英汉翻译-常用翻译技巧2.
英汉互译八种技巧
使译文合乎表达习惯,必须增加一些词语,这就 叫增译法. 增词义增加虚词为多,也可酌量增加实词。 英译汉时经常增加的词有结构词、数量词、 概念词、语气词等。 从增补的功能来看,可以分为结构增补、意 义增补和修辞增补。
I am looking forward to the holidays. 我们等待假日的到来。 Much of our morality is customary. 我们大部分的道德观念都有习惯性。 Reading makes a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man. 读书使人充实,讨论使人机智,笔记使人精确。 Histories make men wise; poets witty; the mathematics subtle; natural philosophy deep; moral grave; logic and rhetoric able to contend. 读史使人明智,读诗使人灵秀,数学使人周密,科 学使人深刻,伦理使人庄重,逻辑修辞之学使人善 辩。
寻寻觅觅,冷冷清请,凄凄惨惨戚戚;乍暖还寒 时侯,最难将息。 (译文1)
Seek, seek; search, search; Cold, cold; bare, bare; Grief, grief; cruel, cruel grief. Now warm, then like the autumn cold again, How hard to calm the heart!
先生们尽管可以高呼和平,和平!但是依然没有和 平。
We
must enrich our cultural and material lives. 我们必须丰富我们的精神生活和物质生活。 (宾语前有多个定语时,要重复这个做宾语 的名词) 2)重复做表语的名词 This is a victorious conference that shows our unity. 这是一个胜利的大会,一个团结的大会。 (表语有多个修饰语时,重复做表语的名词)
翻译学丛:常用英语翻译技巧(2)
英语知识3. 转换法:指翻译过程中为了使译文符合目标语的表述方式、方法和习惯而对原句中的词类、句型和语态等进行转换。
具体的说,就是在词性方面,把名词转换为代词、形容词、动词;把动词转换成名词、形容词、副词、介词;把形容词转换成副词和短语。
在句子成分方面,把主语变成状语、定语、宾语、表语;把谓语变成主语、定语、表语;把定语变成状语、主语;把宾语变成主语。
在句型方面,把并列句变成复合句,把复合句变成并列句,把状语从句变成定语从句。
在语态方面,可以把主动语态变为被动语态。
如:(1) 我们学院受教委和市政府的双重领导。
Our institute is co-administrated by the States Education Commission and the municipal government. (名词转动词)(2)Too much exposure to TV programs will do great harm to the eyesight of children.孩子们看电视过多会大大地损坏视力。
(名词转动词)(3)由于我们实行了改革开放政策,我国的综合国力有了明显的增强。
Thanks to the introduction of our reform and opening policy, our comprehensive national strength has greatly improved. (动词转名词) (4) I'm all for you opinion.我完全赞成你的意见。
(介词转动词)(5)The reform and opening policy is supported by the whole Chinese people.改革开放政策受到了全中国人民的拥护。
(动词转名词)(6)In his article the author is critical of man's negligence toward his environment.作者在文章中,对人类疏忽自身环境作了批评。
英汉翻译技巧(二)增词
译文:然而,当她来到大海边,发
现四下决无一人时,她脱去了那件 扎人的、穿着难受的泳衣,平生第 一次赤裸裸地站在光天化日之下, 任凭阳光戏弄,任凭海风拍击,任 凭呼唤她的海浪波溅。
这种增词,既符合原意,又较
为生动地传达出埃德纳摈弃旧 的传统观念的决心及在自由中 获得新生后酣畅淋漓的心情。
试译下列句子:
这里女主人公(埃德纳)脱去扎人的、令 她难受的泳衣,赤身裸体地投入大海的怀 抱。这一艺术形象具有强烈的象征意义— —埃德纳决心挣脱与其格格不入的世俗传 统的束缚,投入大海,在死亡中寻求新生, 寻求她梦寐以求的自由。为了充分表现埃 德纳以死抗争的决心,译者重复使用了三 个“任凭”,构成排比句,以加强语气。
例1.Foreigners
get degrees from Chinese colleges.
一批外国人获得一些中国大学的学
位。 例2.They include silks and colored thread. 他们包括各种丝绸和彩线。
例3.In spite of difficulties, they succeeded in finishing their task.
有些英文句子貌似省略句,实际上什么句子成分也 没有省,但若直译成汉语,译文就不清楚,必须按 照汉语的习惯表达方式增词。如:
例1.Which
do you like better: grammar or translation exercises? 你喜欢语法练习,还是翻译练习? 例2.He has written several articles and books on high-energy physics. 他写了几篇文章何几本书,都是关于高 能物理的。
英译汉-汉译英翻译技巧
英译汉-汉译英翻译技巧英译汉技巧一、英译汉翻译的基本程序1.通读并透彻理解原文。
翻译之前仔细研读原文,解决好“翻译什么”的问题。
边读边琢磨,确切理解原文所述事物本身的含义与之相关的外延联想,如原句的中心意思是什么,有没有褒贬义或寓意,对其中的修饰语的把握等。
2. 组织语言。
考生要根据上下文的语境选择适当的词汇和表达手段。
3. 表达。
考生要从内容和语言两方面来考虑译文,尤其注意不能扭曲原意,不能错译或漏译。
4. 审校。
这是英汉翻译过程中必不可少的环节。
考生将自己的译文与原文进行对照,看看译文是否忠实于原文,是否通顺易懂,是否符合汉语规范。
二、英汉翻译的基本方法1. 直译与意译直译指基本保留原有句子结构,照字面意思翻译;意译是在不损害原文内容和精神的前提下,为了表达的需要,对原文做相应的调整。
如:Good marriage doesn’t just happen. They take a lot of love and a lot of work.Good marriage doesn’t just happen. They take a lot of love and a lot of work.直译:好的婚姻不会仅仅发生—它们需要大量的爱和大量的工作。
意译:幸福的婚姻不是凭空发生的---它需要你为它付出大量的爱和做大量的工作。
或:美满的婚姻不会从天上掉下来---你必须为它付出大量的爱,做大量的工作。
很显然,本句话的意译要比直译更符合汉语表达习惯。
当然,一句话并不限于一种译法,要根据具体需要而定。
一般来说,在英汉翻译考试中,如果直译能达意就用直译,如果直译效果不好,就应该考虑意译。
只要译文内容忠实,意思明白就行了。
2. 顺译法(又名句型对应法)顾名思义,顺译法(句型对应法)就是按原文句子结构的排列顺序进行翻译,这种译法适合于原文叙述层次与汉语相近的长句翻译,如只含名词性从句的复合句、前置的状语从句或从句在后的长复合句等等。
英汉翻译常用的方法和技巧练习(二)
英汉翻译常⽤的⽅法和技巧练习(⼆)⼀、翻译句⼦,注意right 在句中的词类来确定它的词义1. it is not right for children to sit up late 孩⼦们睡得晚不好adj2. the plane was right above out heads 飞机正好在我们头上⾯ adv3. in the negative, right and left, and black and white are reversed照⽚底⽚上,左右⿊⽩与正⽚恰好相反n4. she tried her best to right her husband from the charge of robbery她尽⼒为她丈夫被控抢劫伸冤v⼆、翻译句⼦,注意根据上下⽂及搭配关系来确定斜体词的词义account for1. he is ill; that accounts for his absence.他病了,这就是他缺席的原因2. In this battle he accounted for five of the enemy他在这场战⽃中消灭了五个敌⼈3. i want you to account for every cent you spent我要你把花费的每分钱都交代清楚make up1. if the stove isnt't made up, it will go out如不添煤,炉⼦就会熄灭2. there isn't any girl called Clementine. he's just made her up根本没有个叫。
的姑娘,全是他捏造出来的3. half the roads in the rigion are still to be made up这地区的路⾯有⼀半还没有修好4. society is made up of people with widely differing abilities.社会是由具有迥然不同的能⼒的⼈组成的figure1. the foreign trade has risen to unprecedented figures对外贸易的数字由了空前的增长2. dr. elion was one of the most revered figures in the world of learning。
英译汉常用的方法和技巧
这些事件引起了我们的重视.
八. 分句法, 合句法(运用较多,且非常重要) 1. 分句法: 把原文中的一个单词译成句子, 使原文中的一个句子分
译成两个或两个以上的句子.
The Chinese seemed justifiably proud of their economic achievements. 中国人似乎为他们取得的经济成就而感到自豪, 这是合乎情理的. Energy can neither be created nor destroyed, a universally accepted
与之相比. 2) 溶合法(把原文中的主语和定语从句溶合在一起, 译成一个独
立的句子, there be结构汉译时, 以及在科技英语中常用)
There is a man downstairs who wants to see you. 楼下有人要见你.
There are some metals which posses the great power of conduct electricity.
他想给他们增加些援助, 增添些武器, 增派些人员.
2. 为了生动(使用四字词组, 重叠, 四字对偶)
But there had been too much publicity about my case.
但我的事情现在已搞得满城风雨, 人人皆知了.
Target priorities were established there.
us in its grip, it is hard for us to recognize what ails (折磨) us. (Book 4, reading course, P67, L.18-20) 它不是突然发生的, 毫无戏剧性可言, 因此它就有了一个极大的优 势, 它悄悄地一点一点地吞噬我们的心灵,一旦被它完全控制, 我们 甚至很难看出是什么在折磨我们.
英译汉翻译技巧
• Strange enough they were the same age to the day.
• 说来也巧, 他俩年纪一样大, 而且还是同 日的。
5.合译法
• 合译是将原文的两个或几个分开叙述的意 思或层次合并重组,如将两个分句合译为 一个简单句,或两个简单句合译成一个复 合句等, 使全句的结构更加紧凑,语气更 加顺通。
• 2)后置法:上述译成前置定语大都是用于 限制性定语从句,但一般用于译比较简单 的英语定语从句。如果从句结构复杂,译 成汉语前置定语显得太长而不符合汉语表 达习惯时,往往可以译成后置的并列分句。 可以分为两种情况。一是可以重复英语先 行词,译成并列分句。如:
• They are striving for the ideal which is close to the heart of every Chinese and for which, in the past, many Chinese has laid down their lives.
• He told me such experience as I had never heard of before.
• 他给我讲述了他的经历,那些经历是我以 前从未听说过的。
• He did not remember his father who died when he was three years old.
• 作为一个孝顺的儿子,我不得不接收父母 的决定,去当大夫,虽然我对这样的前途 毫无兴趣。
3.倒译法
• 倒译法就是颠倒原文句子结构的排列顺序 来进行翻译。
• 例1: The moon is completely empt on the moon is much less than on the earth.
英译汉的翻译方法和技巧
英译汉的翻译方法和技巧英译汉的翻译方法和技巧语序调整主要指词序、句序两方面的调整。
英汉语句中的、主要成分主语、谓语、宾语或表语的词序基本上是一致的,但各种定语的位置和各种状语的次序在英、汉语言中则有同有异。
一、定语位置的调整1.单词作定语英文中,单词作定语时,通常放在它所修饰的名词前,汉语中也大体如此。
有时英文中有后置的,但译成汉语时一般都前置。
somethingimportant (后置)重要的事情(前置)如果英文中名词前的定语过多,译文中则不宜完全前置,因为汉语不习惯在名词前用过多的定语。
alittle, yellow, raggedbeggar (前置)一个要饭的,身材矮小,面黄肌瘦,衣衫褴褛(后置)2.短语作定语英文中,修饰名词的短语一般放在名词之后,而汉语则反之,但间或也有放在后面的,视汉语习惯而定。
theirattempttocrosstheriver (后置)他们渡江的企图(前置)二、状语位置的调整1.单词作状语Hewasveryac ti veinclass.(前置)他在班上很活跃,专业英文《专业英文的翻译技巧讲与练》。
(前置)英文中单词作状语修饰动词时,一般放在动词之后,而在汉语里则放在动词之前。
Modernscienceand technologyaredevelopingrapidly.(后置)现代科学技术正在迅速发展。
(前置)2.短语作状语英文中短语状语可放在被修饰的动词之前或之后,译成汉语时则大多数放在被修饰的动词之前,但也有放在后面的。
Seeing this, someofusbecameveryworried. (前置)看到这种情况,我们有些人心里很着急。
(前置)Ajeepfullspedfast, drenchingmeinspray.(后置)一辆坐满人的吉普车急驶而过,溅了我一身水。
(后置)英文中地点状语一般在时间状语之前,而汉语中时间状语则往往放在地点状语之前。
汉译英的几种翻译技巧
汉译英的几种常用技巧(一)常用的翻译技巧1. 增译2. 减译(省译)3. 重复 4. 转译 5. 语序(词序/句序)调整(倒置) 6. 拆句与合并7. 正说反译, 反说正译8. 语态变换1.增译法:指根据英汉两种语言不同的思维方式、语言习惯和表达方式,在翻译时增添一些词、短句或句子,以便更准确地表达出原文所包含的意义。
这种方式多半用在汉译英里。
汉语无主句较多,而英语句子一般都要有主语,所以在翻译汉语无主句的时候,除了少数可用英语无主句、被动语态或“There be…”结构来翻译以外,一般都要根据语境补出主语,使句子完整。
英语中代词使用频率较高,凡说到人的器官和归某人所有的或与某人有关的事物时,必须在前面加上物主代词。
因此,在汉译英时需要增补物主代词,而在英译汉时又需要根据情况适当地删减。
英语词与词、词组与词组以及句子与句子的逻辑关系一般用连词来表示,而汉语则往往通过上下文和语序来表示这种关系。
因此,在汉译英时常常需要增补连词。
英语句子离不开介词和冠词。
另外,汉译英时还要注意增补一些原文中暗含而没有明言的词语和一些概括性、注释性的词语,以确保译文意思完整。
总之,通过增译,一是保证译文语法结构的完整,二是保证译文意思的明确。
1. I am looking forward to the holidays. 我们等待假日的到2.Much of our morality is customary. 我们大部分的道德观念都有习惯性。
3.Reading makes a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man.读书使人充实,讨论使人机智,笔记使人精确。
4.Histories make men wise; poets witty; the mathematics subtle; natural philosophy deep; moral grave; logic and rhetoric able to contend. 读史使人明智,读诗使人灵秀,数学使人周密,科学使人深刻,伦理使人庄重,逻辑修辞之学使人善辩。
汉译英翻译常用技巧
汉译英翻译常用技巧汉译英是语言转换的过程,需要结合语言特点和句子结构来进行翻译。
下面是汉译英翻译常用技巧的一些要点:1.注意词语的使用在翻译过程中,应注意选择适当的词语,避免使用生硬的直译。
可以根据句子的具体语境来选择合适的词语,充分考虑词义、语体、文化背景等因素。
2.理解词语的多义性汉语中的词语通常有多个义项,需要根据上下文确定正确的翻译。
在翻译过程中,要注意词语的多义性,避免产生歧义。
3.注意语法结构中英语法结构有很大差异,所以在翻译过程中要注意语法结构的转换。
例如,英语中主谓宾的语序与汉语有所不同,需要注意将句子结构调整为符合英语语法的形式。
4.注意动词的时态英语中的动词时态较为复杂,需要根据上下文确定正确的时态。
在翻译过程中,要注意将动词的时态正确地转换为英语的对应形式。
5.注意做动词的“的”和“得”在汉语中,“的”和“得”在做动词时的用法相似,但在英语中它们有不同的翻译。
一般情况下,“的”翻译为“的”或“的”;“得”翻译为“to”或“must”。
6.使用适当的连词在汉译英翻译中,使用适当的连词能够使句子更加流畅。
常用的连词有“but”、“and”、“or”等。
根据句子的逻辑关系和语境,选择合适的连词来进行翻译。
7.注意上下文的衔接在翻译过程中,要注意将上下文的信息进行衔接,以确保翻译准确传达原文的意思。
在处理复杂句子时,要注意将上下文中的重要信息和语法结构准确地表达出来。
8.考虑文化差异汉英翻译中需要考虑不同文化背景对表达方式的影响。
在翻译过程中,要注意在尊重原文的同时,将信息准确传达给目标读者。
9.使用合适的术语和行业词汇根据具体领域的需求,要选择合适的术语和行业词汇。
在翻译过程中,要了解所涉及领域的专业术语,确保翻译的准确性和专业性。
10.多加练习翻译是一项技能,需要通过不断的练习来提高。
多进行汉译英的练习,积累翻译经验,提高翻译的准确性和流利度。
总之,汉译英的翻译技巧是一个不断学习和掌握的过程,通过不断的练习和积累,可以提高翻译的准确性和质量。
英汉翻译方法与技巧
(三)从句的分译
• 从句的分译则是根据译文需要打散句子,重新组织。 英语的长句主要由主从复合句构成,结构严谨,只 要明确其主从关系,就能正确分译。如: He told me such experience as I had never heard of before. 他给我讲述了他的经历,那些经历是我以前从未听 说过的。 He did not remember his father who died when he was three years old. 他三岁丧父,所以记不起父亲了。 Strange enough they were the same age to the day. 说来也巧,他俩年纪一样大, 而且还是同日的。
1、转译成动词
• 英语中的某些名词、介词、副词,翻译时 可转译成汉语中的动词 • The lack of any special excretory system is explained in a similar way . • 植物没有专门的排泄系统,可用同样的方 式加以说明。(名词转译) • As he ran out ,he forgot to have his shoes on . • 他跑出去时,忘记了穿鞋子。
七、异化与归化
归化
有些英语的修辞格译成汉语时,可以换用符合 汉语习惯的其他辞格或是改变原文中比喻形象, 使译文在思想上忠实于原作、风格和神韵上尽 量求得与原文相接近的效果。例如: (1) He was so fond of talking that his comrades nicknamed him “magpie”. 他如此唠叨,同伴们给他起了个“麻雀”的外号。 (汉语中“喜鹊”喻义喜事、吉利、运气,而英 语中喻义却是唠叨、饶舌,于是取汉语中联想 效果对应的比喻)
常用翻译技巧(二)
• 4)He supplied his works not only with
biographies, but with portraits of their supposed authors. • 他不仅在他的作品上提供作者传记,而且 还提供假想作者的画像。 • 5)But his wife kept dinning in his ears about his idleness, his carelessness, and the ruin he was bringing on his family. • 可是他老婆不断地在他耳朵旁边唠叨个没 完,说他懒惰,说他粗心,并且说他的一 家人都要毁在他的身上。
大王。 2)This has been our position---but not theirs. 这一直是我们的立场――而不是他们的立场。
• 3)John is your friend as much as he is
mine. • 约翰既是你的朋友,又是我的朋友。
3、重复英语前置词短语前所省略的 名词
• 2.英语中用物主代词its, his , their 等等以代替
句中作主语的名词(有时附有修饰语)时,翻 译时往往可以不用代词而重复其作主语的名词, 以达到明确具体的目的。 1)Happy families also had their own troubles. 幸福的家庭也有幸福家庭的苦恼。 2)Big powers have their strategies while small countries also their own lines. 强国有强国的策略,小国也有小国的路线。 3)Each country has its own customs. 各国有各国的风俗。
英语翻译技巧(英译汉,汉译英)
英语翻译技巧英译汉:一、词义的选择和引伸技巧英汉两种语言都有一词多类和一词多义的现象。
一词多类就是指一个词往往属于几个词类,具有几个不同的意义;一词多义就是同一个词在同一词类中又往往有几个不同的词义。
在英译汉的过程中,我们在弄清原句结构后,就要善于运用选择和确定原句中关键词词义的技巧,以使所译语句自然流畅,完全符合汉语习惯的说法;选择确定词义通常可以从两方面着手。
1、根据词在句中的词类来选择和确定词义2、根据上下文联系以及词在句中的搭配关系来选择和确定词义。
词义引伸是我们英译汉时常用的技巧之一。
翻译时,有时会遇到某些词在英语辞典上找不到适当的词义,如果任意硬套或逐词死译,就会使译文生硬晦涩,不能确切表达原意,甚至会造成误解。
这时就应根据上下文和逻辑关系,从该词的根本含义出发,进一步加以引伸,引伸时,往往可以从三个方面来加以考虑。
1、词义转译。
当我们遇到一些无法直译或不宜直译的词或词组时,应根据上下文和逻辑关系,引伸转译。
2、词义具体化。
根据汉语的表达习惯,把原文中某些词义较笼统的词引伸为词义较具体的词。
3、词义抽象化。
根据汉语的表达习惯,把原文中某些词义较具体的词引伸为词义较抽象的词,或把词义较形象的词引伸为词义较一般的词。
二、词类转译技巧在英译汉过程中,有些句子可以逐词对译,有些句子则由于英汉两种语言的表达方式不同,就不能逐词对译,只能将词类进行转译之后,方可使译文显得通顺、自然;对词类转译技巧的运用须从四个方面加以注意。
1、转译成动词。
英语中的某些名词、介词、副词,翻译时可转译成汉语中的动词。
2、转译成名词。
英语中的某些动词、形容词,翻译时可转换成汉语中的名词。
3、转译成形容词。
英语中有些作表语或宾语的抽象名词,以及某些形容词派生的名词,往往可转译成汉语中的形容词。
另外,当英语动词转译成汉语名词时,原来修饰该动词的副词也往往随之转译成汉语中的形容词。
4、转译成副词。
英语中的某些名词、形容词,翻译时可转译成汉语中的副词。
11.第十一章---常用翻译技巧二
意义引申法示例
例2:John was a fool for danger. 译文:约翰当时可是天不怕地不怕的。 例3:他的这场病呀,准是洗冷水澡洗 出来的。 译:His illness this time was caused by a cold bath. 返回
句子重组
句子重组是指翻译时将原句顺序进行调整或 重新组织,也包括合译(合句法)和前面优 势词类比较时讲过的拆译(分句法或拆分 法)。 A:合句法 ①可把原文中两个或两个以上的简单句译成 一个单句; ②可把原文的并列复合句译成一个单句 ; ③可把原文中的主从复合句译成一个单句。 返回
返回
分句法示例(一)
例1: They were at home in the home of the people, moving confidently without fear. 他们在群众家里感到(觉得)很自在,出 来进去心里踏实,无拘无束。 2:She sat with her hands cupping her chin, staring at a corner of the little kitchen. 她坐在那儿,双手托着下巴,凝视着(盯 着)小厨房的一角。 返回
1989年11月10日星期二这天,薄纱似的晨雾 缓缓升起,尼泊尔皇家吉湾国家公园沐浴在明 媚的阳光之中,天空万里无云。这对刚毕业于 瑞士陆军军官学校不久、22岁的曼弗雷德来说, 是个好日子。 2: It has been more than a year since Alfred Jackson, a 38-year-old Brooklyn plumber, was shot and killed by a neighbour because Mr. Jackson wanted to park in the spot where the man was walking his dog. 阿尔弗莱德· 杰克逊,38岁,原先是布鲁克林 一个水暖工人。有一天,他想在邻居遛狗的地 方停放汽车,竟被邻居开枪打死了。这件事发 生已经有一年多了。 返回
汉译英翻译技巧(2)主语的选择
主语的选择①名词特性②搭配合理③主题突出④注意尾重⑤注意连贯①名词特性主语必须是名词,包括名词短语,名词性从句,也包括具有名词特性的-ing分词,动词不定式to do全球发展不平衡加剧。
Imbalance in global development has widened.求和平、谋发展、促和平已经成为各国人民的普遍愿望。
To promote peace, development and cooperation has become the shared aspiration of people across the world.建设生态文明,是关系人民福祉、民族未来的长远大计。
Promoting ecological progress is a long-term task of vital importance to the People’s well-being and China’s future. (to do 也可以)②搭配合理上海豫园的九曲桥,景随步移,美不胜收,旅游小册子中有这样一句话:每一次转折都会看到不同的景色。
Every turning can see/admire/enjoy a different view. ???转折做主语吗?中文是话题为主的,汉语看上去是主语,实际在英文中不过是时间,是地点或是状语。
唐朝出现了真正意义上的中国传统园林建筑。
园林出现了在唐朝。
Traditional Chinese architecture in a real sense first emerged/appeared in the Tang Dynasty.宋朝发明了活版印刷术。
③主题突出第四十一届世博会规模为历届之最。
The scale of the 41st World Expo is the biggest of its kind???The 41st World Expo is the biggest of its kind in scale.中国古典园林规模大小不等。
英译汉常用的方法和技巧2
Exercise:试用所学技巧翻译下列句子,注意 斜体字的处理 1. I recognized the absurdity of dealing with them through intermediaries.
我认识到, 通过中间人跟他们打交道是愚蠢 的.
2. He was still more surprised at the singularity of the stranger’s appearance.
3.在抽象名词后增加名词
persuasion preparation backwardness tension arrogance madness antagonism 说服工作 准备工作 落后状态 紧张局势 自满情绪 疯狂行为 敌对态度
(十)增加概括词 You and I 你我两人
militarily,politically and economically 军事、政治、经济等各方面
1) The Americans and the Japanese conducted a completely secret exchange of messages. 美日双方在完全保密的情况下互相交换 了信件。 2) The thesis summed up the new achievements made in electronic computers,artificial satellites and rockets. 论文总结了电子计算机、人造卫星和火箭 三方面的新成就。
(二)增加形容词
英译汉常用的方法和技巧
英译汉常用的方法和技巧英译汉常用的方法和技巧引导语:英译汉常用的方法和技巧,由应届毕业生培训网整理而成,谢谢您的阅读,祝您阅读愉快。
一、词义的选择、引申和褒贬1.一词多义(Polysemy)regularregular reading / regular job / regular flight / regular visitor / regular speed / regular army / gasolinedelicatedelicate skin / porcelain / upbringing / living / health / stomach / vase / diplomatic question / difference / surgical operation / ear for music / sense of smell / touch / food2.注意有线词的词义He once again imparted to us his great knowledge, experience and wisdom.He now saw plainly the meaning of all. In the beginning, he had got a job the first day; but now he was second-hand, a damaged article, and they did not want him. They had got the best out of him, and now they had thrown him away. The situation had now become desperate. Then came another incident.3.词义的引申(Extension or Generalization)1) Extend the word meaning to cover an abstraction conceptHis novel is a mirror of the times.The OED is the final court of appeal in all matters concerning English words.Sam knows he can depend on his family, rain or shine.2) Extend the word meaning to cover a specific conceptIn two years, he was a national phenomenon.Public opinion is demanding more and more that something be done about noise.Mary’s father, by his first marriage, had a daughter, Jane, Mary’s half-sister.4.词义的褒贬(Commendatory and Derogatory)The reckless driver died in the traffic accident.Poor Joe’s panic lasted for two or three days; during which he did not visit the house.It was time to hold a court and the subject for discussion was the future of that prisoner.John was an aggressive salesman who did his job quite well.The invaders met a stubborn resistance from the local people.She was vexed by the persistent ringing of the phone.5.ExercisesI have no opinion of that sort of man.She put five dollars into my hand. “You have been a great man today.”I’m afraid you’re being too particular about your food.I was the youngest son, and the youngest but two.The picture flattered her.The country not agreeing with her, she returned to England.二、词类转译法(一)转译成动词(1)名词转译动词(Convert nouns into verbs)My admiration for him grew more.He said he did not know whether Tom was ready for a showdown.To some extent it gets into the question of the chicken or the egg.The Nobel prizes in physics and chemistry were rewarded to Americans, giving the U.S. a clean sweep of all the 1976 Nobel prizes in the sciences.Television is the transmission and reception of image of moving objects by radio waves.In the absence of friction, the vehicle could not even be started.Vietnamese War is a drain on American resources.I am no drinker, nor smoker.The application of electronic computers makes a tremendous rise in labor productivity.(2)介词转译成动词(Convert prepositions into verbs)There are many substances through which electric currents will not flow at all.We are fortunate in our opponent.Captain Ford was between the sheets by 9 last night.The most he is after at this time is a chance to get more money.I tried to talk him out of the idea, but he was unpleasant.Millions of the people in the mountainous areas are finally off poverty.“Coming!” Away she skimmed over the lawn, up the path, up the steps, across the veranda, and into the porch.(3)形容词转译成动词(Convert adjectives into verbs)He said the meeting was informative.They were news-hungry.It was a very informative meeting.(4)副词转译成动词(Convert adverbs into verbs)The experiment in chemistry was ten minutes behind.It has snowed over.Why should we let in foreign goods when Americans walk the streets because they can’t sell their own goods?(二)转译成名词(1)动词转译成名词(Convert verbs into nouns)She knows what’s what.They thought differently.TV differs from radio in that it sends and receives pictures.The computer is chiefly characterized by its accurate and rapid computations.He roared, which threatened his enemies away.The man I saw at the party looked and talked like an American.(2)形容词转译成名词The new treaty would be good for ten years.The language of the poem is colloquial, yet it’s deep in its understanding of human emotions.Then the monkeys were trained according to different plans so as to make them highly individualized.Everyday experience shows us that heavy objects are more stable than light ones.(三)转译成形容词名词转译成形容词Their physical experiment was a success.The nuclear power system designed in China is of great precision.Said a New York bullion trader, “The market’s gone banana.”He found on this issue, as on Taiwan, an identity of approach.In Europe, his name was well known, if not a household word.(四)其他词类转译副词转译成名词The air-conditioning unit is shown schematically on Page 2.Oxygen is one of the important elements in the physical world, it is very active chemically.The image must be dimensionally correct.三、被动语态的`译法(一)大量的英语被动句要化成汉语的主动句1. He said the pact had now been reduced to less than a shadow.2. She had no knowledge of this and had not been consulted on these reported plans.3. What has just been written runs the risk of oversimplification.4. Many voices have been raised demanding the setting up of an Arab common market.(二)以by为着眼点,进行多种译文1. But real influence is not built up by striking attitude or by throwing insults.2. Its sincerity is illustrated not only by its proposal but also by its deeds.3. What I like best are the stern cliffs, with ranges of mountains soaring behind them, full of possibilities, peaks to be scaled only by the most daring.4. Many expect that he will be outed by one of his rivals.5. He said he was assured by the State Department that the U.S. is willing to normalize relations with his country.(三)“it + be + p.p. + that clause”的句型,常以下列形式表达1. It should be noted that he and she were academically more than just friends.2. It should be understood that to err is human.(四)汉译中需用被动式时,也最好多找一些字眼来取代“被”字1. The visitor was flattered and impressed.2. Everybody was fed up with her gossip.3. He was set upon by two naked men.4. If the expenditure is really necessary, the money can be found somehow.5. He was released immediately after Batista fled Cuba.四、增词法(一)名词、动名词前增补动词1. We often go to the school-run factory for labor.2. Testing is a complicated problem and long experience is required for its mastery.(二)英语抽象名词的翻译1. He was still reluctant to talk substance.2. Many changes take place during the transformation.3. Her indifference kept all the visitors away from the exhibition hall.4. From the evaporation of water people know that liquid can turn into gases under certain conditions.(三)将具体形象的词译成该形象所具有的属性和特征,这是一种引申,需增词1. It was a Godsend to him.2. If you dare to play the fox with me, I’ll shoot you at once.(四)增添“概括”性的词1. He had slept there before, in July and again in October.2. Their host carved, poured, served, cut bread, talked, laughed, proposed health.3. The government is doing its best to ease the tension in that area.4. Proteins are composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen andnitrogen.5. This report summed up the achievements in technology and education.(五)英文中为避免重复而省略之词,汉译时需补上,作必要的重复1. I hope that the meeting will not be too long, for it will only waste time.(六)汉译文根据原文意思增加一些必要的解释性文字1. And he launched into a speech, eloquently advocating his university of the future.2. Those were the words that were to make the world blos som for, “like Aaron’s rod, with flowers”.(七)增补量词1. Repeat the experiment using a wooden ruler, a piece of glass, a metal spoon, a coin, a piece of paper, a pin, a plastic comb,a key, a pencil, a tin lid and a rubber eraser.2. On April 24th 1970, China successfully launched its first man-made earth satellite.(八)增补表示复数含义的词1. But that the old workers helped us, we should have failed.2. The moving parts of a machine are often oiled so that friction may be greatly reduced.【英译汉常用的方法和技巧】。
汉译英翻译技巧
词汇翻译技巧一、词义的选择(Diction)1. 注意词的搭配汉语和英语两种语言在长期使用过程中形成了各自的固定词组和搭配,所以不能把汉语字词的搭配用法生搬硬套到英语译文中去。
汉、英两种语言的动宾搭配也有不同:例:学文化learn to read and write学知识acquire knowledge学外语study a foreign language学鸟叫imitate birds’ crying同样:发展经济develop our economy开发水资源develop the water resources冲洗胶卷develop a film展开说明develop an idea2. 根据上下文正确理解原文的词义有些汉语说法英译是按字面翻译,具体翻译时应视具体语境而定。
例1:有市场、有效益的速度,才是真正的发展,才是硬道理。
译文:Sound economic growth must be based on strong market demand and good economic returns. This is a .注意:“硬道理”也可根据我们中国文化的“异化”理解,翻译成:.例2:这种情况必须改变译文:This must change.分析:此处要正确理解原文的词义。
汉语措辞中的“情况”一词的基本意义与英语中的circumstance, situation, condition等词相近,但是究竟怎样翻译,还需要根据上下文来决定。
二、词的增补(Amplification)词的增补又常叫增译/增词法,是为使译文准确、通顺、达意。
增译有语义性增译修辞性增译,还有注释性增译(文内阐释或文中夹注)1.增补主语汉语中无主语的句子很多,汉译英时要根据上下文的意思选择适当的代词或名词补做主语。
增加什么主语取决于上下文。
例1:知己知彼,百战不殆译:2. 增补非人称的或强调句中的itit可以指天气、时间,还常用来表示强调、代替不定式等。
英译汉翻译技巧及方法2
八、Adverbs—Adjectives
1. The English language has changed subtly and pervasively.
英语的变化很敏感,很普遍。 2. She looked at me expectantly. 她用期待的眼光看着我。 3. Hopefully, it will be done early next month. 下月初完成这项工作是大有希望的。 4. Traditionally, there had always been good relations
despondency of the unsuccessful career. 近四十岁时,由于事业上的挫折,他几乎为失意所毁。 4. The thrust force of an airplane is produced by the propeller. 飞机的推力由螺旋桨所产生。
15. 把被动语态译成汉语主动句
无论什么事情,只要他一露面,就算是成功了。 2. An acquaintance of world history is helpful to the
study of translation. 读一点世界史,对学习翻译是有帮助的。 3. The sight and sound of our jet planes filled me with
他们沿着大街走去,经过许多商店,穿过一个大广场, 然后进入了一座大厦。
2. Jones opened the windows to let fresh air in. 琼斯把窗子打开,让新鲜空气进来。 3. That day she was up before sunrise. 那天她在日出前就起来了。 4. They were suspicious and resentful of him. (adj.-v.) 他们不信任他,讨厌他。
英汉互译八种技巧
英汉互译八种技巧英汉八种翻译技巧,从“转换法”、“倒置法”、“省译法”、“增译法”、“拆句法”、“合并法”、“正反表达法”和“长句拆译法”的角度,帮助你更好地进行英汉互译。
1.转换法:转换法是指翻译过程中为了使译文符合目标语言的表述方式、方法和习惯而对原句中的词类、句型和语态等进行转换。
在词义方面,需要从多方面对词义的选择进行考察。
引申法和转译法是在词义引申上的一个特例,具体表现为更广泛的用途。
翻译中不能孤立的处理词汇的语境化,不考虑词汇+语素构成的语境。
2.倒置法:在汉语中,定语修饰语和状语往往位于被修饰语之前,这与英语中的修饰语位置相反。
所以当我们翻译包含定语或状语的英语句子时,可以采取倒置法。
3.省译法:省略翻译法可以帮助我们在翻译时避免冗余和歧义,让我们的翻译更加简洁明了。
4.增译法:增译法的使用是在原文基础上添加必要的单词、词组、短语或句子,以便更准确地表达原文的意思。
5.拆句法:当我们面对长而复杂的英语句子时,可以尝试使用拆句法。
这种方法可以帮助我们更好地理解和翻译每一个小句子,从而使整体翻译更加流畅。
6.合并法:与拆句法相反,合并法是将几个短句子合并成一个长句子。
这种翻译技巧通常用于处理英语中的复合句。
通过合并法,我们可以使译文更加紧凑、连贯。
7.正反表达法:有时,英语中的正说可以采用反译的方法,反之亦然。
这种方法可以帮助我们更好地适应不同语言的表达方式和习惯。
8.长句拆译法:对于长而复杂的英语句子,我们可以尝试将其拆分成几个小句子,以便更好地理解和翻译。
这种方法可以帮助我们理清句子的结构和层次,使整体翻译更加清晰明了。
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2) His failure to observe the safety regulations resulted in an accident to the machinery. 因为他没有遵守安全规则,机器出了故障。 3) In the doorway lay at least twelve umbrella of all sizes and colors. 门口放着一堆雨伞,少说也有十二把,五颜六 色,大小不一。
英汉两种语言句子的衔接手段大同小异, 经常使用的有:形合和意合、增减、重复和省 略等。 这些衔接手段是英汉两种语言所共有的, 但是在翻译中由于上下文和习惯的关系,并不 见得都要一一对应,有的时候需要互相调整替 换。比如原文省略了的词语需要用重复或者增 译的手段进行填补,而原文重复的词语有的时 候又需要省略的手段。 总之目的只有一个,那就是使译文通顺流畅。
6.7.2 句子的组合 1) They sat down in the waiting-room to do some reading. People came to and from there. 他们在人来人往的候车室里坐下来看点 书。 2) She went back home to take care of her husband. He was seriously ill. 她回家去照料病重的丈夫。
1) But the value of daydreaming does not stop here. It has been found that it improves a person's ability to be better adapted to practical, immediate concerns, to solve everyday problems, and to come up more readily with new ideas.博士观察到学生的 注意力得到了提高。
6.6 句子的修饰 指的是在正确理解句子的基础上,为了 使译文表达通顺,而采取的剪裁、衔接手 段。 所谓的剪裁,就是把原句的物质信息按 照汉语习惯进行裁剪或者拼接,这里主要 指句子的分合; 所谓的衔接手段,指的是使句子各成分 之间建立密切联系的手段。
6.7 句子的分合 由于表达习惯的差异,英语中的句子不必 都要翻译成汉语中的句子。一般情况下,由于 英语树型结构的造句特点,很多英语句子要翻 译成汉语的句群。但是也有的时候英语的句子 可以推移成汉语的词或者词组。
6.7.1 句子的拆分 1) She had made several attempts to help them find other rental quarters without success. ①她已做了几次努力,②要帮他们另外 找一所出租的房子,③结果都未成功。
但是白日梦的价值还不止于此。人们发现 它可以改善一个人的能力,使他能够更好 地适应实际的、突发性的事物,解决日常 问题,更易产生新思想。
2) In an experiment with schoolchildren in New York, Dr. Joan Freyberg observed improved concentration.
4) It was April 1945. The Second World War was coming to an end.
5) Her father became the mayor of the city. He was a murder in the Second World War.
6.8 形合和意合 一个句子中往往有多层意义,如果各层意义 的关系有明确的语言形式进行表述,那么就是 形合,否则就是意合。 例如句子 “If winter comes, can spring be far behind?” 中,if引导了一个分句构成了主 句的条件,这就是形合。而它的译文“冬天来 了,春天还会远吗?”却没有把if翻译出来, 也就是条件和主句之间没有关系词连接,这就 是意合。 相比之下,英语句子比较注重形合,汉语句 子注重意合,所以翻译的时候就要注意这方面 的转换。
但是每一种语言都是灵活多变的,英语中也有 一些原来是动态的句子翻译成汉语时却要翻译 成静态。例如:
1) This is an article that carries conviction.
2) National Day falls on Friday this year.
6.5 定语的翻译 英汉两种语言在定语方面的区别是: 首先是位置问题,英语中的定语可以放在被修 饰名词的前面或者后面,而汉语的定语一 般只放在被修饰名词的前面; 其次是在数量方面,英语中修饰一个名词的定 语可以有几个,而在汉语中,放在名词前 面的修饰语数量较少,更多的情况是作为 形容词句放在名词后面起说明作用。 这样在翻译实践中,要经常考虑到调整定 语顺序的问题。
1) Everything is good when new, but friends when old. 东西是新的好,朋友是老的真。 2) The force of expansion makes it necessary to build a bridge in sections. 因为膨胀力的缘故,桥梁必须分段制造。 3) Put into an old Chinese proverb; it means that one will never find it difficult to do anything until one has experienced it. 用一句古老的中国谚语来说:事非经过不知难。
6.4 动静的表达 前者静态句子居多,后者动态句子居多。所 以在翻译的时候就要有意识地利用这一特点, 做到译文的文通字顺。例如: 1)The language of the poem is colloquial, yet it is deep in its understanding of human emotions. 诗的语言虽然很通俗,但对人的感情的揭示却 有深度。 2) My uncle will be seventy tomorrow. 我叔叔明天就满70岁了。