旅游服务贸易的国际竞争力:罗马尼亚的案例外文及翻译

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旅游服务贸易竞争力

旅游服务贸易竞争力
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加强旅游营销推广:海南通过多种渠道进行旅游营销推广,如广告、 促销、网络营销等。
取得成果及未来发展规划
迪士尼乐园
迪士尼乐园的旅游服务贸易竞争力得到了显著提升,游客数量不断增加,品牌影响力不断扩大。未来,迪士尼乐 园将继续推出新的娱乐项目和活动,提供更加优质的服务,加强营销推广,进一步提高旅游服务贸易竞争力。
THANKS
谢谢您的观看
提升竞争力的策略与措施
• 加强营销推广:迪士尼乐园通过多种渠道进行营销推广, 提高品牌知名度和影响力。
提升竞争力的策略与措施
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海南旅游
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开发特色旅游资源:海南注重开发具有地方特色的旅游资源,如热带 雨林、沙滩、温泉等。
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提高旅游服务质量:海南加强旅游服务质量的监管和管理,提高旅游 服务水平。
实际情况。
系统性原则
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评价指标应涵盖旅游服务贸易竞争力的各个方面,包括旅游产
品质量、服务水平、营销策略等。
可操作性原则
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评价指标应具有可操作性,能够在实际评价过程中方便地获取
和计算。
评价指标体系构成要素
旅游产品质量
包括旅游景点的吸引力、旅游设施的完善程 度、旅游服务的舒适度等方面。
营销策略
包括旅游产品的宣传推广、价格策略、客户 关系管理等方面。
不同国家和地区在旅游服务贸易竞争 力方面存在差异,但总体上呈现出不 断提升的趋势。
旅游服务贸易竞争力受到多种因素的 影响,包括旅游资源、旅游设施、服 务质量、市场营销等。
提高旅游服务贸易竞争力需要从多个 方面入手,包括加强旅游资源保护和 开发、完善旅游设施和服务质量、加 强市场营销和品牌建设等。
对未来研究的展望

[浅谈我国旅游服务贸易竞争力] 服务贸易竞争力

[浅谈我国旅游服务贸易竞争力] 服务贸易竞争力

[浅谈我国旅游服务贸易竞争力] 服务贸易竞争力浅谈我国旅游服务贸易竞争力提要通过贸易竞争指数和显示性贸易比较指数的国际比较,我国旅游服务贸易有一定的竞争力,但与先进国家相比还有距离,需要进一步采取有效措施,加快提升我国旅游服务贸易的国际竞争力。

关键词:旅游服务贸易;国际竞争力;对策一、我国旅游服务贸易概况1、旅游服务贸易是我国服务贸易的重要组成部分。

1998~2007年旅游服务贸易都是我国服务贸易的重要组成部分,几乎占全部服务贸易量的1/3到1/2。

2、我国的高额贸易顺差一直是富有争议性的话题,而旅游服务贸易则存在双面性,即入境旅游可以赚取外汇;出境旅游可以促进居民境外消费,弥补贸易差额,缓解国际贸易摩擦。

1980~2007年我国旅游外汇收入年平均增长率17%。

2007年我国入境旅游人数达13,187万人次,旅游外汇收入347亿美元。

旅游服务贸易为我国的创汇增收做出了很大贡献。

与此同时,我国的出境旅游快速发展。

1997~2007年我国出境旅游人数持续增长。

2007年我国出境旅游人数达到3,400万人次,旅游花费约235亿美元。

3、旅游服务贸易持续增长。

除2003年因我国发生“非典”疫情造成旅游服务贸易下降外,近年来我国旅游服务贸易持续增长,其中旅游服务贸易总量年均增长率14%,旅游服务贸易出口总量年均增长率13%,旅游服务贸易进口总量年均增长11%。

4、我国发展旅游服务贸易的潜力大。

我国发展旅游服务贸易的潜力很大,除2003年我国因发生“非典”疫情入境旅游人数增长为负数外,其他时段增长率皆为正数。

其中,1995~2006年入境旅游人数年均增长率为9%;出境旅游人数年均增长率约为18%。

二、贸易竞争优势指数分析贸易竞争优势指数,即tc指数,表示一国进出口贸易的差额占进出口总额的比重。

又称比较优势指数cai,是行业结构国际竞争力分析的一种有力工具,总体上能够反映出计算对象的比较优势状况,它是一个剔除了各国通货膨胀等宏。

服务贸易自由化机制外文文献翻译2014年译文4000字

服务贸易自由化机制外文文献翻译2014年译文4000字

文献出处:Barattieri A. The mechanism of service trade liberalization[J]. Journal of International Economics, 2014, 92(1): 1-13.(声明:本译文归百度文库所有,完整译文请到百度文库。

)原文The mechanism of service trade liberalizationBarattieri AAbstractIn this paper, Service trade liberalization is the key areas of the United States to promote the TPP negotiations, the United States in the negotiations are pushing mechanism of a high standard of service trade liberalization. In this paper the progress of the TPP negotiations and services trade issues important position, on the basis of the acceptance, architecture design, focus on services, regulatory consistency four aspects in the TPP uncovers the "high standards" service trade liberalization mechanism establishment. American "high standards" service trade liberalization mechanism is tailored to the interests of the United States, actually services in the service of the United States. These mechanisms are through to strengthen and promote the TPP platform, forming reversed transmission to other countries.Key words: the TPP; The United States; Service trade liberalization; High standards; Mechanism designAmerica is the first largest exporter global trade in services, and for many years, continues to service trade surplus. Competitive advantage based on service industry and service industry The importance of promoting American exports, jobs and economic growth, the United States in the multilateral, bilateral and regional multiple layers jointly promoting service trade liberalization. In the Uruguay round negotiations, the United States has overcome many obstacles, for the first time to include the Service Trade in multilateral negotiations, contributed to the general Agreement on Trade in services (the Genre - al Agreement on Trade and Service,GATS) signed and implemented. Liberalization of GATS commitments, however, very limited in breadth and depth, it is difficult to meet the more open the foreign service the needs of the market. Due to the World Trade Organization (World Trade Organization, the WTO), a new round of talks to stagnate, the United States under the global multilateral system for the desire of promoting service Trade liberalization, bilateral and regional levels of the Free Trade Agreement (Free Trade Agreement, FTA) as one of the main platforms of the United States promote Free Trade in services. Of particular concern is that the United States is using the cross Pacific Partnership Agreement (Trans - Pacific Partnership Agreement, the TPP) the dominant platform for American values, build a new international trade rules, in order to obtain control of international rules. Under the TPP agreement, service trade as the TPP leaders to enforce the integral part of the "high standards" agreement was incorporated into the negotiations agenda.TPP in service trade agreement a denier, service trade liberalization will greatly promote the TPP region, with the will of the entire Asia-pacific region and the world service trade liberalization have a strong demonstration effect, will also for China's service trade liberalization reform in the future and promote have a powerful driving force, so it is necessary to pay close attention to the United States with the aid of TPP create specific design of international service trade rules1 The TPP talks progress and issues related to trade in services1.1 The TPP negotiationsSince U.S. President barrack Osama in November 2009 when visiting Tokyo high-profile, declared the United States to participate in the pact, led and driven by, in the United States has quietly held 19 rounds of group negotiations and minister level conference for many times. From March 2010 to the end of 2013, the TPP members first advanced the 19th round team talks. During this period, the TPP members from the initial eight countries also extended to the current 12 countries, South Korea is to join the TPP double edge consultation process, is expected to be at the end of 2014 officially became the TPP talks to 13 members. The TPP talks scheduled for the end of 2013, but until close to the end of the 19 rounds of negotiations, the TPPnegotiations team still has not agreed a final text of the TPP. Since the end of 2013 to May 2014, the TPP members has held many ministerial meeting in Singapore, Vietnam and chief negotiator for the meeting. From May 2014 ministerial meeting of the end of the Vietnam and Singapore, the TPP members still tries on the question of the rules of market access and reduce differences, in market access package of goods and services, intellectual property rights, legal and institutional transparency, pharmaceutical industry, investment, environment, state-owned enterprises, the rules of origin of textiles, such as financial services, there are still various problems more outstanding, the TPP talks a long way to go.1.2 The TPP attaches great importance to the issues related to service trade talksAccording to the TPP negotiations reach an outline and the framework of the Chinese and foreign related research can be known, the TPP the tentative negotiating text for the 29 chapters, it covers issues extensively than ever. Among them, in addition to trade in services, special issues, such as telecommunications, financial services, investment in e-commerce, the issue of regulatory consistency, business turnover also involved in the service trade related content. Throughout the United States trade representative's office announced each round issue can be found: to issues related to the trade in services are always appear in each round of TPP liberalization of trade negotiations, especially the competitive advantage of financial services, telecommunications and other issues, almost become the TPP negotiations will talk about issues in each round. That highlights the TPP agreement of service trade liberalization negotiations the importance and difficulty of the task, and the United States to tap the TPP and determination to set new rules on service trade liberalization.2 The United States to tap the TPP creating high standards of service trade liberalization mechanismIn the WTO multilateral level under the situation of lack promoting service trade liberalization, the United States to use its dominant TPP as set up a new generation of "high standard" service trade liberalization mechanism is one of the ways. Based on the related academic research and keeping track of the TPP negotiations, found that the current TPP service trade from the mechanism in the way of commitment, overallarchitecture, key services liberalization, with consistent "regulatory issues to promote" service market opening, etc all shows the characteristics of high standard, the following will focus on from four aspects, analyze the mechanism of TPP service trade liberalization.2.1 using "negative list" commitmentDominant in the United States and, driven by the TPP in the mode of service trade liberalization commitment choose to adopt the way of "negative list" promise, it is the TPP as a new generation of one of the iconic features of the trade agreement.” Negative list" and "Ken listing" completely different way of commitment, "negative list" from top to bottom commitment ways can cover the entire service trade activities, the measures listed in the list Belong to the exception. And "must list" of promises by way of commitment applies only to specific services or a specific service mode, higher levels of service trade liberalization must be gradually implemented through several rounds of service trade negotiation. In essence, "must list" and "negative list" promise way can promote the service sector liberalization, however the latter than the former has more transparency, stability, the advantages of the universal applicability and efficiency, therefore, using "negative list" is also thought contains the high standards of liberalization.In terms of transparency, applicability, because "must list" of a particular phase locked rule did not make commitment to service department or of the service commitments If there are no promises in the service mode is not binding, and commitment has been made in the service department or service model may use exception list also does not require; The listing requirements for "negative list" model retained by the listed exceptions measures. This means that the mode based on "negative list" promise is intrinsically transparency. In terms of stability rules, based on the way "must list" commitment in providing special services or service mode of making a new commitment to achieve the level of service trade liberalization may be lower than both the level and thus may result in service trade liberalization reversal; But based on "negative list" of service trade liberalization "ratchet mechanism", this kind of mechanism to ensure the "negative list" does not weaken the service tradeliberalization in the existing water flat, thus ensure the relative stability of the service trade rules.Is universal applicability, "negative list" promise mode, the first member countries negotiate the general rules of service trade liberalization, the inventory list Only on the general rule of exceptions or retain, for no exception or retain members, universal; And "must list" commitment to the member states of the mode of liberalization commitment level may be uneven, and the rules apply only to make a promise between countries, this reduces the universal applicability of commitment. In terms of service trade liberalization negotiations efficiency, in the subsequent further since the negotiations, "negative list" simply listing the reserved liberalization measures in negotiations, the negotiations time and cost less, that means free talks of high efficiency; While "must list" for listing outside the service mode, the principle of departments or negotiate one by one, may be more than the "negative list" take time and cost of negotiation. The pact is choice is much more open-ended way of "negative list" commitment, to expand and deepen service liberalization commitments more effectively, meet the maximum open the interests of other countries' trade in services market requirements. In the long run to see, because the TPP members covered with wider range of area, through extension mechanism of TPP and demonstration effect, the United States can naturally, to improve and strengthen the NAFTA model introduced by the mechanism of service trade liberalization, and the way of "negative list" to the world, and then realize the United States continues to lead the global service trade liberalization mechanism of strategic purpose.2.2 service trade liberalization architecture design innovationThe pact is the text of the integral design of the mechanism of service trade liberalization TPP is actually dominated by the United States, the United States wants to continue making the TPP a high standard of comprehensive free trade agreement template.TPP in mechanism design presents the service trade and merchandise trade liberalization is neck and neck, which conforms to since the beginning of the 21st century a free trade agreement in parallel trend of trade in goods and services trade-In addition, due to the unique competitive advantage in trade in services, which isdominated by the United States of TPP, the system of trade in services architecture design is completely different from the pattern design of GATS four kinds of trade in services. Specifically, the TPP service trade issues related to both exist in separate chapters way special topics, such as the TPP "cross-border trade in services" "telecommunications service", "financial services" are distributed in the other chapters of liberalization arrangements, such as "investment" (pattern 3) involved in the service industry investment, "business personnel temporary into the" chapter involving natural flow of trade in services provide pattern 4 phase content, involved in the "regulatory consistency" services consistency issues, etching addition, e-commerce, government procurement, competition policy, legal release, institutional arrangements and the issue of dispute settlement and so on also to services and service trade with constraints on stakeholders.The GATS four kinds of trade in services model of discrete arrangement According to the mechanism of TPP service trade liberalization of architectural design, the TPP four service mode under the GATS definition from the cross points, corresponding to the related rules of model 3 and model 4 are divided in investment rules and business personnel temporary entry section. Specific as follows: (1) cross-border services trade and investment division "must list" of GATS commitments under way, according to the service trade agreement framework of four provide models were set up, the trade in services (mode 1, 2, 4) and investment rules (pattern 3) are integrated in the service trade agreement. However, with the development of international trade in services, through the trade in services in the form of commercial presence has increased the proportion of the total trade in services. According to the U.S. bureau of economic analysis (BEA) statistics, as early as in 1996, the United States through set up branches abroad, trade in services in the form of commercial presence is the total amount is more than the total amount of cross-border trade in services. Investment rules under the service trade agreement architecture has been difficult to meet through commercial modes of existence XiangDongDao provide to serve the interests of the investors, investment rules and service division Profit as an objective need for expanding trade in services.3 Conclusions and ProspectService trade liberalization is one of the key areas of the TPP negotiations, in the us, driven by the TPP aims to establish high standards of service trade freedom mechanism is made, reshape the rules of service trade liberalization in the Asia-pacific region, and further move Multilateral international service trade liberalization talks. This article through to the TPP negotiations progress and content analysis, reveals the United States from four aspects with the aid of the TPP talks to create one of the main features of the high standard of service trade liberalization mechanism. Namely "negative list", different modes of service trade liberalization commitments way points set rules of architecture system, focus on high standards of services liberalization, creating "regulatory consistency issues" in the face of the domestic regulatory barriers. The above situation shows that the United States as the leader of the TPP negotiations, is with the aid of the TPP talks to build new rules of international service trade liberalization. The design rules of service trade liberalization, to some extent, is tailored for the interests of the United States, cut field services in the service of the United States. Its most significant performance is: in the United States has the advantage of departments, such as financial, telecommunications and other sectors, create high standard since the rules; Sensitive sectors in the United States, such as natural person, the us has been in the prudent open state, to avoid the excessive open through separate chapters. Although the TPP negotiations is not yet the final result, but the TPP negotiations this body for the global pattern of international trade have a significant impact, the rules of the TPP negotiations also affects the course of the international rules. As China's important trade partner in the Asia-pacific region have joined the TPP negotiations, China's face are the TPP marginalized embarrassing position. Whether in the future the TPP negotiations can reach an agreement, the TPP rules of service trade liberalization to expand in the Asia-pacific region has been open to China's service industry forming reversed transmission of power. In the trend of service trade liberalization in the trend of The Times, the Chinese also can't stay, especially strong to add on the depth offocus in the field of service liberalization and research on the effects of transverse issues on international service regulation.译文(声明:本译文归百度文库所有,完整译文请到百度文库。

国际旅游服务贸易竞争力分析

国际旅游服务贸易竞争力分析

国际旅游服务贸易竞争力分析摘要:本文基于笔者多年从事国际经济与贸易的相关研究,以国际旅游服务贸易竞争力为研究对象,分析了当前我国旅游服务贸易竞争力的概况,探讨了提升我国旅游服务贸易竞争力的对策,全文是笔者长期研究基础上的理论升华,相信对从事相关工作的同行能有所裨益。

关键词:国际旅游贸易竞争力对策旅游服务贸易是指一国(地区)旅游从业人员向其它国家(地区)的旅游服务消费者提供旅游服务并获得报酬的活动,既包括外国旅游者的入境游,即国际收入游,又包括本国旅游者的出境游,即国际支出游。

按WTO服务贸易理事会国际服务贸易分类表,旅游及相关服务包括:宾馆与饭店、旅行社及旅游经纪人服务社、导游服务以及其它。

1 我国旅游服务贸易竞争力的概况1.1 世界旅游服务贸易的现状旅游业是当今世界服务业中发展最快的产业之一,是随着经济社会发展和人的生活质量提升而获得持续增长的产业;同时,旅游业的发展也带来其国际交换范围和程度的扩展,旅游服务贸易增长势头迅猛,在国际服务贸易中占有愈益重要的份额。

据统计,2007年世界旅游服务贸易出口总额为8620亿美元,占世界服务贸易出口总额的比重为26.5%,比2006年下降1.3个百分点。

旅游服务出口增长率为14%。

旅游收入增长呈现停滞,且低于世界平均水平。

而亚洲地区出口方面有所增长,但在进口方面,旅游支出的增长要低于运输和其他商业服务。

在北美洲地区,由于受美国经济减速影响,刺激了加拿大人在美国的旅游支出。

中南美洲地区,2007年服务进口增速快于出口,出现这种变化的主要原因是,该地区的旅游支出约增长了25%,是旅游收入增长的2倍。

据世界旅游组织的预测显示,在未来几年里国际旅游服务贸易任将保持良好的发展势头,2010年全球国际旅游人次将达到10亿人次,2015年12亿人次,2020年16亿人次,2020年全球国际旅游消费收入将达2万亿美元,届时国际旅游人口将占世界总人口的3.5%,旅游服务贸易将在全球经济结构中发挥重要作用。

中国旅游服务贸易国际竞争力与影响因素分析

中国旅游服务贸易国际竞争力与影响因素分析

中国旅游服务贸易国际竞争力与影响因素分析作者:蒲翔天来源:《大经贸》2015年第08期【摘要】本文在前辈同类研究的前提下,以国际市场占有率指数(MS)、显示性比较优势指数(RCA)、比较优势指数(CAI)和旅游服务贸易开放度(TSO)为依托,探讨出我国旅游服务贸易的国际竞争力。

同时,本文对我国旅游服务贸易竞争力的影响因素进行了具体分析,发现国际旅行社数、旅游院校学生数和国内旅游收入对旅游服务贸易外汇收入有较大影响。

最后,本文根据以上研究结果和本国旅游服务业所存在的问题,笔者提出相关的提升建议。

【关键字】旅游服务贸易国际竞争力影响因素提升建议一、中国旅游服务贸易竞争力分析要提升我国旅游服务贸易在国际市场上的竞争力,我们首先必须了解其目前基本情况。

为了更直观地清楚我国旅游服务贸易的国际竞争力,本文选取了国际市场占有率指数、显示性比较优势指数、比较优势指数和旅游服务贸易开放度四个角度,将2001年到2010年10年间8个世界旅游服务贸易大国:美国、西班牙、法国、意大利、德国、英国、加拿大、日本的四个指标与中国做国际比较。

(一)国际市场占有率指数(MS)MS=Xij/Xwj(1-1)国际市场占有率(MS,Market Share)在本文中指一国旅游服务贸易出口总额占世界旅游服务贸易总额的比例。

它在综合考虑该国和世界整体规模和实力的基础上,以最简单的比例的方式表明了一国某特定产业的整体竞争力。

该计算公式中,Xij指i国旅游服务贸易的出口额,Xwj表示世界旅游服务贸易总出口额。

根据定义可知,当所占比例越高时,说明该国旅游服务贸易在国际市场上竞争力越高,反之所占比例越低,其在国际旅游服务贸易市场上竞争力则越弱。

运用国际市场占有率所评价的国际竞争力可以反映一个国家旅游服务贸易的绝对竞争力。

根据2001年到2010年10年各国和世界贸易的数据,计算出了以下9国旅游服务贸易国际市场占有率,结果如下:由表3-1数据分析可知,美国自2001年以来,在旅游服务贸易上占有绝对优势,其国际市场占有率几乎保持在14%以上。

我国服务贸易的国际竞争力分析(论文原稿)

我国服务贸易的国际竞争力分析(论文原稿)

我国服务贸易的国际竞争力分析(论文原稿)封面目录我国服务贸易的国际竞争力分析摘要:近年来,在全球贸易自由化浪潮的冲击下服务贸易迅速发展,在全球贸易总量中的比重不断扩大,在世界经济竞争中的作用日益提高,发展服务贸易成为各国关注和竞争的焦点。

随着中国加入W TO 后,我国对外贸易的国际环境得到改善,推动了我国出口贸易的进一步发展。

服务贸易发展水平是衡量一个国家经济发展水平和阶段的重要标志,是一个国家国民经济实力和国际竞争力的重要体现。

加快服务贸易发展是提高我国对外贸易水平、参与国际分工能力的重要举措,同时也是我国面对新形势做出的战略选择。

本文以我国服务贸易为对象,根据我国服务贸易的发展现状对服务贸易的国际竞争力进行分析,并对此提出相应的解决对策。

关键词:世界服务贸易服务贸易制约因素技术壁垒影响对策贸易竞争力政策Abstract:In recent years, the tide of global trade liberalization under the impact of the rapid development of trade in services,In the proportion of total global trade expanding, the role of world economic competition increasing, the development of trade in services and competition to become the focus of national attention. With China's accession to W TO, the international environment for China's foreign trade to improve and promote the further development of China's export trade. Trade inservices is a measure of a country's development level and stage of economic development, an important symbol, is a national economic strength and international competitiveness ofan important embodiment. Accelerate the development of trade in services is to increase the level of China's foreign trade, ability to participate in international division of labor an important measure, but also to face the new situation in China made a strategic choice.In this paper, targeting China's service trade, trade in services under the current development of China on the international competitiveness of trade in services analysis, and puts forward corresponding countermeasures.Keywords:World trade in services, trade in services, constraints, technical barriers, impact measures, trade competitiveness, policy 一、我国服务贸易的现状改革开放以来,中国的服务贸易不断发展,在世界服务贸易中的排名不断上涨,贸易额不断加大。

我国旅游服务贸易国际竞争力分析

我国旅游服务贸易国际竞争力分析

我国旅游服务贸易国际竞争力分析摘要:本文对当前我国社会的入境旅游和出境旅游实施了研究考察,并对我国当前在国际旅游服务贸易领域的地位实施了完整全面的分析研究,使用理论分析和事例论证相结合的方法,对增强我国旅游服务贸易发展质量的主要策略进行了制定,使我国经济在旅游服务贸易方面的发展质量可以得到较大程度的提高。

关键词:旅游服务贸易;国际竞争力;分析一、影响旅游服务贸易国际竞争力的主要因素(一)旅游生产方面的因素在进行旅游服务贸易开发的过程中,旅游开发团队需要进行各类硬件设置的资金投入,而在开发不同性质旅游资源的过程中,投入的成本形式也不尽相同。

旅游资源开发的成本投入会因为旅游资源的开发形式受到影响,而成本的投入也不止简单的局限于现有的成本特点,而是涵盖了资金、人力资源、物力资源等一系列成本资源。

另外,知识方面的成本也是提升旅游发展质量的重要成本。

旅游资源开发不简单的局限于市场因素的分析知识和旅游团队的管理知识,也包括旅游领域为提升国际竞争力而积累的一系列经验。

因此,旅游生产方面的多种类因素,都能在共同的作用下影响旅游服务贸易的国际竞争力,使旅游服务贸易可以更好的进行形成性因素的科学分析,并受到生产要素的较大制约。

另外,旅游生产要素不仅较为复杂,也拥有较为多样的来源。

正常情况下,旅游生产要素受到人力资源和物力资源的主要影响,而在具备特殊性因素的旅游服务贸易开发领域,工作人员的专业技能也是影响旅游服务贸易开发质量的重要因素,因此,旅游生产因素对国际竞争力的影响时间持续较长,而影响的效果也具备不可逆转的特点。

(二)国内旅游需求在我国国内旅游市场开发程度日渐加深的背景下,国内旅游的竞争优势得到了进一步的凸显,很多国内的购买力趋向了国内旅游服务贸易市场。

另外,国内的旅游服务贸易市场很大程度上受产业规模的限制,使得我国境内的旅游服务贸易的主要消费群体为境内消费力。

因此,国内旅游需求的快速变化,使影响旅游服务贸易国际竞争力的重要因素。

中国旅游服务贸易国际竞争力及其影响因素研究

中国旅游服务贸易国际竞争力及其影响因素研究

中国旅游服务贸易国际竞争力及其影响因素研究摘要:中国旅游服务贸易业发展迅速,已成为国际上备受关注的领域。

本文通过分析中国旅游服务贸易国际竞争力及其影响因素,旨在深入了解中国旅游服务贸易的现状和发展趋势。

首先,通过文献综述和实证分析,总结了中国旅游服务贸易国际竞争力的特点和存在的问题。

其次,探讨了影响中国旅游服务贸易国际竞争力的因素,包括政策、市场、文化等多个方面。

最后,提出了一些建议,以促进中国旅游服务贸易的发展。

关键词:旅游服务贸易;国际竞争力;影响因素;中国一、引言随着经济全球化的深入推进,服务贸易已成为国际贸易的重要组成部分,其中,旅游服务贸易是服务贸易的重要领域之一。

旅游服务贸易是指国际旅游业中的各种服务性质交易活动,主要包括旅游运输、住宿、餐饮、导游、购物等方面。

旅游服务贸易对于各国经济增长和就业创造等方面都具有重要意义。

根据世界旅游组织的数据显示,旅游业已成为全球最大的产业之一,其对GDP的贡献率已超过10%。

中国拥有丰富的旅游资源和庞大的旅游消费市场,已成为世界上最受欢迎的旅游目的地之一。

近年来,中国旅游服务贸易行业发展迅速,成为国际上备受关注的领域。

为了更好地促进中国旅游服务贸易的发展,本文将深入研究中国旅游服务贸易的国际竞争力及其影响因素。

二、中国旅游服务贸易国际竞争力的特点和存在问题中国旅游服务贸易国际竞争力的特点主要表现在以下几个方面:(一)旅游服务质量逐年提高。

随着中国旅游业的逐年发展,旅游服务质量也得到了不断提高。

特别是在旅游交通、住宿、餐饮等方面,口碑日益提升。

(二)旅游行业创新发展。

中国旅游行业正在积极探索新的旅游模式,开发新的旅游产品。

例如,环保主题旅游、乡村旅游、文化旅游等新型旅游产品正在逐渐流行。

(三)政策支持力度加大。

中国政府对旅游业的支持力度不断加大,出台一系列鼓励旅游业发展的政策,为旅游业的发展提供了有力保障和支持。

但是,中国旅游服务贸易国际竞争力还面临一些存在问题:(一)国际市场定位不够准确。

我国旅游服务贸易国际竞争力的研究

我国旅游服务贸易国际竞争力的研究

我国旅游服务贸易国际竞争力的研究摘要:旅游业的发展在一定程度上影响着一国经济的整体发展水平,同时也影响着一国经济的总体竞争力。

我国有着丰富的旅游资源无论是在自然景观还是在人文景观方面都占据世界旅游领先地位,但是在我国旅游服务贸易的国际竞争力方面的发展仍然不能满足旅游业的发展需求,对我国旅游业在国际市场的综合竞争力的提升形成了一定的阻碍,因此,分析我国旅游服务贸易国际竞争力的基本现状已经成为一个较为热门的话题,文章立足旅游贸易国际竞争的基本现状,分析我国旅游国际贸易竞争力较低的原因,并提出相应的对其,希望能够对提升我国旅游综合能力起到一定的促进作用。

关键词:旅游服务贸易国际竞争力现状及原因对策一、我国旅游服务贸易的现状分析我国是一个旅游大国,无论是在旅游资源上还是在旅游经济增长上都处在世界前列,对于我国强大的旅游需求,但是从现在来看,我国旅游贸易的发展并不乐观,甚至出现了贸易上的逆差,据相关数据表明,这种贸易逆差在进一步扩大,出现了我国旅游服务贸易上的失衡发展状况,这种状况的出现极为不利于我国旅游经济的发展。

根据世界旅游组织发布的报告,2011年全球跨国游客增加了4.4%,达到9.8亿人次。

2012年全球跨国游客将进一步增加约3%-4%,达到10亿人次。

从我国旅游局以及国际统计局的相关数据显示,我国旅游业从1982年开始有了一定的发展,当时我国旅游服务贸易进出口总额为7.69亿美元,到2012年约1171亿美元,年增长率有所增加,这表明我国旅游总体能力是有所提升的,但是,在旅游服务贸易方面,自1992年以来,中国服务贸易始终处在逆差的状态,同时逆差呈逐步扩大趋势。

2009年以前,仅2003年第二季度由于“非典型性肺炎”疫情导致2.66亿美元的旅游服务贸易逆差。

2009年初我国旅游服务贸易再次18.36亿美元的逆差,迄今已经连续第10个季度处于逆差状态。

2011年上半年旅游服务贸易逆差已达到102亿美元,占服务贸易逆差的54%。

一国旅游服务业的国际竞争力分析

一国旅游服务业的国际竞争力分析
旅游产业在国际市场上的相关的竞争力模型由万绪才等人从相关旅游产业的社会化经济条件以及旅游资源和旅游产品以及其他的方面所建立的。可见,旅游关联产业的发展状况是评价旅游服务业国际竞争力的指标之一 。一种产业带动其他相关产业发展的作用就被称为产业关联或产业波及效应。一般认为,旅游业的产业关联和产业波及效应比较强。即旅游业的发展能带动相关产业的发展,从而拉动区域经济发展。一方面,旅游业要发展必须建立在一定的物质资料生产基础之上,因此,旅游业的发展必然会拉动相关的物质资料生产部门随之发展;另一方面,旅游业作为国民(区域)经济的一个相对独立的综合性产业,其产品内容包括了旅游资源、旅游设施及其他各类设备、旅游服务、旅游线路设计和日程安排等,其发展需要吃、住、行、游、购、娱六个要素相互配合,所以旅游业能够直接或间接地带动交通运输、酒店、建筑业、邮电业、外贸等相关产业的发展,从而提高一国旅游服务业的国际竞争力。
2 我国旅游服务业国际竞争力的现状
我国旅游服务业在国际旅游市场上既存在优势,又存在劣势,本文将重点分析我国旅游服务业存在劣势的问题。
2.1 我国旅游资源的竞争力现状
旅游资源一般情况下分两个层级:初级和高级。旅游服务业中的初级专指自然旅游资源,而高级则与旅游业专业类人才、知识资源和涉及的配套基础设施相关。在这里主要先描写我国的初级旅游资源的竞争力现状。
一些学者对旅游服务业国际竞争力评价指标的选择各不相同。起初都是根据自然禀赋理论,把资源比较优势排在最重要位置。得出旅游从客源地指向旅游地的重要原因之一是资源。旅游资源包括的面很广,旅游资源是旅游活动得以存在和进行的外部条件,外部因素的总和,可以是一个城市或地区的环境,也可以指某个景区、景点的环境。其中,旅游资源本身质量的高低对一国旅游服务业的竞争力也会带来非常大的影响,旅游资源质量越高,吸引世界各地的游客就越多,旅游服务业国际竞争力就越强。Smith(1989)以加拿大的省区为预测对象,实证分析了旅游资源对游客目的地的影响。

旅游服务贸易的比较优势外文翻译

旅游服务贸易的比较优势外文翻译

旅游服务贸易的比较优势外文翻译外文翻译原文The comparative advantages of trade in tourism servicesMaterial Source:World Tourism EconomyAuthor:David JamesThe thought of comparative advantage was mentioned earliest in The Wealth of Nation of Adan Smith, then David Ricardo came out the theory of Comparative Advantage. By the research of Eli F Heckscher and Bertil Ohilin, factor was added into the theory and the theory of comparative advantage was further perfected. With the development of international trade, people found that something happening in international trade could not be explained by the theory of comparative advantage. So, Michael Porter came out the theory of comparative advantage of nations and constructed competitive advantage of nations and constructed comparative perfect theory system.International service trade came forth later in international trade, but with the share of it becoming bigger and bigger, all the countries attached more importance to service trade. So, service trade was brought into multilateral trade system of GATT. The tourism trade shared a large portion in the service trade, and brought forth a moreconcern of every government.With opening up of China’ tourism market, the tourism service trade face opportunities and challenges never met before. This thesis was separated into four parts. The first partintroduce China’ tourism service trade and analyze the importance to china’ trade. Classic Comparative Advantage Theory and Competitive Advantage Theory were discussed in chapter twoIn chapter three, these two theories were used to analyze actuality of China tourism trade. In chapter four, some countries’ good measure were discussed, and relevant measures were brought forward to improve the competitive adva ntage of China’ tourism service trade in the world.The service trade is the most rapidly developing area in the international trade domain. In the recent several decades, the volume growth of service trade in western developed country has gone far beyond the growth of the goods trade. As the most important component in the service trade, and as one of a few key industries which have international competitive advantages after China enters WTO, the tourism industry obtains the widespread attention. Tourism in our country has already obtained huge achievement during the 30 years of reform and open. But it is an unavoidable question to promote international competitiveness of China's tourism for China transforming from the traveling great nation to the traveling powerful one. This paper utilizes the theory ofindustrial international competitiveness in tourism and does a research on the problem of international competitiveness of tourism in our country. And by illustrating the current developing situation of tourism in China, the author uses Mr. Porter's "state Diamond" model to analyze the existing key factors which could significantly affect our international competitiveness of tourism. Furthermore, this paper sets up an index system basing on the tourism service data of import and export, which is composed of three indices such as International Market Occupancy Factor, Trade Competitive Power Index, Revealed Comparative Advantage Index, makes a worldwide comparative analysis of our tourism competitiveness. World tourism resources and the tourism industry are the external environment of China's tourism, and have the most significant impact to China's tourism. So in the four part of this thesis, the paper introduces some development patterns in the world, analyzes three countries' tourism and gets some new ideas on how to develop China's tourism services. Finally, bases on the conclusion made by the certain analysis and practical evaluation, the author provides some useful suggestions for promoting China's tourism competitiveness from the tourism product structure, regional structure of the tourism industry and so on.The tourism is one of the biggest and develops quickest service industries in the world. and is regard as “the forever sunrise industry”. On Ju ly 21, 2005, Peoples Bank of China announced our countrystarts to implement take the market supply and demand as a foundation, refers to a basket currency to carry on the adjustment, to have the management floating exchange rate system. From now on, the price of Renminbi was increased , and brought the profound influence for our country’s tourism. Under the Renminbi revaluation background, how big of the traveling service trade’s competitive in the international market; how to became a powerful traveling nation in the world; pay more attention to the competitive while make a strategy of traveling developmental and use the theries conduct t the practice are the main viewpoints in this article This article utilizes the domestic and foreign traveling competitive power theory in the traveling service trade domain, research the competitive power of our country’s traveling service trade international under the background of Renmibirevaluation. First, this article to the domestic and foreign traveling international competitive power theory which has carried on the elab omtion with to organize, discusses the suitable in the traveling service trade domain, has emphatically introduced the baud conpetitiv -e advantage theory。

浅析我国旅游服务贸易国际竞争力及影响因素

浅析我国旅游服务贸易国际竞争力及影响因素

浅析我国旅游服务贸易国际竞争力及影响因素1. 引言1.1 定义与背景中国旅游服务贸易国际竞争力是指中国在国际旅游服务贸易领域中所具备的能力和优势。

随着全球化的进程加快,旅游服务贸易已经成为国际贸易中的重要组成部分。

中国作为世界上最大的旅游市场之一,其旅游服务贸易国际竞争力的提升对于促进国内旅游业的发展和对外贸易的促进至关重要。

中国旅游服务贸易国际竞争力的背景是中国旅游业的蓬勃发展和经济实力的增强。

随着中国经济的快速增长,中国人民的生活水平不断提高,旅游消费需求不断增加。

中国政府也在积极促进旅游服务贸易的开放与发展,加大力度支持旅游服务贸易的发展,提升国内旅游企业的竞争力。

在全球化的背景下,中国旅游服务贸易国际竞争力的提升对于中国旅游业的发展和国家经济的繁荣具有重要意义。

中国旅游服务贸易国际竞争力的提升也面临着来自各个国家的竞争和挑战。

加强中国旅游服务贸易国际竞争力的研究和分析是当前亟待解决的问题。

【定义与背景】1.2 研究目的研究目的是对我国旅游服务贸易国际竞争力及其影响因素进行深入分析,探讨我国在全球旅游市场中的地位和竞争优势,以及如何制定有效的政策和措施来提升我国旅游服务贸易的国际竞争力。

通过研究目的,可以更好地了解我国旅游服务贸易的现状和发展趋势,为相关部门和企业提供参考和建议,促进我国旅游服务贸易行业的健康发展,实现国际竞争力的提升和可持续发展。

2. 正文2.1 我国旅游服务贸易国际竞争力的现状我国旅游服务贸易在全球范围内占据着重要地位,具有较强的竞争力。

我国旅游资源丰富,拥有悠久的历史文化和独特的自然风光,吸引了大量国际游客前来游览。

我国的旅游基础设施不断完善,交通便利、住宿设施齐全,为游客提供了良好的旅游体验。

我国的旅游服务水平逐渐提升,不仅包括传统的导游服务和酒店接待,还涵盖了旅游定制、在线预订等新型服务,满足了不同游客的需求。

我国旅游服务贸易国际竞争力也面临一些挑战。

一方面,与发达国家相比,我国的旅游服务水平仍有差距,需要不断提升服务品质和技术水平。

中国旅游服务贸易国际竞争力影响因素分析

中国旅游服务贸易国际竞争力影响因素分析

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中国旅游服务贸易的国际竞争力分析

中国旅游服务贸易的国际竞争力分析

中国旅游服务贸易的国际竞争力分析.正Ⅰ文浙江工商大学学士学位论文中国旅游服务贸易的国际竞争力分析中国旅游服务贸易的国际竞争力分析摘要:在科技革命和经济全球化的推动下,全球服务贸易飞速发展,出口结构加速升级,商业存在规模日益扩大,各国竞争日趋激烈。

全球经济竞争的重点正从货物贸易转向服务贸易,服务贸易与服务贸易的发展水平已经成为衡量一个国家现代化水平的重要标志之一。

作为中国服务贸易的传统行业,中国旅游服务贸易一直占据着很大比重,是第一大服务出口行业。

但是与世界旅游强国相比,我国的旅游服务贸易水平和国际竞争力水平都存在着差距。

如何提高中国旅游服务贸易的国际竞争力,是我们确切了解中国旅游业发展水平以及正确制定参与国际服务贸易政策的必要前提。

因此,探讨我国旅游服务贸易的国际竞争力及其影响因素就显得非常必要了。

采用了出口市场占有率指数、贸易竞争力指数和显性比较优势指数,并与其他9国进行了比较分析。

结果表明了我国旅游服务贸易存在着一定的竞争力,但与先进国家相比还有差距,需要进一步采取措施,加快提升我国旅游服务贸易的国际竞争力。

关键词:旅游服务贸易国际竞争力Ⅰ-1 浙江工商大学学士学位论文中国旅游服务贸易的国际竞争力分析The analysis of international competitiveness of tourism service trade in China Abstract: As a result of technological revolution and economic globalization, the service trade of world develops rapidly, the structure of import upgrades fast, the scale of commercial presence expands increasingly, and the competition between countries is intensely.The emphasis of global economic competition is from merchandise trade to service trade. The service trade and the level of service trade have been an important sign of measuring the level of modernization of the nation. As a traditional industry in the service trade in China, the tourism service trade has been holding a great proportion, of the biggest industry of service export. Compared with the developed countries in tourism, China has distance in the international competitiveness of tourism service trade. How to increase the international competitiveness of tourism service trade, is the necessary premise of knowing our level of tourism service trade and making policies of attending international service trade. As a result, it is very necessary to investigate the international competitiveness and effect factors of China’s tourism service trade. This paperanalyses the competitiveness of international tourism service trade among nine other nations, according to the export market share index, TC index and RCA index. The analysis shows that our tourism service trade has certain competitiveness, but still has distance with advanced countries. In order to improve the international competition of our tourism service trade, we should take effective policy measures further. Keywords: tourism, service trade, international competitiveness,Ⅰ-2 浙江工商大学学士学位论文中国旅游服务贸易的国际竞争力分析正文目录一、前言???????????????????????????Ⅰ-4 二、中国旅游服务贸易的现状分析????????????????Ⅰ-4 三、中国旅游服务贸易竞争力分析????????????????Ⅰ-5 四、提高我国旅游服务贸易国际竞争力的对策???????????Ⅰ-10 五、结语???????????????????????????Ⅰ-12 致谢?????????????????????????????Ⅰ-13浙江工商大学学士学位论文中国旅游服务贸易的国际竞争力分析结论通过对10国旅游服务贸易竞争力的比较,我们得出了以下结论:西班牙的旅游服务贸易竞争力最强,美国、意大利、法国等国的竞争力较强。

外文翻译原文--旅游服务贸易的国际竞争力:罗马尼亚的案例

外文翻译原文--旅游服务贸易的国际竞争力:罗马尼亚的案例

外文翻译原文--旅游服务贸易的国际竞争力:罗马尼亚的案例外文翻译原文--旅游服务贸易的国际竞争力:罗马尼亚的案例Chapter 12The International Competitiveness of Tradein Tourism Services Evidence from RomaniaAna Bobirca and Cristiana Cristureanu121 IntroductionTourism is the only service activity that can potentially provide trading opportunitiesfor all nations regardless of their level of development However it is also a sectorwhere there is clearly an uneven distribution of benets that is largely dependant oncountries ability to strengthen their performance in the global economy which inturn requires improving their competitivenessSince the beginning of the 1990s Romania has experienced major changesin its tourism exports volume growth rate and structure These disparate uc-tuations have all inuenced the relative competitive position of Romania onthe international tourism market and have been associated with changes in itstourism trade balance In the same time the new and more heterogeneous Euro-pean architecture has induced signicant changes inRomanias regional tourismcompetitivenessAgainst this background the paper attempts to suggest a frameworkfor assessingthe international competitiveness of Romanias tourism services trade by focusingon the relationship between competitiveness and tourism trade performanceTo this end the rst part starts by introducing the concept of internationalcompetitiveness and by presenting evaluating and systematizing key issues of thecomplex analysis on international competitiveness The paper subsequently consid-ers the relationship between export performance and international competitivenessas well as its relevance for international tourism The second part includes a macrooverview of the tourism sector focusing specically on its importance to the econ-omy The third part of the paper sets out in detail the framework for calculating theproposed measures of competitiveness and shows the importance of the method-ological approach in interpreting the information provided by these indicators Italso illustrates the recent performance of Romanian tourism based on an integratedA Bobirca BFaculty of International Business and Economics Academy of Economic StudiesBucharest Romaniae-mail AnaBobircacomá Matias et al eds Advances i n Tourism Economics189DOI 101007978-3-7908-2124-6_12 C Physica-Verlag Heidelberg 2009 190 A Bobirca and C Cristureanumeasure of international trade competitiveness The paper concludes by explainingthe competitive position of Romania on the European tourism market and byidentifying research issues that require further study122 Perspectives on International Competitiveness – TheRelationship Between Export Performanceand International Competitivenessand its Relevance for International TourismThe concept of international competitiveness although controversial and elusivehas gained acceptance and continues to attract the attention of both academics andpolicymakers worldwideMost measures of international competitiveness that have so far been consideredwere undertaken at the economy-wide level Garelli 2003 and generally refer to theability of a country to produce goods and services that meet thetest of internationalmarkets while simultaneously maintaining and expanding the real income of itscitizens European Commission 2007Because competitiveness ultimately depends upon rms in a country competingsuccessfully on the domestic and international markets attention has focused oncompetitiveness at the rm level Porter 1990 where it is generally understood torefer to the ability of the rm to retain and better still enlargeits global marketshare increase its prots and expand Clark and Guy 1998 OECD 1993 According to traditional economic theory a rm can gain competitive advan-tage through comparative cost of production by for example reducing labor costHowever recent research suggests that non-price factors are equally important deter-minants of competitiveness The range of non-price factors is diverse and includeshuman resource endowment such as skills technical factors such as research anddevelopment capabilities and the ability to innovate managerial and organizationalfactors both internal to the rm and externally organizedthrough relationshipswith other bodies customers suppliers public and private research institutes andother rms Clark and Guy 1998 Fagerberg 1986 Together these factors deter-mine the ability of the rm to compete successfully in international markets on thebackground of changing technological economic and social environments Exportperformance and the ability of the rm to maintain its market share remain theultimate indicators of international competitivenessConsequently although widely proclaimed the theoretical bases of internationalcompetitiveness as it relates to national economies and their international trade havebeen less analyzed in academic literature Thus the nature benets and constraintson a nation of being internationally competitive remain ambiguous Coldwell 2000Krugman 1994 1996International competitiveness within the context of trade in goods and servicesrefers to a nation securing and maintaining a trade advantage vis-à-vis the rest ofthe world12 Evidence from Romania191International competitiveness is advanced whenever the economic welfare of anation is enhanced through an increase in the ow of trade or through an alteration inthe conditions of trade starting from a presumed initial equilibrium Coldwell 2000Trade theory asserts that economic welfare is dependent on the production ofgoods and services that a country has comparative advantage in This in effectmeans that international competitiveness is secured when production is in line with acountrys comparative advantage situation If countries perform well internationallyand compete successfully for export markets this could be a sign of their soundinternational competitivenessTherefore at the international level competitiveness can be dened as the abilityof an economy to attract the demand for its exports and the investment to supplythat demand all within social norms that result in an improved standard of livingfor its citizens This in turn depends on the macro and microeconomic policiesregulations and institutions that affect the productivity of the economys factors ofproduction and the costs of doing businessA review of available literature and empirical evidences supportsthe notion thatinternational competitiveness can be explained to some extent by a countrys abil-ity to export Dollar and Wolff 1993 Fagerberg et al 2004 There is in fact aself-recurring relationship between export performance and international compet-itiveness Exports are the rst level of international competitiveness afrmationThe improvement in export performance leads to an increase in a countrys com-petitiveness This effect is a result of enterprises skills knowledge propensity toinnovate and use new technology ability to exploit technological opportunities in asuccessfully commercial way etcOn the other hand in striving to achieve successful exports inhighly competi-tive global markets a country is forced to improve its competitiveness The morecompetitive a country is the more economically powerful it is Consequently it ismore capable to compete on the global market to attract people with higher level ofknowledge skills to buy new technologies etc and to improve its export perfor-mance as well as to achieve better export results This can in turn favor additionalinnovations and trigger an improvement in its competitivenessConsequently export performance and competitiveness should not be consideredin isolation since they are mutually interdependentHowever competitiveness should not be equated only with a countrys ability toexport The evolution of export market shares is also an important element of tradecompetitiveness while the latter is just a component of a nations competitivenessdened by the European Declaration of Lisbon as the capacity to improve and raisethe standard of living of its habitants by providing more and higher quality employ-ment and a greater social cohesion The gains or losses of world marketshares byindividual countries are often considered as an index of their trade competitivenessHowever market share growth depends also on structural factors Due to changesin demand a countrys geographical and sectoral specialization at the beginningof a period is an important factor shaping future market share growth Similarlythe countrys ability to adapt its exports to such changes will also affect the naloutcome192 A Bobirca and C CristureanuFurthermore the concept of international competitiveness in tourism servicesalso encompasses qualitative factors that are difcult to quantify the quality ofservices involved the degree of specialization the capacity for technological inno-vation the quality of human resources Rubalcaba and Cuadrado 2001 are factorsthat may inuence a countrys tourism trade performance favorably Likewise highrates of productivity growth are often sought as a way of strengthening competi-tiveness But it is not necessarily the case that favorable structural factors of thissort will give rise to increased sales on foreign markets They may instead showup as improving terms of trade brought about through exchange-rate appreciationwhile leaving export performance broadly unchanged It is for this reason as wellas because these factors are hard to measure in quantitative terms that considerationhere is conned to a more specic and integrated method for determining Romaniasrelative competitive position in international tourism123 An Overview of Romanias InternationalTrade in Tourism Servicescom Key FactsRomanias Travel and Tourism Economy1 currently shows a return to positive terri-tory following negative results posted during the early years of economic transitionwith an optimistic outlook for growth over the next ten years much stronger thanthat of the EUWith a 48 contribution of tourism to GDP Romania ranks the 162nd among174 countries being currently among the lower-tiertourism-intensive countries ofthe region and the world However Romanias prospects for tourism sector growthare better than for most of its neighbours and competitors withinthe regional andworld ranking ie 67 contribution to GDP over the next 10 years and12thposition respectively World Travel and Tourism Council 2007Romanias Travel and Tourism Industry2 contributed 19 to GDP in 2006 ris-ing to 25 of total GDP by 2016 while in the European Union theTravel andTourism Industry posted a GDP contribution of 39 in 2006 WorldTravel andTourism Council 2007While the Travel and Tourism Economy accounts for 87 of global employ-ment Romanias Travel and Tourism Economy employment was estimated at485000 jobs in 2006 representing 58 of total employment or one in every 174jobs The current 265000 Travel and Tourism Industry jobs account for 31 oftotal employment as compared with 42 of total employment in the EuropeanUnion 86 million jobs World Travel and Tourism Council 20071Broad concept developed by the World Tourism and Travel Council and used in Tourism SatelliteAccounting referring to both the direct and indirect economicimpacts of tourism2Narrower concept developed by the World Tourism and Travel Council and used in TourismSatellite Accounting referring only to the direct economic impact of tourism12 Evidence from Romania193Travel and Tourism represented in the European Union 130 of total exports in2006 In Romania exports make up a very important share of Travel and Tourismscontribution to GDP Out of the total Romanian exports Travel and Tourism repre-sented 52 12 billion Euros in 2004 with a prospect to increase in nominalterms to 18 billion Euros 46 of total by 2016 World Travel and TourismCouncil 2007The vast majority of international arrivals in Romania are from Europe Since2000 some 95 of visitors every year have been intra-regional Out of these agrowing number – 75 according to 2004 gures –represent arrivals from theve countries with which Romania shares a border Ukraine Moldavia BulgariaHungary Serbia and Montenegrocom Major FindingsThe analysis shows that while still lagging behind the developed economies thetrend towards a service-oriented society is observable for Romania This is alsoreected by the increasing proportion of GDP attributable to tourism services andthe growing share of employment in the tourism services sectorAlthough the overall tourism balance of Romania is positive EU represents anet exporter of tourism services to Romania the tourism balance is negative with aworsening decit from 2005 to 2006 still the propensity to trade with EU partnersis stronger in this eld reecting a higher degree of integration into the EU tourismservices market EUROSTAT 2003 2004 2005 2006– While Romanias Travel and Tourism is growing in terms of international visitorsthe countrys tourism receipts have been lagging considerably behind neighboringcountries In 2004 Romania registered some 38 of those registered by Bulgariaapproximately 12 of those registered by Hungary and the Czech Republic anda mere 7 of Croatias receipts This reects the fact that many of Romaniasvisitors do not stay overnight or spend anything while they are in the country animportant weakness to address for any tourism plan going forward EUROSTAT2003 2004 20058 2006– Within EU-15 countries Romanias largest markets are Germany Italy FranceAustria and the UK Worryingly arrivals from all of the EU-15 countries showednegative growth in 2004 This can be attributed in part to the accession of ten newcountries to the EU and related incentives for visitors to these countries such aslow-cost airlines– Growth in 2004 was driven by Hungary which showed a 69 increase inarrivals in Romania Outside Europe Romanias main international markets arethe USA which has shown steady growth since 2000 to 111000 arrivals in2004 as American tourists have started to be aware ofthe fact that Romaniais more than a Dracula destination and Israel although the Israeli markethas remained stagnant in recent years Tourists from China are also expected toincrease in the future as Romania received approved destination status in June2004 EUROSTAT 2003 2004 2005 2006194 A Bobirca and C Cristureanu– Analysis of accommodation gures shows that a large number of these visitors donot stay in registered facilities and either reside with friends or relatives or do notovernight in Romania Thus it is difcult to quantify their impact on the economy– The majority of international arrivals to Romania are by road again mirroringthe large proportion of the countrys visitors from bordering countries Howeverarrivals by air have also seen a healthy rise over the past ve years with increasedfrequency of scheduled services and some charters operating in regional airportsAs Romania is forced to liberalize its aviation industry as a consequence of EUaccession air transport is set to rise dramatically in the near future Arrivals byrail are decreasing at almost the same rate that air arrivals are increasing as airtravel becomes cheaper and more accessible124 Methods for Assessing the International Competitivenessof Trade in Tourism Servicescom The Research MethodFor the specic assessment of the international competitiveness of trade in tourismservices the underlying methodological approach undertaken in this study is basedon the idea that the economy with an improving degree of competitiveness in tourismservices is the one able to enhance the size of its tourism services exports to a certainmarket Similarly the economy with a declining degree of competitiveness is the onethat increases the size of its tourism services imports coming from other countriesThe greater or smaller degree of competitiveness a country or sector has showsthe nature and degree of participation it has – through its exports – in the importscarried out by the analyzed market ie a country improves its competitiveness inthe way that the other country increases its imports coming from the former oneMandeng 1991In addition the process of inserting a country in the international economy isrelated not only to its exporting progresses but also to the behavior and actions ofother competitors The model is adapted from De la Guardia Molero and ValadezDe la Guardia et al 2004 that introduced the aspect of the dynamic nature ofmarkets and implemented through their work an expost assessment of servicescompetitiveness by providing a descriptive reference on the changes produced inthe competitiveness level and specialization degree in international tradeThe commercial advantage is revealed through the evolution of tourism exports –which reects improvements in competitiveness and through the evolution oftourism imports that reects a worsening of the commercial advantage Based on the aforesaid the changes in the international tourism services tradecompetitiveness are measured through the analysis of different variables1 the rst variable is the market share or participation in the market and measuresthe portion of the market that is supplied by a certain country or the tourismsector of this country12 Evidence from Romania1952 the second variable used is the export structure of the analyzed country Thisvariable reects the relative weight of the tourism sector in thetotal exports ofthat country3 nally by means of the import structure of the market the degree ofdynamism that the tourism sector has in the analyzed import market can bedeterminedThrough the combination of the aforementioned variables threetourism com-petitiveness matrices see Table 121 are constructed that allow for the descriptionof Romanias international tourism trade development proleThe Market Share Competitiveness Matrix illustrates the fact that a countrystourism exports can be classied according to their international competitivenessstarting from the behavior of the countrys market share in tourism exports and theevolution of the world tourism services imports over timeIn effect the world market share held by each country in tourism servicesexports can increase or diminish throughout time such modications take placein the same time with the increase or decline that tourism imports register ininternational tradeThis allows for the classication of a countrys tourism exports as performingmissed opportunities declining and retreatingTourism services are performing when a country enhances its market share intourism in circumstances in which this activity has an increasing importance inworld-wide tradeTourism services are missed opportunities when a country is losing market sharewhile international trade in the sector is enhancingDeclining are those tourism services in which the exporting country increases itsmarket share while the international market is shrinkingFinally we dene the situation of tourism services as retreating when this eco-nomic activity besides losing market share registers a decline of dynamism ininternational tradeThe competitiveness matrix of the export structure is obtained relating the behav-ior of a countrys tourism services export structure with the tourism services importdynamism of the international marketThis matrix shows how the adjustments of the export structure can take place inthe same direction or in the opposite direction with respect to the changes in worldimports structureTable 121 The tourism competitiveness matrixMarket share Declining PerformingExport structure Retreating Missed opportunitySpecialization indexImport market structureSource adapted from De la Guardia et al 2004196 A Bobirca and C CristureanuThe different segments of services exports including tourism can be classiedfrom the point of view of their international competitiveness through the changesthat take place in the services export structure of the country and the world servicesimports structure throughout timeCombining these two variables tourism as a services exporting sector can beclassied as performing missed opportunity declining and retreating with theequivalent meaning mentioned beforeFinally tourism exports can also be classied from the point of view of theirinternational competitiveness throughout time when the degree of trade special-ization of each country and the evolution of the world imports are simultaneouslyanalyzedThe specialization index is dened as the relative participation that an exportingsector of a country has in world trade3Similarly tourism as an exporting sector can be classied as performing missedopportunity declining and retreating with an identicalinterpretation to the onespreviously indicatedOur aim here is to adapt and apply the modeldeveloped by De la GuardiaMolero and Valadez in order to assess the international competitiveness of tourismservices using information related to the current situation of the EU-25 countriesand to that of Romania based on the statistical information availableBalance of payments transactions for tourism services are less easy to link toactual tourism services provision than is the case for goods some tourism activ-ities may be difcult to disentangle from goods or capital transactions Countrieshave developed unique national methods for assembling the data some have tendedto rely more on statistical surveys and others have relied more on central banksadministrative systems Even so there has been and still remains considerable vari-ation in data collection methods To compound the picture methods of collectionhave changed considerably over timeDespite these troubles we believe that the forthcoming descriptive analysis couldbring some highlights on international competitiveness and the factors determiningthe commercial position in tourism services tradeThe sample data is drawn from UNCTAD-IMF-BOP Statistics on Trade in Ser-vices by sector and country OECD 2003 2004 2005 2006 UNCTAD 2003 20042005 2006 a data-set which covers exports credits and imports debits of threemain services categories transportation tourism and travel and other commercialservices according to the concepts and denitions of the IMF Balance of PaymentsManual with a focus on tourism services Data-set comprises the 25 EU countriesRomania and the world 178 countries and covers a yearly time period comprising2003 2004 2005 and 20063The specialization index is dened as the ratio of a services category exports to total servicesexports of a country with respect to the same ratio to the world economy The index measuresthe countrys revealed comparative advantage in exports according to the Balassa formula Valuesabove 1 indicate that the country is specialized in the sector under review12 Evidence from Romania197com The Research Resultscom1 The IndicatorsThe evolution of the market share shows the penetration ability of tourism as aservices exporting sector of each country in the international economyThe data reveal that for the analyzed period the EU-25 economies were amongthe main world suppliers of tourism services since they maintainedan overallparticipation next to 45 of the world supply in tourism exportsAltogether the group constituted by these countries slightly diminished the heldproportions of the world quota in tourism services –068 growth rate From the perspective of individual countries the economies that registered anincrease of their quotas in the world market of tourism services were in order thoseof Poland Estonia Lithuania UK and LuxemburgBy contrast especially signicant are the resultsregistered by countries likeHungary Finland and Spain which decreased their market share in tourismRomanias market share in tourism services exports declined at both world levelRomania – world and in relation to EU-25 countries Romania –EU-25 but thedecrease in the latter case was more severe 2085 as opposed to 465 Alsothe reduction in Romanias market share on the EU-25 market was much higher thenthe overall European market retreatThrough the analysis of the export structure we can appreciate the importancethat export of services has as currency provider for the EU-25 economies andRomaniaData show that in relation to the examined services sectors the exports oftourism services represent about 27 of the overall services exports in the EU-25 countries and about 28 at world level meaning that compared to the worldexport structure the EU-25 countries exhibit a similar pattern with a slight negativedeviation for tourism servicesIn the analyzed period most of the countries registered minor decreases in theircurrency entry through exports of tourism services The countries that opposed thistrend were Poland Estonia Malta Germany UKIn Romania tourism services represent about 14 of the overall services exportswhich is below the world and European average 27–28 The evolution is similarwith that signaled above meaning that the structure of Romanias exports is alteredin the detriment of tourism services that are decreasing both in relation to the worldand to the EU-25 countries but with a much higher amplitude in the latter case2785 as compared to 614Finally through the analysis of the import structure we can illustrate the changesthat have taken place in the world imports of tourism servicesThe rst relevant fact reected by the data is that EU-25 tourism import activitiesevolved in the same direction as compared to the world but with a different growthrate 098 increase in tourism imports for EU-25 countries as compared to 231at world level With respect to the services import structure itself it is similar atEU-25 level and world level with tourism services representing about 26–28 ofservices imports198 A Bobirca and C CristureanuThe highest increase in the contribution of tourism imports to the overall importswas felt in Poland Lithuania Spain and The NederlandsThe structure is different in Romania with tourism services accounting foronly 16 of the overall services imports In relation to the EU-25 countries thepercentage is slightly higher ie 182While at the world level and the EU-25 countries level the greater relative weightof the imports increase corresponded to the activity of tourism these services aredecreasing their contribution to services imports in Romania the corresponding rateis much higher at world level 1419 than in relation to EU-25 countries 495com2 The Tourism Competitiveness MatricesAs it has already been indicated a rst assessment procedure of a countrys compet-itiveness in tourism services consists of analyzing simultaneously the market sharethat an economy holds with respect to tourism services exports and the changes thatare taking place in the world tourism trade imports throughout time The results of the analysis are reected in Table 122 where countries examinedin accordance with these criteria have been orderedA second tourism competitiveness assessment procedure consists of simultane-ously analyzing the behavior that the export structure of the economy has throughouttime and the changes that take place in the structure of world trade with emphasison tourism services see Table 123A third and most complex tourism competitiveness assessment procedure con-。

中国旅游服务贸易的国际竞争力

中国旅游服务贸易的国际竞争力

澳大利 亚 加拿大 中国 法国 德国 日本 西班牙 英国 美国
2019
0.22 -0.06 0.12 0.17 -0.48 -0.63 0.65 -0.34 0.17
2019 2019 2019 2019 2019 2019 2019 2009 2019
0.24 0.26 0.20 0.20 0.21 0.20 0.14 0.18 0.14
中国旅游服务贸易的国际竞争力
工作总结 / 述职汇报 / 论文答辩 / 产品介绍
旅游创汇能力
• 2009年我国接待入境旅游者人数已达 12648万人次,旅游服务贸易总收入也从 1978年的2.63亿美元增长为396.75亿美元 ,增长幅度超过150倍。
• 入世后到2019旅游服务贸易净出口额均为 正,2009年首次出现逆差。为国家赚取了 大量外汇。
2929 6
8294 5928 904 718 744 1227 3775 2748 6378 1702 844 1030 3299
100
28 20.2 3.1 2.5 2.5 4.2
13 9.4
22 5.8 2.9 3.5
11
33949
7376 6663 279 310 124 986 4897 3512 11207 1253 511 1201 3006
2019 3.2 1.7 15.5 7.4 6.8 4.3 4.2
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旅游服务贸易的国际竞争力:罗马尼亚的案例外文及翻译毕业论文(设计)外文翻译题目:系部名称:经济管理系专业班级:学生姓名:学号:指导教师:教师职称:7>2013年月日20世纪90年代初,罗马尼亚旅游业经历了出口量,生长速率和结构的重大变化。

这些不同的波动都影响了罗马尼亚在国际旅游市场上相对的竞争地位并引起了其旅游贸易平衡的变化。

同时,新的和更多的错杂的欧式建筑,引起了罗马尼亚的区域旅游竞争力的显著变化。

在此背景下,本文试图提出一个框架,以竞争力和旅游贸易表现之间的关系为重点,来评估罗马尼亚的旅游服务贸易的国际竞争力。

一、国际竞争力视角:国际竞争力之与国际旅游业的相关性国际竞争力的概念,尽管有争议,难以捉摸,但现在已经得到认可,并继续吸引世界各地的学者和决策者的关注。

到目前为止,为提高国际竞争力已采取措施,都被认为是在经济层面进行的加瑞利,2003 通常是指一个国家生产的商品和服务,以满足国际市场的考验,并同时保持和增加公民的收入的能力欧洲委员会,2007 。

由于竞争力最终取决于一国企业在国内和国际的市场成功,所以对竞争力的注意力都集中在企业层面的竞争力上波特,1990 ,对于此的普遍理解是指“……该公司保持,并更好的是,扩大其全球市场份额,增加和扩大利润的能力”克拉克和盖,1998, 经济合作与发展组织,1993 。

因此,虽然广泛流传但是国际竞争力作为与国家经济和其国际贸易相关的理论基础已经不太在学术文献进行分析。

因此,一个国家国际竞争力的性质,效益和局限性仍然含糊不清科尔德威尔,2000,克鲁格曼,1994, 1996 。

国际竞争力,是指一个国家在货物和服务贸易方面巩固和保持贸易优势相对于世界其他地区的贸易优势。

每当一个国家的经济福利通过贸易流量的增加,或通过从初始平衡状态的贸易条件的改变而增加,他的国际竞争力都会得到提高科尔德威尔,2000 。

贸易理论表示,经济福利依赖于一个国家有比较优势的货物和服务的生产。

这实际上意味着当生产符合一国的比较优势的情况时国际竞争力能得到保障。

如果一国能在国际上表现良好并在出口市场竞争成功,这可能就是他们健全的国际竞争力的标志。

因此,在国际上,竞争力定义为一个经济体能够吸引其出口需求和投资供给需求的能力和在所有社会规范内提升公民生活水平的能力。

这反过来又取决于宏观和微观经济政策,影响生产的经济生产率要素和经营成本的法规和制度。

一个可用的文献回顾和实证证据支持国际竞争力可以解释为在一定程度上,一个国家的出口能力这一观点道乐和沃尔夫,1993, 格博格等. 2004 。

还有就是,事实上,是出口表现和国际竞争力之间的循环关系。

出口是国际竞争力的第一衡量指标。

出口情况的改善会导致了一个国家的竞争力提升。

这种效果是一个企业的技能,知识,创新和运用新技术并能够在一个成功的商业方式中利用技术机会等的结果。

另一方面,为了在竞争激烈的全球市场努力成功实现出口,一个国家被迫提高竞争力。

更具竞争力的国家,它的经济更强大。

因此,它更有能力在全球市场竞争,以吸引具有较高的知识,技能,水平人们去购买新技术等,并改善其出口业绩,以及达到更好的出口业绩。

反过来,这可能有利于更多的创新,引起其竞争力的提高。

因此,出口业绩和竞争力不应该被视为孤立的,因为它们是相互依存的。

然而,竞争力不应该只等同于一个国家的出口能力。

其中,出口市场份额的演变也是贸易竞争力的重要元素, 而后者仅仅是一个国家的竞争力组成部分由欧洲里斯本宣言定义为通过提供更多和更高质量的就业,改善和提高其居住生活水平和产生更大的社会凝聚力。

个别国家收益或损失的世界市场份额往往被视为他们的贸易竞争力指数。

然而,市场份额的增长也取决于结构性因素。

由于需求的变化,在一个时期的开始一个国家的地域和行业专业化的一个重要因素是塑造未来的市场份额的增长。

同样,国家适应这种出口变化的能力,也会影响最终结果。

二、罗马尼亚国际旅游服务贸易的概述目前,罗马尼亚的旅行和旅游业在早年经济转型时期的负的成绩之后,显示了正回报,并且未来十年的增长前景乐观,远强于欧盟。

罗马尼亚的旅游业对GDP的贡献率为4.8%,在174个旅游密集的国家地区中以及世界上,排第162名。

然而,罗马尼亚旅游部门的增长前景在区域和世界上的排名比其邻国和竞争对手更好,即在未来10年里对GDP的贡献率为6.7%和排名为12(世界旅行和旅游发展委员会,2007)。

罗马尼亚的旅行和旅游业在2006年对GDP的贡献率为1.9%,2016年将上升到2.5%,而在欧盟,2006年旅行和旅游业对GDP的贡献率为3.9%(世界旅行及旅游发展委员会,2007)。

全球旅行和旅游业就业人数占全球就业人数的8.7%,2006年罗马尼亚的旅行和旅游业就业估计为485000人,占总就业人数的5.8%,或每17.4份工作中有一份是旅游方面工作。

相比欧洲4.2%的就业总人数(860个就业人数),当前265000份旅行和旅游业工作占总就业的 3.1%(世界旅行和旅游发展委员会,2007)。

在罗马尼亚国际游客绝大多数都来自欧洲。

自2000年,约有95%的游客每年都是这个区域内的。

除了这些,越来越多―75%根据2004年的数据―是从与罗马尼亚接壤的五国来的游客:乌克兰,摩尔多瓦,保加利亚,匈牙利,塞尔维亚和黑山。

三、评价旅游服务贸易竞争力的方法(一)研究方法作为旅游服务贸易国际竞争力的具体评估方法,在这项研究中采取的基本方法是建立在一个改善旅游竞争力的经济是一个能够提高其一定旅游服务出口规模的经济这个想法基础上的。

同样,经济的竞争力下降,是一个国家提高其来自其他国家的旅游服务进口规模。

一个国家(或部门)或大或小的竞争力显示了该国参与的性质和程度―通过其出口―进行的进口市场分析,即一个国家利用其它国家从本国增加进口的方法来提高其竞争力(曼德,1991)。

此外,一个国家在插入国际经济的过程中不仅关系到其出口的进展,还关系到其他竞争对手的行为和行动。

该模型是改编自德拉瓜迪亚,莫莱罗,和瓦拉德斯(德拉瓜迪亚等,2004)介绍的市场的动态性质,并通过他们工作实施事后评估服务竞争力,通过提供一个在国际贸易中的竞争力水平和专业化程度生产中的变化作为描述性的参考。

商业优势通过旅游出口的演变显露―这反映竞争力的改善,并通过旅游进口的改革,反映了日益恶化的商业优势。

基于上述,国际旅游服务贸易竞争力变化通过分析不同变量进行测量:第一个变量是市场份额或在市场参与,和测量一个国家或该国旅游部门提供的市场份额;第二个变量是所分析国家的出口结构。

这变量反映了旅游部门在该国出口总额中的相对重量;最后,通过市场的进口结构,旅游部门在所分析的进口市场的推动力程度就可以确定了。

我们定义这种旅游服务的格局为这种经济撤退活动,除了会失去市场份额,其在国际贸易中的影响力也会下降。

结合这两个变量,旅游业作为服务出口部门可以列为执行、错过机遇,下降和撤退,等价于之前提到的意义。

(二)研究结果1. 指标市场份额的演变表明了旅游业作为国际经济中每个国家的服务出口部门的穿透能力。

数据显示,在分析期间,欧盟25国经济体属于世界主要的旅游服务提供商,因为他们整体在世界旅游出口提供中占45%。

总之,由这些国家组成的这个团体稍微减少了旅游服务的全球配额的持有比例(-0.68%的增长率)。

从个别国家的角度来看,在世界市场上其旅游服务配额增加的经济体,按秩序来是波兰、爱沙尼亚、立陶宛、英国、卢森堡。

在分析期间,大多数国家在他们通过旅游服务出口进行货币进入过程中有轻微的损失。

反映出这种趋势的国家是波兰、爱沙尼亚、德国、英国。

2.旅游竞争力矩阵因为它已经表明,一个国家的旅游服务竞争力的第一次评估程序包括同步分析一个国家持有的关于旅游服务出口的市场份额和整个世界旅游服务贸易(出口)发生的变化。

分析的结果反映在表12.2,其中国家根据这些标准检测已经决定了。

第二个旅游竞争力评估过程包括同步分析整体经济出口结构的行为和国家贸易结构发生的变化,尤其是旅游服务贸易(见表12.3)。

第三个也是最复杂的旅游竞争力评估过程包括同步分析其经济的商业专业化行为和整个国际贸易所表现的路径(见表12.4)。

反过来,一个国家的商业专业化程度和国际贸易在同方向或反方向发展。

因此,旅游业作为一个国家的出口部门在专业化分工中可以赢得或失去重量,同时,旅游服务在国际贸易中的规模可以扩大或减少。

四、结束语:罗马尼亚在欧洲旅游市场上的竞争地位当世界旅游业的进口增长时(20%),欧盟25个国家正失去市场份额(-0.68%的市场份额增长率),罗马尼亚也是(-4.65%市场份额增长率)。

罗马尼亚在欧盟25国市场上市场份额的严重下降(-20.86%的市场份额增长率),这相比于世界说明了一个事实,尽管欧洲旅游进口增长了,但罗马尼亚在世界市场市区市场份额的速度快于在欧洲市场失去市场份额的速度。

值得一提的是,这种新增长比世界旅游进口的增长缓慢(6.12%相比20%)。

这可能意味着,虽然来自欧盟25国的游客数量比来自世界其他地区的游客数量要高,但是收入结构却不同。

事实上,罗马尼亚的旅游服务正在失去市场份额,而国际旅游服务的提高正在加强,这允许其错过分类的机遇。

尽管旅游业对世界服务进口的贡献增长了(2.31%),但是其对欧盟25国服务出口的贡献减少了(0.38%)。

在罗马尼亚,旅游业对出口的贡献减少的更多(6.14%)。

至于欧盟25个国家,他们的旅游服务对进口贡献率为0.98%(比世界水平低),而旅游服务对罗马尼亚出口贡献的减少更为严重(27.85%)。

这表明罗马尼亚来自向欧盟25国的旅游出口正在减少,并且比向世界的旅游出口减少的更多,在这个背景下旅游服务的市场份额正在增加。

这导致的结果是不一样的,因为如果罗马尼亚的一个来自国际活动的重要外汇收入部分早扩张或收缩,那推导出的结果不一样的。

旅游部门的亏损,在罗马尼亚的出口结构中反映出较小的货币通过这些出口进入,从而影响了经济的外部平衡,因此,其经济未来的可能性是增长。

因此,这种综合方法导致的结论是罗马尼亚国际旅游服务贸易,无论是在欧盟25个国家(一个更大的程度上)还是世界上正在经历市场份额的下跌,在国际旅游服务贸易扩大的背景下,对出口和专业化程度都有贡献。

宏观经济影响来自于一个国家减少保持在世界市场上的配额,或者它的出口结构被修改或降低其专业化程度是不同的取决于国际经济自身的行为和发生这种变化的部门。

在宏观经济方面,来自旅游服务出口的前向联系和后向联想是不同的,这取决于他们的结构和质量。

换句话说,对经济的影响有很大的不同取决于旅游服务出口的结构。

适用于本文用于研究旅游服务国际竞争的方法,缺少了研究竞争力的方法,至少从统计立场上,似乎不够具体或执行力不够,即服务的质量和结构。

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