哈尔滨工业大学研究生英语水平考试真题
24英语一试题
24英语一试题2024年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（一）试题注意事项：1. 考生在答题前请将密封线内的答题纸上的所有信息填写完整。
2. 本试卷共52题，满分100分，考试时间为180分钟。
一、写作（共2题，满分30分）1. 应用文写作（10分）假设你是李华，你计划参加学校组织的“英语角”活动。
请写一封邮件，邀请你的英国朋友David一同参加。
邮件内容包括：（1）活动的时间和地点；（2）活动的主要内容；（3）邀请David的原因。
2. 短文写作（20分）随着人工智能的发展，越来越多的领域开始应用AI技术。
请以“The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Our Daily Life”为题，写一篇短文，探讨人工智能对日常生活的影响，并指出可能存在的问题。
二、阅读理解（共2题，满分40分）3. 阅读理解（30分）A. 从给定的四篇文章中挑选一篇进行阅读并回答问题。
请将四篇文章的编号填入答题卡上相应的空格内。
B. 请回答以下问题：（1）The purpose of the text is __________.A. to introduce the topic of artificial intelligenceB. to discuss the future of artificial intelligenceC. to describe the development of artificial intelligenceD. to analyze the impact of artificial intelligence on our daily life （2）The text mainly focuses on __________.A. the application of AI in different fieldsB. the advantages and disadvantages of AIC. the development of AI technologyD. the impact of AI on human beings' daily life and work（3）The author uses the example of self-driving cars to show that __________.A. AI has made great progress in self-driving car technologyB. AI is not as good as human beings in driving carsC. AI has replaced human beings in driving carsD. AI will never be able to replace human beings in driving cars （4）According to the text, which of the following statements is TRUE?A. AI can completely replace human beings in all fields.B. AI will bring more benefits than disadvantages to human beings.C. AI has already replaced human beings in many fields.D. AI has both advantages and disadvantages in its application in different fields.（5）The text mainly discusses __________.A. the impact of AI on different fieldsB. the application of AI in different fieldsC. the development of AI technologyD. the future of AI technology。
哈工大考博英语真题以及答案
General English Admission Test For Non-English MajorPh.D. program(Harbin Institute of Technology)Passage OneQuestions 1-7 are based on the following passage:According to a recent theory, Archean-age gold-quartz vein systems were formed over two billion years ago from magmatic fluids that originated from molten granitelike bodies deep beneath the surface of the Earth. This theory is contrary to the widely held view that the systems were deposited from metamorphic fluids, that is, from fluids that formed during the dehydration of wet sedimentary rocks. The recently developed theory has considerable practical importance. Most of the gold deposits discovered during the original gold rushes were exposed at the Earth’s surface and were found because they had shed trails of alluvial gold that were easily traced by simple prospecting methods. Although these same methods still leas to an occasional discovery, most deposits not yet discovered have gone undetected because they are buried and have no surface expression.The challenge in exploration is therefore to unravel the subsurface geology of an area and pinpoint the position of buried minerals. Methods widely used today include analysis of aerial images that yield abroad geological overview, geophysical techniques that provide data on the magnetic, electrical, and mineralogical properties of the rocks being investigated, and sensitive chemical tests that are able to detect : the subtle chemical halos that often envelop mineralization. However, none of these high-technology methods are of any value if the sites to which they are applied have never mineralized, and to maximize the chances of discovery the explorer must therefore pay particular attention to selecting the ground formations most likely to be mineralized. Such ground selection relies to varying degrees on conceptual models, which take into account theoretical studies of relevant factors.These models are constructed primarily from empirical observations of known mineral deposits and from theories of ore-forming processes. The explorer uses the models to identify those geological features that are critical to the formation of the mineralization being modeled, and then tries to select areas for exploration that exhibit as many of the critical features as possible.1. The author is primarily concerned with .A. advocating a return to an older methodology.B. explaining the importance of a recent theory.C. enumerating differences between two widely used methodsD. describing events leading to a discovery2. According to passage, the widely held view of Archean-age gold-quartz vein systems is that such systemsA were formed from metamorphic fluids.B originated in molten granitelike bodiesC were formed from alluvial depositsD generally have surface expression3. The passage implies that which of the following steps would bethe first performed by explorers who wish to maximize their chances of discovering gold?A Surveying several sites known to have been formed morethan two billion years ago.B Limiting exploration to sites known to have been formedform metamorphic fluid.C Using an appropriate conceptual model to select a site forfurther exploration.D Using geophysical methods to analyze rocks over a broadarea.4. Which of the following statements about discoveries of gold deposits is supported by information in the passage?A The number of gold discover made annually has increasedbetween the time of the original gold rushes and the presentB New discoveries of gold deposits are likely to be the resultof exploration techniques designed to locate buriedmineralizationC It is unlikely that newly discovered gold deposits will everyield as much as did those deposits discovered during theoriginal gold rushes.D Modern explorers are divided on the question of the utilityof simple prospecting methods as a source of newdiscoveries of gold deposits.5. It can be inferred from the passage that which of the following is easiest to detect?A A gold-quartz vein system originating in magma tic fluids.B A gold-quartz vein system originating in metamorphic fluids.C A gold deposit that is mixed with granite.D A gold deposit that has shed alluvial gold.6. The theory mentioned in line I relates to the conceptualmodels discussed in the passage in which of the followingways?A It may furnish a valid account of ore-forming processes,and hence, can support conceptual models that have greatpractical significance.B It suggests that certain geological formations, long believedto be mineralized, are in fact mineralized thus confirming current conceptual models.C. It suggests that there may not be enough similarity acrossArchean-age gold-quartz vein systems to warrant the formulation of conceptual models.D It corrects existing theories about the chemical halos ofgold deposits, and thus provides a basis for correcting current conceptual models.7. According to the passage methods of exploring for gold thatare widely used today are based on which of the following facts?A Most of the Earth’s remaining gold deposits are stillmolten.B Most of the Earth’s remaining gold deposits are exposedat the surface.C Most of the Earth’s remaining gold deposits are buriedand have no surface expressionD Only one type of gold deposit warrants exploration. sincethe other types of gold deposits are found in regions difficult to reachPassage TwoQuestions 8-15 are based on the following passage:In choosing a method for determining climatic conditions that existed in the past, paleoclimatologists invoke four principal criteria. First, the material—rocks, lakes, vegetation, etc.—on which the method relies must be widespread enough to provide plenty of information, since analysis of material that is rarely encountered will not permit correlation with other regions or with other periods of geological history. Second in the process of formation, the material must have received an environmental signal that reflects a change in climate and that can be deciphered by modern physical or chemical means. Third, at least some of the material must have retained the signal unaffected by subsequent changes in the environment. Fourth, it must be possible to determine the time at which the inferred climatic conditions held. This last criterion is more easily met in dating marine sediments, because dating of only a small number of layers in a marine sequence allows the age of other layers to be estimated fairly reliably by extrapolation and interpolation. By contrast, because sedimentation is much less continuous in continental regions, estimating the age of a continental bed from the known ages of beds above and below is more risky.One very old method used in the investigation of past climatic conditions involves the measurement of water levels in ancient lakes.In temperate regions, there are enough lakes for correlations between them to give us a tenable picture. In arid and semiarid regions, on the other hand, the small number of lakes and the great distances between them reduce the possibilities for correlation. Moreover, since lake levels are controlled by rates of evaporation as well as by precipitation, the interpretation of such levels is ambiguous. For instance, the fact that lake levels in the semiarid southwestern United States appear to have been higher during the last ice age than they are now was at one time attributed to increased precipitation. On the basis of snowline elevations, however, it has been concluded that the climate then was not necessarily wetter than it is now, but rather that both summers and winters were cooler, resulting in reduced evaporationAnother problematic method is to reconstruct former climates on the basis of pollen profiles. The type of vegetation in a specific region is determined by identifying and counting the various pollen grains found there. Although the relationship between vegetation and climate is not as direct as the relationship between climate and lake levels, the method often works well in the temperate zones. In arid and semiarid regions in which there is not much vegetation, however, small changes in one or a few plant types can change the picture traumatically, making accurate correlations between neighboring areas difficult to obtain.8. Which of the following statements about the difference betweenmarine and continental sedimentation is supported by information in the passage?A.Data provided by dating marine sedimentation is moreconsistent with researchers’ findings in other disciplines thanis data provided by dating continental sedimentation.B.It is easier to estimate the age of a layer in a sequence ofcontinental sedimentation than it is to estimate the age of alayer in a sequence of marine sedimentation.C.Marine sedimentation is much less widespread than continentalsedimentationD.Marine sedimentation is much more continuous than iscontinental sedimentation.9. Which of the following statements best describes the organization of the passage as a whole?A.The author describes a method for determining past climaticconditions and then offers specific examples of situations inwhich it has been used.B.The author discusses the method of dating marine andcontinental sequences and then explains how dating is moredifficult with lake levels than with pollen profiles.C.The author describes the common requirements of methodsfor determining past climatic conditions and then discusses examples of such methods.D.The author describes various ways of choosing a material fordetermining past climatic conditions and then discusses how two such methods have yielded contradictory data.10. It can be inferred from the passage that paleoclimatologistshave concluded which of the following on the basis of their study of snow-line elevations in the southwest6ern United States?A.There is usually more precipitation during an ice age because ofincreased amounts of evaporationB.There was less precipitation during the last ice age than there istoday.ke levels in the semiarid southwestern United States werelower during the last ice age than they are today.D.The high lake levels during the last ice age may have been aresult of less evapo9ration rather than more precipitation.11. Which of the following would be the most likely topic for aparagraph that logically continues the passage?A.The kinds of plants normally found in arid regions.B.The effect of variation in lake levels on pollen distribution.C.The material best suited to preserving signal of climaticchanges.D.A third method fro investigating past climatic conditions.12. the author discusses lake levels in the southwestern United States in order toA.illustrate the mechanics of the relationship between lake level,evaporation, and precipitationB.provide an example of the uncertainty involved in interpretinglake levels.C.Prove that there are not enough ancient lakes with which tomake accurate correlationsD.Explain the effects of increased rates of evaporation on levelsof precipitation.13. It can be inferred from the passage that an environmental signalfound in geological material would no be useful to paleoclimatologists if it .A.had to be interpreted by modern chemical meansB.reflected a change in climate rather than a long-term climaticconditionC.was incorporated into a material as the material was formingD.also reflected subsequent environmental changes.14. According to the passage the material used to determine pastclimatic conditions must be widespread for which of thefollowing reasons?Ⅰ.Paleoclimatologists need to make comparisons between periods of geological history.Ⅱ. Paleoclimatologists need to compare materials that have supporteda wide variety of vegetationⅢ. Paleoclimatologists need to make comparisons with data collected in other regions.A.I onlyB.ⅡonlyC.I and ⅡonlyD.I and Ⅲonly15. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage aboutthe study of past climates in arid and semiarid regions?A.It is sometimes more difficult to determine past climaticconditions in arid and semiarid regions than in temperateregionsB.Although in the past more research has been done ontemperate regions, paleoclimatologists have recently turnedtheir attention to arid and semiarid regions.C.Although more information about past climates can begathered in arid and semiarid than in temperate regions, datingthis information is more difficult.D.It is difficult to study the climatic history of arid and semiaridregions because their climates have tended to vary more thanthose of temperate regions.Passage ThreeQuestions 16-22 are based on the following passage:While there is no blueprint for transforming a largely government-controlled economy into a free one, the experience of the United Kingdom since 1979 clearly shows one approach that works: privatization, in which state-owned industries are sold to private companies. By 1979, the total borrowings and losses of state-owned industries were running at about ￡3 billion a year. By selling many of these industries, the government has decreased these borrowings and losses, gained over ￡34 billion from the sales, and now receives tax revenues from the newly privatized companies. Along with a dramatically improved overall economy, the government has been able to repay 12.5 percent of the net national debt over a two-year period.In fact privatization has not only rescued individual industries and a whole economy headed for disaster, but has also raised the level of performance in every area. At British Airways and British Gas, for example, productivity per employee has risen by 20 percent. At associated British Ports. labor d isruptions common in the 1970’s and early 1980’s have now virtually disappeared. At British Telecom,there is no longer a waiting list—as there always was before privatization—to have a telephone installed.Part of this improved productivity has come about because the employees of privatized industries were given the opportunity to buy shares in their own companies. They responded enthusiastically to the offer of shares; at British Aerospace 89 percent of the eligible work force bought shares; at Associated British Ports 90 percent; and at British Telecom 92 percent. When people have a personal stake in something, they think about it, care about it, work to make it prosper. At the National Freight Consortium, the new employee-owners grew so concerned about t heir company’s profits that during wage negotiations they actually pressed their union to lower its wage demands. Some economists have suggested that giving away free shares would provide a needed acceleration of the privatization process. Yet they miss Th omas Paine’s point that “what we obtain too cheap we esteem too lightly” In order for the far-ranging benefits of individual ownership to be achieved by owners, companies, and countries, employees and other individuals must make their own decisions to buy, and they must commit some of their own resources to the choice.16. According to the passage all of the following were benefits ofprivatizing state owned industries in the United KingdomEXCEPTA.Privatized industries paid taxes to the governmentB.The government gained revenue from selling state-ownedindustriesC.The government repaid some of its national debtD.Profits from industries that were still state-owned increased17. According to the passage, which of the following resulted inincreased productivity in companies that have been privatized?A.A large number of employees chose to purchase shares in theircompanies.B.Free shares were widely distributed to individual shareholders.C.The government ceased to regulate major industries.D.Unions conducted wage negotiations fro employees.18. It can be inferred from the passage that the author considers labor disruptions to beA.an inevitable problem in a weak national economyB.a positive sign of employee concern about a companyC.a predictor of employee reactions to a company’s offer to sellshares to themD.a deterrence to high performance levels in an industry.19. The passage supports which of the following statements aboutemployees buying shares in their won companies?A.At three different companies, approximately nine out ten of theworkers were eligible to buy shares in their companies.B.Approximately 90%of the eligible workers at three differentcompanies chose to buy shares in their companies. C.The opportunity to buy shares was discouraged by at least somelabor unions.panies that demonstrated the highest productivity were thefirst to allow their employees the opportunity to buy shares. 20. Which of the following statements is most consistent with the principle described in L25-26?A.A democratic government that decides it is inappropriate toown a particular industry has in no way abdicated its responsibilities as guardian of the public interest.B.The ideal way for a government to protect employee interests isto force companies to maintain their share of a competitive market without government subsidies.C.The failure to harness the power of self-interest is an importantreason that state-owned industries perform poorlyernments that want to implement privatization programsmust try to eliminate all resistance to the free-market system. 21. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage aboutthe privatization process in the United Kingdom?A.It depends to a potentially dangerous degree on individualownership of shares.B.It conforms in its mos t general outlines to Thomas Paine’sprescription for business ownership.C.It was originally conceived to include some giving away of freeshares.D.It is taking place more slowly than some economists suggest isnecessary.22. The quotation in L32-33 is most probably used to .A.counter a position that the author of the passage believes isincorrect.B.State a solution to a problem described in the previous sentence.C.Show how opponents of the viewpoint of the author of thepassage have supported their arguments.D.point out a paradox contained in a controversial viewpoint.Passage FourQuestions 23-30 are based on the following passage:Historians of women’s labor in the United States at first largely disregarded the story of female service workers—women earning wages in occupations such as salesclerk, domestic servant, and office secretary. These historians focused instead on factory work, primarily because it seemed so different from traditional,unpaid “women’s work ”in the home, and because the underlying economic forces of industrialism were presumed to be gender-blind and hence emancipation in effect. Unfortunately, emancipation has been less profound than expected, for not even industrial wage labor has escaped continued sex segregation in the workplace.To explain this unfinished revolution in the status of women, historians have recently begun to emphasize the way a prevailing definition of femininity often determines the kinds of work allocated to women, even when such allocation is inappropriate to new conditions. For instance, early textile-mill entrepreneurs, in justifying women’s employment in wage labor, made much of the assumption that women were by nature skillful at detailed tasks and patient in carrying out repetitive chores; the mill owners thus imported into the new industrial order hoary stereotypes associated with the homemaking activities they presumed to have been the purview of women. Because women accepted the more unattractive new industrial tasks more readily than did men, such jobs came to be regarded as female jobs. And employers, who assumed that women’s “real” aspirations were for marriage and family life, declined to pay women wages commensurate with those of men. Thus many lower-skilled, lower-paid, less secure jobs came to beperceived as “female.”More remarkable than the origin has been the persistence of such sex segregation in twentieth-century industry. Once an occupation came to be perceived as “female”, employers showed surprisingly little interest in changing that perception, even when higher profits beckoned. And despite the urgent need of the United States during the Second World War to mobilize its human resources fully, job segregation by sex characterized even he most important war industries. Moreover, once the war ended, employers quickly returned to men most of the “male” jobs that women had been permitted to master.23. According to the passage, job segregation by sex in the United States was.A.greatly diminlated by labor mobilization during the SecondWorld War.B.perpetuated by those textile-mill owners who argued in favorof women’s employment in wage laborC.one means by which women achieved greater job securityD.reluctantly challenged by employers except when theeconomic advantages were obvious24. According to the passage, historians of women’s laborfocused on factory work as a more promising area ofresearch than service-sector work because factory workA.involved the payment of higher wagesB.required skill in detailed tasksC.was assumed to be less characterized by sex segregationD.was more readily accepted by women than by men25. It can be inferred from the passage the early historians ofwomen’s labor in the United States paid little attention to women’s employment in the service sector of the economy becauseA.fewer women found employment in the service sector than infactory workB.the wages paid to workers in the service sector were muchmore short-term than in factory workC.women’s employment in the service sector tended to bemuch more short-term than in factory workD.employment in the service sector seemed to have much incommon with the unpaid work associated with homemaking 26. The passage supports which of the following statements aboutthe early mill owners mentioned in the second paragraph? A.They hoped that by creating relatively unattractive“female” jobs they would discourage women from losing interest in marriage and family life.B.They sought to increase the size of the available labor forceas a means to keep men’s wages low.C.They argued that women were inherently suited to do well inparticular kinds of factory workD.They felt guilty about disturbing the traditional division oflabor in family.27.It can be inferred from the passage that the “unfinishedrevolution” the author mentions in L11 refers to theA.entry of women into the industrial labor market.B.Development of a new definition of femininity unrelated tothe economic forces of industrialismC.Introduction of equal pay for equal work in all professionsD.Emancipation of women wage earners fromgender-determined job allocation28. The passage supports which of the following statements about hiring policies in the United States?A.After a crisis many formerly “male ”jobs are reclassified as“female” jobs.B.Industrial employers generally prefer to hire women withprevious experience as homemakersC.Post-Second World War hiring policies caused women to losemany of their wartime gains in employment opportunity.D.Even war industries during the Second World War werereluctant to hire women for factory work.29. Which of the following words best expresses the opinion ofthe author of the passage concerning the notion that womenare more skillful than men in carrying out details tasks?A.“patient” (line17)B.“repetitive” (line18)C.“hoary” (line19)D.“homemaking” (line19)30. Which of the following best describes the relationship of thefinal paragraph to the passage as a whole?A.The central idea is reinforced by the citation of evidence drawnfrom twentieth-century history.B.The central idea is restated in such a way as to form a transitionto a new topic for discussionC.The central idea is restated and juxtaposed with evidence thatmight appear to contradict it.D.A partial exception to the generalizations of the central idea isdismissed unimportant.Passage FiveQuestions 31-36 are based on the following passage:Two modes of argumentation have been used on behalf ofwomen’s emancipation in Western societies. Arguments in what could be called the “relational” feminist tradition maintain the doctrine of “equality in difference”, or equity as distinct for equality. They posit that biological distinctions between the sexes result in a necessary sexual division of labor in the family and throughout society and that women’s procreative labor is cu rrently undervalued by society, to the disadvantage of women. By contrast, the individualist feminist tradition emphasizes individual human rights and celebrates women’s quest for personal autonomy, while downplaying the importance of gender roles and minimizing discussion of childbearing and its attendant responsibilities.Before the late nineteenth century, these views coexisted within the feminist movement, often within the writings of the same individual. Between 1890and 1920, however, relational feminism, which had been the dominant strain in feminist thought, and which still predominates among European and non-western feminists, lost ground in England and the United States. Because the concept of individual rights was already well established in the Anglo-Saxon legal and political tradition, individualist feminism came to predominate in England-speaking countries. At the same time, the goals of the two approaches began to seem increasingly irreconcilable. Individualist feminists began to advocate a totally gender-blind system with equaleducational and economic opportunities outside the home should be available for all women, continued to emphasize women’s special contributions to society as homemakers and mothers; they demanded special treatment including protective legislation for women workers. State-sponsored maternity benefits, and paid compensation for housework.Relational arguments have a major pitfall: because they underline women’s physiological and psychological distinctiveness, they are often appropriated by political adversaries and used to endorse male privilege. But the individualist approach, by attacking gender roles, denying the significance of physiological difference, and condemning existing familial institutions as hopelessly patriarchal, has often simply treated as irrelevant the family roles important to many women. If the individualist framework, with its claim for women’s autonomy, could be harmonized with the family-oriented concerns of relational feminists, a more fruitful model for contemporary feminist politics could emerge.31. The author of the passage alludes to the well-established natureof the concept of individual rights in the Anglo-Saxon legal andpolitical tradition in order toA.illustrate the influence of individualist feminist thought on moregeneral intellectual trends in English history.B.Argue that feminism was already a part of the largerAnglo-Saxon intellectual tradition, even though this has often gone unnoticed by critics of women’s emancipationC.Explain the decline in individualist thinking among feminists innon-English-speaking countries.D.Help account for an increasing shift toward individualistfeminism among feminists in English-speaking countries.32. The passage suggests that the author of the passage believes which of the following?A.The predominance of individualist feminism inEnglish-speaking countries is a historical phenomenon, the causes of which have not yet been investigated.B.The individualist and relational feminist views are irreconcilable,given their theoretical differences concerning the foundations of society.C.A consensus concerning the direction of future feminist politicswill probably soon emerge, given the awareness among feminists of the need for cooperation among women.D.Political adversaries of feminism often misuse argumentspredicated on differences between the sexes to argue that the existing social system should be maintained.33. It can be inferred from the passage that the individualist。
2014年哈工业大学考博英语真题,真题解析,复试真题,考研笔记
考博详解与指导哈尔滨工业大学考博英语试题Passage1Highly successful scientists depend on special talents,like in arts,music,and so on.Nature produces them only very slowly,parsimoniously,and at a constant rate,one has to do more with both natural gifts and formal,extensive academic training.Their number cannot be increased under command;they develop spontaneously whenever the scientific training of community is adequate to provide the basic training they need-----which is today the case in several nations over the world,including many of the developing countries.The second element is the“collectivity effect”.Scientific progress is greatly enhanced by a nonlinear effect.Progress is much faster when many and different types of scientists interact closely together.This is particularly active at the“interface”between disciplines;for instance,a chemistry idea applied to biology,a mathematical concept applied to physics,and so on.Passage2The phrase“A Law of Nature”is probably rarer in modem scientific writing than was the case some generations ago.This is partly due to a very natural objection to the use of the word law in two different senses.Human societies have laws.In primitive societies there is not distinction between law and custom. Some things are done;others are not.This is regarded as part of the nature ofthings,and generally as an unalterable fact.If customs change,the change is too slow to be observed,later on kings and prophets could proclaim new laws,but there was no way of withdrawing old ones.The Greek democracies made the great and revolutionary discovery that a community could consciously make new laws and repeal old ones.So for us a human law is something which is valid only over a certain number of people for a certain period of time.Passage3Private enterprise will become the driving force behind space launches,the futurists mercial space activities will probably grow beyond the government’s civilian space program in the coming decades,remarks Charles Eldred of the National Aeronautics and space Administration.Businesses will launch their own space shuttles to create weightless factories in es could include manufacturing pharmaceutical drugs,making ball bearings and growing crystals for computer chips.There is even talk of eventually sending tourists on shuttle flight---though the airfare would be exorbitant.Scientists say that government construction of a multibillion-dollar,permanent space station will aid in detecting natural disasters on earth in advance,conducting medical research and collecting solar energy to transmit back.Pentagon officials hope to be able to send off rays from a space station to hit missiles fired from earth.The space station may be used as well to stage long–distance flights to the moon, mars and planets beyond.Passage4Laws and regulations are never to be forgotten in the development of the information superhighway although market forces will help keep the new technology affordable,we need laws to protect consumers when competition fails and because several companies will operate the superhighways,each must be required to interconnect with the others.Likewise,the new computers that will give access to the superhighway should be built according to commonly accepted standards.Also even an open competitive market will leave out organizations with limited resources such as schools and libraries.To compensate for market oversights,we must enforce regulations to ensure thatmoney-----whether through government support or a tax on the companies that will control the superhighway---is made available to these institutions,and will be used and operated accordinglySection Two Translation from Chinese into English(20points)Passage1当前人类文明对全球环境的威胁给我们提供了一系列问题。
哈尔滨工业大学少数民族骨干计划考研英语真题、笔记、参考书、大纲、录取分数线、报录比
哈尔滨工业大学少数民族骨干计划考研英语真题、笔记、参考书、大纲、录取分数线、报录比哈尔滨工业大学少数民族骨干计划考研英语真题WILL the European Union make it?The question would have sounded outlandish not long ago.Now even the project’s greatest cheerleaders talk of a continent facing a“Bermuda triangle”of debt,demographic decline and lower growth.As well as those chronic problems,the EU faces an acute crisis in its economic core,the16countries that use the single currency.Markets have lost faith that the euro zone’s economies,weaker or stronger,will one day converge thanks to the discipline of sharing a single currency,which denies uncompetitive stragglers the quick fix of devaluation.Yet the debate about how to save Europe’s single currency from disintegration is stuck.It is stuck because the euro zone’s dominant powers,France and Germany,agree on the need for greater harmonisation within the euro zone, but disagree about what to harmonise.Germanythinks the euro must be saved by stricter rules on borrowing,spending and competitiveness,backed by quasi-automatic sanctions for governments that stray.These might include threats to freeze EU funds for poorer regions and EU mega-projects,and even the suspension of a country’s voting rights in EU ministerial councils.It insists that economic co-ordination should involve all 27members of the EU club,among whom there is a small majority forfree-market liberalism and economic rigour;in the inner core alone,Germany fears,a small majority favour French dirigisme.A“southern”camp headed by France wants something different:“European economic government”within an inner core of euro-zone members.Translated, that means politicians meddling in monetary policy and a system of redistribution from richer to poorer members,via cheaper borrowing for governments through common Eurobonds or outright fiscal transfers.Finally, figures close to the French government have murmured,euro-zone membersshould agree to some fiscal and social harmonisation:eg,curbing competition in corporate-tax rates or labour costs.It is too soon to write off the EU.It remains the world’s largest trading block.At its best,the European project is remarkably liberal:built around a single market of27rich and poor countries,its internal borders are far more porous to goods, capital and labour than any comparable trading area.It is an ambitious attempt to blunt the sharpest edges of globalisation,and make capitalism benign.36.The EU is faced with to many problems thatA it has more or less lost faith in marketsB even its supporters begin to fell concernedC some of its member countries plan to X curoD it intends to deny the possibility of devaluation37The X over the EU’s single currency is stuck because the X pomeryA are X for the leading positionB are busy X their own crisesCfall to reach an agreement on harmonisationD disagreement on the steps towards disintegration38To solve the cure problem,Gremanyproposed thatA EU funds for poor regions be XB stricter regulations be impossalC only core members be involved in ecomomic XD voting rights of the EU members be guaranteed39The French proposal of handling the crisis implies thatA X countries are more likely to get findsB monetary policy will be applied to poor countriesC X will be readily available to rich countriesD rich countries will busically control Eurobonds 40X the future of the EU,the author seems to feelA pesaimisticB desperateCconeceiledD hopeful。
研究生英语考试试题及答案-参考
研究生英语考试试题及答案-参考研究生英语考试试题及答案-参考Part BDirections：The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45，you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent text by choosing from the list A-G and filling them into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs A and E have been correctly placed Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET （10 points）Some Old Truths to Help You Overcome Tough TimesUnfortunately，life is not a bed of roses. We are going through life facing sad experiences. Moreover， we are grieving various kinds of loss： a friendship， a romantic relationship or a house. Hard times may hold you down at what usually seems like the most inopportune time， but you should remember that they won‘t last forever.When our time of mourning is over，we press forward，stronger with a greater understanding and respect for life. Furthermore， these losses make us mature and eventually move us toward future opportunities for growth and happiness. I want to share these ten old truths I‘ve learned along the way.41.______Fear is both useful and harmful. This normal human reaction is used to protect us by signaling danger and preparing us to deal with it. Unfortunately， people create inner barriers with a help of exaggerating fears. My favorite actor Will Smith once said，Fear is not real. It is a product of thoughts you create. Do not misunderstand me. Danger is very real. But fear is a choice. I docompletely agree that fears are just the product of our luxuriant imagination.42.______If you are surrounded by problems and cannot stop thinking about the past， try to focus on the present moment. Many of us are weighed down by the past or anxious about the future. You may feel guilt over your past， but you are poisoning the present with the things and circumstances you cannot change. Value the present moment and remember how fortunate you are to be alive. Enjoy the beauty of the world around and keep the eyes open to see the possibilities before you. Happiness is not a point of future and not a moment from the past， but a mindset that can be designed into the present.43.______Sometimes it is easy to feel bad because you are going through tough times. You can be easily caught up by life problems that you forget to pause and appreciate the things you have. Only strong people prefer to smile and value their life instead of crying and complaining about something.44.______No matter how isolated you might feel and how serious the situation is， you should always remember that you are not alone. Try to keep in mind that almost everyone respects and wants to help you if you are trying to make a good change in your life，especially your dearest and nearest people. You may have a circle of friends who provide constant good humor，help and companionship. If you have no friends or relatives，try to participate in several online communities，full of people who are always willing to share advice and encouragement.45.______Today many people find it difficult to trust their own opinion and seek balance by gaining objectivity from external sources. This way you devalue your opinion and show that you are incapable of managing your own life. When you are struggling to achieve something important you should believe in yourself and be sure that your decision is the best. You live in your skin， think your own thoughts， have your own values and make your own choices.41. → 42. → 43. → 44. →45.【参考答案】41.D 42.E 43.G 44.A 45.C【试题点评】新题型要求考生从整体上把握文章的逻辑结构和内容上的联系，理解句子之间、段落之间的关系，对诸如连贯性、一致性等语段特征有较强的意识和熟练的把握，并具备运用语法知识分析理解长难句的`能力。
哈尔滨工业大学考博英语真题01_02_04
General English Admission Test For Non-English MajorPh.D. program(Harbin Institute of Technology)Part I Reading Comprehension (40 points)Passage 1Questions 1----5 are bashed on the following passage.The planet’s last intact expanses of fo rest are under siege. Eight thousand years ago, forests covered more than 23 million square miles, or about 40 percent of Earth’s land surface. Today, almost half of those forests have fallen to the ax, the chain saw, the matchstick, or the bulldozer.A map unveiled in March by the Washington-based World Resources Institute not only shows the locations of former forests, but also assesses the condition of today’s forests worldwide. Institute researchers developed the map with the help of the World Conservation Monitoring Center, the World Wildlife Fund, and 90 forest experts at a variety of universities, government organizations, and environmental groups.Only one-fifth of the remaining forests are still ―frontier forests,‖ defined a s relatively undistu rbed natural forests large enough to support all of their native species. Frontier forests offer anumber of benefits: They generate and maintain biodiversity, protect watersheds, prevent flooding and soil erosion, and stabilize climate.Many large areas that have traditionally been classified as forest land don’t qualify as ―frontier‖ because of human influences such as fire suppression and a patchwork of logging. ―There’s surprisingly little intact forest left,‖ says research associa te Dirk Bryant, the principal author of the report that accompanies the new map.In the report, Bryant, Daniel Nielsen, and Laura Tangley divide the world into four groups:76 countries that have lost all of their frontier forest; 11 nations that are ―on the edge‖; 28 countries with ―not much time‖; and only eight----including Canada, Russia, and Brazil-----that still have a ―great opportunity‖ to keep most of their original forest. The United States is among the nations said to be running out of time: In the lower 48 states, says Bryant, ―great opportunity‖ to keep most of their original forest. The United States is among the nations said to be running out of time: In the lower48 states, says Bryant,―only 1 percent of the forest that was once there as fro ntier forest quali fies today.‖1Logging poses the biggest single threat to remaining frontier forests. ―Our results suggest that 70 percent of frontier forests under threat are threatened by logging,‖ says Bryant. The practice of cutting timber also creates roads that cause erosion and open the forest to hunting, mining, firewood gathering, and land clearing for farms. What can protect frontier forests? The researchers recommend combining preservation with sustainable land use practices such as tourism andselective tim ber extraction. ―It’s possible to restore frontiers,‖ says Bryant, ―but the cost and time required to do so would suggest that the smart approach is to husband the remaining frontier forest before it’s gone.‖1. What is the main idea of the passage?A. The present situation of frontier forest on Earth.B. The history of ecology.C. The forest map in the past.D. Beautiful forests in different parts of the world.2. The word ―unveiled‖ in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to_.A. evaluatedB. decoratedC. designedD. made public3. Frontier forests have which of the following benefits?A. They keep climate stable.B. They enhance timber industry.C. They provide people with unique scenery.D. They are of various types.4. The p hrase ―on the edge‖ in Paragraph 5 probably means________.A surrounded by frontier forestB near frontier forestC about to lose their frontier forestD under pressure5. According to the passage, roads created by timber-cutting makeit possible for people to________.A travel to other places through the short –cutB exploit more forest landC find directions easilyD protect former forestsPassage 2Questions 6----10 are based on the following passage.To get a chocolate out of a box requires a considerable amount of unpacking: the box has to be taken out of the paper bag in which it arrived the cellophane wrapper has to be torn off, the lip opened and removed; the lid opened and the paper removed;the chocolate itself then has to be unwrapped from its own piece of paper. But this insane amount of wrapping is not confined to luxuries:it is now becoming increasingly difficult to buy anything that is not done up in cellophane, polythene, or paper.The package itself is of no interest to the shopper, who usually throws it away immediately. Useless wrapping accounts for much of the refuse put our by the average London household each week. So why is it done? Some of it, like the cellophane on meat, is necessary, but most of the rest is simply competitive selling. This is absurd. Packaging is using up scarce energy and resources and messing up the environment.Little research is being carried out on the costs of alternative types of packaging. Just how possible is it, for instance, for local authorities to salvage paper, pulp it, and recycle it as egg-boxes? Would it be cheaper to plant another forest? Paper is the material most used for packaging-----20 million paper bags are apparently used in Great Britain each day -----but very little is salvaged.A machine has been developed that pulps paper, and then processesit into packaging, e.g. egg-boxes and cartons. This could be easily adapted for local authority use. It would mean that people would have to separate their refuse into paper and non-paper, with a different dustbin for each. Paper is, in fact, probably the material that can be most easily recycled; and now, with massive increases in paper prices, the time has come at which collection by local authorities could be profitable. Recycling of this kind is already happening with milk bottles, which are returned to the dairies, and it has been estimated that if all the milk bottles necessary were made of plastic, thenBritish dairies would be producing the equivalent of enough plastic tubing to encircle the earth every five or six days!The trouble with plastic is that it does not rot. Some environmentalists argue that the only solution to the problem of ever growing mounds of plastic containers is to do away with plastic altogether in the shops, a suggestion unacceptable to many manufacturers who say there is no alternative to their handy plastic packs. It is evident that more research is needed into the recovery and reuse of various materials and into the cost of collecting and recycling containers as opposed to producing new ones. Unnecessary packaging, intended to be used just once, and making things look better so more people will buy them, is clearly becoming increasingly absurd. But it is not so much a question of doing away with packaging as resources for what is, after all, a relatively unimportant function.6. The sentence ―This insane amount of wrapping is not confined to luxuries‖ means that________.A not enough wrapping is used for luxuriesB more wrapping is used for luxuries than for ordinary productsC it is not only for luxury products that too much wrapping is usedD the wrapping used for luxury products is unnecessary7. The local authorities are_________.A the Town CouncilB the policeC the paper manufacturersD the most influential citizens8 If paper is to be recycled,________.A more forests will have to be plantedB the use of paper bags will have to be restrictedC people will have to use different dustbins for their rubbishD the local authorities will have to reduce the price of paper9. British dairies are________.A producing enough plastic tubing to go round the world in less than a weekB giving up the use of glass bottlesC increasing the production of plastic bottlesD reusing their old glass bottles10. The environmentalists think that________.A more plastic packaging should be usedB plastic is the most convenient form of packagingC too much plastic is wastedD shops should stop using plastic containersPassage 3Questions11-----18 are based on the following passage.The tragic impact of the modern city on the human being has killed his sense of aesthetics, the material benefits of an affluent society have diverted his attention from aesthetics, the material benefits of an affluent society have diverted his attention from his city and its cultural potentials to the products of science and technology: washing machines, central heating, automatic cookers, television sets, computers and fitted carpets, He is, at the moment, drunk with democracy, well-to-do, a car driver, and has never had it so good.He is reluctant to walk. Statistics reveal that the distance he is prepared to walk from his parking place to his shopping center is very short. As there are no adequate off-street parking facilities, thecities are littered with kerb-parked cars and parking meters rear themselves everywhere. Congestion has become the predominant factor in his environment, and statistics suggest that two cars per household system may soon make matters worse.In the meantime, insult is added to injury by ―land value‖. The value of land results from its use: its income and its value increase. ―Putting land to its highest and best use‖ becomes the principal economic standard in urban growth. This speculative approach and the pressure of increasing population lead to the ―vertical‖ growth ofcities with the result that people are forced to adjust themselves to congestion in order to maintain these relatively artificial land values. Paradoxically the remedy for removing congestion is to create no re of it.Partial decentralization, or rather, pseudo-decentralization, in the form of large development units away from the traditional town centers, only shifts the disease round the anatomy of the town, if it is not combined with remodeling of the town’s transportation system, it does not cure it. Here the engineering solutions are strongly affected by the necessity for complicated intersections, which in turn, are frustrated by the extravagant cost of land.It is within our power to build better cities and revive the civic pride of their citizens, but we shall have to stop operating on the fringe of the problem. We shall have to radically to replan them to achieve a rational densities of population we have to provide in them what can be called minimum ―psychological elbow room‖. One of the ingredients of this will be proper transportation plans. These will have to be an integral part of the overall planning process which in itself is a scientific process where facts are essential. We must collect, in an organized manner, all and complete information about the city or the town, if we want to plan effectively.The principal unit in this process is ―IM‖(one man). We must not forget that cities are built by people, and that their form and shape should be subject to the will of the people. Scientific methods of data collection and analysis will indicate trends, but they will not direct action. Scientific methods are only an instrumen t. The ―man-educated‖man, the human, will have to set the target, and using the results obtained by science and his own engineering skill, take upon himself the final shaping of his environment. He will have to use his high moral sense of responsibility to the community and to future generations.11. The main concern of this passage is with_______.A city cultureBland value in citiesC city congestionD decentralization12.It can be inferred from the first paragraph that people in old times_______.A paid more attention to material benefitsB had a stronger sense of beautyC were more desirous about the development of science and technologyD enjoyed more freedom and democracy13.The highly-developed technology has made man________.A increasingly industriousB free from inconvenienceC excessively dependent on external aidsD able to save his physical strength14 The drastic increase of land value in the city________.A is the good result of economic developmentB offers more opportunities to land dealersC is annoyingly artificial and meaninglessD fortunately leads to the ―vertical‖ growth of cities15. The expansion of big cities to the distant suburban areas may______.A solve the problem of city congestionB result in the remodeling of the town’s transportation systemC bring the same congestion to the suburban areasD need less investment on land16 the main purpose of the author is to_______. .A point out a problem and criticize itB advocate that all cities need to be re-planned and remodeledC point out the significance of solving the problemD criticize a problem and try to find a solution to it17 the author suggests that the remodeling of cities must_______.A put priority to the benefit of the future generationsB be focused on people rather than on economy.C be economically profitable to land ownersD resort to scientific methods18 who will probably like to read articles of this kind/A businessmenB economistsC urban peopleD rural peoplePassage 4Questions 19----25 are based on the following passage.The two claws of the mature American lobster are decidedlydifferent from each other. The crusher claw is short and stout: the cutter claw is long and slender. Such bilateral asymmetry, in which the right side of the body is, in all other respects, a mirror image of the left side, is not unlike handedness in humans. But where the majority ofhumans are right-handed, in lobsters the crusher claw appears with equal probability on either the right or left side of the body.Bilateral asymmetry of the claws comes about gradually. In the juvenile fourth and fifth stages of development, the paired claws are symmetrical and cutter-like.Asymmetry begins to appear in the juvenile sixth stage of development, and the paired claws further diverge toward well-defined cutter and crusher claws during succeeding stages. An intriguing aspect of this development was discovered by Victor Emmel. He found that if one of the paired claws is removed during the fourth of fifth stage, the intact claw invariably becomes a crusher, while the regenerated claw becomes a cutter. Removal of a claw during a later juvenile stage or during adulthood, when asymmetry is present, does not alter the asymmetry, the intact and the regenerated claws retain their original structures.These observations indicate that the conditions tat trigger differentiation must operate in a random manner when the paired claws are intact but in a nonrandom manner when one of the claws is lost. One possible explanation is that differential use of the claws determine their asymmetry. Perhaps the claw that is used more becomes the crusher. This would explain why, when one of the claws is missing during the fourth or fifth stage, the intact claw always becomes a crusher. With two intact claws, initial use of one claw might prompt the animal to use it more than the other throughout the juvenile fourth and fifth stages, causing it to become a crusher.To test this hypothesis, researchers raised lobsters in thejuvenile fourth and fifth stages of development in a laboratory environment in which the lobsters could manipulate oyster chips. (Not coincidentally, at this stage of development lobsters typically change from a habitat where they drift passively to the ocean floor where they have the opportunity to be more active by burrowing in the substratum.) Under these conditions, the lobsters developed asymmetric slaws, half with crusher claws on the left, and half with crusher claws on the right. In contrast, when juvenile lobsters were reared in a smooth tank without the oyster chips, the majority developed two cutter claws. This unusual configuration of symmetrical cutter claws did not change when thelobsters were subsequently placed in a manipulatable environment or when they lost and regenerated one or both claws.19 the passage is primarily concerned with______.A drawing an analogy between asymmetry in lobsters and handednessin humansB developing a method for predicting whether crusher claws in lobsters will appear on the left or right sideC explaining differences between lobsters’ crusher claws andcutter clawsD discussing a possible explanation for the bilateral asymmetry in lobsters20 each of the following statements about the development of a lobster’s crusher cla w is supported by information in the passage except________.A It can be stopped on one side and begin on the other after the juvenile sixth stage.B It occurs gradually over a number of stages.C It is initially apparent in the juvenile sixth stage.D It can occur even when a prospective crusher claw is removed in the juvenile sixthstage.21 which of the following experimental results, if observed, would most clearly contradict the findings of Victor Emmel?A. A left cutter-like claw is removed in the fifth stage and a crusher claw develops on the right side.B. A left cutter-like claw is removed in the sixth stage and a crusher claw develops on the right side.C. A left cutter-like claws are removed in the fifth stage and a crusher claw develops on the lift side.D. Both cutter-like claws are removed in the fifth stage and a crusher claw develops on the left side.22 It can be inferred that of the two laboratory environments mentioned in the passage, the one with oyster ships was designedto_______.A prove that the presence of oyster chips was not necessary for the development of a crusher clawB prove that the relative length of time that the lobsters were exposed to the oyster-chip environment had little impact on the development of a crusher clawC eliminate the environment as a possible influence in the development of a crusher clawD simulate the conditions that lobsters encounter in their natural environment23 It can be inferred from the passage that one difference between lobsters in the earlier stages of development and those in the juvenile fourth and fifth stages is that lobsters in the early stages are________.A likely to be less activeB likely to be less symmetricalC more likely to lose a clawD more likely to regenerate a lost claw24 which of the following conditions does the passage suggest is a possible cause for the failure of a lobster to develop a crusher claw?A the loss of a claw during the third or earlier stage of developmentB the loss of a claw during the fourth or fifth stage of developmentC the loss of a claw during the sixth stage of developmentD Development in an environment short of material that can be manipulated25 the author regards the idea that differentiation is triggered randomly when paired claws remain intact as________.A irrefutable considering the authoritative nature of Emmel’s observationsB likely in view of present evidenceC contradictory to conventional thinking on lobster-claw differentiationD purely speculative because it is based on scattered research and experimentationPassage 5Questions 26----33 are based on the following passage.It has always been difficult for the philosopher or scientist to fit time into his view of the universe. Prior to Einsteinian physics. However, even the Einsteinian formulation is not perhaps totallyadequate to the job of fitting time into the proper relationship withthe other dimensions, as they are called, of space. The primary problem arises in relationship to things which might be going faster than the speed of light ,or have other strange properties.Examination of the Lorenta-Fitzgerald formulas yields theinteresting speculation that if something did actually exceed the speedof light it would have its mass expressed as an imaginary number andwould seem to be going backward in time. The barrier to exceeding the speed of light is the apparent need to have an infinite quantity of mass moved at exactly the speed of light. If this situation could be leaped over in a large quantum jump----which seems highly unlikely for massesthat are large in normal circumstances-----then the other side may be achievable.There have been, in fact, some observations of particle chambers which have led some scientists to speculate that a particle called the tachyon may exist with the trans-light properties we have just discussed.One difficulty of imagining and coping with these potential implications of our mathematical models points out the importance of studying alternative methods of notation for advanced physics. Professor Zuckerkandl, in his book ―Sound and Symbol‖, hypothesizes that it might be better to express the relationships found in quantum mechanics through the use of a notation derived from musical notations. To oversimplify greatly, he argues that music has always given time aspecial relationship to other factors or parameters or dimensions. Therefore, it might be a more useful language in which to express therelationships in physics where time again has a special role to play, and cannot be treated as just another dimension.The point of this, or any other alternative to the current methods of describing basic physical processes, is that time does not appear-----either by common experience or sophisticated scientific understanding----to be the same sort of dimension or parameter as physical dimensions, and is deserving of completely special treatment, in a system of notation designed to accomplish that goal.One approach would be to consider time to be a field effect governed by the application of energy to mass----that is to say, by the interaction of different forms of energy, if you wish to keep in mind the equivalence of mass and energy. The movement of any normal sort of mass is bound to produce a field effect that we call positive time. An imaginary mass would produce a negative time field. This is not atvariance with Einstein’s theories, since the ―faster’ a give mass moves the more the more energy was applied to it and the greater would be the field effect. The time effects predicted by Einstein and the greater would be the field effect. The time effects predicted by Einstein and confirmed by experience are, it seems, consonant with this concept.26 the ―sound‖ in the title of professor Zukerkand1’s book probably refers to______.A the music of the spheresB music in the abstractC musical notationD the seemingly musical sounds produced by tachyons27 The passage supports the inference that_______.A. Einstein’s theory of relativity is wrongB the Lorenta-Fitzgerald formulas contradict Einstein’s theoriesC tachyons do not have the same sort of mass as any other particlesD it is impossible to travel at precisely the speed of light28. The tone of the passage is________.A critical but hopefulB hopeful but suspiciousC suspicious but speculativeD speculative but hopeful29 the central idea of the passage can be best described as whichof the following?A. Irregularities in theoretical physics notation permit intriguing hypotheses and indicate the need for refined notation of time dimension.B. New observations require the development of new theories and new methods of describing the theories.C. Einsteinian physics can be much improved on in its treatment of tachyons.D. Zuckerkandl’s theories of tachyon formulation are preferable to Einstein’s.30 According to the author, it is too soon to_______.A adopt proposals such as Zuckerkand1’sB plan for time travelC study particle chambers for tachyon tracesD attempt to improve current notation31 it can be inferred that the author sees Zuckerkand1 as believing that mathematics is a_______.A languageB musical notationC great hindrance to full understanding of physicsD difficult field of study32 in the first sentence, the author refers to ―philosopher‖ as well as to ―scientist‖because________.A he wants to show his respect for themB philosophers study all things in the worldC the study of the methods of any field is both a philosophical and scientific questionD the nature of time is a basic question in philosophy as well as physics33 when the passage says the ―particle called the tachyon may exist‖, the r eader may infer that_________.A the tachyon was named before it existedB tachyons are imaginary in existence as well as massC the tachyon was probably named when its existence was predicted by theory but its existence was not yet known.D many scientific ideas may not exist in fact.Passage 6Questions 34-----40 are based on the following passage.The term ―remote sensing’’ refers to the techniques of measurement and interpretation of phenomena from a distance. Prior to the mid-1960s the interpretation of film images was the primary meansfor remote sensing of the earth’s geologic features. With the development of the optomechanical scanner, scientists began to construct digital multispectral images using data beyond the sensitivity range ofvisible light photography. These images are constructed by mechanically aligning pictorial representations of such phenomena as the reflection of light waves outside the visible spectrum, the refraction of radio waves, and the daily changes in temperature in areas on the Earth’s surface. Digital multispectral imaging has now become the basic tool in geologic remote sensing from satellites.The advantage of digital over photographic imaging is evident: the resulting numerical data are precisely known, and digital data are not subject to the vagaries of difficult-to-control chemical processing. With digital processing, it is possible to combine a large number of spectral images. The acquisition of the first mutispectral digital dada set from the multispectral scanner(MSS)aboard the satellite Landsat in 1972 consequently attracted the attention of the entire geologic community. Landsat MSS data are now being applied to a variety of geologic problems that are difficult to solve by conventional methods alone. These include specific problems in mineral and energy resource exploration and the charting of glaciers and shallow seas.A more fundamental application of remote sensing is to augment conventional methods for geologic mapping of large areas. Regional maps present compositional, structural, and chronological information for reconstructing geologic revolution. Such reconstructions have important practical applications because the conditions underwhich rock units and other structural features are formed influence the occurrence of ore and petroleum deposits and affect the thickness and integrity of the geologic media in which the deposits are found.Geological maps incorporate a large, varied body of specific field and laboratory measurements, but the maps must be interpretative because field measurements are always limited by rock exposure, accessibility, and labor resources. With remote-sensing techniques, it is possible to obtain much geologic information more efficiently than it can be obtained on the ground. These techniques also facilitate overall interpretation. Since detailed geologic mapping is generally conductedin small areas, the continuity of regional features that hadintermittent and variable expressions is often not recognized, but in the comprehensive views of Landsat images these continuities are apparent. However, some critical information cannot be obtained through remote sensing, and several characteristics of the Landsat MSS impose limitations on the acquisition of diagnostic data. Some of these limitations can be overcome by designing satellite systems specially for geologic purposes; but, to be most effective, remote sensing data must still be combined with data from field surveys, laboratory tests, and the techniques of the earlier twentieth century.34 which of the following can be measured by the optomechanical scanner but not by visible light photography?A. The amount of visible light reflected from oceans.B. Daily temperature changes of areas on the Earth’s surface.C. The degree of radioactivity emitted by exposed rocks on the earth’s surface.D. Atmospheric conditions over large landmasses.。
哈工大远程英语(2)五套试题与答案
Sample Test One for Book TwoPart II Use of English (10 points)Directions:In this part there are 10 incomplete dialogues. For each dialogue there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the ONE answer that best completes the dialogue. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.21. --- Do you have any skirts that go with this shirt?--- ___D_____.A. You are right.B. Are you kidding?C. That’s good.D. Sure.22. --- Isn’t the white dress in style this year?--- ____C______.A. I just didn’t have the time.B. Sounds reasonable.C. Yes, it is very popular.D. No, I hadn’t.23. --- Why are these fashionable clothes so expensive?--- _____D_____.A. I don’t like them.B. Because they are cheap.C. I bought them yesterday.D. Because they are popular.24. --- Do you have to wear that much makeup?--- _______C___.A. It’s true, isn’t it?B. You are angry, aren’t you?C. I’m going to a party tonight.D. I’m beautiful, aren’t I?25. --- Is this your latest and most successful model?--- ___B_______.A. Oh, come on.B. Yes, of course.C. Don’t worry.D. Try another one.26. --- What do you think of the dress, except for the color?--- _____B_____.A. The color is beautiful.B. The dress is beautiful.C. I’ve never heard of it.D. The dress is terrible in that color.27. --- Which hairstyle would you prefer: Diana’s or the Spice Girls’?--- ____C______.A. Of course.B. I like it very much.C. The first one.D. All right.28. --- How do I look in this dressy suit?--- ___D_______.A. Well.B. How about this one?C. It’s very interesting.D. Very good.29. --- How do you like this TV program?--- ___A_______.A. It’s wonderful, I think.B. Yes, I do.C. I’m afraid not.D. I saw it last month.30. --- How about going to the movies?--- ____D______.A. I’m busy.B. Tomorrow evening.C. Why do you say so?D. Good idea.Part III Reading Comprehension (30 points)Directions:There are three passages in this part. Each passage is followed by five questions. For each questions there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.Passage OneSome countries, especially modern developed countries such as the United Sates, are making progress in controlling some types of pollution, others are not. There are two fundamentally different approaches to pollution control. Input pollution control prevents potential pollutants from entering the environment or sharply reduces the amount emitted or discharged. In this preventive approach, taxes or other economic devices are used to make the resource inputs of a process so expensive that these resources will be used more efficiently, thus decreasing the output of waste material.The other is a “treat-the-disease”or output pollution control approach that deals with wastes after they have been produced. The three major methods of output control are (1) cleaning up polluted air, water, or land by reducing pollutants to harmless levels or by converting them to harmless or less harmful substances, (2) disposing of harmful wastes by burning them, dumping them in the air or waterin the hope that they will be diluted (稀释) to harmless levels, or burying them in the ground and hoping they will remain there, and (3) recycling or reusing matter output from human activities.31. According to the passage, input pollution control is ___D___.A.effective in the United States onlyB.less effective than output pollution controlC. a “treat-the-disease” approachD.a preventive approach32. Output pollution control deals with ___C___.A.resources after they have been producedB.resources before they have been producedC.wastes after they have been producedD.wasted before they have been produced33. Input pollution control and output pollution control are __C____.A.two closely related approachesB.two equally effective approachesC.two fundamentally different approachesD.two relatively advanced approaches34. In the input pollution control approach, economic devices are used in order that __D____.A.taxes can be collected and thus wastes can be avoidedB.the process of dealing with wastes is made more efficientC.the output pollution control approach can be addedD.the output of waste material can be reduced35. The three major methods of output control are __D____.A.cleaning up polluted air, water, or landB.disposing of harmful wastesC.recycling or reusing matter outputD.all the abovePassage TwoIf we were asked exactly what we were doing a year ago, we should probably have to say that we could not remember. But if we had kept a book and had written in it an account of what we did each day, we should be able to give an answer to the question.It is the same in history. Many things have been forgotten because we do not have any written account of them. Sometimes men did keepa record of the most important happenings in their country, but often it was destroyed by fire or in a war. Sometimes there was never any written record at all because the people of that time and place did not know how to write. For example, we know a good deal about the people who lived in China 4000 years ago, because they could write and leave written records for those who lived after them. But we know almost nothing about the people who lived even 200 years ago in central Africa, because they had not learned to write.Sometimes, of course, even if the people cannot write, they may know something of the past. For most people are proud to tell what their fathers did in the past. This we may call “remembered history”. Some of it has now been written down. It is not so exact or so valuable to us as written history is, because words are much more easily changed when used again and again in speech than when copied in writing. But where there are no written records, such spoken stories are often very helpful.36. Which of the following ideas is not conveyed in the passage? DA.“Remembered histo ry”, compared with written history, is lessreliable.B.Written records of the past plays a most important role in ourlearning of the human history.C. A written account of our daily activities helps us to be able toanswer any question.D.Where there are no written records, there is no history.37. We know very little about the central Africa 200 years ago because ___D___.A.there was nothing worth being written down at that timeB.the people there ignored the importance of keeping a recordC.the written records were perhaps destroyed by a fireD.the people there had not known how to write38. “Remembered history” refers to __D____.A.history based on a person’s imaginationB.stories of important happenings passed down from mouth tomouthC.songs and dances about the most important eventsD.both B and C39. “Remembered history”is regarded as valuable only when__B____.A.it is written downB.no written account is availableC.it proves to be trueD.people are interested in it40. It can be inferred from the passage that we could have learned much more about our past than we do now if our ancestors had __A____.A.kept a written record of every past eventB.not burnt their written records in warsC.told exact stories of the most important happeningsD.made more songs and dancesPassage ThreeIt is only seventy years since British women got the right to vote. Some people think this is the main reason women are so underrepresented in politics, trade unions and big businesses. Others feel it is simply that they are much too busy doing other things. The old saying “a woman’s place is in the home” may seem out of the date to most people, but the old, fixed image of a woman as a supporting wife and caring mother is certainly still usual --- one only has to watch a few television ads.In 1975 the law did not allow women to be paid less than men doing the same work. Certainly it is usually the case nowadays that women doing the same jobs as men get the same money, but generally women do not do the same jobs: they do different ones that offer lower salaries. The areas women work in are almost all those of “service”: teaching, nursing, catering and cleaning, jobs that can be seen as an extension of the mothering role.Apart from looking after people during the day at work, women often have to take care of a family at home too, which may mean they have less energy to compete in the race for professional development. In almost every field, top positions are more likely to be filled by men. While most teachers are Women, for example, most headmasters are not. School cooks are women, head cooks are men and even cleaners tend to be watched over and directed by male caretakers.41. Which of the following is true according to the passage? AA.Many women’s places are still in the home.B.Women’s places are no longer in the home.C.Many women’s jobs have something to do with TV.D.Women’s jobs are less important than before.42. Now women are __C____.A.doing the same jobs as menB.in need of more new servicesC.mot doing the same jobs as menD.paid more attention to than before43. In Para 2, the word “catering” may mean __A____.A.preparing mealsB.writing articlesC.running a schoolD.watching TV programmes44. From the passage, we can see that __C____.A.it’s better fro a woman to stay at homeB.women need much more education to deal successfully withprofessional tasksC.there is still a long way for women to go to get equalopportunitiesD.women should be at the top position in their working places45. The writer tells us that ___A___.A.women are kept busy all day longB.women usually learn things faster than menC.some women teachers cook better than their husbandsD.some women have to do cleaning at nightPart IV Vocabulary and Structure (25 points)Section ADirections:In this section there are 15 incomplete sentences. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the ONE answer that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.46. The climate in London doesn’t __D____ with me, therefore, I’vedecided to move to New York.A. suitB. applyC. fitD. agree47. I prefer tea to coffee. I find drinking tea is __A____, or better thandrinking coffee.A. as good asB. as goodC. goodD. good as48. She is always a big star at parties because she has a(n) _A_____ ofher own in clothing.A. styleB. exampleC. fashionD. model49. Today is the __B____ day of this term. Have you any plans foryour winter holiday?A. latestB. lastC. laterD. lately50. The twins were dressed ___C___ in blue jeans so I couldn’t tellwhich was which.A. likeB. likelyC. alikeD. liking51. The speed of light is greater than __B____ of sound.A. thisB. thatC. theseD. those52. Why was she so ___B___ about other people’s attitude to her work?A. carefulB. concernedC. afraidD. feared53. He wondered ___C___ she would accept or refuse the offer.A. ifB. thatC. whetherD. which54. The house caught fire and two men were burned __D____.A. liveB. livingC. livedD. alive55. The village was very small. There were only __B____ houses.A. fewB. a fewC. littleD. a little56. In a truly free market, you wouldn’t be able to __C____ moneywithout making a quality product.A. obtainB. receiveC. makeD. achieve57. It was very brave ___D___ him to drive at such a speed.A. asB. forC. toD. of58. You can’t see through a telescope unless it is __A____ correctly toyour sight.A. adjustedB. adaptedC. adoptedD. admitted59. One morning the teacher allowed __A____.A. him to goB. he goesC. him goD. him going60. The police are trying to obtain a more ___B___ picture of crimelevels.A. powerfulB. accurateC. healthyD. famousSection BDirections:There are 10 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should choose the ONE answer that best completes the passage. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.A man or woman makes direct contact with society in two ways: as a 61 of some familiar, professional or religious group, or as a member of a crowd. Groups are capable of 62 as the individuals who form them; a crowd is chaotic, has no purpose of its own and 63 capable of anything except intelligent action and realistic thinking. Assembled in a crowd, people 64 their powers of reasoning and their capacity for moral choice (to choose between right and wrong). This suggestibility is 65 to the point where they cease to have any judgment or will of their own . They 66 very excitable, they lose all sense of individual or collective responsibility, they are subject 67 sudden excesses of rage, enthusiasm and panic. In a word, a man in a crowd behaves _ 68 _ though he had swallowed a large dose of some powerful intoxicant (酒精饮料). He was a victim of what I 69 herd-poisoning. Like alcohol, herd-poison is an active, extravagant drug. The crowd intoxicated individual escapes 70 responsibility, intelligence and morality into a kind of frantic, animal mindlessness.D61. A morning B. personC. orderD. memberA62. A. being B. to beC. beD. having beingB63. A. was B. isC. areD. beA64. A. lose B. losingC. to loseD. losedB65. A. increase B. increasedC. had increasedD. increasingD66. A. come B. putC. getD. becomeB67. A. by B. toC. beyondD. beforeC68. A. and B. soC. asD. thatA69. A. have called B. callC. to callD. has calledD70. A. out B. forC. withD. fromPart V Writing (15 points)Directions:For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition about Sports in three paragraphs. Your composition must be based on the topics in Chinese and it should be no less than 80 words.Sports1. 越来越多的人喜欢体育运动；2. 体育有益于健康；3. 体育是教育的重要组成部分。
哈尔滨工业大学研究生英语口语复试题
哈尔滨工业大学研究生英语口语复试题哈尔滨工业大学学院：材料科学与工程学院专业：金属与陶瓷专业学硕英语口语考试过程：英语自我介绍（5min）→老师提问回答问题（15min）英语口语题目：1、为什么报考哈尔滨工业大学？2、你的家乡是哪里3、读过的书；是否做过研究4、Where will you get your bachelor's degree；please introduce your university5、最喜欢看的书；6、最敬佩的人是谁7、介绍一下原未的专业，为什么换专业8、你的研究生计划和人生规划9、你的本科毕业设计课题、研究内容、研究方法10、为这次复试做了哪些准备..…没有翻译题目学院：材料学院专业：材料工程英语口语考试过程：递交四六级证书→英语自我介绍（2-3min）→根据自我介绍问问题（7-8min）英语口语题目：1、为什么报考哈尔滨工业大学？2、报考的哪个校区？为什么？3、为什么不报考某某学校？4、家乡在哪？学院：物理学院专业：物理学英语口语考试过程：英语自我介绍（1min）→抽题目回答问题（3min）英语口语题目：1、大学的工作经历2、大学生就业难应该怎么解决。
学院：能源科学与工程学院专业：动力工程及工程热物理英语口语考试过程：老师用英语提问一个问题，考生用英文作答英语口语题目：What do you think is the most promising energy source? State your reasons.学院：材料科学与工程学院专业：铸造英语口语考试过程：英语自我介绍（4min）→自由问答（约5min）英语口语题目：1、为什么报考哈尔滨工业大学？2、你的家乡是哪里3、读过的书；是否做过研究4、请介绍一下你的本科学校5、你的毕业设计是做什么的6、根据自我介绍的相关内容进行提问学院：环境学院专业：环境科学与工程英语口语考试过程：英语自我介绍（3min）→提问问答（3-5min）英语口语题目：1、你来自哪个学校？2、你本科时候的专业是什么？3、你清楚本科四年一共学了多少门专业课吗？4、谈谈你的大学？5、读研之后你想研究什么方向？6、你对什么方向感兴趣？7、请你解释一下A2/0工艺？8、COD、BOD的定义是什么？学院：航天学院专业：力学英语口语考试过程：英语自我介绍（1min）→简单问答（1min）→翻译英语口语题目：what's your favorite teacher?英语翻译题目：关于疲劳的一些专业英语内容。
哈工大 研究生英语外教班复习资料
1. 2.
Resorts: places where people can go for a vacation, with
hotels, swimming pools, etc. Country inns: small hotels– often in old houses- in areas outside cities.
Compound
Nouns: nouns that consist of two or more words. Some are written as one word, while others are written as two separate words.
Examples: Policeman, Police car, Fireman, Fire Station
哈工大研究生英语外教班复习资料英语工大外教哈工大外教英语研究英语外教班研究生英语研究生哈工大英语
关于英文考试 1 a guiding principle for learning english 2 meet a foreigner 3 Coach Carter 4 American Culture 5 24 vocabulary 6 Business letter 7 Iron charpens Iron
Key guidelines to remember in brainstorming.
1. Defer judgment (withhold criticism) 2. Reach for quantity, welcome unusual ideas or combine and improve ideas
Speed Dating: an event at which each
2024年研究生考试-在职硕士-英语考试历年真题常考点试题3带答案
2024年研究生考试-在职硕士-英语考试历年真题常考点试题带答案（图片大小可任意调节）第1卷一.单选题(共20题)1.The Salk vaccine is a major factor in the fight to eradicate polio.pletely destroyB. carefully disguiseC. sustainD. contain2.The fear of smallpox, which terrorized the eighteenth century, has no analogy(likeness) today.A. occurrenceB. remnants 残留物C. witnessesD. parallel3.All living organisms, regardless of their unique identity, have certain biological, chemical, and physical characteristics in common.A.as a result ofB.consideringC.cognizant of(conscious of, aware of)D. whatever4.In the northeastern United States, it rains intermittently 间歇地 throughout the spring.A.steadilyB.abundantlyC. periodicallyD. dailyA.inflatedB. stableC. variedD.well-regulated6.Food must be moist in order to have a taste.A.appetizing(delicious)B. nutritiousC. dampD. chewed7.An oversight 遗漏 (miss, overslaugh) in proofreading often results in printed errors.A.An inconsistencyB. A discriminationC. A blotchD.An inattention8.Blue－green algae grow abundantly in salt marshes.A. primarilyB.slowlyC.on plants(cultivate)D. in great numbers9.The flower bud of a water lily 百合 opens at sunset since .its opening istriggered(commence) .by the decreased light.A. alleviated 减轻B. enduredC.set offD.covered up10.The future survival of the bald eagle is still an important American ecological concern.A. migrationB.populationC. existenceD. evolution11.Solid geometry has enabled astronomers to calculate the positions of the heavenly bodies relative to one another.A. on top ofB.next to12.With the acquisition of smaller companies by larger ones, the 1960's saw a wave of new conglomerates.A. surgeB.handfulC. suspensionD. dissolution 分解13.Despite the proliferation of other faster modes of transportation, the railroads remain the largest carriers of intercity freight in the United States.A.schemesB. meansC.tracksD. variables14.When carbon is added to iron in the proper proportions , the result is steel.A. containerB. sequenceC. laboratoriesD.amounts15.Formerly , in the United States, many nurses worked as private duty nurses rather than in hospitals.A.PreviouslyB. StrictlyC. OfficiallyD. Periodically16.Insect pests are among the leading causes of crop failure.A.expectedB. chiefC. naturalD. least17.The wheels of the first road vehicles were fashioned from crude stone disks.A.hand-carvedB.roughly madeC. flatD. heavy18.The Native American interpreter Sacajawea was a valuable member of the Lewis and darkA.very friendlyB. very usefulC. very thoughtful.D.very wealthy19.Urban renewal programs strive to upgrade areas that are becoming slums.A.reproachB. improveC.fortifyD.uproot20.Mary McCarthy s satires 讽刺文学 are couched in a prose style that has a classic precision.A.fusedB.prefacedC. standardizedD. expressed第2卷一.单选题(共20题)1.The first important exposition in the United States was held in Philadelphia in 1876.A.exhibitionB. concertC. excursionD.contest2.Eyespots, the most rudimentary eyes, are found in protozoan原生动物 flagellates 鞭毛虫 , flatworms 扁形虫 , and segmented worms片段蠕虫 .A.hostile-lookingB.perceptiveC. primitiveD.strangely formed3.Some animals pant and sweat to speed evaporation of body moisture and thus cool themselves.A.wiggle 摆动 slowlyD.perspire4.A mythical(imaginary) creature, the dragon was believed to have lion's claws, scaly skin, and fiery breath.A. legendaryB. magicalC.frighteningD.perplexing5.Some cosmetics manufacturers attempt to capture the rose's unmistakable fragrance香味in soaps and perfumes.A.designB.textureC. scentD. freshness6.The controls of most modern airplanes can be operated either manually or automatically.A.by the bookB.by a mapC. by logicD. by handmunication is one of the most important bonds that hold cultural systems together.A.obligationsB.qualitiesC. linksD. needs8.While Billie Holiday did not invent the music called "the blues", she most assuredly helped popularize it.A. finallyB.certainlyC.earnestlyD.enthusiastically9.People who do not sleep enough tend to become irritable .A.easily annoyedB. illC. wearyD.stiff and soreA. numberedB. stabilizedC. contrastedD.considered11.The company issues an annual report every March.A.a yearlyB. a comprehensiveC. a financialD.a product12.Cream of tartar 酒石 , a weak acid, can be added to egg whites to help them foam泡沫when they are beatenA.whippedB. agedC.boiledD.cracked13.Double Eagle in the first transatlantic balloon, was greeted by avid crowds in France.A.eagerB.surgingC.appreciativeD.vigorous14.Some sea urchins海胆 have venomous (toxin) spinesA.sensuous (feeling)B.crooked (twisted)C. poisonousD.sticky15.Some children display an unquenchable 难以抑制的 curiosity about every new thing they encounter.A.insatiable 贪的无厌的B. inherentC.indiscriminate 不加选择的D. incredible16.One of the greatest breakthroughs for professional women came in 1973 when the field of banking opened up for them.A. most serious disappointmentsB.most significant advances17.The first paper was made from the bark of the mulberry tree.A. dried woodB. outer coveringC.syrup(sirup)D. root18.In 1974 Henry Aaron broke Babe Ruth's monumental lifetime record of 714 home runs.A.archaic(old, antique)B. degrading (discredit)C.outstandingD.entire19.Formulated in 1823, the Monroe Doctrine asserted that the Americas were no longer open to European colonization.A. emphatically statedB. belligerently(aggressively) arguedC. accentuated(emphasize)D. entreated 恳求（implore, plea, invoke ）20.Ella Grasso, elected governor of Connecticut in 1974, supported the enactment (given, granted) of a freedom-of-information law.A. passingB.advocatesC. draftingD. circulation第1卷参考答案一.单选题1.参考答案： A2.参考答案： D3.参考答案： D4.参考答案： C5.参考答案： C6.参考答案： C7.参考答案： D8.参考答案： D9.参考答案： C10.参考答案： C11.参考答案： D12.参考答案： A13.参考答案： B14.参考答案： D16.参考答案： B17.参考答案： B18.参考答案： B19.参考答案： B20.参考答案： D第2卷参考答案一.单选题1.参考答案： A2.参考答案： C3.参考答案： D4.参考答案： A6.参考答案： D7.参考答案： C8.参考答案： B9.参考答案： A10.参考答案： D11.参考答案： A12.参考答案： A13.参考答案： A14.参考答案： C15.参考答案： A16.参考答案： B18.参考答案： C19.参考答案： A20.参考答案： A。
研究生英语考试试题及答案-参考
研究生英语考试试题及答案-参考在研究生阶段，英语考试是一个重要的环节，对于考生来说，通过考试取得一个高分是他们追求的目标。
因此，了解研究生英语考试试题及答案是非常必要的。
下面是一些常见的研究生英语考试试题及答案的参考。
第一部分：听力理解（共四节，每节5小题，每题1分，满分20分）请听下面5段对话，选出最佳选项。
1. What does the man want to do?A. Go to a movie.B. Go shopping.C. Go dancing.2. How does the woman feel about her trip?A. Excited.B. Nervous.C. Disappointed.3. What does the man mean?A. He can solve the problem.B. He doesn't know how to help.C. He agrees with the woman's idea.4. What is the woman going to do?A. Call the police.B. Help the man.C. Fix the faucet.5. What does the man suggest the woman do?A. Ask her neighbor for help.B. Call a repairman.C. Watch a video online.请听下面5段对话或独白，选出最佳选项。
6. What is the probable relationship between the speakers?A. Teacher and student.B. Colleagues.C. Friends.7. How will the woman spend her summer vacation?A. Traveling to Europe.B. Working at a hotel.C. Studying for an exam.8. What is the man's opinion?A. He is impressed by the music.B. He is not interested in the music.C. He thinks the music is boring.9. What do we learn about the woman's husband?A. He's been busy with work.B. He enjoys cooking.C. He recently became a manager.10. What is the woman's problem?A. She can't access the website.B. She can't find her password.C. She needs to update her software.第二部分：阅读理解（共两节，每节5小题，每题2分，满分20分）第一节请阅读下面短文，从A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。
哈工大答案1-1试题大专英语(一)
Part I Use of English (20 points)1. — Can you turn down the radio, please?B. I’m sorry, I didn’t realize it was that loud2. — These are certainly beautiful flowers. Thank you so muchB. You are welcome3. — Hi, Sam, I think you did a good job.A. Thank you4. — Good morning, sir. May I help you?C. Yes, I need some sugar5. — Could you help me with my homework, please?D. Sorry I can’t. I have to go to a meeting right now6. —Why don’t you travel to New York on vacation?C. I want to, but I haven’t got enough money7. —Would you like to go fishing with us now?B. It sounds interesting but I have lots of homework to do8. —Could I speak to John Harris, please.D. Speaking9. —Congratulations! You won the first prize in today’s speech contest.C. Thank you10. —Can I have a look at your passport?C. Here you arePart II Reading Comprehension (20 points)Passage 111. Where was paper invented?A. In China.12. Scandinavia began to make paper___________.C. in 150013. Every four hundred copies of a forty-page newspaper will need___________.B. one tree14. All over the world, trees are being cut down__________ than they are beingplanted.D. faster15. The latest things made of paper are ___________.D. housesPassage 216. We have to develop good eating habits because_________.C. we want to be healthy and strong17. _________ may take away our appetite before we have our meal.D. Both sweets and ice-cream18. We had better have our meals_________.B. at the same time each day19. A man who is angry has _________.B. a poor appetite20. The judges in old England considered that a man could _________ if he told alie.D. hardly wallow dry breadPart III Vocabulary and Structure (40 points)Section A21. I ______ on a sofa because my parents have come for the weekend.D. am sleeping22. The Chinese are good at table tennis ______ the English are interested infootball.C. while23. Since you don’t like ______ you don’t have to go skiing.A. it24. You can never play the piano better if you don’t practice ______.B. more25. Was it in front of the market ______ the road accident happened yesterday?B. that26. You ______ be hungry yet; you had a big cake only an hour ago.C. can’t27. The most popular food for foreigners ______ on any menu in Beijing is roastduck.D. included28. The mother, along with her two daughters, ______ from the sinking aircraft bya passing ship.D. has been rescued29. ______every mistake you make, you’ll lose half a mark.A. For30. This painting is splendid, but ______ we actually need it is a different matter.C. whetherSection B31. B. set off32. D. test33. A. Because34. C. sight35. D. excited36. D. woken37. C. at38. A. the other39. C. however40. D. burstPart IV Translation (20 points)Directions:Translate the following sentences into Chinese.41.毕业后，她首先去了英国。
哈尔滨工业大学考研英语-翻译专项试题
哈尔滨工业大学考研英语-翻译专项试题一、考研英语翻译英译汉1．People’s attitudes towards gift giving may vary from country to country．A．人们的态度是国家之间要送礼物。
B．不同的国家的人对送礼的态度各不相同。
C．国与国之问人们对送礼物的看法不尽相同。
D．各国人们送礼的做法都在变化。
【答案】C【解析】本题的翻译要点是对“attitude”和“vary”这两短语意思的理解。
“attitude”意为“看法”，而不是“态度”、“做法”，“vary”是“各不相同”的意思，并不是“变化”。
因此选项A、B和D均存在不同程度的理解错误。
知识模块：英译汉2． As you have done the market survey, I would like to discuss with you the possibility of selling our products in the US.A) 因为美国产品有市场，所以我们要研究开发我们产品的可能性。
B) 因为你有市场资料，所以我希望与你讨论美国产品的销售情况。
C) 你已经作了市场调查，所以我想和你讨论在美国销售我们产品的可能性。
D) 你已了解了市场，因此我希望能与你商讨在美国开发我们产品的可能性。
【答案】C3． The study shows that our computers are superior to those of our competitors in terms of functions and speed.A) 研究表明，我们的计算机在功能和速度两方面都优于我们的竞争对手。
B) 研究表明，我们的计算机与我们竞争者的产品在功能和速度方面有差异。
C) 研究表明，我们的计算机在效率和速度方面都与其它厂商不同。
D) 研究表明，我们的计算机正面临着高速发展的其它厂商的竞争。
【答案】A4． During the meeting held in Brazil last month the supporters of free economic policies could benefit all nations.A) 支持者上个月在巴西召开自由贸易会议，他们辩称这些经济政策有利于所有的国家。
哈工大研究生英语外教班复习资料
specific
handyman
vending machine
looking forward to
get along with
tutoring
commuter bus
broken up with
05
Comfort Foods: foods that make you feel happier
06
Lesson 5
Vocabulary # 1
01
Cramped: having very little space, too small
02
Dingy: dark and unattractive
5
School of Software,
6
March 5th, 2013
7
Three-word phrasal verbs
Keep up with Put up with
Get along with Take care of
Looking forward to Cut down on
Broken up with Came up with
关于英文考试 a guiding principle for learning english meet a foreigner Coach Carter American Culture 24 vocabulary Business letter Iron charpens Iron
Resorts: places where people can go for a vacation, with hotels, swimming pools, etc. Country inns: small hotels– often in old houses- in areas outside cities. Luxurious: very comfortable, beautiful, and expensive. Lift Tickets: Tickets that snow skiers have paid to ride up the mountains. Antique :a piece of furniture, jewelry, etc., that is old and usually valuable and rare.. Sledding: Using a vehicle that slides over snow, often used b y children Sleigh rides: Trips in a vehicle used for traveling on snow, pulled by horses
哈尔滨工业大学考博英语真题修订版
哈尔滨工业大学考博英语真题HUA system office room 【HUA16H-TTMS2A-HUAS8Q8-General English Admission Test For Non-English MajorPh.D. program(Harbin Institute of Technology)Part I Reading Comprehension (40 points)Passage 1Questions 1----5 are bashed on the following passage.The planet’s last intact expanses of forest are under siege. Eight thousand years ago, forests covered more than 23 million square miles, or about 40 perc ent of Earth’s land surface. Today, almost half of those forests have fallen to the ax, the chain saw, the matchstick, or the bulldozer.A map unveiled in March by the Washington-based World Resources Institute not only shows the locations of formerfore sts, but also assesses the condition of today’s forests worldwide. Institute researchers developed the map with thehelp of the World Conservation Monitoring Center, the World Wildlife Fund, and 90 forest experts at a variety of universities, government organizations, and environmental groups.Only one-fifth of the remaining forests are still “frontier forests,” defined as relatively undisturbed natural forests large enough to support all of their native species. Frontier forests offer a number of benefits: They generate and maintain biodiversity, protect watersheds, prevent flooding and soil erosion, and stabilize climate.Many large areas that have traditionally been classified as forest land don’t qualify as “frontier” because of human influences such as fire suppression and a patchwork of logging. “There’s surprisingly little intact forest left,” says research associate Dirk Bryant, the principal author of the report that accompanies the new map.In the report, Bryant, Daniel Nielsen, and Laura Tangley divide the world into four groups:76 countries that have lost all of their frontier forest; 11 nations that are “on the edge”; 28 countries with “not much time”; and only eight----including Canada, Russia, and Brazil-----that still have a “great opportunity” to keep most of their original forest. The United States is among the nations said to be running out of time: In the lower 48 states, says Bryant, “great opportunity” to keep most of their original forest. The United States is among the nations said to be running out of time: In the lower48 states, says Bryant, “only 1 percent of the forest that was once there as frontier forest qualifies today.”Logging poses the biggest single threat to remainingfrontier forests. “Our results suggest that 70 per cent of frontier forests under threat are threatened by logging,” says Bryant. The practice of cutting timber also creates roadsthat cause erosion and open the forest to hunting, mining, firewood gathering, and land clearing for farms.What can protect frontier forests The researchers recommend combining preservation with sustainable land use practices such as tourism and selective timber extraction. “It’s possible to restore frontiers,” says Bryant, “but the cost and time required to do so would suggest that the smart approach is to husband the remaining frontier forest before it’s gone.”1. What is the main idea of the passage?A. The present situation of frontier forest on Earth.B. The history of ecology.C. The forest map in the past.D. Beautiful forests in different parts of the world.2. The word “unveiled” in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to _.A. evaluatedB. decoratedC. designedD. made public3. Frontier forests have which of the following benefits?A. They keep climate stable.B. They enhance timber industry.C. They provide people with unique scenery.D. They are of various types.4. The phrase “on the edge” in Paragraph 5 probablymeans________.A surrounded by frontier forestB near frontier forestC about to lose their frontier forestD under pressure5. According to the passage, roads created by timber-cutting make it possible for people to________.A travel to other places through the short –cutB exploit more forest landC find directions easilyD protect former forestsPassage 2Questions 6----10 are based on the following passage.To get a chocolate out of a box requires a considerable amount of unpacking: the box has to be taken out of the paper bag in which it arrived the cellophane wrapper has to be torn off, the lip opened and removed; the lid opened and the paper removed; the chocolate itself then has to be unwrapped fromits own piece of paper. But this insane amount of wrapping is not confined to luxuries: it is now becoming increasingly difficult to buy anything that is not done up in cellophane, polythene, or paper.The package itself is of no interest to the shopper, who usually throws it away immediately. Useless wrapping accounts for much of the refuse put our by the average London household each week. So why is it done Some of it, like the cellophane on meat, is necessary, but most of the rest is simply competitive selling. This is absurd. Packaging is using up scarce energy and resources and messing up the environment.Little research is being carried out on the costs of alternative types of packaging. Just how possible is it, for instance, for local authorities to salvage paper, pulp it, and recycle it as egg-boxes Would it be cheaper to plant another forest Paper is the material most used for packaging-----20million paper bags are apparently used in Great Britain each day -----but very little is salvaged.A machine has been developed that pulps paper, and then processes it into packaging, e.g. egg-boxes and cartons. This could be easily adapted for local authority use. It would mean that people would have to separate their refuse into paper and non-paper, with a different dustbin for each. Paper is, in fact, probably the material that can be most easily recycled; and now, with massive increases in paper prices, the time has come at which collection by local authorities could be profitable.Recycling of this kind is already happening with milk bottles, which are returned to the dairies, and it has been estimated that if all the milk bottles necessary were made of plastic, then British dairies would be producing theequivalent of enough plastic tubing to encircle the earth every five or six days!The trouble with plastic is that it does not rot. Some environmentalists argue that the only solution to the problem of ever growing mounds of plastic containers is to do away with plastic altogether in the shops, a suggestion unacceptable to many manufacturers who say there is no alternative to their handy plastic packs. It is evident that more research is needed into the recovery and reuse of various materials and into the cost of collecting and recycling containers as opposed to producing new ones. Unnecessary packaging, intended to be used just once, and making things look better so more people will buy them, is clearly becoming increasingly absurd. But it is not so much a question of doing away with packaging as resources for what is, after all, a relatively unimportant function.6. The sentence “This insane amount of wr apping is not confined to luxuries” means that________.A not enough wrapping is used for luxuriesB more wrapping is used for luxuries than for ordinary productsC it is not only for luxury products that too much wrapping is usedD the wrapping used for luxury products is unnecessary7. The local authorities are_________.A the Town CouncilB the policeC the paper manufacturersD the most influential citizens8 If paper is to be recycled,________.A more forests will have to be plantedB the use of paper bags will have to be restrictedC people will have to use different dustbins for their rubbishD the local authorities will have to reduce the price of paper9. British dairies are________.A producing enough plastic tubing to go round the world in less than a weekB giving up the use of glass bottlesC increasing the production of plastic bottlesD reusing their old glass bottles10. The environmentalists think that________.A more plastic packaging should be usedB plastic is the most convenient form of packagingC too much plastic is wastedD shops should stop using plastic containersPassage 3Questions11-----18 are based on the following passage.The tragic impact of the modern city on the human being has killed his sense of aesthetics, the material benefits of an affluent society have diverted his attention from aesthetics, the material benefits of an affluent society have diverted his attention from his city and its cultural potentials to the products of science and technology: washing machines, central heating, automatic cookers, television sets, computers and fitted carpets, He is, at the moment, drunk with democracy, well-to-do, a car driver, and has never had it so good.He is reluctant to walk. Statistics reveal that the distance he is prepared to walk from his parking place to his shopping center is very short. As there are no adequate off-street parking facilities, the cities are littered with kerb-parked cars and parking meters rear themselves everywhere. Congestion has become the predominant factor in his environment, and statistics suggest that two cars per household system may soon make matters worse.In the meantime, insult is adde d to injury by “land value”. The value of land results from its use: its income and its value increase. “Putting land to its highest and best use” becomes the principal economic standard in urban growth. This speculative approach and the pressure of increasing population lead to the “vertical” growth of cities with the result that people are forced to adjust themselves to congestion in orderto maintain these relatively artificial land values.Paradoxically the remedy for removing congestion is to create no re of it.Partial decentralization, or rather, pseudo-decentralization, in the form of large development units away from thetraditional town centers, only shifts the disease round the anatomy of the town, if it is not combined with remodeling of the to wn’s transportation system, it does not cure it. Herethe engineering solutions are strongly affected by the necessity for complicated intersections, which in turn, are frustrated by the extravagant cost of land.It is within our power to build better cities and revive the civic pride of their citizens, but we shall have to stop operating on the fringe of the problem. We shall have to radically to replan them to achieve a rational densities of population we have to provide in them what can be calledminim um “psychological elbow room”. One of the ingredientsof this will be proper transportation plans. These will haveto be an integral part of the overall planning process which in itself is a scientific process where facts are essential. We must collect, in an organized manner, all and complete information about the city or the town, if we want to plan effectively.The principal unit in this process is “IM”(one man). We must not forget that cities are built by people, and thattheir form and shape should be subject to the will of the people. Scientific methods of data collection and analysiswill indicate trends, but they will not direct action. Scientific methods are only an instrument. The “man-educated” man, the human, will have to set the target, and using the results obtained by science and his own engineering skill, take upon himself the final shaping of his environment. He will have to use his high moral sense of responsibility to the community and to future generations.11. The main concern of this passage is with_______.A city cultureBland value in citiesC city congestionD decentralization12.It can be inferred from the first paragraph that people in old times_______.A paid more attention to material benefitsB had a stronger sense of beautyC were more desirous about the development of science and technologyD enjoyed more freedom and democracy13.The highly-developed technology has made man________.A increasingly industriousB free from inconvenienceC excessively dependent on external aidsD able to save his physical strength14 The drastic increase of land value in the city________.A is the good result of economic developmentB offers more opportunities to land dealersC is annoyingly artificial and meaninglessD fortunately leads to the “vertical” growth of cities15. The expansion of big cities to the distant suburban areas may______.A solve the problem of city congestionB result in the remodeling of the town’s transportation systemC bring the same congestion to the suburban areasD need less investment on land16 the main purpose of the author is to_______. .A point out a problem and criticize itB advocate that all cities need to be re-planned and remodeledC point out the significance of solving the problemD criticize a problem and try to find a solution to it17 the author suggests that the remodeling of citiesmust_______.A put priority to the benefit of the future generationsB be focused on people rather than on economy.C be economically profitable to land ownersD resort to scientific methods18 who will probably like to read articles of this kind/A businessmenB economistsC urban peopleD rural people Passage 4Questions 19----25 are based on the following passage.The two claws of the mature American lobster are decidedly different from each other. The crusher claw is short and stout: the cutter claw is long and slender. Such bilateral asymmetry, in which the right side of the body is, in all other respects, a mirror image of the left side, is not unlike handedness in humans. But where the majority of humans are right-handed, in lobsters the crusher claw appears with equal probability on either the right or left side of the body.Bilateral asymmetry of the claws comes about gradually. Inthe juvenile fourth and fifth stages of development, thepaired claws are symmetrical and cutter-like. Asymmetry begins to appear in the juvenile sixth stage of development, and thepaired claws further diverge toward well-defined cutter and crusher claws during succeeding stages. An intriguing aspect of this development was discovered by Victor Emmel. He found that if one of the paired claws is removed during the fourth of fifth stage, the intact claw invariably becomes a crusher, while the regenerated claw becomes a cutter. Removal of a claw during a later juvenile stage or during adulthood, when asymmetry is present, does not alter the asymmetry, the intact and the regenerated claws retain their original structures.These observations indicate that the conditions tat trigger differentiation must operate in a random manner when the paired claws are intact but in a nonrandom manner when one of the claws is lost. One possible explanation is thatdifferential use of the claws determine their asymmetry. Perhaps the claw that is used more becomes the crusher. This would explain why, when one of the claws is missing during the fourth or fifth stage, the intact claw always becomes acrusher. With two intact claws, initial use of one claw might prompt the animal to use it more than the other throughout the juvenile fourth and fifth stages, causing it to become a crusher.To test this hypothesis, researchers raised lobsters in the juvenile fourth and fifth stages of development in alaboratory environment in which the lobsters could manipulate oyster chips. (Not coincidentally, at this stage of development lobsters typically change from a habitat wherethey drift passively to the ocean floor where they have the opportunity to be more active by burrowing in the substratum.) Under these conditions, the lobsters developed asymmetric slaws, half with crusher claws on the left, and half with crusher claws on the right. In contrast, when juvenilelobsters were reared in a smooth tank without the oyster chips, the majority developed two cutter claws. This unusual configuration of symmetrical cutter claws did not change whenthe lobsters were subsequently placed in a manipulatable environment or when they lost and regenerated one or both claws.19 the passage is primarily concerned with______.A drawing an analogy between asymmetry in lobsters and handedness in humansB developing a method for predicting whether crusher claws in lobsters will appear on the left or right sideC explaining differences between lobsters’ crusher claws and cutter clawsD discussing a possible explanation for the bilateral asymmetry in lobsters20 each of the following statements about the development of a lobster’s crusher claw is supported by information in the passage except________.A It can be stopped on one side and begin on the other after the juvenile sixth stage.B It occurs gradually over a number of stages.C It is initially apparent in the juvenile sixth stage.D It can occur even when a prospective crusher claw is removed in the juvenile sixth stage.21 which of the following experimental results, if observed, would most clearly contradict the findings of Victor Emmel?A. A left cutter-like claw is removed in the fifth stage and a crusher claw develops on the right side.B. A left cutter-like claw is removed in the sixth stage and a crusher claw develops on the right side.C. A left cutter-like claws are removed in the fifth stage and a crusher claw develops on the lift side.D. Both cutter-like claws are removed in the fifth stage and a crusher claw develops on the left side.22 It can be inferred that of the two laboratory environments mentioned in the passage, the one with oyster ships was designed to_______.A prove that the presence of oyster chips was not necessaryfor the development of a crusher clawB prove that the relative length of time that the lobsters were exposed to the oyster-chip environment had little impact on the development of a crusher clawC eliminate the environment as a possible influence in the development of a crusher clawD simulate the conditions that lobsters encounter in their natural environment23 It can be inferred from the passage that one difference between lobsters in the earlier stages of development and those in the juvenile fourth and fifth stages is that lobsters in the early stages are________.A likely to be less activeB likely to be less symmetricalC more likely to lose a clawD more likely to regenerate a lost claw24 which of the following conditions does the passage suggest is a possible cause for the failure of a lobster to develop a crusher claw?A the loss of a claw during the third or earlier stage of developmentB the loss of a claw during the fourth or fifth stage of developmentC the loss of a claw during the sixth stage of developmentD Development in an environment short of material that can be manipulated25 the author regards the idea that differentiation is triggered randomly when paired claws remain intact as________.A irrefutable considering the authoritative nature of Emmel’s observationsB likely in view of present evidenceC contradictory to conventional thinking on lobster-claw differentiationD purely speculative because it is based on scattered research and experimentationPassage 5Questions 26----33 are based on the following passage.It has always been difficult for the philosopher or scientist to fit time into his view of the universe. Prior to Einsteinian physics. However, even the Einsteinian formulation is not perhaps totally adequate to the job of fitting time into the proper relationship with the other dimensions, as they are called, of space. The primary problem arises in relationship to things which might be going faster than the speed of light ,or have other strange properties.Examination of the Lorenta-Fitzgerald formulas yields the interesting speculation that if something did actually exceed the speed of light it would have its mass expressed as an imaginary number and would seem to be going backward in time. The barrier to exceeding the speed of light is the apparent need to have an infinite quantity of mass moved at exactly the speed of light. If this situation could be leaped over in a large quantum jump----which seems highly unlikely for masses that are large in normal circumstances-----then the other sidemay be achievable.There have been, in fact, some observations of particle chambers which have led some scientists to speculate that a particle called the tachyon may exist with the trans-light properties we have just discussed.One difficulty of imagining and coping with these potential implications of our mathematical models points out the importance of studying alternative methods of notation for advanced physics. Professor Zuckerkandl, in his book “Sound and Symbol”, hypothe sizes that it might be better to express the relationships found in quantum mechanics through the use of a notation derived from musical notations. To oversimplify greatly, he argues that music has always given time a special relationship to other factors or parameters or dimensions. Therefore, it might be a more useful language in which to express the relationships in physics where time again has a special role to play, and cannot be treated as just anotherdimension.The point of this, or any other alternative to the current methods of describing basicphysical processes, is that time does not appear-----either by common experience or sophisticated scientific understanding----to be the same sort of dimension or parameter as physical dimensions, and is deserving of completely special treatment, in a system of notation designed to accomplish that goal.One approach would be to consider time to be a field effect governed by the application of energy to mass----that is to say, by the interaction of different forms of energy, if you wish to keep in mind the equivalence of mass and energy. The movement of any normal sort of mass is bound to produce a field effect that we call positive time. An imaginary mass would produce a negative time field. This is not at variance with Einstein’s theories, since the “faster’ a give mass moves the more the more energy was applied to it and thegreater would be the field effect. The time effects predicted by Einstein and the greater would be the field effect. The time effects predicted by Einstein and confirmed by experience are, it seems, consonant with this concept.26 the “sound” in the title of professor Zukerkand1’s book probably refers to______.A the music of the spheresB music in the abstractC musical notationD the seemingly musical sounds produced by tachyons27 The passage supports the inference that_______.A. Einstein’s theory of relativity is wrongB the Lorenta-Fitzgerald formulas contradict Einstein’s theoriesC tachyons do not have the same sort of mass as any other particlesD it is impossible to travel at precisely the speed of light28. The tone of the passage is________.A critical but hopefulB hopeful but suspiciousC suspicious but speculativeD speculative but hopeful29 the central idea of the passage can be best described as which of the following?A. Irregularities in theoretical physics notation permit intriguing hypotheses and indicate the need for refined notation of time dimension.B. New observations require the development of new theoriesand new methods of describing the theories.C. Einsteinian physics can be much improved on in its treatment of tachyons.D. Zuckerkandl’s theories of tachyon formulation are preferable to Einstein’s.30 According to the author, it is too soon to_______.A ad opt proposals such as Zuckerkand1’sB plan for time travelC study particle chambers for tachyon tracesD attempt to improve current notation31 it can be inferred that the author sees Zuckerkand1 as believing that mathematicsis a_______.A languageB musical notationC great hindrance to full understanding of physicsD difficult field of study32 in the first sentence, the author refers to “philosopher” as well as to “scientist” because________.A he wants to show his respect for themB philosophers study all things in the worldC the study of the methods of any field is both a philosophical and scientific questionD the nature of time is a basic question in philosophy as well as physics33 when the passage says the “particle called the tachyon may exist”, the reader may infer that_________.A the tachyon was named before it existedB tachyons are imaginary in existence as well as massC the tachyon was probably named when its existence was predicted by theory but its existence was not yet known.D many scientific ideas may not exist in fact.Passage 6Questions 34-----40 are based on the following passage.The term “remote sensing’’ refers to the techniques of measurement and interpretation of phenomena from a distance. Prior to the mid-1960s the interpretation of film images was the primary means for remote sensing of the earth’s geologic features. With the development of the optomechanical scanner, scientists began to construct digital multispectral images using data beyond the sensitivity range of visible light photography. These images are constructed by mechanicallyaligning pictorial representations of such phenomena as the reflection of light waves outside the visible spectrum, the refraction of radio waves, and the daily changes in temperatu re in areas on the Earth’s surface. Digital multispectral imaging has now become the basic tool in geologic remote sensing from satellites.The advantage of digital over photographic imaging is evident: the resulting numerical data are precisely known, and digital data are not subject to the vagaries of difficult-to-control chemical processing. With digital processing, it is possible to combine a large number of spectral images. The acquisition of the first mutispectral digital dada set from the multispectral scanner(MSS)aboard the satellite Landsat in 1972 consequently attracted the attention of the entire geologic community. Landsat MSS data are now being applied to a variety of geologic problems that are difficult to solve by conventional methods alone. These include specific problems inmineral and energy resource exploration and the charting of glaciers and shallow seas.A more fundamental application of remote sensing is to augment conventional methods for geologic mapping of large areas. Regional maps present compositional, structural, and chronological information for reconstructing geologic revolution. Such reconstructions have important practical applications because the conditions under which rock units and other structural features are formed influence the occurrence of ore and petroleum deposits and affect the thickness and integrity of the geologic media in which the deposits are found.Geological maps incorporate a large, varied body of specific field and laboratory measurements, but the maps must be interpretative because field measurements are always limited by rock exposure, accessibility, and labor resources. With remote-sensing techniques, it is possible to obtain muchgeologic information more efficiently than it can be obtained on the ground. These techniques also facilitate overall interpretation. Since detailed geologic mapping is generally conducted in small areas, the continuity of regional features that had intermittent and variable expressions is often not recognized, but in the comprehensive views of Landsat images these continuities are apparent. However, some critical information cannot be obtained through remote sensing, and several characteristics of the Landsat MSS impose limitations on the acquisition of diagnostic data. Some of these limitations can be overcome by designing satellite systems specially for geologic purposes; but, to be most effective, remote sensing data must still be combined with data from field surveys, laboratory tests, and the techniques of the earlier twentieth century.34 which of the following can be measured by the optomechanical scanner but not by visible light photography?。