林语堂及翻译
2014 林语堂与_红楼梦_的翻译_李平
林 语 堂 与 ︽ 红 楼 梦 ︾ 的 翻 译
“性灵派 ” 在谈到 时， 林语堂认为林黛玉也属于该
“若是果有了奇句， 派， 因为她认为 连平仄虚实不对却使得 ” （ 《红楼梦》 的 第四十八回 ） （ When a poet has a good line， 291
never mind whether the musical tones of words fall in with the established pattern or not． ） ⑨。《生活的艺术 》 于 1937 年在 美国出版， 次年便居美国畅销书排行榜榜首达 52 周， 且接 连再版四十余次， 并为十余种文字所翻译。 经济上的宽裕 ： “拟翻译五 让林语堂有精力重新考虑出国前的翻译计划
二 〇 一 四 年 第 四 辑 《红楼梦》 的重要译本， 都产生于二十世纪， 先后出现 三次翻译波。第一波出现在二十年代， 王良志译本于 1927 年在美国纽约出版， 王际真译本于 1929 年在英美出版。 第 二波出现在五十年代， 麦克休译本于 1957 年在纽约出版，
瑡 瑐 1958 年再版； 同时， 。 第三波 王际真的译本也刊出第二版
⑩ ” 六本中国中篇名著。
1937 年底， 于是， 林语堂应蓝登书屋 （ Ｒandom House ） 《孔子的智慧 》 （ The Wisdom of Confucius， 之约， 开始编译 林 ） 一书， 1938 年“正月间拼命将书 语堂自译为《孔子哲言 》
瑡 瑏 。该书出版后受到美国广大读者欢迎， 译完” 好评如潮。
《红楼梦》 再看看其他几个 译者的译文： 王际真译文： To know through and through the ways of the world is Ｒeal Knowledge； To conform in every detail the customs of
翻译大师 林语堂
After 1928 he lived mainly in the United States, where his translations of Chinese texts remained popular for many years.
At the behest of Pearl Buck(赛珍珠）, he wrote My Country and My People (吾国与吾民) (1935) and The Importance of Living (生活的艺术) (1937), written in English in a charming and witty style, which became bestsellers. Others include Between Tears and Laughter (啼 笑皆非) (1943), The Importance of Understanding (1960, a book of translated Chinese literary passages and short pieces), The Chinese Theory of Art (1967), and the novels Moment in Peking (京华烟云) (1939) and The Vermillion Gate (朱门) (1953).
“纵令这尘世是一个黑暗的地牢，但我们总 得尽力使生活美满。” 他如是说。
他，
就是
林语堂
Brief Introduction
Lin Yutang (October 10, 1895 – March 26, 1976) was a Chinese writer and inventor. His informal but polished style in both Chinese and English made him one of the most influential writers of his generation, and his compilations and translations of classic Chinese texts into English were bestsellers in the West.
林语堂翻译
Translation practice
●Lin is not only concerned about the theory of translation studies, but also actively engaged in translation practice. Lin translates few foreign literary works, but he translates a great number of Chinese works to English .He translate and edit a wealth of works of classical Chinese philosophy, such as “The Art of Living” ,“the wisdom of Confucius” and so on. ●林语堂不仅仅关注翻译理论的探讨研究 ，而且积 极地投入翻译实践 。林氏很少译介国文学作品 ， 可中译英的数量却可观。他编译过包含了丰富的 中国古典哲学思想的作品 ，如《生活的艺术》， 《孔子的智慧》 等 。
Example
• 辛弃疾 《丑奴儿 ·书博山道中壁》： “少年不知 愁滋味 ，爱上层楼。 爱上层楼 ，为赋新词强说 愁。 而今识尽愁滋味 ，欲说还休 。 欲说还休 ， 却道天凉好个秋 。 ” • 林语堂先生译为 ： In my younger days, I had tasted only gladness, But loved to mount the top floor, But loved to mount the top floor, To write a song pretending sadness. And now I ‘ve tasted Sorrow s flavors, bitter and sour, And can ’t find a word, And can’ t find a word, But merely say, “What a golden autumn hour! ”
林语堂与文学翻译
林语堂与文学翻译（一）引言说起林语堂，最能打动人的地方要数他的英文创作了。
作为作家，他那“极其美妙、令以英文为母语的人既羡慕又深感惭愧”的娴熟的英语，为他赢得了国际文坛的巨匠地位，并曾获得诺贝尔文学奖的提名，有的作品还被美国大学选为教材，有的被政府高层倚为了解中国之必读。
的确，在国际文坛上，这位“幽默大师”凭他的写作实力占据了一席之地。
一向以“两脚踏东西文化、一心评宇宙文章”自居的林语堂主要以英文写作向西方世界介绍中国社会和中国文化，是他的“两脚踏东西文化”的重要组成部分。
提起林语堂，人们就会想起他用英文写的《吾国与吾民》、《京华烟云》等诸多作品。
多年来，他的英文作品不断受到人们的关注和评价。
而他的翻译理论和作品相对来说受到忽视。
笔者认为，他的文学翻译作品也很重要，同样是他“两脚踏东西文化”不可缺少的一部分。
本文就林语堂的文学翻译理论及翻译作品进行分析，从另一方面对他的文学成就进行评估。
（二）林语堂文学翻译理论林语堂祖籍福建龙溪，1895年出身于一基督教家庭。
他从小聪明好学，曾就读于上海的圣约翰大学，继而又留学海外，英文功底深厚，对他以后从事英文写作和翻译打下了扎实的语言基础。
他写了很多介绍中国文化和历史的书，加上在西方社会生活多年，对东西方文化的了解和对中英文的掌握都达到了炉火纯青的境界，完全有能力搞文学翻译，然而他却把自己的一生的大部分精力都投入到了写作中去。
这是因为，翻译只是对别人作品的再创造，不能脱离原著，而写作是自己的原创造，作者可以在作品中表达自己的观点，抒发自己的感慨。
林语堂那放荡不羁的性格也决定了他不愿在别人的字里行间游走。
从林语堂的很多文学作品中都有可以感受到他的人生观。
尽管如此，同许多当时受过西方文化熏陶的文化巨子一样，林语堂还是不可避免地涉及到翻译领域，有若干翻译理论和翻译实践的作品问世。
关于翻译理论的文章有《论翻译》、《论译诗》等。
其中《论翻译》对翻译理论阐述得更系统、更具体。
林语堂等论翻译
Nor can it be said truly that a pure-blooded Chinese could
ever quite disagree with Chuangtse's ideas. Taoism is not a
school of thought in China, it is a deep, fundamental trait of Chinese thinking, and of the Chinese attitude toward life and toward society. It has depth, while Confucianism has only a practical sense of proportions; it enriches Chinese poetry and
且所译原文，每每属于西洋艺术作品，如诗文小说之
类，译者不译此等书则已，若译此等书则于达用之外，
不可不注意于文字之美的问题。
译艺术文最重要的，就是应以原文之风格与其内容并 重。不但须注意其说的什么，并且须注意怎么说法。 凡译艺术文的人，必先把其所译作者之风度神韵预先
认出，于译时复极力发挥，才是尽译艺术文之义
的翻译理论基本上没有超出严复和林语堂这两位大家所讨论过
的范畴，所异者只是表达方式而已。
Chuangtse,
Mystic and Humorist: Lin Yutang's Introduction
Jesus was followed by St. Paul, Socrates by Plato, Confucius by Mencius, and Laotse by Chuangtse. In all four cases, the first
兰亭集序-林语堂翻译
《兰亭集序》林语堂版英译文来源：It is the ninth year of Yonghe (A.C.353), also known as the year of Guichou in terms of the Chinese lunar calendar.On one of those late spring days, we gather at the Orchid Pavilion, which is located in Shanyin County, Kuaiji Prefecture, for dispelling bad luck and praying for good fortune.The attendees of the gathering are all virtuous intellectuals, varying from young to old. Endowed with great mountains and lofty peaks, Orchid Pavilion has flourishing branches and high bamboo bushes all around, together with a clear winding brook engirdled, which can thereby serve the guests by floating the wine glasses on top for their drinking. Seated by the bank of brook, people will still regale themselves right by poetizing their mixed feelings and emotions with wine and songs, never mind the absence of melody from string and wind instruments.永和九年，岁在癸(guǐ）丑。
林语堂哲学翻译与翻译哲学
林语堂哲学翻译与翻译哲学0. 引言林语堂(1895-1976)是中国现代的著名学者、重要作家、翻译家、语言学家与哲学家。
为中外文化的交流与融合做出了不少贡献。
在西方,林语堂不仅仅是学者作家,更多得是被称为哲学家。
林语堂的《吾国与吾民》(My Country and My People)、《生活的艺术》(The Importance of Living)位于畅销书之首位。
他向西方传播了孔孟老庄思想,向西方读者展现了真实的中国哲学与形象。
美国林语堂研究专家Timothy C. Huson在林语堂国际学术研讨会评价林语堂时认为他提倡日常生活哲学,睡觉哲学,饮食哲学,在这些日常哲学中,含有深沉的哲理,他通过讽刺和幽默,来表达他的哲学观点。
其作品没有故意迎合美国人的口味,他是一位很有独立人格的哲学家。
1. 林语堂是哲学家?林语堂一生贡献卓著。
作为作家,著述颇丰。
作为语言学家,他研究了古代方言、探究闽粤方言之来源等,编撰《林语堂当代英汉词典》。
作为发明家,倾尽家财发明出来明快打字机。
作为翻译家,不仅向西方介绍了中国博大精深的文化,还向西方译介了中华哲学的精髓——儒家与道家思想。
因为他的幽默与闲适的生活哲学,他是一位哲学家。
1.1 为何林语堂是哲学家?哲学是是理论化、系统化的世界观,是自然知识、社会知识、思维知识的概括和总结,是世界观和方法论的统一。
所讨论的自然与生命的本质。
哲学家就是对哲学的深入研究思考的人。
纵观其著作,从译著《孔子的智慧》(The Wisdom of Confucius)、《老子的智慧》(The Wisdom of Laotse)到英文小说《京华烟云》(Moment in Peking)、传记《苏东坡传》(The Gay Genius, The Life and Times of Su Tunpo)以及散文集中,体现出综合儒家与道家思想之所长,体现各种生活哲学。
但是这种哲学与传统的儒道思想不同,融合儒道,使两者互补,是儒道的发展与升华。
齐物论英文版——林语堂
On Leveling All ThingsTsech'i of Nankuo sat leaning on a low table. Gazing up to heaven, he sighed and looked as though he had lost his mind.Yench'eng Tseyu, who was standing by him, exclaimed, "What are you thinking about that your body should become thus like dead wood, your mind like burnt-out cinders? Surely the man now leaning on the table is not he who was here just now.""My friend," replied Tsech'i, "your question is apposite. Today I have lost my Self.... Do you understand? ... Perhaps you only know the music of man, and not that of Earth. Or even if you have heard the music of Earth, perhaps you have not heard the music of Heaven.""Pray explain," said Tseyu."The breath of the universe," continued Tsech'i, "is called wind. At times, it is inactive. But when active, all crevices resound to its blast. Have you never listened to its deafening roar?"Caves and dells of hill and forest, hollows in huge trees of many a span in girth -- some are like nostrils, and some like mouths, and others like ears, beam-sockets, goblets, mortars, or like pools and puddles. And the wind goes rushing through them, like swirling torrents or singing arrows, bellowing, sousing, trilling, wailing, roaring, purling, whistling in front and echoing behind, now soft with the cool blow, now shrill with the whirlwind, until the tempest is past and silence reigns supreme. Have you never witnessed how the trees and objects shake and quake, and twist and twirl?""Well, then," inquired Tseyu, "since the music of Earth consists of hollows and apertures, and the music of man of pipes and flutes, of what consists the music of Heaven?""The effect of the wind upon these various apertures," replied Tsech'i, "is not uniform, but the sounds are produced according to their individual capacities. Who is it that agitates their breasts?"Great wisdom is generous; petty wisdom is contentious. Great speech is impassioned, small speech cantankerous."For whether the soul is locked in sleep or whether in waking hours the body moves, we are striving and struggling with the immediate circumstances. Some are easy-going and leisurely, some are deep and cunning, and some are secretive. Now we are frightened over petty fears, now disheartened and dismayed over some great terror. Now the mind flies forth like an arrow from a cross-bow, to be the arbiter of right and wrong. Now it stays behind as if sworn to an oath, to hold on to what it has secured. Then, as under autumn and winter's blight, comes gradual decay, and submerged in its own occupations, it keeps on running its course, never to return. Finally, worn out and imprisoned, it is choked up like an old drain, and the failing mind shall not see light again(8)."Joy and anger, sorrow and happiness, worries and regrets, indecision and fears, come upon us by turns, with ever-changing moods, like music from the hollows, or like mushrooms from damp. Day and night they alternate within us, but we cannot tell whence they spring. Alas! Alas! Could we for a moment lay our finger upon their very Cause?"But for these emotions I should not be. Yet but for me, there would be no one to feel them. So far we can go; but we do not know by whose order they come into play. It would seem there was a soul;(9) but the clue to its existence is wanting. That it functions is credible enough, though we cannot see its form. Perhaps it has inner reality withoutoutward form."Take the human body with all its hundred bones, nine external cavities and six internal organs, all complete. Which part of it should I love best? Do you not cherish all equally, or have you a preference? Do these organs serve as servants of someone else? Since servants cannot govern themselves, do they serve as master and servants by turn? Surely thereis some soul which controls them all."But whether or not we ascertain what is the true nature of this soul, it matters but little to the soul itself. For once coming into this material shape, it runs its course until it is exhausted. To be harassed by the wear and tear of life, and to be driven along without possibility of arrestingone's course, -- is not this pitiful indeed? To labor without ceasing all life, and then, without living to enjoy the fruit, worn out with labor, to depart, one knows not whither, -- is not this a just cause for grief?""Men say there is no death -- to what avail? The body decomposes, and the mind goes with it. Is this not a great cause for sorrow? Can the world be so dull as not to see this? Or is it I alone who am dull, and others not so?"Now if we are to be guided by our prejudices, who shall be without a guide? What need to make comparisons of right and wrong with others? And if one is to follow one's own judgments according to his prejudices, even the fools have them! But to form judgments of right and wrong without first having a mind at all is like saying, "I left for Yu:eh today, and got there yesterday." Or, it is like assuming something which does not exist to exist. The (illusions of) assuming something which does not exist to exist could not be fathomed even by the divine Yu:; how much less could we?For speech is not mere blowing of breath. It is intended to say some thing, only what it is intended to say cannot yet be determined. Is there speech indeed, or is there not? Can we, or can we not, distinguish it from the chirping of young birds?How can Tao be obscured so that there should be a distinction of trueand false? How can speech be so obscured that there should be a distinction of right and wrong?(10) Where can you go and find Tao not to exist? Where can you go and find that words cannot be proved? Tao is obscured by our inadequate understanding, and words are obscured by flowery expressions. Hence the affirmations and denials of the Confucian and Motsean(11) schools, each denying what the other affirms and affirming what the other denies. Each denying what the other affirms and affirming what the other denies brings us only into confusion.There is nothing which is not this; there is nothing which is not that. What cannot be seen by what (the other person) can be known by myself. Hence I say, this emanates from that; that also derives from this. This is the theory of the interdependence of this and that (relativity of standards).Nevertheless, life arises from death, and vice versa. Possibility arises from impossibility, and vice versa. Affirmation is based upon denial, and vice versa. Which being the case, the true sage rejects all distinctionsand takes his refuge in Heaven (Nature). For one may base it on this, yet this is also that and that is also this. This also has its 'right' and 'wrong', and that also has its 'right' and 'wrong.' Does then the distinction between this and that really exist or not? When this (subjective) and that (objective) are both without their correlates, that is the very 'Axis ofTao.' And when that Axis passes through the center at which all Infinities converge, affirmations and denials alike blend into the infinite One. Hence it is said that there is nothing like using the Light.To take a finger in illustration of a finger not being a finger is not so good as to take something which is not a finger to illustrate that a finger is not a finger. To take a horse in illustration of a horse not being a horse is not so good as to take something which is not a horse to illustrate that a horse is not a horse(12). So with the universe which is but a finger, but a horse. The possible is possible: the impossible is impossible. Tao operates, and the given results follow; things receive names and are said to be what they are. Why are they so? They are said to be so! Why are they not so? They are said to be not so! Things are so by themselves and have possibilities by themselves. There is nothing which is not so and there is nothing which may not become so.Therefore take, for instance, a twig and a pillar, or the ugly person and the great beauty, and all the strange and monstrous transformations. These are all leveled together by Tao. Division is the same as creation; creation is the same as destruction. There is no such thing as creation or destruction, for these conditions are again leveled together into One. Only the truly intelligent understand this principle of the leveling of all things into One. They discard the distinctions and take refuge in the common and ordinary things. The common and ordinary things serve certain functions and therefore retain the wholeness of nature. From this wholeness, one comprehends, and from comprehension, one to the Tao. There it stops. To stop without knowing how it stops -- this is Tao.But to wear out one's intellect in an obstinate adherence to the individuality of things, not recognizing the fact that all things are One, -- that is called "Three in the Morning." What is "Three in the Morning?" A keeper of monkeys said with regard to their rations of nuts that each monkey was to have three in the morning and four at night. At this the monkeys were very angry. Then the keeper said they might have four in the morning and three at night, with which arrangement they were all well pleased. The actual number of nuts remained the same, but there was a difference owing to (subjective evaluations of) likes and dislikes.It also derives from this (principle of subjectivity). Wherefore the true Sage brings all the contraries together and rests in the natural Balance of Heaven. This is called (the principle of following) two courses (at once). The knowledge of the men of old had a limit. When was the limit? It extended back to a period when matter did not exist. That was the extreme point to which their knowledge reached. The second period was that of matter, but of matter unconditioned (undefined). The third epoch saw matter conditioned (defined), but judgments of true and false were still unknown. When these appeared, Tao began to decline. And with the decline of Tao, individual bias (subjectivity) arose.Besides, did Tao really rise and decline?(13) In the world of (apparent) rise and decline, the famous musician Chao Wen did play the string instrument; but in respect to the world without rise and decline, Chao Wen did not play the string instrument. When Chao Wen stopped playing the string instrument, Shih K'uang (the music master) laid down hisdrum-stick (for keeping time), and Hueitse (the sophist) stopped arguing, they all understood the approach of Tao. These people are the best in their arts, and therefore known to posterity. They each loved his art, and wanted to excel in his own line. And because they loved their arts, theywanted to make them known to others. But they were trying to teach what (in its nature) could not be known. Consequently Hueitse ended in the obscure discussions of the "hard" and "white"; and Chao Wen's son tried to learn to play the stringed instrument all his life and failed. If this may be called success, then I, too, have succeeded. But if neither of them could be said to have succeeded, then neither I nor others have succeeded. Therefore the true Sage discards the light that dazzles and takes refuge in the common and ordinary. Through this comes understanding.Suppose here is a statement. We do not know whether it belongs to one category or another. But if we put the different categories in one, then the differences of category cease to exist. However, I must explain. If there was a beginning, then there was a time before that beginning, and a time before the time which was before the time of that beginning. If there is existence, there must have been non-existence. And if there was a time when nothing existed, then there must have been a time when even nothing did not exist. All of a sudden, nothing came into existence. Could one then really say whether it belongs to the category of existence or of non-existence? Even the very words I have just now uttered, -- I cannot say whether they say something or not.There is nothing under the canopy of heaven greater than the tip of abird's down in autumn, while the T'ai Mountain is small. Neither is there any longer life than that of a child cut off in infancy, while P'eng Tsu himself died young. The universe and I came into being together; I and everything therein are One.If then all things are One, what room is there for speech? On the other hand, since I can say the word 'one' how can speech not exist? If it does exist, we have One and speech -- two; and two and one -- three(14) from which point onwards even the best mathematicians will fail to reach (the ultimate); how much more then should ordinary people fail?Hence, if from nothing you can proceed to something, and subsequently reach there, it follows that it would be still easier if you were to start from something. Since you cannot proceed, stop here. Now Tao by its very nature can never be defined. Speech by its very nature cannot express the absolute. Hence arise the distinctions. Such distinctions are: "right" and "left," "relationship" and "duty," "division" and "discrimination, "emulation and contention. These are called the Eight Predicables.Beyond the limits of the external world, the Sage knows that it exists,but does not talk about it. Within the limits of the external world, the Sage talks but does not make comments. With regard to the wisdom of the ancients, as embodied in the canon of Spring and Autumn, the Sage comments, but does not expound. And thus, among distinctions made, there are distinctions that cannot be made; among things expounded, there are things that cannot be expounded.How can that be? it is asked. The true Sage keeps his knowledge within him, while men in general set forth theirs in argument, in order to convince each other. And therefore it is said that one who argues does so because he cannot see certain points.Now perfect Tao cannot be given a name. A perfect argument does not employ words. Perfect kindness does not concern itself with (individual acts of) kindness(15). Perfect integrity is not critical of others(16). Perfect courage does not push itself forward.For the Tao which is manifest is not Tao. Speech which argues falls short of its aim. Kindness which has fixed objects loses its scope. Integrity which is obvious is not believed in. Courage which pushes itself forward never accomplishes anything. These five are, as it were, round (mellow) with a strong bias towards squareness (sharpness). Therefore that knowledge which stops at what it does not know, is the highest knowledge.Who knows the argument which can be argued without words, and the Tao which does not declare itself as Tao? He who knows this may be said to enter the realm of the spirit (17). To be poured into without becoming full, and pour out without becoming empty, without knowing how this is brought about, -- this is the art of "Concealing the Light."Of old, the Emperor Yao said to Shun, "I would smite the Tsungs, and the Kueis, and the Hsu:-aos. Since I have been on the throne, this has ever been on my mind. What do you think?""These three States," replied Shun, "lie in wild undeveloped regions. Why can you not shake off this idea? Once upon a time, ten suns came out together, and all things were illuminated thereby. How much greater should be the power of virtue which excels the suns?"Yeh Ch'u:eh asked Wang Yi, saying, "Do you know for certain that all things are the same?""How can I know?" answered Wang Yi. "Do you know what you do not know?""How can I know!" replied Yeh Ch'u:eh. "But then does nobody know?" "How can I know?" said Wang Yi. "Nevertheless, I will try to tell you. How can it be known that what I call knowing is not really not knowing and that what I call not knowing is not really knowing? Now I would ask you this, If a man sleeps in a damp place, he gets lumbago and dies. But how about an eel? And living up in a tree is precarious and trying to the nerves. But how about monkeys? Of the man, the eel, and the monkey, whose habitat is the right one, absolutely? Human beings feed on flesh, deer on grass, centipedes on little snakes, owls and crows on mice. Of these four, whose is the right taste, absolutely? Monkey mates with the dog-headed female ape, the buck with the doe, eels consort with fishes, while men admire Mao Ch'iang and Li Chi, at the sight of whom fishes plunge deep down in the water, birds soar high in the air, and deer hurry away. Yet who shall say which is the correct standard of beauty? In my opinion, the doctrines of humanity and justice and the paths of right and wrong are so confused that it is impossible to know their contentions." "If you then," asked Yeh Ch'u:eh, "do not know what is good and bad, is the Perfect Man equally without this knowledge?""The Perfect Man," answered Wang Yi, "is a spiritual being. Were the ocean itself scorched up, he would not feel hot. Were the great rivers frozen hard, he would not feel cold. Were the mountains to be cleft by thunder, and the great deep to be thrown up by storm, he would not tremble with fear. Thus, he would mount upon the clouds of heaven, and driving the sun and the moon before him, pass beyond the limits of this mundane existence. Death and life have no more victory over him. How much less should he concern himself with the distinctions of profit and loss?"Chu: Ch'iao addressed Ch'ang Wutse as follows: "I heard Confucius say, 'The true Sage pays no heed to worldly affairs. He neither seeks gain nor avoids injury. He asks nothing at the hands of man and does not adhereto rigid rules of conduct. Sometimes he says something without speaking and sometimes he speaks without saying anything. And so he roams beyond the limits of this mundane world.'These,' commented Confucius, 'are futile fantasies.' But to me they are the embodiment of the most wonderful Tao. What is your opinion?" "These are things that perplexed even the Yellow Emperor," repliedCh'ang Wutse. "How should Confucius know? You are going too far ahead. When you see a hen's egg, you already expect to hear a cock crow.When you see a sling, you are already expected to have broiled pigeon. I will say a few words to you at random, and do you listen at random. "How does the Sage seat himself by the sun and moon, and hold the universe in his grasp? He blends everything into one harmonious whole, rejecting the confusion of this and that. Rank and precedence, which the vulgar sedulously cultivate, the Sage stolidly ignores, amalgamating the disparities of ten thousand years into one pure mold. The universe itself, too, conserves and blends all in the same manner."How do I know that love of life is not a delusion after all? How do Iknow but that he who dreads death is not as a child who has lost his way and does not know his way home?"The Lady Li Chi was the daughter of the frontier officer of Ai. When the Duke of Chin first got her, she wept until the bosom of her dress was drenched with tears. But when she came to the royal residence, shared with the Duke his luxurious couch, and ate rich food, she repented of having wept. How then do I know but that the dead may repent of having previously clung to life?"Those who dream of the banquet, wake to lamentation and sorrow. Those who dream of lamentation and sorrow wake to join the hunt.While they dream, they do not know that they are dreaming. Some will even interpret the very dream they are dreaming; and only when they awake do they know it was a dream. By and by comes the great awakening, and then we find out that this life is really a great dream. Fools think they are awake now, and flatter themselves they know -- this one is a prince, and that one is a shepherd. What narrowness of mind! Confucius and you are both dreams; and I who say you are dreams -- I am but a dream myself. This is a paradox. Tomorrow a Sage may arise to explain it; but that tomorrow will not be until ten thousand generations have gone by. Yet you may meet him around the corner."Granting that you and I argue. If you get the better of me, and not I of you, are you necessarily right and I wrong? Or if I get the better of you and not you of me, am I necessarily right and you wrong? Or are we both partly right and partly wrong? Or are we both wholly right and wholly wrong? You and I cannot know this, and consequently we all live in darkness."Whom shall I ask as arbiter between us? If I ask someone who takes your view, he will side with you. How can such a one arbitrate between us? If I ask someone who takes my view, he will side with me. How can such a one arbitrate between us? If I ask someone who differs from both of us, he will be equally unable to decide between us, since he differs from both of us. And if I ask someone who agrees with both of us, he will be equally unable to decide between us, since he agrees with both of us. Since then you and I and other men cannot decide, how can we depend upon another? The words of arguments are all relative; if we wish to reach the absolute, we must harmonize them by means of the unity ofGod, and follow their natural evolution, so that we may complete our allotted span of life."But what is it to harmonize them by means of the unity of God? It is this. The right may not be really right. What appears so may not be really so. Even if what is right is really right, wherein it differs from wrong cannot be made plain by argument. Even if what appears so is really so, wherein it differs from what is not so also cannot be made plain by argument. "Take no heed of time nor of right and wrong. Passing into the realm of the Infinite, take your final rest therein."The Penumbra said to the Umbra, "At one moment you move: at another you are at rest. At one moment you sit down: at another you get up. Why this instability of purpose?""Perhaps I depend," replied the Umbra, "upon something which causes me to do as I do; and perhaps that something depends in turn upon something else which causes it to do as it does. Or perhaps my dependence is like (the unconscious movements) of a snake's scales orof a cicada's wings. How can I tell why I do one thing, or why I do not do another?"Once upon a time, I, Chuang Chou (18), dreamt I was a butterfly, fluttering hither and thither, to all intents and purposes a butterfly. I was conscious only of my happiness as a butterfly, unaware that I was Chou. Soon I awaked, and there I was, veritably myself again. Now I do not know whether I was then a man dreaming I was a butterfly, or whether I am now a butterfly, dreaming I am a man. Between a man and abutterfly there is necessarily a distinction. The transition is called the transformation of material。
《兰亭集序》 林语堂两种英文翻译版本
《兰亭集序》（林语堂两种英文翻译版本）永和九年，岁在癸丑，暮春之初，会于会稽山阴之兰亭，修禊事也。
群贤毕至，少长咸集。
此地有崇山峻岭，茂林修竹；又有清流激湍，映带左右，引以为流觞曲水，列坐其次。
虽无丝竹管弦之盛，一觞一咏，亦足以畅叙幽情。
是日也，天朗气清，惠风和畅，仰观宇宙之大，俯察品类之盛，所以游目骋怀，足以极视听之娱，信可乐也。
夫人之相与，俯仰一世，或取诸怀抱，晤言一室之内；或因寄所托，放浪形骸之外。
虽取舍万殊，静躁不同，当其欣于所遇，暂得于己，快然自足，不知老之将至。
及其所之既倦，情随事迁，感慨系之矣。
向之所欣，俯仰之间，已为陈迹，犹不能不以之兴怀。
况修短随化，终期于尽。
古人云：“死生亦大矣。
”岂不痛哉！每览昔人兴感之由，若合一契，未尝不临文嗟悼，不能喻之于怀。
固知一死生为虚诞，齐彭殇为妄作。
后之视今，亦犹今之视昔。
悲夫！故列叙时人，录其所述，虽世殊事异，所以兴怀，其致一也。
后之览者，亦将有感于斯文。
第一种翻译（个人觉得稍显生硬）：This is the ninth year of Yungho (AD353) Kueichou in cycle. We met in late spring at the Orchid Pavilion in Shanyin to celebrate the Water Festival.All the scholar friends are gathered, and there is a goodly mixture of old and young. In the background lie high peaks and deep forests, while a clear, gurgling brook catches the light to the right and to the left. We then arrange ourselves, sitting on its bank, drinking in succession form the goblet as it floats down the stream .No music is provided, but with drinking and with song, our hearts are gay and at ease. It is a clear spring day with a mild, caressing breeze, the vast universe, throbbing with life, lies spread before us, entertaining the eye and pleasing the spirit and all the senses. It is perfect.Now when men come together, they let their thoughts travel to the present. Some enjoy a quiet conversation indoors and others play about outdoors, occupied with what they love. The forms of annulment differ according to temperaments, but when each has found what he wants, he is happy and never feels old, then as time passes on and one is tired of his pursuits, it seems that what fascinated him not so long ago has become a mere memory. What a thought! Besides, whether individually we live a long life or not, we all return to nothingness. The ancient regarded death as the great question. Is it not sad to think of it?I often thought that the people of the past lived and felt exactly as we of today. Whenever I read their writing, I felt this way and was seized with its pathos. It is cool comfort to say that life and death are different phases of the same thing and that a long span of life or a short one does not matter. Alas! The people of the future will look upon us as we look upon those who have gone before us. Hence I have recorded here those present and what they said. Ages may pass and times may change, but the human sentiments will be the same; I know that future readers who set their eyes upon these words will be affected in the same way.下面是第二种翻译（这个版本可能更好）：The Orchid PavilionIn the ninth year of the reign Yungho[A.D. 353] in the beginning of late spring we met at the Orchid Pavilion in Shanyin of Kweich'i for the Water Festival, to wash away the evil spirits.Here are gathered all the illustrious persons and assembled both the old and the young. Here aretall mountains and majestic peaks, trees with thick foliage and tall bamboos. Here are also clear streams and gurgling rapids, catching one's eye from the right and left. We group ourselves in order, sitting by the waterside, and drinking in succession from a cup floating down the curving stream; and although there is no music from string and wood-wind instruments, yet with alternate singing and drinking, we are well disposed to thoroughly enjoy a quiet intimate conversation.Today the sky is clear, the air is fresh and the kind breeze is mild. Truly enjoyable it is sit to watch the immense universe above and the myriad things below, traveling over the entire landscape with our eyes and allowing our sentiments to roam about at will, thus exhausting the pleasures of the eye and the ear.Now when people gather together to surmise life itself, some sit and talk and unburden their thoughts in the intimacy of a room, and some, overcome by a sentiment, soar forth into a world beyond bodily realities. Although we select our pleasures according to our inclinations—some noisy and rowdy, and others quiet and sedate—yet when we have found that which pleases us, we are all happy and contented, to the extent of forgetting that we are growing old. And then, when satiety follows satisfaction, and with the change of circumstances, change also our whims and desires, there then arises a feeling of poignant regret. In the twinkling of an eye, the objects of our former pleasures have become things of the past, still compelling in us moods of regretful memory. Furthermore, although our lives may be long or short, eventually we all end in nothingness. "Great indeed are life and death", said the ancients. Ah! What sadness!I often study the joys and regrets of the ancient people, and as I lean over their writings and see that they were moved exactly as ourselves, I am often overcome by a feeling of sadness and compassion, and would like to make those things clear to me. Well I know it is a lie to say that life and death are the same thing, and that longevity and early death make no difference! Alas! As we of the present look upon those of the past, so will posterity look upon our present selves. Therefore, have I put down a sketch of these contemporaries and their sayings at this feast, and although time and circumstances may change, the way they will evoke our moods of happiness and regret will remain the same. What will future readers feel when they cast their eyes upon this writing.。
林语堂翻译理论赏析
课走向文化创造与传播。
（二）推崇西化 回国之初，林语堂算是彻底的欧化主义者，主张全盘西化，欲废传统向
西学，要欧化中国人，认为中国的生活方式、制度等均应仿效欧美， 甚至认为汉族是败类，可见其西化程度之深。
1946年威斯康辛贝鲁艾特大学校长授予林语堂荣誉人文学博士学位，致 辞称其为“非官方的中国文化大使”。
Works
译作
Works
小说及散文杂文集
Translation Theory and Practice
翻译理论 《论翻译》是他最系统、最全面论述翻译理
论的文章。在文章中林语堂提出翻译是一 门艺术。从而成为中国翻译史上认为翻译 是一门艺术学派的代表人物。
• In his poetry translation，the rhythm
inherent in a poem dominates over rhymes.
翻译作品赏析
• 1.余曰：“卿果中道相舍，断无再续之理， 况‘曾经沧海难为水，除却巫山不是云’ 耳。”（沈复《浮生六记》）
Introduction
独特的双语童子功
1895年10月，生于福建漳州龙溪县农民牧师家庭 6岁时林语堂入了村办教会小学 10岁就读厦门教会学校 13岁入厦门寻源书院读中学。 17岁入上海圣约翰大学神学系，在此学得更悦耳更道地的 英语；校藏五千余册书被他阅遍。西洋生活进而是西洋文 明对他具有潜移默化之效，更是一种理性的系统熏陶。
Introduction
林语堂
中国现代著名作家、学者、翻译家、语言学家， 新道家代表人物。 1895年生于福建漳州平和县坂仔镇一个基督教 牧师家庭。原名和乐，后改玉堂，又改语堂。 早年留学美国、德国，获哈佛大学文学硕士， 莱比锡大学语言学博士。回国后在清华大学、 北京大学、厦门大学任教。曾任联合国教科文 组织美术与文学主任、国际笔会副会长等职。 林语堂于1940年和1950年先后两度获得诺贝 尔文学奖提名。曾创办《论语》《人世间》 《宇宙风》等刊物，作品包括小说《京华烟云》 《啼笑皆非》。散文和杂文文集《人生的盛宴》 《生活的艺术》以及译著《东坡诗文选》《浮 生六记》等。 1966年定居台湾。1976年在香港逝世，享年 80岁。
林语堂著作及译作总表
Between Tears and Langhter （《啼笑皆非》，时评），1943年纽约约翰·黛出版公司初
版。
The Gay Genius： The Life and Times of Su Tongpo（《苏东坡评传》，传记），1947
年纽约约翰·黛出版公司初版。
Chinatown Family（《唐人街》小说），1948年纽约约翰·黛出版公司初版。
海西风社初版英汉对照本,1942年英译本由纽约现代书局出版。
Miss Tu（《杜十娘》，据明·冯梦龙原著《杜十娘怒沉百宝箱》写译，小说），1950年伦
敦威廉·海涅曼公司初版。
英译汉
《卖花女》（英·萧伯纳原著，剧本），1928年5月上海开明书店初版。
《新俄学生日记》（俄·窝格耶夫原著，小说，与张友松合译），1929年6月上海春潮书局
一）著作
中文
《剪拂集》（散文集），1928年12月上海北新书局初版。
《语言学论丛》（专著），1933年5月上海开明书店初版。
《大荒集》（散文、剧本、评论集），1934年6月上海生活书店初版。
《我的话·行素集》（散文·随笔集），1934年8月上海时代图书公司初版。
《我的话·披荆集》（散文、随笔集），1936年9月上海时代图书公司初版。
版。
Moment in Peking （《瞬息京华》，一译《京华烟云》），1939年纽约约翰·黛出版公司
初版。
A Leaf in the Storm （《风声鹤唆》，小说），1941年纽约约翰·黛出版公司初版。
The Wisdom of China and India （《中国与印度之智慧》），1942年纽约兰登书屋初版
林语堂《吾国与吾民》自序(中英文互译)
林语堂《吾国与吾民》自序(中英文互译)林语堂（1895～1976），福建龙溪（今漳州）人，原名和乐，后改玉堂，又改语堂，中国现代著名作家、学者、翻译家、语言学家。
早年留学美国、德国，获哈佛大学文学硕士、莱比锡大学语言学博士。
回国后在清华大学、北京大学、厦门大学任教。
1954年赴新加坡筹建南洋大学，任校长。
曾任联合国教科文组织美术与文学主任、国际笔会副会长等职。
林语堂于1940年和1950年先后两度获得诺贝尔文学奖提名。
曾创办《论语》《人间世》《宇宙风》等刊物，作品包括小说《京华烟云》《啼笑皆非》、散文和杂文文集《人生的盛宴》《生活的艺术》及译著《东坡诗文选》《浮生六记》等。
PrefaceMy Country and My People《吾国与吾民》自序In this book I have tried only to communicate my opinions, which I have arrived at after some long and painful thoughts and reading and introspection. I have not tried to enter into arguments or prove my different theses, but I will stand justified or condemned by this book, as Confucius once said of his Spring and Autumn Annals. China is too big a country, and her national life has too many facets,for her not to be open to the most diverse and contradictory interpretations. And I shall always be able to assist with very convenient material anyone who wishes to hold opposite theses. But truth is truth and will overcome clever human opinions. It is given to man only at rare moments to perceive the truth, and it is these moments of perception that will survive, and not individual opinions. Therefore, the most formidable marshaling of evidence can often lead one to conclusions which are mere learned nonsense. For the presentation of such perceptions, one needs a simpler, which is really a subtler, style. For truth can never be proved; it can only be hinted at.在这一本书里头，我只想发表我自己的意见，这是我经过长时间的苦思苦读和自我省察所收获的，我不欲尝试与人论辩，亦不欲证定我的各项论题，但是我将接受一切批评。
林语堂翻译
1.桃花源记——陶渊明The Peach Colony (translated by Lin Yutang 林语堂)晋太元中，武陵人捕鱼为业，缘溪行，忘路之远近。
忽逢桃花林，夹岸数百步，中无杂树，芳草鲜美，落英缤纷；渔人甚异之。
复前行，欲穷其林。
林尽水源，便得一山。
山有小口，仿佛若有光，便舍船，从口入。
初极狭，才通人；复行数十步，豁然开朗。
During the reign of Taiyuan of Chin, there was a fisherman of Wuling. One day he was walking along a bank. After having gone a certain distance, he suddenly came upon a peach grove which extended along the bank for about a hundred yards. He noticed with surprise that the grove had a magic effect, so singularly free from the usual mingling of brushwood, while the beautifully grassy ground was covered with its rose petals. He went further to explore, and when he came to the end of the grove, he saw a spring which came from a cave in the hill, Having noticed that there seemed to be a weak light in the cave, he tied up his boat and decided to go in and explore. At first the opening was very narrow, barely wide enough for one person to go in. After a dozen steps, it opened into a flood of light.土地平旷，屋舍俨然。
林语堂与翻译
林语堂与翻译（1）一、生平简介林语堂，1895年10月10日（光绪二十一年乙末）出生于福建省龙溪县坂仔村，原名和乐，后改玉堂，又改语堂。
1901年六岁的林语堂入坂仔教会办的铭新小学，十岁到厦门鼓浪屿继续读小学，十三岁时入厦门寻源书院。
1912年，十七岁的林语堂以第二名的优异成绩毕业，进入上海圣约翰大学就读，1916年以第二名毕业于圣约翰大学文科，之后在北京清华学校任中等科英文教员。
1919年夏与厦门豫丰钱庄老板的女儿廖翠凤结婚，秋携新婚妻子赴美哈佛大学比较文学研究所深造。
一年后由于经济原因前往法国为华工服务，教他们读书写字。
1922年获文学硕士学位。
同年转赴德国入莱比锡大学，专攻语言学。
1923年获博士学位后回国，任北京大学教授、北京女子师范大学教务长和英文系主任。
1924年后为《语丝》主要撰稿人之一。
1926年到厦门大学任文学院院长。
1927年离开厦门到达武汉,任外交部秘书,为期仅六个月。
1932年林语堂创办《论语》半月刊，提倡幽默；1934年另创《人间世》，主张文章须发抒性灵；1935年又办《宇宙风》半月刊，提倡"以自我为中心，以闲适为格凋"的小品文。
同年，林语堂的英文著作《吾国与吾民》（My Country and My People，又译作《中国人》）在美国出版，四个月内印了七版，登上畅销书排行榜，林语堂因此在国外一举成名。
而后，在赛珍珠（Pearl S. Buck）夫妻的邀请之下，林语堂举家于1936年迁往美国，开始了他长达30年的海外生涯，那也是他文学写作的重要时期，他的英文作品《生活的艺术》(The Importance of Living)在美国高居畅销书排行榜第一名长达五十二周，长篇小说《京华烟云》(Moment in Peking)使他获得诺贝尔文学奖提名。
林语堂于1944年曾一度回国到重庆讲学。
1945年赴新加坡筹建南洋大学，并任校长。
1952年在美国与人创办《天风》杂志。
林语堂《记承天寺夜游》译文评析——兼论关联性语境融合理论与翻译批评
林语堂《记承天寺夜游》译文评析——兼论关联性语境融合理论与翻译批评原文：元丰六年十月十二日夜，解衣欲睡，月色入户，欣然起行。
念无与为乐者，遂至承天寺，寻张怀民，怀民未寝，相与步中庭。
庭下如积水空明，水中藻荇交横，盖竹柏影也。
何夜无月，何处无松柏，但少闲人如吾两人者耳。
译文：元丰六年十月十二日，晚上。
解开衣服想睡觉时，月光从窗口射进来，我愉快地起来行走。
想到没有可与自己一起游乐的人，于是到承天寺，找张怀民。
张怀民也没有睡觉，我们在庭院中散步。
庭院中的月光宛如一泓积水那样清澈透明，水中藻、荇纵横交叉，都是绿竹和翠柏的影子。
哪夜没有月光，哪里没有绿竹和翠柏，但缺少像我两个这样的闲人。
赏析：《记承天寺夜游》是一篇小品文。
所谓小品文，顾名思义就是内容短小(本文只有84个字)，但韵味深长，需要用心品味的文章。
借用一句广告词来形容：“简约而不简单”，简约的内容里有着不简单的内涵，含义深刻隽永，回味无穷。
一、明月朗照无眠夜欣然起行寻超脱“元丰六年十月十二日夜，解衣欲睡，月色入户，欣然起行”。
时值冬初，长江边的小城黄州已是寒气袭人，苏轼本已解衣欲睡，准备就寝。
可是今晚明朗的月色入户，苏轼禁不住“欣然起行”。
苏轼是发现今晚的月色可爱吗?那他为什么先要“解衣欲睡”?为什么不早早做好赏月的准备?如果是“解衣欲睡”，为什么又要“欣然起行”?很显然，这一矛盾的动作正是苏轼内心矛盾的外在体现。
“欣然起行”应该只是苏轼夜不成寐的一种解脱方式。
明朗的月色、寒冷的冬夜、孤寂的身影，往往更能勾起那些想忘掉却无法忘掉的往事，更能想起那些想逃避却无法逃避的往事。
这样的夜晚，想起这样的事情，任何人都难以入眠。
苏轼自然难眠：记得当今圣上神宗的祖父仁宗皇帝初得苏轼、苏辙之日，曾曰：“吾今为子孙得太平宰相两人，惜吾不及用也。
”经历了两代皇帝，可是时至今日，苏轼不仅没有当上宰相，不能为朝廷大显身手，甚至连自家性命差点枉送!他实在想不通，为什么王安石变法这么十万火急，这么大刀阔斧，全然不顾社会的承受能力?放慢一点速度，先团结好人心，选用一批贤良，缓缓图之岂不是更稳妥、更能收到实效吗?……往事如烟，如今却一幕幕、一桩桩展现在眼前。
林语堂及翻译PPT课件
林语堂及其翻译思想
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1.作者及作品介绍
林语堂（1895－1976），中国现代著名 学者、文学家、语言学家。福建龙溪人 ，出生于福建省漳州市平和县坂仔镇贫 穷的牧师家庭。原名和乐，后改玉堂， 又改语堂。早年留学国外，回国后在北 京大学、厦门大学等著名大学任教， 1966年定居台湾，1976年在香港逝世， 享年八十二岁。林语堂既有扎实的中国 古典文学功底，又有很高的英文造诣， 他一生笔耕不辍，著作等身。林语堂于 1940年、1950年和1975年三度获得诺贝 尔文学奖的提名。
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关于作品文本的选择
林语堂“明智地选择自己民族所特有的东 《孔子西的”智，慧不》遗和余《老力子地的翻智译慧中》国反映文中化国的的优古秀典代哲学的 论著；表作品。所以，因此，林语堂的大部分翻 《京华译烟文云本》和、英《文风声创鹤作唳的》选等择能都综合是折以射中出国中的国历历史文 化《和吾哲国史学与文的吾化小 民为说》背；、景《生活的艺术》、《苏东坡传》等反映
第三是译事上的训练，译者对于翻译标准 及手术的问题有正当的见解。
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翻译标准之三方 面
第一是忠实标准 第二是通顺标准 第三是美的标准
译者对原文方面的问题 译者对中文方面的问题 是翻译与艺术文的问题
论忠实标准——译者第一的责任，就是 对原文或原著者的责任，换言之，就是 如何才可以忠实于原文，不负著者的才 思与用意。 “忠实标准”的四义：非字译、须传神 、非绝对、须通顺。
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关于作品文本的选择
林语堂“明智地选择自己民族所特有的东 《孔子西的”智，慧不》遗和余《老力子地的翻智译慧中》国反文映中化国的的优古秀典代哲学的 论著；表作品。所以，因此，林语堂的大部分翻 《京华译烟文云本》和、英《文风声创鹤作唳的》选等择能都综是合折以射中出国中的国历历史文 化《和吾哲国史学与文的吾化小民为说》背；、景《生活的艺术》、《苏东坡传》等反映
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译著
《冥寥子游》 《不亦快哉》 《东坡诗文选》 《幽梦影》 《板桥家书》 《老子的智慧》 《浮生六记》
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林语堂英译《浮生六记》
《浮生六记》是清朝沈复的自传体散文。 《浮生六记》以作者夫妇生活为主线，赢 余了平凡而又充满情趣的居家生活的浪游 各地的所见所闻。作品描述了作者和妻子 陈芸情投意合，想要过一种布衣蔬食而从 事艺术的生活，由于封建礼教的压迫与贫 困生活的煎熬，终至理想破灭。
林语堂及其翻译思想
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1.作者及作品介绍
林语堂（1895－1976），中国现代著名 学者、文学家、语言学家。福建龙溪人 ，出生于福建省漳州市平和县坂仔镇贫 穷的牧师家庭。原名和乐，后改玉堂， 又改语堂。早年留学国外，回国后在北 京大学、厦门大学等著名大学任教， 1966年定居台湾，1976年在香港逝世， 享年八十二岁。林语堂既有扎实的中国 古典文学功底，又有很高的英文造诣， 他一生笔耕不辍，著作等身。林语堂于 1940年、1950年和1975年三度获得诺贝 尔文学奖的提名。
中国人生活观念和态度的作品； 《浮生六记》情操陶冶的生活翻译作品
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3.翻译思想
《论翻译》 “谈翻译的人首先要觉悟的事件，就是翻
译是一种的艺术。” 中国翻译史上认为“翻译是一门艺术”学
派的代表人物
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对译者的要求
第一是译者对于原文文字上以及内容上透 彻的了解；
第二是译者有相当的国文程度，能写清顺 畅达的中文；
the forest, and the breeze was playing about our
sleeves, while the moon' s image sparkled in the rippling
water, and all worldly cares were banished from our
杨翠柏”为珍贵盆景，在中国传统文化中主要供文
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4.翻译作品赏析
林先生对原著者的忠实首先表现在他强调 “传神”,他认为“译者不但须求达意,并 且须以传神为目的。译文须忠实于原文之 字神句气和言外之意”。
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“少焉一轮明月已上林梢,渐觉风生袖底,月到波心,俗虑尘怀爽然顿释。”
After a while, the moon had already arisen from behind
第三是译事上的训练，译者对于翻译标准 及手术的问题有正当的见解。
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翻译标准之三方 面
第一是忠实标准 第二是通顺标准 第三是美的标准
译者对原文方面的问题 译者对中文方面的问题 是翻译与艺术文的问题
论忠实标准——译者第一的责任，就是 对原文或原著者的责任，换言之，就是 如何才可以忠实于原文，不负著者的才 思与用意。 “忠实标准”的四义：非字译、须传神 、非绝对、须通顺。
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2.翻译目的
“五四”文化运动前后，林语堂开始了他 的文学翻译活动
林语堂以学贯中西的底蕴，凭借对东西方 文化的熟谙以及其对中英两种语言炉火纯 青的掌握，翻译了大量的中国优秀作品， 为西方人客观地打开了了解中国一扇窗口 。
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“两脚踏东西文化，一心评宇宙文章”
“向中国人讲外国文化，向外国人讲中国文化” 。
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保留原语文化
余曰：“卿果中道相舍，断无再续之理，况‘曾 经沧海难为水，除却巫山不是云’耳。” （沈复《浮生六记》）
“Even if you should leave me half-way like this” I
said, “I shall never marry again. Besides, ‘It is difficult to be water for one who has seen the great seas and difficult to be clouds for one who
breasts. 句中“风生袖底,月到波心”,但林先生凭借其深厚的语 言功底,选了“play about”和“sparkle”生动地体现 原文的“字神”,特别是“play about”采用拟人的手 法,不仅惟妙惟肖地再现了“风生袖底”,而且还暗示了 人物轻松愉快的心情。从上可以看出林先生虽然反对“ 字译”,但他为了忠实于原著者并不反对对于单字的锤 炼
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英文译作
《京华烟云》Moment in Peking 《风声鹤唳》A Leaf in the Storm 《朱门》The Vermillion Gate 《啼笑皆非》Between Tears and Laughter 《吾国与吾民》My Country and My People
《逃向自由城》 《红牡丹》
has seen the Yangtze Gorges.”
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林语堂先生以直译的手法翻译此句，虽未 做任何解释，但英语读者仍能通过字里行 间丰富的意象领略到其中中国文化的内涵 ，取得足够的语境效果。此译既保全了原 文的意象又留存了含蓄蕴藉的艺术魅力， 可谓形意神俱全。
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符合译语文化
又在“扬明珠州暗商投家”见出有自虞《鲁山仲游连客邹携阳送列黄传》杨，翠后柏用各于一比盆， 惜乎喻明贵重珠的暗东投西。落（入沈不识复货《的浮人生手六里记。原》文）中的“黄
通顺作为第二条标准,同时也是忠实的第 四层含义,即忠实非说不通中国话之谓。 第一，须以句为本位;第二，须完全根据 中文心理。
而关于“美的标准”，他认为翻译于用
之外，还有工作当作一种艺术。
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“以译者所负的责任言，第一是译者对原著 者的责任，第二是译者对中国读者的责任 ，第三是译者对艺术的责任。三样的责任 心备，然后可以谓具有真正译家的资格。 ”