of dealing with a foreign language and culture can lead to a condition called “culture shock”. It is a feeling of being confused and overwhelmed by life in another culture. People who experience culture shock often feel fatigued, impatient and irritable. They may also begin trying to avoid interaction with foreigners, and even become increasingly critical and hostile toward them. Foreigners in China sometimes experience culture shock — and so do Chinese who go to live in other countries.9.Low context P66The way to communicate tends to be relatively explicit and direct. In other words, people tend to put most of heir ideas and feelings plainly and openly. It’s generally considered a good thing to “get the point” and “say what you mean”, and it is largely the speaker’s responsibility to ensure that his/her message is stated in a way that is clear and easy to understand.10.High context P66High context is more indirect and subtle and listeners are expected to take more responsibility for interpreting messages correctly. People are expected to pay much attention to the context in which communication takes place and when people interpret what others mean, they often give more weight to the context than to the actual words said. In fact, people in high context cultures often view direct, explicit communication as unsophisticated or even rude.11.What is “projected cultural similarity”? P74Projected cultural similarity is a phenomenon which is the tendency to assume that people from other cultures basically think and feel more the same way we do. In other words, we sometimes assume that while foreigners may look different, dress differently, and speak different languages, "inside we are all more or less the same".12.“Loose” cultures P83“Loose” culture do not demand a high degree of conformity. In loose cultures, people have a relatively wide range of views as to what is considered normal behavior. Of course, such cultures have some consensus on what is and is not considered appropriate behavior, but the consensus is not very strong and there is often much disagreement. People in loose cultures also tend to be relatively tolerant of behavior that does not conform to cultural norms.13. “Tight” cultures P83Tight cultures expect a relatively high degree of conformity. There is a clear consensus as to what is and is not acceptable behavior, and there is more pressure on people to conform to the norms of the culture.14.What is “ethnocentrism”? P93"Ethnocentrism" is the tendency to think of one’s own culture as being at the center of the world in other words, to assume that one’s own culture's way of thinking and acting is more natural, normal, and correct than the way people from other cultures think and act.15.What are “in-groups” and “out-groups”? P107In-Groups: “In-groups” are the people we have the most in common with and identify most closely with, such as our family, classmates, or co-workers. We also have larger in-groups such as people who are from our own region, religious group, ethnic group, or nation.Out-groups: out groups are those groups of people who we do not identify with---people from other families, regions, ethnic groups, or nations. Toward outsiders, we tend to be more critical, suspicious, and willing to pass harsh judgments.16.Collectivist culturesCollectivist generally have a high sense of loyalty and obligation to their in-groups, and will often go to great lengths to help people they consider members of their in-groups. However, they feel less obligation to outsiders. The main distinction people usually make is between “us” and “them”.17.Individualist western cultures P114While individualist westerners also treat outsiders differently from members of their out-groups, the difference is generally not so great; for example, individualists generally assist members of their in-groups as much as collectivists would, but they may offer more assistance to outsiders than collectivists would. The main distinction people usually make is between “me” and “others”.18.What are “war stories”? P125The term “war stories” originally referred to the kinds of stories soldiers would tell after experiences in battle. Now “war stories” refers more generally to any stories people tell after strange or stressful experiences, including stories about unusual encounters with foreigners. War stories naturally tend to be biased against outsiders, so they tend to reinforce negative views toward foreigners. What’s more, negative views based on an experience with one foreigner are often used as evidence to draw conclusions about foreigners in general.19.What is giving the benefit of the doubt? P142When you encounter a foreigner whose behavior seems unusual or hard to understand, you should keep an open mind and try to delay or suspend interpretation. Giving the benefit of the doubt is less likely to cause us to think or act in ways that will unnecessarily damage our relationships with foreigners.简答题(定义+评论）1. What are the problems in intercultural communication?/Why is it so hard to communicate with foreigners? P9refer to communication between people whose cultural backgrounds are distinct enough to alter their communication event. Learn about what happens when people from different cultures try to communicate with each other — in other words, "intercultural communication."Part of the problem is that there are many different languages, so it is very hard to communicate with foreigners. Also, cultures are different and it’s difficult for foreigners to understand why students acted as they did. Another part of the problem is the way foreigners handle the intercultural communication. When Chinese do or say things that seem strange to them, foreigners tend to jump to conclusions and they are more likely to jump to negative conclusions instead of considering other possible explanations for the Chinese students’ behavior.2.What are the characteristics of Chinese culture? P17定义“culture”1. collectivism----------emphasis on the doctrine of the mean2. large power distance--hierarchy3. Inter-group (in-group) harmony and avoidance of overt (covert) conflict in interpersonal relations4. hypocritical5. hypocrisy6. belief in the “naturalness, necessity, and inevitability of hierarchy.”7. inequality based on achievement, especially academic, moral, and financial achievement8. belief that “the judgment of wise people”is a better way to regulate life than rigid, artificial laws9. people exist “in and through relationship with others.”10. academic emphasis on memory, attention to detail, and lengthy homework3.What are the virtues of Chinese culture? P31定义“culture”1. formality2. hierarchy3. industriousness/diligent/assiduous4. being filial5. hard work6. modesty (modest)---humility (humble)7. thrifty—economical---frugal—frugalityment on: “Never a borrower or lender be” P32定义“individualist”Individualist culture is one in which people tend to view themselves as individuals and emphasize the needs of individuals. In general, Western culture tends to be individualist. They view themselves as independent of collectives; are primarily motivated by their own preferences, needs, rights, and the contacts they have established with others; give priority to their personal goals over the goals of others; and emphasize rational analyses of the advantages and disadvantages to associating with others.“Never a borrower or a lender be”, this sentence means that it is best to not lend money to other people and to not borrow from other people. When we lend something we risk losing both the thing we lend and the friendship with that other person. To begin with, it is because westerners are in Individualist Cultures. Individualists tend to view themselves as individuals and toemphasize the needs of individuals. Individualists feel less obligation to others, whether they are in-groups or out-groups. Secondly, because of their characteristics, their individualism, western people tend to be very independent and self-reliant. They will always solve their problems by themselves. So they don’t want ot hers to rely on them, either.5.What are some differences between an individualist culture and a collectivist one? P35定义：individualist and collectivistThere are two basic difference between cultures.One illustration of the difference between collectivist and individualist cultures can be found in the way schools are organized. Chinese students generally function as a group. They are organized into class groups and have the same courses with students in the same class. In contrast, North American students are expected to function as individuals. They generally choose courses according to their own interests and have different classmates in different courses.Parties serve as another illustration. Chinese parties often have a group focus. Western parties are different, for example, the cocktail party in which people chat together in pairs or small groups and may change conversation partners during the party.6. What are some ways in which Western societies differ in how they view the issue of equality? P51定义：equality 和hierarchyMost modern societies believe that equality is a virtue, at least to some extent. In other words, people these societies try to minimize rank and power differences, and try to place limits on the power of people in authority.Hierarchy is differences in rank and power. Every society has hierarchy to some degree. In other words, some people have higher rank and more power than others, perhaps because they are older, stronger, wealthier, or have some kind of official position.In US culture, “equality”almost always means “equality of opportunity”, not equal wealth. Americans tend to believe that, as much as possible, all people should be given an equal chance, but then people deserve whatever rewards they work for. In contrast, Western Europeans, especially, Scandinavians, tend to feel that equality of opportunity alone will not guarantee social or material equality. So these cultures place more emphasis on material equality, and their tax and social welfare systems are designed to ensure that difference in wealth between citizens is not large.7.A prescription for culture shock. P61“Culture shock” is often used to describe what happens whenever a person encounters a culture different from his or her own. The term culture shock describes what happens when a sojourner from culture A goes to live in culture B, and needs to adapt to life there.1. accept the occurrence of culture shock as natural2. learn about the host culture3. find a logical reason for everything strange or bad about the host culture4. look for the positive things in the host culture5. avoid foreigners who are critical of the host country6. do not always say critical things about host culture7. keep a good sense of humor8. find another foreigner who knows the host culture9. make friends with people from the host culture10. you won’t lose your own culture11. keep busy and active12. if you feel fatigued, take a little vacation13. prepare a presentation about your own culture8.Why does PCS cause intercultural communication problems? P74Projected cultural similarity is the tendency to assume that people from other cultures basically think and feel more the same way we do. In other words, we sometimes assume that while foreigners may look different, dress differently, and speak different languages, "inside we are all more or less the same".1. People from different culture assume they understand each other instead of asking each other what they think. Because they each expect the other person to react more or less the same way they would, they don't check to see whether or not the other person actually has the same feelings and reactions they would. For this reason, the misunderstanding become worse over time rather than getting better.2. Languages are different.3. Misinterpret non-verbal communication.4. Stereotypes and preconceptions.5. Evaluate before really understanding.9.the golden rules -Do unto others what you would have them do unto you. P77定义Projected cultural similarityThe sentence means that it’s better not to do things to others what you don’t want others do to you. This behavior shows the phenomena “Projected cultural similarity”. In our cultural system, if you don’t like thing done to you, you just don’t impose on others. It’s a kind of virtue. But from the aspect of PCS, people just assume people from other cultures view things the same way we do. What we think is right, we consider others will think it is right, too. However, it just doesn’t work out like that. Because of different cultural background, we have different interpretations of everything happened .we can not expect others to think or act the same as we do.ment on: conformity in Western cultures. P83定义：”loose culture” and “tight culture”Chinese culture is tight culture ,and western cultures are loose cultures. So conformity in western cultures is less than that in Chinese culture.Western individualist cultures tend to be “looser” than collectivist cultures. This tendency toward looseness can be seen in a variety of ways. One reflection is a widespread reluctance to pass laws that prohibit unusual behavior. Another reflection can be seen in Western advertising.ment on: What factors lead to /contribute to looseness or tightness in culture？P86定义：”loose culture” and “tight culture”1. the degree of change in the population---the more people move, the looser and individualist a society tends to be“a country on the wheels”2. the density of the population—small dense society tend to be collectivist, hence tighter. Large dense society tend to be more complex, hence not quite so tight---“a melting pot”3. the number of choices available in society---the more choices available, the more room there is for individualism--looserment on: ethnocentrism and projected cultural similarities P93定义：”ethnocentrism” and “projected cultural similarities”"Ethnocentrism" is the tendency to think of one’s own culture as being at the center of the world in other words, to assume that one’s own culture's way of thinking and acting is more natural, normal, and correct than the way people from other cultures think and act.“Projected cultural similarity” is a phenomenon which is the tendency to assume that people from other cultures basically think and feel more the same way we do. In other words, we sometimes assume that while foreigners may look different, dress differently, and speak different languages, "inside we are all more or less the same".Both of them can not be avoided or overcame in intercultural communication. These two phenomena show that every country or nation consider their own culture as the center.Ethnocentrism is taking one’s own cultural norms as the standard by which to judge people of other cultures and it is purposeful. What’s worse, it may lead to manslaughter.PCS is assuming that people of other cultures view things the same way you do---cultural assumption and it is not purposeful.13.Why are in/out-groups a problem in intercultural communication? P107定义：”in-groups” and “out-groups”1. We generally have more positive feelings toward members of our in-groups than we do toward outsiders. We trust insiders more.2. We tend to have a stronger sense of obligation to insiders than to outsiders. We feel it’s right to help insider more …3. We tend to judge in-groups and out-groups by different standards. To insiders. More generous, to outsiders, more critical, suspicious, more harsh judgmentsSo the ties of goodwill and trust between in-groups and out-groups are often relatively weak, and they break easily when there is conflict or misunderstanding.14.How do Chinese people treat in/out-group based on their own culture? P117定义：”in-groups” and “out-groups”The distinction Chinese usually make is between “us” and “them”. In other wards, there is much assistance and concern for insiders and less for those outside.Chinese often view outsiders who come to China as guests, and give them much special treatment. In part, this is because Chinese view guests as a kind of in-group and tend to treat in-group members very well.15.Characteristics of war stories. P128定义：war stories1. Desire for sympathy. We generally tell war stories to people who are likely to sympathize with us, usually people from our own culture rather than outsiders2. Desire for assurance. We want to get reassurance that our interpretation of the encounter makes sense.3. Desire to tell a good story. we tend to emphasize how unreasonable the behavior of the foreigner was, and how reasonable our own behavior was.16.Why do Americans know less about other countries? P149定义：”culture” and “ethnocentrism”1. US schools do not teach as much world history as schools in many other countries.2. The US borders on relatively few other nations, and is separated from most by large oceans.3. The power of the US means that it has more impact on other nations than other nations have on the US affairs.4. In terms of geographic size and population, the US as a very large nation, hence generates such a volume of local news that the importance of international news diminishes by comparison.5. The power of the US tempts Americans to believe that learning about other countries isn’t so important.6. The international spread of the English language and Western culture diminishes the need of Americans to learn other languages and cultures.。
第6章 词语的翻译(4)
• 禁止任何叛国、分裂国家、煽动叛乱及窃取国 家机密的行为。
• 译文一：To prohibit any act of treason, acts to split the country, incite rebellion and steal secrets.
• 分析：英语中有大量行为抽象名词，表 示行为或动作意义，如advice, agreement, arrival, defence, exception, increase, inheritance, knowledge, praise, use等。
• 吃头两个主菜时，你便会赞不绝口。 • 译文： You will be full of praise while
• 他酷爱古典音乐。 • He is an ardent lover of classic music.
• 他指挥着一个团。 • He is a commander of a regiment.
• 他统治那个地区长达二十年之久。 • He had been the ruler of that region for as
• 你们现在得走了。 • You must be off now.
• 演出已经开始了。 • The performance is on.
• 她非常漂亮。 • She is a real beauty.
• 他酒量很大。 • He is a great drinker.
• 你说他傻不傻? • Don't you think he's an idiot?
商务现场口译答案Unit 3
Unit 3Phrase Interpreting A 1. business luncheon 2. soft drink 4. gourmet 5. preservative-free 7. to propose a toast 8. continental breakfast 10. French fries 1．工作午餐 2．软饮料 3．冷餐招待会 4．美食家 5．不含防腐剂 6．备受青睐 7．致祝酒词 8．欧式早餐 9．垃圾食品 10．炸薯条 B． 1．款待 2．美味佳肴 3．忌讳 4．招牌菜 5．晚宴 6．菜系 7．用筷子 8．用餐举止9．酸辣汤 10．酸奶 1. entertain 2. delicacies, 4. specialty 5. banquet 7. to handle chopsticks 8. table manners 10. yogurt 3. buffet reception 6. to gain popularity 9. junk food 3. taboo 6. major cuisines 9.hot& sour soup Sentence Interpreting A 1. Sichuan food is famous for its numerous varieties of delicacies and strong flavors, and is best known for being spicy-hot. 2. Cantonese cuisine emphasizes light cooking with seemingly limitless range of ingredients. 3. The careful coordination of such a series of delicate activities as selecting ingredients, mixing flavors, timing the cooking, controlling the heat and finally, laying out the food on the plate for the table are the typical characteristics of Chinese food.4. Nearly endless variety of natural ingredients and methods of preparation are employed in Chinese cuisine/cooking.5. May I propose a toast to the health of His Excellency the Ambassador and Mme. Smith? 1．川菜最大的特点是品种多、口味重，以麻辣著称。
中西方饮食文化差异-英语
02
Characteristics of Chinese and Western Food Culture
Characteristics of Chinese Food Culture
01
Variety
02
Chinese cuisine is known for its vast array of dishes, each with unique flavors and cooking methods
Drinking Etiquette
Toasting is a common practice in Chinese dining culture When toasting, it is customary to raise your glass lower than that of the person you are toasting to show respect
• Summary and Outlook
01
introduction
Purpose and background
Exploring
the
Differences
in
Chinese
and
Western Dietary
Cultures
Inspire thinking and research on food culture
中西方饮食文化差异-英语
汇报人：XX 2024-01-23
目 录
• introduction • Characteristics of Chinese and Western
Food Culture • Differences in dining etiquette between
汉字的特点与感受作文英语
汉字的特点与感受作文英语The Characteristics and Feelings of Chinese Characters。
Chinese characters are unique and fascinating. They are not just a form of writing, but also a reflection ofChinese culture and history. The characteristics of Chinese characters are deeply rooted in the Chinese people'sfeelings and experiences.Firstly, Chinese characters are pictographic, which means that they are based on images of objects. For example, the character "山" (shān) for mountain, looks like a mountain. This makes Chinese characters visually appealing and easier to remember. Moreover, the stroke order of Chinese characters is very important. Each character has a specific sequence of strokes that must be followed in order to write it correctly. This requires patience and precision, and reflects the Chinese value of discipline and order.In addition, Chinese characters are full of symbolismand meaning. Many characters are formed by combiningsmaller characters, each with its own meaning. For example, the character "爱" (ài) for love, is made up of the characters for "heart" and "friend". This reflects the Chinese belief in the importance of relationships and emotions. Furthermore, Chinese characters are rich inhistory and culture. Many characters have evolved from ancient forms and have been passed down through generations. Each character carries with it the stories and traditionsof the Chinese people.The feelings evoked by Chinese characters are equally profound. Writing and reading Chinese characters can beboth meditative and expressive. The act of writing characters requires careful attention to detail and asteady hand. It is a form of art that requires practice and dedication. When writing characters, one must focus on each stroke and let the rhythm of the brush guide the movementof the hand. This creates a sense of calm and concentration that is unique to Chinese calligraphy.Furthermore, Chinese characters can convey a wide rangeof emotions and ideas. Each character has its own unique meaning and connotations that go beyond the literal definition. For example, the character "美" (měi) for beauty, not only represents physical attractiveness, but also embodies the concept of harmony and balance. Chinese characters have the power to evoke deep emotions and provoke thought, making them a powerful tool for communication and expression.In conclusion, Chinese characters are a reflection of the Chinese people's creativity, discipline, and cultural heritage. They are not just a form of writing, but also a source of inspiration and a means of connecting with the past. The characteristics and feelings of Chinese characters are truly unique and deserve to be celebrated and appreciated.。
英语作文写汉语特点
英语作文写汉语特点Title: Characteristics of the Chinese Language。
The Chinese language, with its rich history spanning thousands of years, stands out as one of the most fascinating and complex languages in the world. Its unique characteristics have captivated linguists and learners alike. In this essay, we delve into the distinctive features of the Chinese language, exploring its structure, writing system, tonality, and cultural significance.First and foremost, the Chinese language is renowned for its logographic writing system, which employs characters to represent words or morphemes. Unlike alphabetic writing systems, such as English or Spanish, where individual letters represent sounds, Chinese characters convey meaning directly. Each character is a symbol, often derived from ancient pictograms, ideograms, or phonetic compounds, reflecting the rich cultural heritage of China. For instance, the character for"mountain" (山) resembles a simple depiction of a mountain, while the character for "sun" (日) depicts the sun's shape.Furthermore, the tonal nature of Chinese sets it apart from many other languages. Mandarin Chinese, the most widely spoken dialect, utilizes four distinct tones—flat, rising, falling-rising, and falling—to differentiate words that would otherwise be homophones. For example, the word "ma" can mean "mother," "hemp," "horse," or "scold" depending on the tone used. Mastering tones is crucial for achieving comprehension and clarity in Chinese communication, presenting a unique challenge for language learners unfamiliar with tonal languages.Another striking aspect of the Chinese language is its syntactic structure. Chinese is classified as a Subject-Verb-Object (SVO) language, similar to English, where the typical word order is subject followed by verb and then object. However, Chinese exhibits flexibility in word order due to its lack of inflectional morphology. Instead of conjugating verbs or declining nouns, Chinese relies on context, particles, and auxiliary words to conveygrammatical relationships. This simplicity in morphology but complexity in syntax distinguishes Chinese from many Indo-European languages.Moreover, Chinese characters often carry deep cultural connotations and historical significance. Many characters are formed by combining radicals, which are smaller components that convey semantic or phonetic information. For instance, the character for "peace" (安) comprises the radicals for "woman" and "roof," suggesting the concept of a woman under a roof representing safety and tranquility—a reflection of traditional Chinese societal values. Understanding these cultural nuances adds depth to one's appreciation of the language and fosters cross-cultural understanding.Despite its challenges, mastering the Chinese language offers numerous rewards. Beyond its practical utility as a tool for communication in one of the world's largest economies, proficiency in Chinese opens doors to a rich tapestry of literature, philosophy, and art spanning millennia. From classical works like "The Analects" ofConfucius to modern literature by authors such as Mo Yan and Yu Hua, the Chinese language provides access to a wealth of cultural treasures waiting to be explored.In conclusion, the Chinese language stands out for its logographic writing system, tonal phonology, syntactic structure, and cultural significance. While learning Chinese may present formidable challenges, the journey is rewarded with a deeper understanding of one of the world's oldest and most influential languages. As the global community continues to embrace linguistic diversity, the importance of Chinese as a bridge to Chinese culture and civilization cannot be overstated. Whether for academic, professional, or personal reasons, the study of Chinese offers boundless opportunities for intellectual growth and cultural enrichment.。
中国美食特点词语英语作文
中国美食特点词语英语作文The Characteristics of Chinese Cuisine。
Chinese cuisine is known for its rich history, diverse flavors, and unique cooking techniques. With a history spanning thousands of years, Chinese cuisine has developed into a complex and diverse culinary tradition that is loved by people all over the world. There are several key characteristics that define Chinese cuisine and set it apart from other types of food.First and foremost, Chinese cuisine is characterized by its emphasis on balance and harmony. The Chinese believe in the concept of yin and yang, and this philosophy is reflected in the way food is prepared and consumed. Chinese dishes often feature a balance of flavors, colors, and textures, and are designed to nourish the body and promote overall well-being.Another defining characteristic of Chinese cuisine isits use of fresh, seasonal ingredients. Chinese chefs place a high importance on using the freshest and highest quality ingredients available, and many traditional Chinese dishes are made using locally sourced produce and meats. This emphasis on freshness and seasonality ensures that Chinese food is not only delicious, but also nutritious and healthy.In addition to its emphasis on balance and fresh ingredients, Chinese cuisine is also known for its wide variety of cooking techniques. From stir-frying andsteaming to braising and deep-frying, Chinese chefs have developed a wide range of cooking methods that are used to create dishes with unique flavors and textures. These cooking techniques require a high level of skill and precision, and are a key part of what makes Chinese cuisine so special.Furthermore, Chinese cuisine is also characterized byits regional diversity. China is a vast and diverse country, and each region has its own unique culinary traditions and specialties. From the spicy, flavorful dishes of Sichuan province to the delicate, light flavors of Cantonesecuisine, the regional diversity of Chinese food is truly remarkable. This diversity ensures that there is something for everyone to enjoy in Chinese cuisine, no matter what their tastes may be.Finally, Chinese cuisine is also known for its emphasis on communal dining and sharing. In China, meals are often served family-style, with a variety of dishes placed in the center of the table for everyone to share. This communal style of dining fosters a sense of togetherness and connection, and is an important part of Chinese food culture.In conclusion, Chinese cuisine is characterized by its emphasis on balance and harmony, its use of fresh, seasonal ingredients, its wide variety of cooking techniques, its regional diversity, and its emphasis on communal dining. These characteristics are what make Chinese cuisine so unique and beloved by people all over the world. Whether you are enjoying a spicy Sichuan hot pot or a delicate Cantonese dim sum feast, Chinese cuisine is sure to delight your taste buds and leave you wanting more.。
中国人特点介绍作文英语
中国人特点介绍作文英语Chinese people are known for their rich cultural heritage, diverse traditions, and unique characteristics that have been shaped by thousands of years of history. In this essay, we will explore some key traits and characteristics of the Chinese people.1. Strong Sense of Family: Family plays a central role in Chinese culture. Respect for parents and elders is deeply ingrained, and there is a strong emphasis on filial piety. Family gatherings during festivals like Chinese New Year are cherished, and maintaining family harmony is a priority for many.2. Hardworking Ethos: Chinese people are often recognized for their strong work ethic. From ancient times to the present day, diligence and perseverance have been valued virtues. The proverb "Yi Gong Chi Shan" (一功吃尽山) encapsulates this ethic, meaning "One achievement, one mountain conquered." This mindset emphasizes the importanceof hard work in achieving success.3. Emphasis on Education: Education is highly prized in Chinese culture. Parents typically prioritize theirchildren's education and make significant sacrifices to provide them with the best opportunities. The competitive nature of China's education system reflects this emphasis, with students often striving for academic excellence.4. Respect for Authority: Traditional Chinese society places great importance on hierarchy and respect for authority figures. This respect extends beyond the family to include teachers, government officials, and employers. Confucian values emphasizing social harmony and order have influenced this aspect of Chinese culture.5. Collectivism: Chinese culture places value on the collective good rather than individual desires. Concepts such as "the greater good" and "saving face" are important considerations in social interactions. Maintaining harmony within groups, whether family, community, or workplace, is a priority.6. Cultural Pride: Chinese people take pride in their rich cultural heritage, which includes a long history of literature, art, philosophy, and cuisine. Traditional cultural practices, such as calligraphy, tea ceremonies, and martial arts, continue to be cherished and passed down through generations.7. Adaptability and Resilience: Throughout history, Chinese society has demonstrated resilience in the face of adversity. Whether coping with natural disasters, political upheavals, or economic challenges, the Chinese people have shown remarkable adaptability and perseverance.8. Entrepreneurial Spirit: In recent decades, China has experienced rapid economic growth and transformation. This has been fueled in part by the entrepreneurial spirit of the Chinese people. Many individuals have seized opportunities for innovation and business ventures, contributing to China's dynamic economy.9. Hospitality: Hospitality is an important aspect ofChinese culture. Guests are treated with warmth and generosity, and it is customary to offer food and drink as a sign of hospitality. Sharing meals together is a common way to strengthen social bonds and express goodwill.10. Love for Food: Chinese cuisine is renowned for its diversity and flavor. Food plays a central role in Chinese culture, and mealtime is often a time for family and friends to gather and bond. Regional cuisines offer a wide range of dishes, from spicy Sichuan cuisine to delicate Cantonese dim sum.In conclusion, Chinese people possess a rich tapestry of cultural traits and characteristics that have been shaped by centuries of history and tradition. From their strong sense of family and work ethic to their emphasis on education and resilience in the face of challenges, these qualities contribute to the vibrancy and dynamism of Chinese society.。
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2.The head conductor very civilly led me to the dining-car corridor, pointed to a tencentimeter-wide ledge along the wall, and said, “Sorry, but that’s the best I can do— the sleepers are full. 3.I hopped down from the upper berth, Xi’an. No need for the woman on the PA system to make the announcement, from the train’s deceleration, I already knew Xi’an was coming up.
Wuhan, the backbone of growth for the central Region will develop according to the 21st century development plan which identifies four areas of economic focus— automobile, steel manufacturing, science and technology and trade.
列车长很有礼貌地把我引到餐车的过道 里，指着一个从车厢突出来的大约10厘 米的边说， 请委屈一下吧， 卧铺已满。 我从上铺跳下来， 西安到了。 用不着 女广播员报告， 从减速 的列车的车体， 我就知道西安到了。
Exercise:
1.She told me that we could take a shortcut to Wild Goose pagoda, that there were a lot of vendors selling Xi’an style snacks near the pagoda and that we could have for dinner some things that I couldn’t find in Beijing. That interested me, I didn’t remind her, though, what a terrific gourmet she used to be.
The characteristics of Chinese
btedly oppose the right of own guns. unexpectedly, she was on the side of the supporters of gun ownership.
The old man said that what was wrong with me was that I was too keen to win. Then he told me that if my opponent was too eager to win I should use soft methods to transform him. While I was transforming him I should be setting up the situation in which to defeat him. Softness isn’t weakness. It is containing, drawing in, holding. By holding and transforming your opponent, you draw him into the strategy you are setting up.
Then he said that china’s Taoist talked a lot about the Yin and the Yang. That opening chapter was using male and female to explain the Yin and the Yang. The Yin and the Yang principles sometimes move apart and sometimes join together. you mustn’t be too given to winning. If you win too much, you break. Be too feeble and you will leak away.
You are as wrong as you can be. His chances are slim. He is not himself today. He is different now. She is needy Be honest with yourself She is harmless
Through the development strategy of the Yangtze Economic Belt, economic growth in this inland region, Wuhan is accelerating, because of its geographic privilege, becoming the economic focus of the region.
4. All the people stood to the right of the escalator, which was the width of two persons standing side by side, so the left side was left open.