西方文化史练习题

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西方文化史简答题

1.克里特文化的主要成就：米诺斯王宫的建筑，壁画和彩陶采用陶轮制作，从原来的几何图案发展到动植物图案石雕也是重要的雕刻品，发明了线形文字A，宗教崇拜为自然女神、牛、双面斧、蛇2.迈锡尼文化的主要成就：创造了圆顶墓，发明线形文字B，青铜文化发达，有“黄金面具”，迈锡尼城堡和狮子门反映了建筑的发达3.古代两河流域的文化对西方文化的影响：公元前3000左右，苏美尔人开始使用楔形文字，地中海东海岸的腓尼基人也吸取了楔形文字的因素，古代美索不达米亚文学作品以史诗为主，多神信仰。

建筑和科技中，“空中花园”和“七级大庙塔”。

古巴比伦人的天文观沿袭至今，希腊人采用巴比伦人发明的水钟，日晷。

希腊天文学家希帕卡斯的理论继承了古巴比伦人的天文成就，希腊数学家和哲学家毕达哥拉斯在巴比伦住过12年，建筑中的拱门与圆顶穹窿为罗马人继承。

古代美索不达米亚的神话传说与宗教思想为《旧约圣经》思想来源4.古代埃及文化对西方文化的影响：就文字方面，埃及象形文字中的24个表音符号，腓尼基人创造了322个字母，后来，希腊字母发展为拉丁字母和斯拉夫字母。

艺术方面，希腊早期具有古风时代雕像特征的青年男子“考罗斯”，具有明显的埃及人气质，并且遵循了古代埃及雕塑艺术的传统比例规则。

埃及后期充满生活气息的阿玛尔纳艺术也对希腊雕刻有很大影响。

宗教方面，古埃及人对奥西里斯、伊西丝及荷拉斯的崇拜为希腊-罗马世界广泛接受。

文学方面，埃及的《阿顿颂诗》对后来的《旧约圣经》中《诗篇》的创作有明显影响。

历法方面，古埃及人发明了1年为365天的太阳历，到希腊时期更为完善，在埃及历法的基础上，又制定了“朱里亚历”“格里高利历”。

数学方面，古埃及几何学的成就为希腊数学家欧几里德所继承，并加以系统化，使之成为一门严密的科学。

化学方面，现代西方语言中的“化学”一次在语源上与埃及有密切关系。

医学方面，埃及医学传到希腊后传到欧洲。

5.试述犹太教宗教思想的特点：①坚持一神论，强调世界上只有上帝雅赫维才是唯一的真神②契约观念，相信希伯来人与雅赫维所立的约，希伯来人是雅赫维的选民③注重戒律，如摩西十戒成为希伯来人的道德规范④弥赛亚和天国观念，认为弥赛亚将带领犹太人走向繁荣和幸福，在尘世上实现天国。

西方文化概论考试题

西方文化概论考试题一、选择题1. 西方文化的起源可以追溯到以下哪个时期？A. 古希腊时期B. 文艺复兴时期C. 工业革命时期D. 当代现代化时期2. 哪位希腊哲学家被认为是西方文化的奠基人？A. 亚里士多德B. 柏拉图C. 西塞罗D. 苏格拉底3. 文艺复兴运动是在哪个国家兴起的？A. 法国B. 英国C. 意大利D. 德国4. 哪本书是英国文艺复兴时期最重要的著作之一？A. 《圣经》B. 《简·爱》C. 《哈姆雷特》D. 《唐吉诃德》5. 哪位科学家被称为现代物理学之父？A. 牛顿B. 达尔文C. 哥白尼D. 欧几里德二、判断题判断下列说法是否正确，正确的在括号内写“√”，错误的写“×”。

1. （√）《罗密欧与朱丽叶》是莎士比亚的作品，属于英国文艺复兴时期的戏剧。

2. （×）文艺复兴运动对欧洲其他国家的文化影响不大，主要局限于意大利地区。

3. （√）工业革命对西方社会产生了巨大的影响，使之从传统农业社会转变为现代工业社会。

4. （×）西方文化的核心是个人主义和自由，与集体主义和权威主义完全不同。

5. （√）西方文化中的人文主义强调人的尊严和价值，提倡人类的自由发展和个体意识的觉醒。

三、问答题1. 请简要介绍西方文化的主要特点和价值观。

西方文化的主要特点包括个人主义、理性主义、人权和科学精神等。

个人主义强调个体的独立性和个人权利，在人际关系和社会交往中强调个体的意愿和选择。

理性主义崇尚理性思维和科学方法，在知识的获取和问题解决中强调逻辑和分析。

人权是西方文化的核心价值观之一，认为每个人都享有平等的尊重和权利。

科学精神是对客观世界的追求和理解，注重实证和证据的支持。

2. 西方文化中的哪些艺术形式对世界产生了深远的影响？西方文化中的艺术形式包括文学、音乐、绘画、雕塑、戏剧和电影等。

其中，莎士比亚的戏剧作品被认为是世界戏剧史上的巅峰之作，对后世的文学和戏剧创作产生了深远的影响。

西方文化史课后习题

西方文化史课后习题1、如何认识古代希腊文明的时间跨度和空间范围？（1）、地域范围：古代希腊的概念是一个大希腊的概念，包括希腊本土、小亚细亚和西亚沿海地区、南意大利地区，甚至伊比利亚半岛和北非。

（2）、时间跨度：古代希腊文化包括三个发展阶段：A、克里特－迈锡尼时代的文化（公元前26－前12世纪）黑暗时代（公元前12－前8世纪）B、希腊城邦时代的文化（公元前8－前4世纪）C、希腊化时代的文化（公元前4－前2世纪）2、赫西俄德的《神谱》具有什么文化学意义？赫西俄德的《神谱》具有两方面的重要意义：它通过神系的生殖原则反映了一种朴素的宇宙起源论和自然演化论。

希腊神话的神谱不仅仅是神的家族史，同时也反映了希腊人的宇宙生成观和自然观，神的衍生和交替也就是自然过程的发生和演进。

这种通过神系的生殖原则来说明宇宙起源和自然演化过程的神话思维图景，构成了哲学和科学产生之前人们唯一的世界观。

它蕴涵着一种以自我否定为动力的社会进化思想。

以内在的自我否定作为神系延续和发展的契机是希腊神话的又一个基本特征。

这种维系神系更新和发展的自我否定机制使希腊神话表现出一种新陈代谢的社会进化思想，神权的替代和神系的更迭揭示了一种深刻的命运观。

这种通过“命运”来实现的神系神系的更迭和自然进化的思想，构成了希腊神话中最深刻的思想，同时也成为整个西方文化在漫长的历史过程中不断实现自我否定和自我超越的形而上的动力。

3.希腊神话的“神人同形同性的特点”反映了什么样的文化精神？A、神人同形－－希腊人的自然崇拜和感觉主义，崇尚完美的形体。

B、神人同性－－神与人一样具有七情六欲、喜怒哀乐，像人一样会犯错误，经常到人间来滋生是非、拈花惹草。

由此导致了希腊神话和整个希腊文化的和谐之美的基本特点。

在希腊宗教和希腊文化中，自然崇拜和感觉主义构成了最基本特征。

肉体与精神的原始和谐，使整个希腊文化呈现出一种田园诗般纯净悠扬的意境。

4.希腊自然哲学与形而上学是如何产生和发展的？A、自然哲学－发展从泰勒斯到原子论者－强调质料或具象性的元素当希腊“哲学之父”泰勒斯宣称万物都是从水中产生时，他用一种新的形式——哲学形式表述了神话中的内容。

西方文化习题汇总

Chapter One Culture in Ancient GreeceMultiple choices:1.Which culture reached a high point of development in the 5th century B. C.?A. Greek CultureB. Roman CultureC. Egyptian CultureD. Chinese Culture2.In _______ the Roman conquered Greece.A. 1200B.C. B. 700 B. C. C. 146 B.C.D. The 5th century3.Which of the following works described the war led by Agamemnon against the city of Troy?A. Oedipus the KingB. IliadC. OdysseyD. Antigone4.Which of the following is NOT the plays written by Aeschylus?A. AntigoneB. AgamemnonC. PersiansD. Prometheus Bound5.Which of the following is NOT the plays written by Sophocles?A. ElectraB. AntigoneC. Trojan WomanD. Oedipus the King6.Which of the following is the play written by Euripides?A. AntigoneB. PersiansC. ElectraD. Medea7.Which of the following is NOT the greatest tragic dramatist of ancient Greece?A. AristophanesB. EuripidesC. SophoclesD. Aeschylus8.Who was the founder of scientific mathematics?A. HeracleitusB. AristotleC. SocratesD. Pythagoras9. ________ is the major foundation in the Western culture and makes a powerful impact on the development of human civilization.A. Ancient European cultureB. Ancient Greek cultureC. Ancient Chinese cultureD. Ancient Egyptian culture10. Greek culture can date back to____.A. the Neolithic AgeB. the Bronze AgeC. the Stone and Bronze AgeD. the Old Stone Age11. Mycenaean culture was influenced the most by Cretan culture on ____.A. farmingB. handicraft and tradeC. religionD. philosophy12. The Trojan War broke out at the end of ____.A. the Heroic AgeB. the Golden AgeC. the Cretan CivilizationD. the Mycenaean Civilization13. The first Olympiad began in the ____ period of the Golden Age.A. archaicB. centralC. dependentD. dark14. ____was called “the first citizen of Athens” by Thucydides and in his reign the slave-based democracy politics in Athens reached its peak.A. Justinian IB. CleonC. PericlesD. Ptolemy15. ____established the Academy - the first Greek institution of higher learning.A. PlatoB. SocratesC. AristotleD. Heraclitus16. Herodotus, father of Greek history, focused on describing the war between _____in his book, The Histories.A. Thebes and SpartaB. Persia and SyracuseC. Athens and SpartaD. Greeks and PersiansTrue of false question.(1) The play Oedipus at Colonus was written by Aristophanes. F(2) Greek philosophy started with Aristotle. F(3) The famous bronze sculpture of athletes, Discus Thrower, was created by Myron. T(4) Euclid discovered the ratio of radius of a circle and the relationship between the volume and surface of a sphere. F(5) The chief Greek philosophers are Socrates, Plato and Aristotle. TShort answer questionsHow did the ancient Greek Civilization develop in its long history?Firstly, early period of Greek Civilization: the development of Cretan and Mycenaean Civilization. Secondly, with the development of economy, many city-states were founded. Aristocratic rulers were trying to proceed their reforms in politics and legislations, which led to the prosperity of Greek Civilization. Last, after two wars, Greek Civilization came to its end.Give a brief account of the major achievements of Greek culture, such as those in religion, philosophy, literature and science.Greek religion really took shape during the Homeric Age, and featured polytheism with gods taking human form and feeling. Greek religion made a great contribution to Greek literature, philosophy and art. It is an important origin of Greek mythology, Greek philosophy started with Thales who believed that the material world originated in water. The core Greek philosophers are Socrates, Plato and Aristotle. Socrates had scant regard for material wealth, Plato established the Academy - the first Greek institution of higher learning. Literary representation centered round the two epic poems of the Iliad and the Odyssey.Chapter Two Culture in Ancient RomeMultiple choices:1.Ancient Roman culture is the culture from the formation of _____ to the end of the Roman Empire, which hadlasted about 1200 years throughout.A. Roman RepublicB. ByzantiumC. Pax RomanaD. Seven Hill Ally2.____ were the twins, the founders of Rome in the history.A. Octavian and CaesarB. Caesar and RemusC. Romulus and RemusD. Romulus and Octavian3.____was the first emperor in Roman Empire from 27 BC to 14 AD.A. CaesarB. OctavianC. RemusD. Pompey4.The First Triumvirate consisted of ____.A. Julius Caesar, Mark Antony, SullaB. Pompey, Crassus, CleopatraC. Pompey, Crassus, Julius CaesarD. Octavian, Brutus, Marius5.Punic wars are a series of wars between Rome and ____.A. GreekB. SicilyC. SpainD. Carthage6.Who wrote, “I came, I saw, I conquered”?A. HoraceB. Julius CaesarC. VirgilD. Marcus Tullius Cicero7.Which of the following is not Roman architecture?A.The ColosseumB. The PantheonC. The ParthenonD. Pont du Gard8.The Law of the Twelve Tables was inscribed in _____.A.450 BCB. 200 BCC. 40 BCD. 400 BC9.The Italian poet Dante regarded _____ as his teacher in The Divine Comedy.A.VirgilB. HoraceC. OvidD. Chaucer10.In _____ the Romans conquered Greece.A. 1200B.C. B. 700 B.C.C. 146 B.C.D. the 5th centuryTrue of false question.(1) In ancient Rome, freed slaves could become Roman citizen without any restrictions on their legal rights. F(2) All free-born citizens could get married in Roman society. F(3) All Romans got their daily needs from war ravages and looting in other defeated countries or areas. F(4) In Roman society, women had more chances to do some social activities than those in the East. T(5) The Romans usually entertained at the risk of slaves’ lives. T(6) All Roman citizens were allowed to vote on laws or on the decision of who were to be leaders. F(7) After Civil War, Roman entered the Pax Romana, the longest period of peace in Rome. T(8) The first Trumvirate was a formal one consisting of Octavian, Mark Antony and Marcus Aemilius Lepidus. F(9) In Rome, Stoicism and Epicureanism originated from Greece. T(10) Before Christianity enter Rome, Ancient Romans had mostly been polytheists. TShort answer questionsPlease give a brief introduction to the development of ancient Rome. Analyze the reasons that attributed the conversion of Roman Republic to Roman Empire.Reasons:a. Roman rulership inherited largely from ancient Greece. Under the Republic, senators were elected by the people to run the government.b. Territory expanse caused rich landowners and merchants to be able to buy up most of the country land, which led to instability of Roman military.c. Fights among powerful rulers, such as the fight in the first Triumvirate, and in the second Triumvirate, gave chance to get the supreme power to only one person instead of the people.In what sense do you think Roman culture owed its accomplishments to the benefits obtained from Greek culture? Give examples.It is universally acknowledged that Roman culture learned and inherited a lot from Greek culture. This could be seen in what Roman culture adopted from Greek culture as is demonstrated in religion, philosophy and literature.In religion, we know most of the gods in Roman myths came from Greek legends in terms of function and contribution to their myths. Nevertheless, Rome had its own system of beliefs which had been simple and could hardly compare with the plurality of Greek religion. The parallel arrangement of gods provides accurate evidence to show the similarity of the two religions and Roman wisdom in borrowing fine elements from an external culture is obvious.The same is true of Roman philosophy where we could find examples to demonstrate Greek influence on their Roman counterpart. The best example is perhaps Stoicism and Epicureanism, both of which originated from Greece and were further developed and modified in Rome.In literature, Roman men of letters also borrowed a great deal from Greek culture. For example, one could find lots of traces of Greek tragedy in Roman drama. Even in Virgil’s best known epic Aeneid, we could read of similar story of the hero in his voyage from Troy to Rome, compared to Odysseus, who overcomes many difficulties on his way home though they are certainly set against different backgrounds.All in all, the two cultures are closely linked partly because Greek culture is so illustrious that no one could leave it out without picking up something from it. The Roman people were sufficiently intelligent that they could not refuseto take such an opportunity to learn something when the opportunity was available.Chapter Three Jewish Culture and The Old TestamentMultiple choices:1.The Babylonian Captivity refers to the captivation and imprisonment of the Jews by Nebuchadnezzar II, in ____.A.586 BCB.450 BCC.336 BCD.586 AC2.Jerusalem was established as the capital in ___.A.585 BCB.1000 BCC.1000 ADD.585 AD3.In history, Israelite monarchy prospered with the three kings, Saul, ____.A.David and SolomonB.Moses and DavidC.Jacob and DavidD.Jacob and Solomon4.The ancestor of the Jews is ___.A.GreekB. GermanicC. HebrewD. Roman5.The whole Old Testament is written in ______ except some brief portions which are in the Aramaic languageA.classical HebrewB.classical EnglishC.classical GreekD.classical LatinFill in the blanks1.Jehovah is worshipped as the chief god of the country of Israel.2.Ezekiel helped Jewish people spread the religion of Judaism and finally confirmed it during the BabylonianCaptivity and later period.3.The core of Judaism is Mose’s Ten Commandments and Rabbis’ interpretations of the doctrines.4.The Jewish New Year is called Rosh Hashanah.True of false question.1.The Old Testament consists of 39 books, the oldest and most important of which are the first 10 books. F2.The Old Testament was written in Hebrew, including the three parts: Pentateuch, Prophets and Hagiographa andApocrypha. T3.Exodus describes how Aaron led the people of Israel out of Egypt in the 13th or 14th centuries BC, including theirlife in Egypt and how they suffered from oppression. F4.The Prophets mainly introduces all kinds of prophets. T5.Apocrypha books are not included in the canon of the Old Testament because of their uncertain authorship orlegendary. TShort answer questionsSay something about Judaism and The Old Testament.The Old Testament is the Judaist Bible. It was written in Hebrew, including the three parts：Pentateuch, Prophets and Hagiographa and Apocrypha. After The Old Testament was translated into Greek by Jewish scholars，many westerners began to understand Judaism by reading this book. It is not only of religious value but also of literary value.What would you say about the Jewish contribution to Christianity and Western culture? Give examples to show how Jewish culture relates to and differs from the other cultures, such as Greek and Arabic cultures.The Jewish culture has done much for Christianity and Western culture, such as the Jewish contribution to the transmission of Western culture .One of the examples is Jewish assistance to the establishment of Christianity. It was the Jews who worked as the early organizers and participants in the underground activities of the Christians. Another example concerns Philo, the major Jewish-Hellenistic philosopher of the early period, combined both the Greek philosophical element and Jewish theology.Chapter Four Christianity and The New TestamentFill in the blanks(1) Owing to the repeated conquests of Jerusalem by various aggressors, like Alexander the Great and the Romans, the Jews suffered a great deal from the violent suppression and the final loss of their homeland.(2) Plato’s ideas provided a more intellectual and reasonable framework for the basic beliefs of pious Jewish people.(3) Baptism is to wash off one’s original sin by sprinkling water over one’s body to indicate that one’s original sin is washed off and that one is admitted into the church.(4) Anointment is a ritual where a priest put specially-made oil on the dying to show benefaction and forgiveness of the sin in that person’s lifetime.(5) Purgatory is a state or place of temporary punishment for the removal of sins not possible in any other ways.(6) The Mass is a formal rite, ceremony or service of religious worship.(7) Excommunication means a Christian is partly or completely expelled from the church, usually with the loss of his citizenship.Multiple Choice1.Which of the following is by far the most influential in the West?A. BuddismB. IslamismC. ChristianityD. Judaism2.The Old Testament consists of 39 books, the oldest and most important of which are the first five books, called __________.A. ExodusB. CommandmentsC. AmosD. Pentaeuch3.Which of the following is NOT the content of the Ten Commandments?A. Honor your father and your mother.B. Do not commit suicide.C. Do not desire your neighbor’s wife.D. Do not take the name of God in vain.4. When in Babylon the Hebrews formed synagogues to practice their religion?A. in 169B.C. B. in the 4th centuryC. in 76 B.C.D. in the 6th century5. Which of the following emperors made Christianity the official religion of the empire and outlawed all otherreligions?A. TheodosiusB. AugustusC. Constantine ID. Nero Caesar6. Which of the following emperors issued the Edict of Milan and made Christianity legal in 313?A. AugustusB. ThedosiusC. NeroD. Constantine I7. At the age of 30, Jesus Christ received the baptism at the hands of _________.A. St. PeterB. St. PaulC. John Baptist(施洗者约翰)D. John Wycliff8. Christianity is the system of religious belief and practice about ____ and started at the turn of ____A. Mary, 1st century ADB. Jesus Christ, 1st century ADC. Jehovah, 1st century BCD. Jesus Christ, 1st century BC9. The oldest extant Greek translation of the Old Testament is known as ________.A. the Latin VulgateB. the AristeasC. the “Authorized”D. the Septuagint(七十子译本《旧约圣经》的希腊文译本)10. On February ____ , the Roman Emperor, ______ , accepted Christianity as the official religion.A. 380, Alexander the GreatB. 380, TheodosiusC. 400, OctavianD. 100, Jesus Christ11. _____, the Christian Church was divided into the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church.A. In 1054. In 1054 BC C. In 1055 D. In 38012. In 451 AD, the archbishop of Roman Church, ____________, made himself Pope.A. St. PeterB. Saint Leo IC. Martin LutherD. John Calvin13. The largest and earliest of non-Roman Catholic Groups in the West is ___________.A. Lutheran ChurchB. AnglicanismC. PresbyterianD. Free Churches14. ______ is the 2nd book of The Old Testament, telling the history of Hebrews, flight out of Egypt led by Moses.A. ExodusB. GospelC. GenesisD. Job15. _______ is the cradle of many civilizations, such as Trojan, Phrygian, Achaemenid, Greek, Armenian, Roman and Byzantine.A. EgyptB. Asia MinorC. JerusalemD. Aegean SeaShort answer questionReasons for Roman acceptance of Christianity:a. For the common people in the empire who were fed up with wars and social turmoil, they needed something to fill up their spiritual vacuum. Christianity could play such a role to pacify and comfort them with love and care more effectively than other organizations or religions.b. It could work together with any secular regimes to offer necessary assistance to control ideologically and intellectually the ordinary people, which was thus welcomed by the kings, emperors or aristocrats.c. The name and influence of Christianity would be a symbol of sacredness and justification, which would help the majority of people to accept the reign of a newly emerging ruler and his followers.d. Christianity is also a kind of culture, which to many people suggests social stability and recovery of an old life style they are accustomed to. Though conservative as well, it could be tolerated because their life and property could thus be secured in the changed circumstances.True of False(1) When Jesus Christ fled from his brother Esau, he imagined the ladder to heaven. F(2) Christianity is a kind of culture. T(3) Before the 4th century, Christians had been persecuted in Roman Empire. T(4) Jewish culture and religion were immensely enriched by Christianity and Western culture. F(5) The Trinity is the unity of Holy Father, Holy Son and Holy Spirit in one divine being. TChapter Five The Middle Ages and Germanic CultureFill in the blanks(1) Byzantine culture achieved remarkable progress by combining the cultural essence of Greece and Rome with the Eastern culture.(2) Neo-Platonism is a philosophy linking Greek philosophy and the Eastern mysticism, which focused on the power of spirit and transcendentalism.(3) Spiritually and culturally, 14th century in Byzantium showed remarkable vitality.(4) The early medieval literature was represented by poems, particularly by hymns pressing the intense religious feelings of love of God.(5) The artistic achievements of the Medieval Ages mostly related to religion, since it was the focal point in people’s lives and the church was the principal promoter of artistic work.(6) Construction of major buildings during the Middle Ages, consisted mainly of large numbers of churches, generally in Romanesque and Gothic styles.Multiple Choice1. After the last Roman emperor was overthrown by the German mercenary troops, the European civilization moved into _____.A. the modern eraB. the Middle AgesC. the new periodD. the Renaissance2. The barbarous tribes included Celts, Germans and _______.A. FrenchB. ItaliansC. SlavsD. Tartars3. When was the Church divided into the Roman Catholic Church and Eastern Orthodox Church?A. after 1066B. after 1296C. after 1054D. after 4764.Under feudalism, what were the three classes of people of western Europe?A. clergy, knights and serfsB. Pope, bishop and peasantsC. clergy, lords and peasantsD. knights, nobles and serfs5. Which of the following was crowned “Emperor of the Romans” by the Pope in 800?A. St. Thomas AquinasB. CharlemagneC. ConstantineD. King James6.Song of Roland belong to which country’s epic?A. EnglishB. GermanicC. HebrewD. French7. Which of the following is NOT true about Scholasticism.A. Scholasticism was initiated by the medieval theologians to defend and consolidate the status of Christianity.B. The Scholars employed Aristotle’s statement and Plato’s theory of ideas to explain God’s existence.C. The Scholars made a compromise between science and philosophy.D. Scholasticism regarded the Bible as the only source of absolute truth, making reason submit to religious faith. True or false questions(1) Carolingian culture was featured with Christianity because of the latter’s strong influence on the barbarous tribes. T(2) Edda is a collection of Germanic myths which provides the prototypes for later tales of European nations. F(3) All the English names of the weekdays derive from the Northern gods. F(4) The legends in Charlemagne’s life and deeds were frequently referenced by many poets of the Renaissance and later periods. T(5) In the German and Norse mythology, the gods are not perfect. They represent different forces of the God, struggling against the primeval giants. T(6) Since the medieval culture retarded during almost 1000 years development, this period never enhanced Western human civilization in history. F(7) The division of the Frank Empire into three parts after Charlemagne’s death signified the weakening of the centralized system. T(8) The spirit of the Germans formed one part of the central features of the Christian Trinity. T(9) The hierarchical levels of the priesthood during Medieval Ages begin with the Pope as supreme leader, followed by cardinals, archbishops, bishops and the parish priest.T(10) In medieval society, God permanently served as an image of severity and solemnity, without change until the renaissance. F(11) Serfs in the plantations of the Charlemagne’s Empire worked hard because they could be rewarded. F(12) The icon referred to the abstract image of Jesus Christ in the period of Byzantium. T(13) Scholasticism was created by Vatican in the Middle Ages to handle the ideas of infidelity with the help of classical philosophy. TShout answer questionsWhat is your comment on the status of medieval culture and politics in Western history?(1) social advantages for the change of productive means;(2) the weakening of the centralized system;(3) the increasing influences of the Church;(4) cultural contributions of Germans and other nationalities;a. Germanic contributions to Christianity－Power in Christian Trinity mainly came from the Goths who were brave, militant and tactically capable of warring. Charlemagne the Great tried to restore Roman culture and promote cultural development.b. The Muslims also contributed considerably to the preservation and dissemination of classical culture.(5) utilitarian tendency of the medieval culture;a. the emergence of a range of different cultures;b. the humanizing and perfecting of hierarchy;c. the humanization of Christian doctrines.Chapter Six Culture during the RenaissanceFill in the blanks(1) The Renaissance was to recover ancient culture and art; while the Reformation was to recover ancient Christian theology.(2) With far-reaching political, economic and social effects, the Reformation became a basis for the founding of Protestantism, which emerged as one of the three major branches of Christianity.(3) Calvin’s theory of Predestination conformed to expectations of bourgeoisie.(4) Calvin practiced his democratic and republican system on the basis of principles in the New Testaments.(5) Francis Bacon was the founder of experimental science and materialism.(6) “I am thinking, therefore I exist” was spoken by Rene Descartes.Multiple Choice1. Where did the Renaissance start with the flowering of paintings, sculpture and architecture?A. in Greece and RomeB. in Florence and VeniceC. in Milan and FlorenceD. in Italy and Germany2. When did the Renaissance reach its height with its center moving to Milan, then to Rome, and created High Renaissance?A. in the 11th centuryB. in the 15th centuryC. in the 16th centuryD. in the 17th century3. Which of the following works is written by Boccaccio?A. DecameronB. CanzoniersC. DavidD. Moses4. The medieval civilization met its climax during the _________.A. 14th centuryB. 13th centuryC. 12th centuryD. 11th century5. Which of the following High Renaissance artists is the father of the modern mode of painting?A. RaphaelB. TitianC. da VinciD. Michelangelo7. The earliest university in Europe was the one established in _______ .A. BerlinB. RomeC. BolognaD. Oxford8. Which of the following High Renaissance artists was best known for his Madonna (Virgin Mary)?A. TitianB. da VinciC. MichelangeloD. Raphael9. Which of the following is not the inspiration for the Renaissance?A. The break-up of feudal structures.B. The emergence of national monarchies.C. The rise of folk culture and popular literature.D. The revival of religious beliefs.10. In whose reign did the formal break of the British with the papal（教皇制度的）authorities take place?A. Elizabeth IB. William IC. Edward IIID. Henry VIII11. After the formal break of the British with the papal authorities, who was the head of the church?A. KingB. PopeC. BishopD. Queen12. Which of the following works was written by Rabelais（拉拍雷）, in which he praises the greatness of man,expresses his love of love and his reverence and sympathy for humanist learning?A. Gargantua and PantagruelB. Don QuixoteC. The Praise of FollyD. Utopia13. Whose motto put down in his essays “What do I Know?” is world famous?A. CervantesB. RabelaisC. Montaigne(蒙田：法国人文主义思想家)D. Shakespeare14.Which of the following works is worth reading for Montaigne’s humanist ideas and a style which is easy and familiar?A. SonnetsB. DecameronC. RabelaisD. Of Repentance15. Which of the following is NOT French writer poet?A. CervantesB. Pierre de RonsardC. RabelaisD. Montaigne16. In 1516 who published the first Greek edition of the New Testament?A. BruegelB. Erasmus（伊拉兹马斯C. El GrecoD. Rabelais17. “To be, or not to be, -- that is the question. ”is from whose works?A. ChaucerB. DanteC. Roger BaconD. Shakespeare18. The core idea of the Renaissance was ________.A. rationalismB. realismC. humanismD. classicism19.The bourgeoisie was a result of ____ production in terms of wage-payment and profit.A. massB. agriculturalC. industrialD. commercial20. The most important reason for the emergence of the Renaissance in Italy is _______.A. Italy’s prosperous tradeB. the variety of urban social lifeC. the use of Latin as a common languageD. that the newly emerging capitalists sought to oppose feudal and divine dominance of society21. The major boost of Humanism is _______ .A. the fall of ConstantinopleB. the prosperity of the city of FlorenceC. the prosperous trade and production of handicraftD. the rich variety of urban social life22. Which of the following is not the major principle of humanism?A. Literature should represent the feelings of ordinary humans.B. Science should produce benefits for mankind.C. Education should develop divine spirit and classical culture.D. Man should become central in everything.True or false(1) Individualism was the foundation of social ideology during the Renaissance. T(2) Dante’s most important works On Monarchy shows most of his humanist ideas over which he was meditating during years of exile. F(3) Petrarch opposed the papal authority and other supreme authorities by exemplifying his attitudes towards Aristotle. T(4) The Renaissance and humanism greatly contributed to the occurrence of Enlightenment and bourgeois revolution. T(5) Humanism helped spark the Reformation, while the latter hindered the development of the former. T(6) Cultural salon was founded in order to spread the Graeco-Roman culture. F(7) The discussions in the cultural salon helped to improve cultural manners. T(8) The French Academy derives from a club of ten members discussing questions of common interest. F(9) Drama was a vigorous and popular cultural activity during the Renaissance in France. T(10) Drama in this period focused on moral irony, formal beauty as well as brevity and understatement. TShort answer questions1.Try to list the elements which contributed to the emergence of the Renaissance.Hints: the break-up of feudal structures; the strengthening of city-states in Italy; the emergence of national monarchies in Spain, France, and England; the thrive of many different kinds of social structures; the rise of folk culture and popular literature in most European countries; changes in secular education, particularly the founding of universities.2. What are the major features and achievements of the Renaissance? Give examples.The Renaissance is characterized by seeking ideological emancipation, intellectual freedom and political awareness, based on cultural production and religious reformation. All these were undertaken or unfolded gradually but widely, extending its influences to every corner of Europe, with more and more people getting involved.The achievements were seen principally in six areas, namely, painting, sculpture, poetry, fiction, drama and religious reformation as well as the change in the cultural and intellectual climate. Instances could be located in these areas, such as the huge change of subjects and styles in painting. The medieval painting used to centre on depicting Jesus Christ and other Christian subjects, not only effecting similar and the limited subject matter, but also depicting stylistically facial expressions and manners. The great artists in the Renaissance started to focus on the images with individualistic temperament, highlighting humanity instead of divinity, thus breaking away from the medieval frozen models and linking classicalism with human nature as the centre of their representational work.3. Please illustrate the features of social ideology during the Renaissance and its representative figures.The social ideology was based on individual interests and characteristics of individualism. The core of social ideology during the Renaissance was humanism, which reflected strongly the wishes and desires of the civilian class and essentially an expression of the bourgeois individualism and hedonism. Humanism contributed remarkably to the later social and intellectual advances in the Western world.Representative figures are Dante, Petrarch, Boccaccio and Machiavelli.4. Please clarify the significance of the Religious Reformation in the Western world.The Reformation made great contribution to the social and intellectual development of Western civilization.a. With the far-reaching political, economic and social effects, the Reformation became a basis for the founding of Protestantism, which emerged as one of the three major branches of Christianity.b. The Reformation was the most effective and influential in terms of the results it achieved. It not only contributed to the ecclesiastical development of Christianity, but opened the way to much of the subsequent social and intellectual progress of the West.5. Please analyze the features of classicism.a. Drama and other forms of arts tended to imitate and reflect those of the Graeco-Roman civilization.b. Literature of this period is termed neoclassical, because it sought beauty of form rather than the content.c. Culture in this period not only exhibited the productions of artistic works, but promoted the development of life styles, such as dress and speech.d. As commonly opposed to Romanticism, the 17th-century classicism in France implies a social ideal.e. Classicism tends naturally to be expressed by the adoption of certain classical forms.。

西方文明史导论题库(试题62道含答案)

西方文明史导论题库（试题62道含答案）1.现代西方学者的哪些研究旨在纠正将文化视为断裂发展的观点，强调延续性？A.《近代国家的中世纪起源》B.《12世纪文艺复兴》正确答案：AB2.西罗马帝国灭亡后出现的大整合对哪些要素进行了整合？A.古希腊人的放大了的个人B.古罗马的放大了的国家C.日耳曼人的家和家族要素D.作为欧洲精神统治者的基督教教会正确答案：ABCD3.1500-1800年间的欧洲历史，通常被界定为？A.中世纪B.前工业化时期C.近代早期D.现代正确答案：C4.西方文明的发展过程中出现过哪几次比较大的整合？A.西罗马帝国灭亡后的大整合B.文艺复兴时期的整合C.后现代文化对于现代社会的整合正确答案：ABC5.西方文明中的哪一次大整合成为推动欧洲从中世纪向近代过渡的由衰及兴的转折？A.西罗马帝国灭亡后的大整合B.文艺复兴时期的整合C.后现代文化对于现代社会的整合正确答案：B6.下列哪项不属于西方近代社会的特征？A.国家臣民关系B.主权国家C.领主附庸制D.政教分离正确答案：C7.作为知识分子的人文主义者在欧洲的危机和转型中呈现出哪些特点？A.独立于封建政府，直接来自民间，受市场、民间文化影响B.独立于封建文化，不受学院派的影响C.独立于教会，不受教会的影响D.独立于封建传统的祖宗家法正确答案：ABCD8.欧洲在中世纪晚期出现的结构性危机的具体表现包括哪些？A.危机的非复原性B.危机的普遍性C.危机导致旧结构主体与部件的分离D.危机造成对中古文明基本原则的背离正确答案：ABCD9.哪位学者充分重视了普通人在近代欧洲政治形成中的作用，这种政治是普通人通过公社、议会、共和国三个步骤自下而上推动的，从而明显有别于只强调君主通过“王朝战争”自上而下建立近代国家的历史解释？A.鲍斯曼B.布瑞克C.斯克瑞布尼D.卡赞斯坦正确答案：B10.下列哪位学者的主要观点不属于促进社会和谐的文化理论？A.亨廷顿B.卡赞斯坦C.斯克瑞布尼D.鲍斯曼正确答案：A11.哪位学者写作了《文艺复兴的衰落》，在自由与秩序组成的共生共存的范畴内研究文艺复兴的文化，纠正将差异变为对立的做法？A.鲍斯曼B.布瑞克C.斯克瑞布尼D.卡赞斯坦正确答案：A12.下列哪些是软实力的特征？A.隐形的规则B.无意识的约定俗成C.高情感D.强迫性的驯服力正确答案：ABC13.创新型人才需要具备哪些素质？A.能服从领导，但不盲目跟从B.能团结群众，但不随波逐流C.能充分展现个人魅力，但绝不损害别人形象D.能谦虚好学，但不照搬照抄正确答案：ABCD14.文明是从哪些要素的出现开始的？A.农村B.城市C.国家正确答案：ACD15.文明的发展对社会有哪些启示？A.文明从造墙开始，到拆墙结束B.从硬实力到软实力C.从世俗价值到心灵价值正确答案：ABC16.第一个提出软实力概念的人实际上是哪位？A.老子B.约瑟夫·奈正确答案：A17.哪位学者提出社区宗教改革和普通人的革命的概念，强调了普通人通过社区组织来自下而上地推动近代政治的发展？A.鲍斯曼B.布瑞克C.斯克瑞布尼D.卡赞斯坦正确答案：B18.哪位学者否定了把工业革命之前的文化分裂为精英文化、大众文化之间的对立的做法，认为这两种文化之间存在着互补性，甚至可以被视为同一种文化延伸出来的两种表述方式？A.鲍斯曼C.斯克瑞布尼D.卡赞斯坦正确答案：C19.哪位学者提出宗教改革并不是路德一人的宗教改革，而是存在诸多的宗教改革，如茨温利的改革、加尔文的改革、德国诸侯的改革、市民的宗教改革和农民的宗教改革？A.鲍斯曼B.布瑞克C.斯克瑞布尼D.卡赞斯坦正确答案：C20.下列哪一项不属于路德的宗教改革思想主张？A.因信称义B.行为称义C.凡信徒皆祭司D.重视《圣经》和基督，而不是崇拜教会、教皇正确答案：B21.宗教改革产生了哪些影响？A.政治上，变教会政府两分法为政府掌控下的教会B.经济上，关闭修道院，不再向教会纳税，教会财产归国家或世俗政府C.教会上，将教会视为人间的组织D.心理上，强调基督徒的自由正确答案：ABCD22.在七大圣礼中，哪一个是为立志到僧侣的人授予权杖和戒指的？A.洗礼B.涂油礼C.授受礼D.坚信礼正确答案：C23.耶稣是从谁那里受洗的A.圣母B.约翰C.上帝D.撒旦正确答案：B24.中世纪教会与世俗社会之间的矛盾体现在以下哪些方面？A.教会与国王的权力之争B.富裕的教会与贫穷的社会之间的经济之争C.禁欲的文化与开放的世俗贵族文化之间的文化之争D.礼仪限制下的人与因果限制下的人之间的思想之争E.教会对一些职业的限制与世俗人士要不择手段挣钱谋生之间的工作之争正确答案：ABCDE25.中世纪的教会具有哪些特点？A.等级制B.宗教对世俗的反动C.教义的理论主张与教会的实际行为之间存在矛盾正确答案：ABC26.人文学科和社会学科的研究大体上可以被归纳为哪两种类型？A.基础研究B.决策研究C.实验研究正确答案：AB27.在天主教的七大圣礼中，哪一项是对立志当僧侣的人授予权杖和戒指？A.坚信礼B.涂油礼C.授受礼D.圣餐礼正确答案：C28.哪些原因促成欧洲最早向近代过渡？A.欧洲是世界上过渡阻力最小的地区B.成熟的市民阶层给予领导C.过渡时的策略灵活理性D.根据社会需要分阶段过渡，过渡的进程比较符合民意正确答案：ABCD29.欧洲的市民具有哪些特殊性，使其能够在欧洲由衰及兴的过程中担当起领导职责？A.独立于封建政府，直接来自民间，受市场、民间文化影响B.独立于封建文化，不受学院派的影响C.独立于教会，不受教会的影响D.独立于封建传统的祖宗家法正确答案：ABCD30.欧洲历史上的第二个过渡期大致可以划分为哪三个阶段？A.从476年西罗马帝国崩溃到800年查理大帝加冕B.从1350年到1500年的危机和驯服时期C.从1500年到1650年的制度转换时期D.从1650年到1800年的民主与专制进行斗争的大革命时期正确答案：BCD31.一个社会从中古到近代的转变，叫转型，也叫过渡，但是有两种情况：一种是有过渡期的过渡，另一种是没有过渡期的过渡。

西方文化史期末复习经典论述题

西方文化史期末复习经典论述题1、西方文化的内涵西方文化的基本内涵包括希腊罗马文化、___文化和___文化、日耳曼文化以及资本主义文化。

这些文化通过相互交流和否定，产生了新的文化性状，并导致了整个社会和历史文化的不断变迁和自我超越。

在东方人的观念中，西方充满着浪漫与理性、热情与虔诚、冒险与智慧。

2、阐述地理特征与希腊精神塑造间的关系希腊城邦林立的松散状态培养了自由独立民主的精神，但也容易导致内战。

而临海的地理位置，则培养了海洋民族的冒险精神，同时也为反抗权威准备了随着得以出逃的出海口。

3、为什么___从非法的地下组织迅速发展为世界性宗教罗马帝国后期社会生活相对安定，交通便利，使用希腊方言更容易沟通感情。

随着罗马文化活力逐渐衰退，这为新的宗教思想传播提供了客观条件。

___是多种思想和精神因素相结合的混合物，具有普遍性和包容性的根本特点，这是它的内在吸引力。

4、文艺复兴为何首先出现在意大利意大利是古罗马的发源地，也是中世纪___文化的心脏地区。

从文化渊源上，这里保留了古罗马优秀的古典文化传统，他们始终把自己看作是古代罗马人的后裔。

意大利的城市共和国的商业和贸易很发达，这为文学和艺术的发展提供了雄厚的物质基础。

作为资本主义的最早诞生地，意大利为文艺复兴提供了新兴资产阶级和新兴市民阶层。

新兴资产阶级包括经济上成功的实业家、商人和银行家，他们对社会和文化生活提出了自己的，不同于过去的新要求，用手中的钱丰富和美化自己的生活成为他们的生活追求。

城市生活还造就了新兴市民阶层，他们思想活跃，自由化倾向严重，是中世纪敢于冲破旧秩序束缚的那群人。

5、19世纪后半页欧洲为何会掀起现实主义思潮该思潮的文艺主张？19世纪后半页欧洲掀起现实主义思潮的原因是社会和经济的变革，以及人们对现实的关注和思考。

现实主义文艺主张表现真实的生活和社会现象，反对浪漫主义和理想化的艺术表现形式。

这种文艺主张反映了人们对社会现实的关注和思考，也反映了现实主义对艺术的要求和追求。

西方文化试题及答案

西方文化试题及答案题一：列举西方文化的特点，并分别举例说明。

西方文化的特点主要体现在以下几个方面：1. 传统与现代相结合：西方文化在长期的发展过程中，历经多个时期和重大事件的冲击、变革。

因此，它既保留了许多传统文化的元素，又与现代社会相结合，形成了独特的文化风貌。

例如，西方艺术中的古典主义和现代艺术中的抽象主义、概念艺术等风格并存。

2. 科技与创新：西方文化注重科学技术的发展与应用，强调创新和实用性。

西方国家在工业、医学、信息技术等领域取得了世界领先地位。

比如，西方国家在航天技术、人工智能、医学影像等领域的创新和突破。

3. 个人价值与自由：西方文化强调个人的价值和权利，主张尊重个体的自由和独立思考的能力。

西方国家的法律制度、民主制度、言论自由等都是基于这一价值观建立的。

例如，美国宪法中明确规定的人权和自由权利。

4. 多元开放与国际交流：西方文化接纳多元文化，促进国际交流，以开放的心态对待其他文化。

它倡导多元文化的融合与共存，培养全球化视野。

例如，欧洲国家通过欧盟的建立，实现了政治和经济的整合。

题二：从西方文化的角度，分析现代社会中存在的挑战和机遇。

西方文化在现代社会中既面临挑战，也有机遇。

1. 挑战：全球化带来的文化冲击。

随着全球化的推进，西方文化面临来自不同文化的冲击和竞争。

如何保持自身独特性、传统和核心价值面临挑战。

2. 机遇：文化多元促进创新与发展。

西方国家借助全球文化的融合，可以不断吸取其他文化的创新与发展经验。

多元文化的碰撞与融合，可以再次激发西方文化的活力和创造力。

3. 挑战：社会价值观的多元化和冲突。

随着社会的多元化发展，西方国家内部不同文化群体之间的价值观差异可能带来社会矛盾和冲突。

如何实现价值观的平衡与和谐是一个重要的挑战。

4. 机遇：推动全球性的社会问题解决。

作为先进的文化体系，西方文化具备解决全球性社会问题的能力。

例如，西方国家在气候变化、贫富差距、人权保护等领域的实践和经验可以为其他国家提供借鉴和启示。

西方文化史A卷

宁夏广播电视大学2010-2011学年度第一学期英语教育开放本科西方文化史试题一、填空题根据上下文填入相应的内容（共计40分，每小题2分）1、奥林匹克运动会起源于________。

2、“给我一个支点，我可以撬起一个地球”一语源于______________定律。

3、耶稣是______________教的创立者，该教起源于___________教，该教的正式经典被称为《》。

4、在天文学方面，最早提出“日心说”是希腊人亚历斯塔克。

他认为________是_______的中心, _______和行星在围绕_______旋转。

他甚至断言地球的体积小于_________。

5、__________是世界上第一个建立起议会制的国家；___________是欧洲历史上第一个资产阶级共和国，同时也是欧洲第一个迈向君主制的国家。

6、著名的“万有引力定律”是英国科学家_________。

他所提出的力学四大定律科学的解释了为什么行星在围绕_________椭圆轨道运行而不是_________ 运行，为什么地球在围绕____ 作公转和自传时地球表面的物体不会抛落。

7、1789年，___________因其在独立战争中的突出贡献和个人魅力当选为美国第一任总统。

8、《_____________》，最初叫《莱茵军战歌》，是反映法国大革命精神的最伟大歌曲，气势磅礴、旋律激昂,它能鼓舞民众激发斗志，充满了爱国主义激情，因此，被确定为法国__________。

9、柴可夫斯基是19世纪下半叶俄国最伟大的作曲家，他创作的《____________》以其清新典雅的风格在世界芭蕾舞表演中占有重要的地位。

二、判断题判断下列各题，对的打“√”，错的打“ⅹ”（共20分，每小题2分）1、近代哲学是从神学中分离出来的。

（）2、雨果是法国19世纪浪漫主义作家的杰出代表。

（）3、伽利略对于哥白尼日新学说体系的是为哥白尼的理论提供了更多的天文证据，但多数科学家仍然不相信哥白尼的结论是正确的。

09西方文化史试题

填空：线形文字B特伦斯萨莱诺大学伊索寓言东正教土耳其的西沙里克小山宙斯多利亚柱子德谟克里特希波克拉底阿基米德托勒密日耳曼人古典音乐一、名解：迷宫：王宫的结构很复杂，有1500多个房间，每个房间以长廊、门厅、暗道、阶梯相连。

可以说：曲巷暗堂，千回百转。

分合难辩，扑朔迷离。

别说外人，就是宫内人也很分别，一不小心也会走错房间。

（看图《奇迹》P22）这座宫殿被后来的希腊人传的越来越神奇，最后被荷马写进了史诗，称为“迷宫”。

这个神话是：米诺斯王的妻子疯狂地爱上了一头公牛，生下一个牛头人身的怪物。

国王恼羞成怒，把它关进一个迷宫。

然后，国王命令雅典每9年送来7对童男童女，供它吃——因为他是希腊的霸主，他能够命令别国。

这给雅典代来了灾难。

于是，少年的雅典王装扮为童男，来到克里特，进入迷宫，杀死怪物。

他是如何出来的？原来，是克里特的公主爱上了他，送给他一个线团。

实际上，这个迷宫的原形就是克里特国王的王宫。

被神化为迷宫，可见这个王宫的结构是多么复杂！三位一体：在4世纪确立。

圣父、圣子、圣灵具有同一的上帝的本质，同时它们又处于三个不同的位格中。

这个教义是在当时的教义论争中确定下来的：阿利乌派依据希腊哲学，力图使三者的关系具有逻辑上的连贯性，圣子为圣父所创造，所以基督不可能既是上帝，又是上帝的儿子。

但是基督教信仰需要的不是理性。

阿利乌的逻辑推论遭到了以阿塔那修为首的另一派的反对。

而君士坦丁大帝支持后者，所以，在皇帝的压力下，通过了著名的《尼西亚信经》，三位一体从此就成为基督教的正统教义。

荷马史诗特洛伊战争的神化：迈锡尼文明毁灭了，但是迈锡尼人征服特洛伊的那场战争似乎并没有被希腊世界忘记。

战争中涌现出的英雄人物和英雄故事经过一代一代口口相传，经过不断的改编、夸张、润色、神化，变得脍炙人口。

这些故事的定型归功于荷马——此人是否存在也有争论，不过希腊人的回答是肯定的。

比较一致的结论：在公元前750年左右，盲人荷马将历代相传的特洛伊战争故事整理，编写为“荷马史诗”。

西方文明史自测题

西方文明史自测题西方文明史自测题一、单选题1.西方文明的主体是（）。

A.发端于古代希腊与古代罗马的那一支文化B.以地中海大西洋文化为主体的文明C.北美文明D.英国文明2.古罗马文化中最有成就的是（）。

A.法学B.天文学C.历史学D.地理学3.“西欧文化第二繁荣期”是指（）。

A.启蒙运动时期B.文艺复兴时期C.近代时期D.现代时期4.克里特文化成就的集大成者是（）。

A.克诺索斯城邦的王宫B.迈锡尼文化C. “阿特柔斯王的宝库”D.米诺斯王宫5.古代罗马使用的文字被称为（）。

A.字母文字B.象形文字C.拉丁文D.线形文字6.拜占庭文化的代表是（）。

A.文学B.雕塑C.宗教D.圣索菲亚大教堂7.欧洲历史上第一部系统完备的法典是（）。

A.《汉谟拉比法典》B.《拿破仑法典》C.《查士丁尼法典》D.《法国民法典》8.西欧人开辟新航路的理论依据是（）。

A.地理大发现B.基督教C.天文学D.地圆之说。

9.近代资产阶级政治思想家关于国家主权学说的第一次系统论述的著作是（）。

A.伊拉斯谟的《愚人颂》B.尼科洛·马基雅弗利的《君主论》C.让·博丹的《国家论》D.弗朗索瓦·拉伯雷的《巨人传》10.德国路德宗教改革纲领的核心点，是他的（）。

A.《九十五条论纲》B.《书简》C. “因信称义”学说。

D.《十二条款》11.关于引发“三十年战争”的直接原因的叙述，正确的选项是（）。

A.它是列强之间争霸的产物B.它是欧洲“均势”的产物C.它是由宗教之争而引发的D.它是由商路之争而引发的12.下列选项，属于勒奈·笛卡尔的观点的选项是（）。

A.知识就是力量B.人民主权论C.我思故我在D.社会契约论13.启蒙运动的主战场是在（）。

A.英国B.荷兰C.法国D.北美14.“自由、平等、博爱”三位一体的口号，最终形成于（）。

A.英国资产阶级革命时期B.美国独立战争时期C.法国大革命时期D.拉美独立战争时期15.19世纪西方资产阶级最主要的政治哲学是（）。

西方文化史练习题

西方文化习题一、选择题1．古代埃及人发明象形文字，并且不断（）和完善。

A发展B促进C加以改进D发扬2．古代埃及在建筑方面取得了举世瞩目的成就尤其是（）的建造，至今仍是一个不解之迷。

A古塔B金字塔C斜塔D三角塔3．《旧约圣经》是犹太教的经典，但这一名称是（）才有的。

A犹太教的兴起B基督教兴起之后C宗教兴起D古代犹太教兴起4．“荷马史诗”是我们研究“黑暗时代”希腊社会的惟一文字史料，因此“黑暗时代”又称为（）。

A史诗时代B荷马时代C时代晚期D时代的代表5．梭伦（约公元前638-前559）不仅是雅典著名的政治家和改革，也是希腊（）哀歌诗人。

A杰出的B卓越的C领先的D伟大的6．近代自然学的开端事件是（）。

A哥白尼创立太阳中心说B开普勒提出开普勒定律C牛顿创立微积分数学D威兼·哈维确立血液循环学说7．产业革命时期，有“钢琴诗人”之称的音乐家是（）。

A贝多芬B肖邦C舒伯特D李斯特8．爱因斯坦在世界科技史上的最大贡献是（）。

A量子力学理论B相对论C量子统计理论D万有引力定律9．俄国伟大作家托尔斯泰的《复活》是一部（）的代表作。

A浪漫主义文学B新古典主义文学C批判现实主义文学D无产阶级文学10．用立体评论方法结合象征寓言方法创作了著名油画《格尔尼卡》，揭露法西斯侵略暴行的画家是（）。

A康定斯基B爱德华·蒙克 C亨利·马蒂斯 D毕加索11．萨福（）是抒情时代著名的女诗人以独唱琴歌著称。

A公元前602~？B公元前612~？C公元前621~？D公元前610~？12．古代雅典的物质生活贫乏，却有着丰富的（）生活。

A文化B精神C精神文化D物质13．苏格拉底（公元前469-前399）是雅典著名的（）哲学家。

A唯物主义B唯心主义C个人主义D相以主义14．苏格拉底在批判智者学派的相对主义时，提出了“（）的命题”。

A艺术即知识B道德即知识C美德即知识D哲学即知识15．《形而上学》是亚里士多德的主要哲学著作，是关于宇宙本体（实体）的学说，亚里士多德称之为“（）”。

西方文化入门复习题

西方文化入门复习题填空题1. The earliest civilization in Greece was the Cretan Civilization, also known as the Minoan Civilization.2. At the end of Mycenaean civilization, the Trojan War broke out.3. In the 6th Century B.C. the city of Sparta gained greater control of Peloponnesus by organizing an alliance of almost all the Peloponnesian states.4. The Persian wars, which were between Greek states and Persia, ended with The Battle of Marathon.5. In Greek mythology, the Olympian gods include Zeus, Hestia, Poseidon, Hades, Demeter, Hera, and other six gods.6. One of the features of Greek mythology is that gods resembled humans.7. Plato was Socrates’ student and the author of The Republic.8. The Senate was a political institution started from ancient Rome and still part of the parliaments in some western countries.9. The first Triumvirate of Rome included Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus.10. The capital city of Byzantine Empire was Constantinople.11. The exiled Jews systematically recomposed their legends and manuscripts into the book Talmud.12. The Bible of Judaism is the same as the New Testament of Christianity.13. Christianity became the sole official religion of the Roman Empire in 392 AD under the emperor Theodosius.14. Christianity has broken up into several factions, principally the Roman Catholicism, the Eastern Orthodoxy, and the Protestantism.15. After the destruction of Roman Empire in 476, Europe entered the Middle Ages, which lasted about a thousand years or so and was dominated by Germanic people whom the Romans had called savage.16. In the 7th Century, Muhammad, an Arabian merchant, founded the religion of Islam.17. The most striking feature of Renaissance was doubtless the flourishing of humanism, which was exemplified by the developments in science, religion,philosophy, literature, art, and education.18. The two leaders of religious reformation in 16th century were Martin Luther in Germany and John Calvin in France.19. Renaissance art was represented by three towering figures: da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Raphael.20. The Enlightenment, which is generally agreed to have originated in France, marked the beginning of the modern era and laid a solid foundation for the later process of the Western modernization.21. The most important book of the French philosopher Rousseau was The Social Contract which argued against the idea that monarchs were divinely empowered to legislate and theorized about the best way to establish a political community in the face of the problems of commercial society.简答题1. In what sense do you think Roman culture owed its accomplishments to the benefits obtained from Greek culture?2. How was the Jewish civilization developed after a tortuous history of split and unification?3. What are the main components of Christianity?4. Why the Byzantine Empire could stay much longer than the Western Roman Empire?5. What are the major achievements of the Renaissance?6. Briefly introduce two representative figures of the Enlightenment and their central ideas.。

西方文化史试题

西方文化史试题一、填空1、《俄底浦斯》的作者是（索福克勒斯）。

2、喜剧在古希腊文中的原意是（狂欢游行时唱的歌）。

3、哲学在古希腊文中的原意是（爱与智慧）。

哲学上的第一个问题是（本原问题）问题，它包含两个问题：（本原是什么？）和（本原生成的原因？及自然万物运动变化的动力问题）。

4、西方哲学的始祖是（泰勒斯），他创立了（米利都）学派，他认为世界的本原是（水）。

8、被柏拉图成为“学园之灵”的是（亚里士多德）。

9、爱非斯学派的代表是（赫拉克利特），他认为万物的本原是（火），他第一次提出了（逻各斯）概念。

10、爱利亚学派的最大代表是（芝诺），他提出的重要哲学概念是（存在）。

11、荷马的两部伟大史诗是（《伊利亚特》）和（《奥德赛》）。

12、古希腊神话的根本特征是（神人同形同性）。

13、悲剧在古希腊文中的原意是（山羊之歌），它是为了歌颂（酒神）。

11、古希腊哲学中的两对基本矛盾是（一与多）和（动与静）。

12、原子唯物论的代表是（德谟克利特），他认为一切事物的本原是（原子和虚空）。

13、普罗泰戈拉的重要命题是（人是万物的尺度）。

14、苏格拉底最重要的命题是（德性即知识，无知即罪恶），他提出的哲学方法是（问答法）和（下定义）15、古希腊建筑的最杰出代表作是被称作处女宫的（帕特农神庙），它是为了纪念女神（雅典娜）。

16、普拉克西特列斯的代表作是（米洛的维纳斯）。

17、古希腊的悲剧之父是（埃斯库罗斯），喜剧之父是（阿里斯托芬）。

18、芝诺为反对运动，提出的四个悖论是：（飞矢不动悖论）、（阿基里斯悖论）、（游行队伍悖论）和（两分法悖论）。

19、被称作历史学之父的是（希罗多德），其代表作（《希波战争史》）。

20、修昔底德的代表作是（《伯罗奔尼撒战争史》）。

21、被称作希腊化时期的哥白尼的是（阿里斯达克），他第一个提出了日心说。

22、欧几里德的（《几何原本》）可看作古希腊科学的最高成就。

23、古希腊的医学之父是（希波克拉底）。

西方文化试题及答案

西方文化试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 以下哪部作品不是莎士比亚的悲剧？A. 《哈姆雷特》B. 《罗密欧与朱丽叶》C. 《威尼斯商人》D. 《奥赛罗》答案：C2. 被称为“现代艺术之父”的艺术家是：A. 达芬奇B. 米开朗基罗C. 梵高D. 塞尚答案：D3. 以下哪个节日起源于古罗马？A. 圣诞节B. 感恩节C. 万圣节D. 复活节答案：C4. 以下哪个国家不是欧洲国家？A. 法国B. 德国C. 澳大利亚D. 意大利答案：C5. 以下哪个不是西方文化中的四大发明？A. 造纸术B. 印刷术C. 指南针D. 火药答案：A（注：西方文化中的四大发明通常指的是：蒸汽机、电力、内燃机和计算机）二、填空题（每空1分，共10分）1. 被誉为西方哲学之父的是________。

答案：苏格拉底2. 《神曲》是意大利诗人________的代表作。

答案：但丁3. 欧洲文艺复兴运动起源于________世纪的意大利。

答案：144. 现代奥运会的发源地是________。

答案：希腊5. 法国大革命发生在________年。

答案：1789三、简答题（每题10分，共30分）1. 简述文艺复兴时期的主要特点。

答案：文艺复兴时期是欧洲历史上的一个重要时期，主要特点包括对古典文化的复兴，人文主义思想的兴起，科学和艺术的繁荣，以及对个人价值和理性的重视。

2. 描述一下启蒙运动对西方社会的影响。

答案：启蒙运动是18世纪欧洲的一场思想运动，它强调理性、批判传统权威，推动了科学、哲学和政治的发展。

启蒙运动对西方社会产生了深远的影响，包括促进了民主和法治的发展，为现代国家的形成奠定了思想基础。

3. 阐述一下工业革命对西方社会经济和文化的影响。

答案：工业革命是18世纪末到19世纪初的一场技术和社会变革，它极大地提高了生产效率，促进了城市化和资本主义经济的发展。

同时，工业革命也带来了社会结构的变化，促进了教育和文化的普及，对西方社会的经济和文化产生了深远的影响。

西方文化试题及答案

西方文化试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 以下哪位哲学家不是法国启蒙运动的代表人物？A. 伏尔泰B. 卢梭C. 康德D. 狄德罗答案：C2. 莎士比亚的戏剧《哈姆雷特》中，主人公哈姆雷特的叔叔叫什么名字？A. 克劳狄斯B. 麦克白C. 李尔王D. 奥赛罗答案：A3. 美国的独立宣言是在哪一年份签署的？A. 1775B. 1776C. 1789D. 1783答案：B4. 以下哪部作品不是简·奥斯汀的代表作？A. 《傲慢与偏见》B. 《理智与情感》C. 《简·爱》D. 《曼斯菲尔德庄园》答案：C5. 以下哪位艺术家不是印象派画家？A. 莫奈B. 梵高C. 高更D. 毕加索答案：D6. 古希腊神话中，宙斯是哪位神的儿子？A. 波塞冬B. 哈迪斯C. 克罗诺斯D. 阿波罗答案：C7. 以下哪部作品是弗洛伊德的代表作？A. 《梦的解析》B. 《人性的弱点》C. 《乌合之众》D. 《存在与时间》答案：A8. 英国的工业革命开始于哪个世纪？A. 16世纪B. 17世纪C. 18世纪D. 19世纪答案：C9. 以下哪部作品不是威廉·福克纳的代表作？A. 《喧哗与骚动》B. 《老人与海》C. 《我弥留之际》D. 《去吧，摩西》答案：B10. 以下哪位作曲家不是浪漫主义时期的代表人物？A. 贝多芬B. 肖邦C. 巴赫D. 李斯特答案：C二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. 英国的国花是________。

答案：玫瑰2. 欧洲文艺复兴运动开始于________世纪。

答案：143. 被誉为“现代经济学之父”的是________。

答案：亚当·斯密4. 法国大革命爆发于________年。

答案：17895. 被誉为“现代戏剧之父”的是________。

答案：易卜生6. 英国的首都伦敦位于________河沿岸。

答案：泰晤士7. 被誉为“现代心理学之父”的是________。

西方文化史复习题(开卷)陈整理

一．名词解释：荷马史诗：古希腊史诗。

相传由古希腊盲诗人荷马于公元前6世纪创作的一部以历史和传说为原型的“英雄史诗”，是两部长篇史诗《伊利亚特》和《奥德赛》的统称，都分成24卷。

它不仅反映了公元前11世纪到公元前9世纪希腊的社会情况，而且反映了迈锡尼文明，是研究希腊“黑暗时代”的重要史料。

同时，《荷马史诗》是欧洲最早的文学巨著，是欧洲文学的渊源，具有珍贵的文学价值，它还在在历史、地理、考古学和民俗学方面也提供给后世很多值得研究的东西，对后世产生了深远影响。

一般认为荷马生于公元前9至前8世纪之间，出生地是希腊东部的某地。

《伊利昂记》和《奥德修记》都是洋洋万言的史诗，前者长达15693行，后者亦有12110行。

两部史诗最初只是一些零散篇章，其依据是古代的传说；由于乐师们在民间说唱得以流传，荷马应该是初步将这两部史诗定型的人。

艺术上，荷马史诗内容丰富，风格古朴自然，节奏感很强。

2000多年来，西方人始终认为它是古代最伟大的史诗。

《罗马民法大全》《查士丁尼法典》《法学汇纂》《法理概要》《新律》的总称。

拜占庭皇帝查士丁尼于528年下令编纂，由法学家特里波尼安主持。

巩固帝位、突出君权是这部法学文献的基本宗旨，宣扬皇帝意志、承认阶级差别、保护私有财产。

这是欧洲历史上第一部系统完备的成文法典，奠定了后世西方大陆法系的基石，对欧洲各国法律产生巨大影响。

巴洛克艺术：17、18世纪流行于欧洲的一种新型视觉艺术形式。

源于意大利，后风行欧洲各国，法国凡尔赛宫一度成为这种艺术的中心。

其本意是奇形怪状、矫揉造作的意思。

最初主要应用于建筑、雕塑和绘画等视觉艺术当中，后影响到文学、艺术和思想领域，具有以下特点：力求表达一种强烈的感情；注重心理描述；刻意强调精湛技艺；凸显自由、悲壮和明暗对比。

奠基者为卡拉瓦乔，意大利艺术大师贝尼尼和佛兰德斯画家鲁本斯将其推向辉煌。

巴洛克艺术不排斥异端的感官喜悦，亦忠实于基督教的世界观，故亦是“基督教化的文艺复兴”。

西方文明史第五版考试题

西方文明史第五版考试题1.“把天下传给舜，全天下便都可以得到好处，只是丹朱痛苦；传给丹朱，全天下便都痛苦，只是丹朱得到好处。

”尧说道，“总不能拿全天下人的痛苦，去造福一个人。

”下列概述符合这段文字记载的是( ) [单选题] *A.天下为公，任人为亲B.天下为家，选贤与能C.天下为公，选贤与能(正确答案)D.天下为家，世代相袭2.这一体制是在中央王朝掌握大量可自由支配的土地和人口资源，但王朝自身又无法实现直接控制的情况下，委派亲信建立对王朝负有责任和义务的具有一定独立性的政权的国家管理形式。

“这一体制”成熟于( ) [单选题] *A.夏商时期B.西周时期(正确答案)C.秦汉时期D.三国时期3.西周时期，周王室对墓葬用品的规定严格，如用鼎制度就明确规定为“天子九鼎，诸侯七鼎，大夫五鼎，元士三鼎或一鼎”。

材料反映的本质问题是( ) [单选题] *A.西周各地经济发展不平衡B.西周手工业中冶铜业十分落后C.西周社会的腐败现象严重D.西周社会呈现等级森严的特征(正确答案)4.“分封制在封土授民的同时，也把周王朝自己及其从商王朝接受过来的先进的器物、官僚体制、典章制度、意识形态和文化结构，带到了分封制度所及之地。

”这反映出了分封制( ) [单选题] *A.推动了中原文明的扩展(正确答案)B.扩大了西周的疆域C.促成了统一民族的形成D.巩固了西周的统治5.钱穆先生认为：“在史学里，制度本属一项专门学问……任何一制度之创立，必然有其外在的需要，必然有其内在的用意，则是断无可疑的。

”据此分析，秦始皇在地方设立郡县制的“内在的用意”主要是( ) [单选题] *A.继承前代制度B.适应时代变迁C.促进秦朝统一D.加强中央集权(正确答案)6.1975年12月，我国文物考古工作者在湖北省云梦县睡虎地十一号秦墓中，发现了一千五百余支竹简，内容大部分是秦代的法律文书。

这些文书大致分为三类：一为法律条文；二是法律解释；三是有关诉讼制度的各种规则。

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西方文化试题及答案

西方文化试题及答案

西方文化史复习题(开卷)陈整理

西方文明史第五版考试题

西方文化试题及答案