国际金融第3章.Money
国际金融名词解释清华版
国际⾦融名词解释清华版1. Balance of payments accounting: A country’s balance of payments accounts accounts for its payments to and its receipts from foreigners. An international transaction involves two parties, and each transaction enters the accounts twice: once as a credit (+) and once as a debit (-).国际收⽀账户：⼀国的国际收⽀账户，记录的是该过对外国的⽀付和从外国获得收⼊的情况。
任何导致对外国⼈进⾏⽀付的交易，都计⼊国际收⽀账户的借⽅，并在前⾯加上⼀个负号（-）；任何导致从外国⼈那⾥获得收⼊的交易，都计⼊借⽅，并加上⼀个正号（+）2. Current account balance (exports minus imports): The difference between exports of goods and services and imports of goods and services 经常项⽬余额：出⼝的商品和服务与进⼝的商品和服务之差3. The official settlements balance: The bookkeeping offset to the balanceof official reserve transactions官⽅结算余额：把⽤来抵消官⽅储备交易余额的登录，称为官⽅结算余额4. National saving (S): The portion of output (Y), that is not devoted to household consumption (C) , or government purchases(G).国民储备：是国民收⼊（Y）中没有⽤于家庭消费（C）或政府购买（G）的部分5. Appreciation is an increase in the value of a currency relative to anothercurrency.升值：即以⼀种货币计价的另⼀种货币价格上升6. Exchange rate: The price of one currency in terms of another is called an exchange rate.汇率：⽤⼀种货币去替换另外⼀种货币的价格7. The real rate of return: The rate of return computed by measuring asset values in terms of some broad representative of products that savers regularly purchase.实际收益率：即⽤⼀些具有⼴泛代表性的、储蓄者经常购买的商品作为标准来计量资产价值进⽽计算出的收益率8. Forward exchange rates: The exchange rates quoted in the transactions which we can specify a value date to exchange in the future.远期汇率：外汇交易有时可以指定在未来⼀个时间上交割。
第三章国际金融活动
②交易的货币是市场所在国之外的货币，包括世界主要可
自由兑换货币。 ③资金融通业务基本不受市场所在国及其他国家的政策法 规约束。
币为面值的债券，如我国在瑞士发行的美元债券即欧洲债券，
欧洲债券实际上是一种无国籍债券。
四、国际金融市场的作用 （一）积极作用
1．促进国际贸易和国际投资的发展
2．调节各国国际收支，促进经济平衡发展 3．推动生产和资本国际化的发展
（二）消极作用
1．国际金融交易日益与实际经济相脱节，加大了金 融风险 2．国际金融市场一体化使金融风险随全球化而扩展 3．巨额的国际资本流动增大了国际金融市场的风险
Treasury－note（中期，1~5年）、 Treasury－bond（长期，5年以上）
Commercial paper、 Banker’s acceptance bill 、 Time certificate of deposit（CDs)
三、国际资本市场
（一）含义
国际资本市场(International Capital Market)是指经营一年
本市场、证券市场等基础市场而言的。该市场交易的工具是金 融衍生工具，它是当代金融创新最重要的成果之一。金融衍生
工具是一种交易者为转嫁风险的双边合约，其价值取决于基础
市场工具或资产的价格及其变化。 金融衍生工具市场主要有金融期货市场、期权市场、互换 市场、远期合约市场等。金融衍生工具市场的出现导致了整
个金融体系结构性的变革。
第三节
欧洲货币市场
国际金融中英文版答案)
国际金融中英文版Chapter 2:Payments among NationsSingle-Choice QuestionsA country’s balance of payments records: 一个国家的国际收支平衡记录了 BThe value of all exports of goods and services from that country for a period of time.All flows of value between that country’s residents and residents of the rest of the world during a period of time.在一定时间段里,一个国家居民的资产和其它世界居民资产的流动All flows of financial assets that cross that country’s borders during a p eriod of time.All flows of goods into that country during a period of time.A credit item in the balance of payments is: 在国际收支平衡里的贷项是AAn item for which the country must be paid.一个国家必须收取的条款An item for which the country must pay.Any imported item.An item that creates a monetary claim owed to a foreigner.Every international exchange of value is entered into the balance-of-payments accounts __________ time(s). 每一次国际等价交换都记进国际收支帐户２次B1234A debit item in the balance of payments is: 在国际收支平衡中的借项是BAn item for which the country must be paid.An item for which the country must pay.一个国家必须支付的条款Any exported item.An item that creates a monetary claim on a foreigner.In a nation's balance of payments, which one of the following items is always recorded as a positive entry? D在国际收支中,下列哪个项目总被视为有利条项Changes in foreign currency reserves.Imports of goods and services.Military foreign aid supplied to allied nations.Purchases by foreign travelers visiting the country.国外游客在本国发生的购买The sum of all of the debit items in the balance of payments: 在收支平衡中,所有贷项的总和 BEquals the overall balance.Equals the sum of all credit items.等于所有借项的总和Equals the sum of credit items minus errors and omissions.Which of the following capital transactions are entered as debits in the U.S. balance of payments? 下列哪个资本交易在美国的收支平衡中当作借项？ BA U.S. resident transfers $100 from his account at Credit Suisse in Basel (Switzerland) to his account at a San Francisco branch of Wells Fargo Bank.A French resident transfers $100 from his account at Wells Fargo Bank in San Francisco to his Credit Suisse account in Basel.一个法国居民在旧金山的Fargo Bank用其帐户转帐１００美金到位于巴塞尔的瑞士信贷户口A U.S. resident sells his IBM stock to a French resident.A U.S. resident sells his Credit Suisse stock to a French resident.An increase in a nation's financial liabilities to foreign residents is a: 一个国家对另一个国家金融负债的增加是一种CReserve inflow.Reserve outflow.Capital inflow.资本流入Capital outflow.___A_______ are money-like assets that are held by governments and that are recognized by governments as fully acceptable for payments between them. 官方国际储备资产是一种类似于钱的资产，这种资产由政府掌握并作为政府间的一种支付手段得到充分认可.Official international reserve assets 官方国际储备资产Unofficial international reserve assetsOfficial domestic reserve assetsUnofficial domestic reserve assetsWhich of the following is considered a capital inflow? 下列哪项被视为资本流入 AA sale of U.S. financial assets to a foreign buyer.美国一金融资产卖给一外国买家A loan from a U.S. bank to a foreign borrower.A purchase of foreign financial assets by a U.S. buyer.A U.S. citizen’s repayment of a loan from a foreign bank.In a country’s balance of payments, which of the following transactions are debits?一个国家的收支平衡表中,哪个交易属于借项？ ADomestic bank balances owned by foreigners are decreased.外国人拥有的国内银行资产的下降Foreign bank balances owned by domestic residents are decreased.Assets owned by domestic residents are sold to nonresidents.Securities are sold by domestic residents to nonresidents.The role of ___D_______ is to d irect one nation’s savings into another nation’s investments: 资金流的作用是指导一个国家的储蓄进入到另一个国家的投资Merchandise trade flowsServices flowsCurrent account flowsCapital flows资金流Capital account.Current account.经常账目（户）Trade balance.Official reserve balance.The net value of flows of financial assets and similar claims (excluding official international reserve asset flows) is called the: 金融资产和类似的资产（官方国际储备资产流除外）的净值流叫AFinancial account.金融帐Current account.Trade balance.Official reserve balance.The financial account in the U.S. balance of payments includes: 美国国家收支表中的金融帐包括： BEverything in the current account.U.S. government payments to other countries for the use of military bases.美政府采用其它国家军事基地所需支付款项Profits that Nissan of America sends back to Japan.New U.S. investments in foreign countries.ＡU.S. resident increasing her holdings of a foreign financial asset causes a:一个美国居民增持一外国金融资产会引起DCredit in the U.S. current account.Debit in the U.S. current account.Credit in the U.S. capital account.Debit in the U.S. capital account.美国资本帐的借帐A foreign resident increasing her holdings of a U.S. financial asset causes a:一个美国居民增持本国一金融资产会引起 CCredit in the U.S. current account.Debit in the U.S. current account.Credit in the U.S. capital account.美国资本帐的贷帐Debit in the U.S. capital account.A deficit in the current account: 经常帐户中的赤字 ATends to cause a surplus in the financial account.会导致金融帐中的盈余Tends to cause a deficit in the financial account.Has no relationship to the financial account.Is the result of increasing exports and decreasing imports.In September, 2005, exports of goods from the U.S. decreased $3.3 billion to $73.4 billion, and imports of goods increased $3.8 billion to $144.5 billion. This increased the deficit in:20xx年8月,美国商品出口降低了33亿美元,共734亿美元；商品进口上升到1145亿美元,上长了38亿.这样增加了哪个方面的赤字？CThe balance of payments.The financial account.The current account.经常帐户Unilateral transfers.Which of the following would contribute to a U.S. current account surplus? 以下哪项有助于美国现金帐的盈余？ BThe United States makes a unilateral tariff reduction on imported goods.The United States cuts back on American military personnel stationed in Japan.美国削减在日本的军事人员U.S. tourists travel in large numbers to Asia.Which of the following transactions is recorded in the financial account?以下哪个交易会被当作金融帐AA Chinese businessman imports Ford automobiles from the United States.A U.S. tourist spends money on a trip to China.The New York Yankees are paid $10 million by the Chinese to play an exhibition game in Beijing, China.If a British business buys U.S. government securities, how will this be entered in the balance of payments? 如果一英国商人购买了美国政府的债券,那么这个交易在收支平衡表中会被当作是？ CIt will appear in the trade account as an import.It will appear in the trade account as an export.It will appear in the financial account as an increase in U.S. assets held by foreigners.会被当作是外国人所有的美国资产增长It will appear in the financial account as a decrease in U.S. assets held by foreigners.In the balance of payments, the statistical discrepancy or error term is used to: 在收支平衡表中, 统计差异与错误项目会用来确保借帐总和跟贷帐总和一致 AEnsure that the sum of all debits matches the sum of all credits.Ensure that imports equal the value of exports.Obtain an accurate account of a balance-of-payments deficit.Obtain an accurate account of a balance-of-payments surplus.Official reserve assets are: 官方储备资产是 BThe gold holdings in the nation’s central bank.Money like assets that are held by governments and that are recognized by governments as fully acceptable for payments between them. 官方国际储备资产是一种类似于钱的资产，这种资产由政府掌握并作为政府间的一种支付手段得到充分认可Government T-bills and T-bonds.Government holdings of SDR’sGold.Special Drawing Rights.IMF Reserve Positions.Foreign Currencies.外汇（币）The net accumulation of foreign assets minus foreign liabilities is: 海外净资产的积累减去外债等于CNet official reserves.Net domestic investment.Net foreign investment.国外投资净值Net foreign deficit.A country experiencing a current account surplus: 一个国家经历经常帐户的盈余 BNeeds to borrow internationally.Is able to lend internationally.就有能力向外放贷Must also have had a surplus in its "overall" balance.The ___C_______ measures the sum of the current account balance plus the private capital account balance. 官方结算差额是指经常帐户余额的总和加上私人资本帐（B=CA+FA,FA:为非官方投资和储备）Official capital balanceUnofficial capital balanceOfficial settlements balance官方结算差额Unofficial settlements balanceIf the overall balance is in __A________, there is an accumulation of official reserve assets by the country or a decrease in foreign official reserve holdings of the country's assets. 如果综合差额处于盈余，那么会出现本国官方储备资产的积累或者国外官方储备的减少（B=CA+FA,B+OR=0，OR:官方储备金额）Surplus盈余DeficitBalanceForeign handsWhich of the following is the current account balance NOT equal to? 以下哪项不等同于现金帐 DThe difference between domestic product and domestic expenditure.The difference between national saving and domestic investment.Net foreign investment.The difference between government saving and government investment. 政府储蓄与政府投资的差值True/False QuestionsCapital inflows are debits and capital outflows are credits. 资金流入是借项，资金外流是贷项The net flow of financial assets and similar claims is the private current account balance. 金融资产和类似的资产的净值叫经常帐目余额The majority of countries' official reserves assets are now foreign exchange assets, financial assets denominated in a foreign currency that is readily acceptable in international transactions. (T)大部份官方储备资产作为以外汇资产和金融资产为命名的外币在世界上交易与流通.A country's financial account balance equals the country's net foreign investment.一个国家的金融帐差额相当于一个国家的净国外投资A country has a current account deficit if it is saving more than it is investing domestically.一个国家如果在国内的储蓄比投资要大,那么会出现经常账目赤字The official settlements balance measures the sum of the capital account balance plus the public current account balance. 官方结算差额是资金帐户余额的总额加上公共经常帐户余额A nation's international investment position shows its stock of international assets and liabilities at a moment in time. (T)一个国家的国际投资状况反映出它在特定时间里的国际资产股份以及债务情况.A nation is a borrower if its current account is in deficit during a time period. (T)在一段时间内,如果一个国家的经常帐出现赤字,那么它就是借方.A nation is a debtor if its net stock of foreign assets is positive. 如果一个国家的国外资产净储备是正数,那么它是借方（债务方）A transaction leading to a foreign resident increasing her holdings of a U.S. financial asset will be recorded as a debit on the U.S. financial account.如果一项交易引起一外国居民增持美国金融资产的股份,那么这项交易在美国金融帐中会被当作借项A credit item is an item for which a country must pay. 贷项是指一个国家必须还款的条项Gold is a major reserve asset that is currently often used in official reserve transactions. 黄金作为主要的储备资产,常被用在官方储备交易当中.The current account balance is equal to the difference between domestic product and national expenditure.(T)经常项目余额等于国民生产与国民支出的差额In 2007 U.S. households, businesses and government were buying more goods and services than they were producing.(T)____年,美国家庭,商业,政府购买的商品和服务比他们生产（商品和服务）的要多.6。
国际金融学智慧树知到答案章节测试2023年首都经济贸易大学
绪论单元测试1.以下属于国际金融学学习范畴的是：（）A:全球金融业面临的挑战与发展机遇B:国际金融市场现状、行情与发展C:国际经济、金融学规律D:探索金融产品内在逻辑和思想E:全球金融业国际治理措施答案:ABCDE第一章测试1.Which one of the following expressions is the MOST accurate? （）A:CA = EX - IMB:CA = EX + IMC:CA - IM = EXD:CA = IM - EXE:CA = EX = IM答案:A2.Every international transaction automatically enters the balance of payments（）A:once as a credit.B:once either as a credit or as a debit.C:twice, once as a credit and once as a debit.D:three times, once as a credit, once as a debit, and once as an exchange.E:twice, both times as debit.答案:C3.国际投资头寸表中资产项包括：（）A:直接投资B:储备资产C:其他投资D:证券投资E:金融衍生工具答案:ABCDE4.一国的Net Foreign Assets其实就是历年的经常账户的累计值。
（）A:错B:对答案:B5.国际收支的一次收入项是列在资本与金融账户下的。
（）A:对B:错答案:B第二章测试1.如果商品价格不变，美元对英镑的贬值会导致：（）A:美国的牛仔裤在英国更贵B:不改变毛衣和牛仔裤的相对价格C:英国的毛衣用牛仔裤表示的价格下降D:美国的牛仔裤用毛衣表示的价格下降答案:D2.如果一条在美国卖60美元的牛仔裤在伦敦卖30英镑，在一价定律成立的条件下，美元对英镑的汇率是（）。
国际金融习题1-10
第一章国际收支一、填空1、是指一国在一定日期对外债权债务的综合情况。
2、按照国际货币基金组织的定义，是在一定时期内，一个经济实体的居民同非居民之间所进行的全部经济交易的系统记录。
3、国际收支平衡表是按照的原理编制的。
4、在国际收支平衡表中，当收入大于支出时，我们称之为；反之当支出大于收入时，我们称之为。
5、是国际收支平衡表中最基本和最重要的项目。
6、国际收支平衡表按交易性质分为、、和三大类。
7、经常项目可细分为、和三个项目8、资本项目可分为和两大类。
9、平衡或结算项目包括和两个项目。
10一国的官方储备主要包括四个组成部分，即、、和。
11、将所有国际经济交易划分成和，可作为判断国际收支在性质上是否平衡。
12、考察国际收支在性质上是否平衡的四个口径：、、和。
13、国际收支不平衡的主要原因、、和。
14、国际收支不平衡的对策、、和。
15、调节国际收支的政策措施从作用途径来看，可分为和两大类。
二、选择一）单选1、是指一国在一定日期（如某年某月某日）对外债权债务的综合情况。
A、国际收支B、国际借贷C、贸易收支D、资本收支2、国际收支是一个。
A、存量B、流量C、不一定D、都不是3、是国际收支平衡表中最基本和最重要的项目。
A、经常项目B、资本项目C、贸易收支D、平衡项目4、股息、红利等投资收益属于。
A、劳务收支B、贸易收支C、转移收支D、资本项目5、在国际收支平衡表中，出国留学的奖学金应计入项目。
A、资本项目B、贸易收支C、转移收支D、劳务收支6、在经济繁荣时期，由于国内需求旺盛，进出口业务会发生相应的变动，则国际收支可能出现。
A、顺差B、逆差C、平衡D、不确定7、只有才能在总体上反映一国自主性交易的状况。
A、经常项目B、资本项目C、贸易收支D、官方结算8、通过减少国民收入，使用于进口的支出下降，这一对策是。
A、国际收支的自动调节作用B、国际收支的调节手段C、国际收支的融资手段D、支出减少政策9、支出减少政策的核心是。
国际金融学导论
✓ 姜波克著: <<国际金融新编>>（第三版）2019年,复旦大学出版社; ✓ 刘舒年著: <<国际金融>>对外经贸大学出版社； ✓ 刘玉操著： <<国际金融实务>>，东北财经大学出版社； ✓ 张亦春著: <<金融市场学>> ，高等教育出版社，2019年； ✓ Zvi Bodie, Robert C.Merton. Finance. Renmin University Publishing
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什么是金融？
• 中国人民大学黄达的定义：
– 广义金融，指与物价有紧密联系的货币供给， 银行与非银行金融机构体系，短期资金拆借市 场，证券市场，保险系统，以及通常以国际金 融概括的这诸多方面在国际之间的存在等等。
– 狭义金融，指有价证券及其衍生物的市场，即 指资本市场。
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• 3.汇率制度的选择与决定及外汇管制问题，其中 人民币汇率制度改革是当前的热点问题之一；
• 4.由国际收支不平衡所产生的国际储备问题，包 括国际储备的数量和构成问题;
• 5.为国际金融业务提供交易场所的国际金融市场 问题，包括货币市场、资本市场、外汇市场和黄 金市场;
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国际金融学内容简介
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国际金融学导论
1 什么是金融？ 2 金融的功能 3 什么是国际金融？ 4 本课程的要求
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什么是金融？
– 金融学是研究人们在不确定的环境中如何进行 资源的时间配置的学科。 ——兹维·博迪和罗伯特·C·莫顿
– 金融以其不同的中心点和方法论而成为经济学 的一个分支，其中心点是资本市场的运营、资 本资产的供给和定价。其方法论是使用相近的 替代物给金融契约和工具定价。 ——《新帕尔格雷夫货币金融大辞典》
国际金融翻译
一、翻译第一单元：MNC 跨国公司Multinational Corporation 跨国公司Parent (firm) 母公司headquarter 总部Subsidiary 子公司subsidy 补助Host government东道国政府Shareholder 股东Stockholder股东Bondholder 债券持有人domestic firm国内企业Agency problem 代理问题Agency cost 代理成本Consolidation 综合Merger 合并Acquisition 收购M&A 并购Hostile takeover 恶意收购Friendly merger 善意收购Mutual fund 共同基金Pension fund 养老基金Comparative advantage 比较优势Imperfect market theory 不完全市场理论Product of cycle theory 产品生命周期理论Licensing 许可经营Franchising 特许代理Copyright 版权Patent 专利Registered trademark 注册商标Joint venture 合资企业FDI Foreign Direct Investment外国直接投资DFI 钻石Exposure 曝光risk 风险Market share 市场份额Time zone 时区Inventory 存货Institutional investor 机构投资Individual investor 个人投资第二单元：Balance of payment 国际收支Current account 活期账户（经常项目）Capital account 资本账户Balance of trade 贸易平衡Trade surplus 贸易顺差Trade deficit 贸易逆差，贸易赤字Interest 利息Dividend 股利Security 证券Stock 股票share 股份Bond 债券Government security 政府债券Treasury bill T-bill 短期国库券Treasury note T-note 国债Treasury bond T-bond 国债Cash outflow 现金流出Cash inflow 现金流入Portfolio investment 证券投资Indirect investment 间接投资Dumping 倾销Tax break 税收减免Outsourcing of service 服务外包Tariff custom duty 关税Quota配额Dollar-denominated security以美元计价的债券Price-elastic 价格弹性Intracompany trade 公司内部贸易J-curve effect J曲线效应Withdraw the deposits 取款IMF International Monetary Fund国际货币基金组织Lender of last resort 最后贷款人SDRs Special Drawing Rights 特别提款权Monopoly 垄断World bank 世界银行IBRD 国际复兴开发银行International Bank for Reconstruction and DevelopmentWTO 世界贸易组织IFC International Financial Corporation 国际金融公司IDA International Development Association 国际开发协会BIS Bank for International Settlement 国际清算银行Import ＞export 进口大于出口D ＞SForeign currency appreciate 外币升值Domestic currency depreciate 本币贬值第三单元：Fixed exchange rate system 固定汇率制度Floating exchange rate system 浮动汇率制度Appreciate 货币升值Depreciate 货币贬值Revalue 法定升值Devalue 法定贬值Nominal interest rate 名义利率Real interest rate 实际利率Fisher Effect 费舍效应International diversification 国际多元化Creditor 贷款人，债权人Borrower 借款人Convert euro into pound 欧元兑换英镑Exchange yen for U.S. dollar 美元兑换日元Great Depression 大萧条Gold standard 金本位制Bretton Woods System 布雷顿森林体系Spot market 即期市场Spot exchange rate 即期汇率Security firm 证券公司Interbank market 银行同业市场Broker 经纪人，中间人Liquidity 流动性Forward exchange market 远期外汇市场Forward exchange rate 远期汇率Hedge 对冲，保值Speculator 投机者Bid rate 买入价Ask rate 卖出价Bid-ask spread价差Direct quotation 直接标价法Indirect quotation 间接标价法Cross exchange rate 交叉汇率Currency future contract 货币期货合约Currency call option 买入期权Currency put option 卖出期权Strike price exercise price 执行价格Eurodollar 欧洲美元Eurocurrency 欧洲货币OPEC Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries国际石油出口国Petrodollar 石油美元LIBOR London Interbank Offer Rate伦敦银行同业拆借利率NIBOR 纽约银行同业拆借利率HIBOR 香港银行同业拆借利率SIBOR 新加坡银行同业拆借利率Syndicate 辛迪加贷款The lead bank 牵头银行Foreign bond 外国债券Parallel bond 并行债券Samurai bond 武士债券Bulldog bond 猛犬债券Yankee bond 扬基债券Panda bond 熊猫债券Eurobond 欧洲债券List 上市IPO Initial Public Offering首次公开放行Debt financing 债务性融资Equity financing 股权性融资Retail transaction 零售交易Wholesale transaction 批发交易Opportunity cost 机会成本第四单元：Equilibrium exchange rate 均衡利率Macro variable 宏观变量Micro variable 微观变量Emerging market 新兴市场Institutional investor 机构投资者Yield 收入，收益第五单元：Forward 远期合约forward rate 远期汇率Non-deliverable forward contract不交割远期合约Swap 掉期Brazilian real 巴西雷亚尔Norwegian krone 挪威克朗South African rand南非兰特CzecH koruna 捷克克朗Polish zloty波兰兹罗提Hungarian forint匈牙利福林Initial margin 初始保证金Variation margin 变动保证金Production level 生产规模Call option 买入期权（看涨期权）Put option 卖出期权Exercise price 协定价格Strike price 执行价格Chicago Mercantile Exchange芝加哥商品交易所Chicago Board Options Exchange 芝加哥期权交易所Security and Exchange Commission 美国证券交易委员会Collateral 抵押Open position 敞开头寸Long position 多头Short position 空头Bid 招标，投标Break-even point盈亏相抵点第六单元：Freely floating 无管制浮动Clean float 自由浮动汇率制度Managed floating Dirty float 管理浮动Pegged exchange rate system 盯住汇率制度Currency board 货币局制度Dollarization 美元化Exchange rate target zone 汇率目标区General Motor (GM) 通用汽车Dollar-denominated goods 美元计价商品Finished goods 滞成品，产成品A stagnant economy 滞涨经济A recession 萧条Aggregate demand 总需求Aggregate supply 总供给European Currency Unit (ECU)欧洲货币单位A tight monetary policy 紧缩的货币政策An expansionary monetary policy扩张的货币政策A stimulative monetary policy刺激性的货币政策An easy monetary policy 简单的货币政策Fiscal policy 财政政策Budget deficit 预算赤字The stock price plummets 股票价格骤跌Withdraw the investment 撤资Default on the debt 债务违约Adverse effect 不利影响Favorable effect 有利影响Government outlay 政府支出Stimulate the economy 刺激经济增长Risk premium 风险溢价Credit risk 信用风险European Union 欧盟The euro zone 欧元区A consolidated monetary policy统一的货币政策A common monetary policy 共同的货币政策European Central Bank (ECB)欧洲中央银行The Federal Resere System (the Fed)美联储Money supply 货币供给Business cycle 经济中心Flooding the market with dollars美元充斥市场Direct intervention 直接干预Indirect intervention 间接干预Plaza Accord 广场协议Industrialized country 工业化国家Sterilized intervention 冲销式干预Nonsterilized intervention 非冲销式干预Louvre Accord 卢浮宫协议Manipulate exchange rate 操纵汇率第七单元：Interest rate parity IRP 利率平价Arbitrage 套汇Arbitrager 套利International arbitrage 国际套汇Interest arbitrage 套利Commodity arbitrage 商品套利Security arbitrage 安全套利Locational arbitrage 两角套汇Triangular arbitrage 三角套汇covered Interest arbitrage 抵补套利Uncovered interest arbitrage 无担保套利Risk-free profit riskless profit 无风险利润Discrepancy 差异Shopping aroundDeposit interest rate 存款利率Loan interest rate 贷款利率Malaysian ringgit 马来西亚林吉特Exchange dollars for pounds 英镑兑换美元Purchase pounds with dollars 美元购买英镑Convert dollars to pounds 英镑兑换美元The return on the deposit 关于存款的回报第八单元：PPP Purchasing Power Parity购买力平价理论Absolute form of PPP 绝对购买力平价理论Law of one price 一价定律Relative form of PPP相对购买力平价理论A basket of products 一篮子商品International Fisher effect IFE国际费舍效应二、简答第一章International Business: Theories：1.Theory of Comparative Advantage2、Imperfect Markets Theory3、Product Cycle Theory 有哪些国际商务理论：比较优势理论不完全市场理论产品周期理论International Business Methods：（1）International trade（2）Licensing（3）Franchising（4）Joint venture（5）Acquisitions of existing operations 6 Establishing new foreign subsidiaries 有哪些国际商业法国际贸易许可特许经营合资企业收购现有业务建立新的外国子公司第二章International Trade Flow Factors （1）Inflation（2）National Income（3）Government Restrictions （4）Exchange Rates 影响国际贸易流通的因素通货膨胀国民收入政府限制汇率第四章Factors that Influence Exchange Rates 影响极其汇率的因素()EXPGCINCINTINFfe∆∆∆∆∆=,,,,e = percentage change in the spot rate 在即期汇率变化的百分比∆ INF = change in the relative inflation rate 相对通货膨胀率∆ INT = change in the relative interest rate 相对利率∆ INC = change in the relative income level 相对收入水平∆ GC = change in government controls 政府管制∆ EXP=change in expectations of future exchange rates 对未来汇率的预期三、课后习题P113，8、9、138. (1)the large amount of imports and lack of exports place downword pressure on Ruble.(2)High inflation also place downword pressure on Ruble.9. (1)A relative decline in economic growth will reduce Asia demand for U.S. products, which will place upward pressure on Asia currencies.(2)the decline in interest rate will place downward pressure on Asia currencies.(3)the overall impact depends on the magnitude of the factors just describe.13. (1) the interest rate in Canada declines to a level below the U.S. interest rate, places downward pressure on Canadian dollar’s value against USD.(2)Japanese investors that previously invested in Canada may shift to U.S., which will place downward pressure on the CAD’a value against JPY.P196，2、11、12、15、192. lower interest rate may reduce capital inflow to U.S., which could have reduced the value of $. If $ weakens, the export would increased, thus to stimulate the economy.11. U.S. Fed would normally consider a loose monetay policy to stimulate the economy. However, it could weaken $, a weak $ is expect to favorably affect US exporting firms and adversely affect U.S. importing firms.12. it can not apply intervention on its own. Because the monetary policy is consolidated.15.A. the volume of the sales should decline as the costs to consumers would rise due to the higher interest rate.B. the cost of purchasing materials should decline because the A$ appreciates against HK$.C. the interest expenses should decline because it will take fewer A$s to make the monthly payment of $100,000.19. the ECB could sell euros in the foreign exchange market, which may weaken euro, and cause an increase in the demand for European imports.Small Besiness Dilemma (p199)1. there will be downward pressure on the value of pounds.2. the performance would be adversely affected by BOE policy. Because if pound weaken, the receivables will convert to fewer $s, which reflect a reduction in revenue.P2301.￡1=$1.50=C$2The crosed rate quoted equal to the rate calculated, therefore triangular arbitrage cannot be used to earn a profit.2. if invest in U.S. 1+0.03=$1.03if make covered interest arbitrage in U.K.[(1/1.60)×(1+0.04)] ×1.56=$1.014Because 1.014﹤1.03, it is not feasible.(1.014-1)/1=1.4% ﹤3%, it is not feasible.14.(1) yes, one could buy NZD at yardley Bank at $.40/NZD, and sell to Beal Bank for $.401/NZD. (1millon/0.4) ×0.401-1million=$2500(2) The ask price on NZD of Yardley Bank will increase.The bid price on NZD of Beal Bank will derease.16.(1) if invest locally:1+6%=1.06 pesos(2) If covered interest arbitrage in U.S.[(1×0.1)(1+5%)] ÷0.098=1.07 pesos(3) Because 1.06＜1.07, the arbitrage is feasible17.[(1/0.80) ×(1+4%)×0.79—1]÷1=2.7%Because 2.7% exceeds the yield in U.S. over the 90 day period, the covered interes arbitrage is worthwhile. The Canadian dollars spot rate should rise, and its forward rate should fall, the 90-day Canadian interest rate may fall and that in U.S. may rise.21.For U.S. investor engaging covered interest arbitrage in New Zealand[(1/0.5)(1+6%)0.54-1] ÷1=14.48%14.48%＞10%, it is feasible.。
Money, Interest Rates, and Exchange Rates 国际金融英文课件
For a given level of income, real money demand decreases as the interest rate increases.
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.
14-13
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14-9
What Influences Aggregate Demand for Money?
1. Interest rates: money pays little or no interest, so the interest rate is the opportunity cost of holding money instead of other assets, like bonds, which have a higher expected return/interest rate.
Aggregate real money demand is a function of national income and interest rates.
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.
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A Model of Aggregate Money Demand (cont.)
14-10
What Influences Aggregate Demand for Money? (cont.)
3. Income: greater income implies more goods and services can be bought, so that more money is needed to conduct transactions.
国际金融第3章(大卫艾特曼)
Chapter 3The International Monetary SystemQuestions3-1. The Gold Standard and the Money Supply. Under the gold standard all national governments promised to follow the “rules of the game.” This meant defending a fixed exchange rate. What did this promise imply about a country’s money supply?A country’s money supply was limited to the amount of gold held by its central bank or treasury.For example, if a country had 1,000,000 ounces of gold and its fixed rate of exchange was100 local currency units per ounce of gold, that country could have 100,000,000 local currencyunits outstanding. Any change in its holdings of gold needed to be matched by a change in thenumber of local currency units outstanding.3-2. Causes of Devaluation. If a country follows a fixed exchange rate regime, what macroeconomic variables could cause the fixed exchange rate to be devalued?The following macroeconomic variables could cause the fixed exchange rate to be devalued:•An interest rate that is too low compared to other competing currencies• A continuing balance of payments deficit•An inflation rate consistently higher than in other countries.3-3. Fixed versus Flexible Exchange Rates. What are the advantages and disadvantages of fixed exchange rates?•Fixed rates provide stability in international prices for the conduct of trade. Stable prices aid in the growth of international trade and lessen risks for all businesses.•Fixed exchange rates are inherently anti-inflationary, requiring the country to follow restrictive monetary and fiscal policies. This restrictiveness, however, can often be a burden to a countrywishing to pursue policies that alleviate continuing internal economic problems, such as highunemployment or slow economic growth.•Fixed exchange rate regimes necessitate that central banks maintain large quantities of international reserves (hard currencies and gold) for use in the occasional defense of the fixedrate. As international currency markets have grown rapidly in size and volume, increasingreserve holdings has become a significant burden to many nations.•Fixed rates, once in place, may be maintained at rates that are inconsistent with economic fundamentals. As the structure of a nation’s economy changes, and as its trade relationshipsand balances evolve, the exchange rate itself should change. Flexible exchange rates allow thisto happen gradually and efficiently, but fixed rates must be changed administratively—usuallytoo late, too highly publicized, and at too large a one-time cost to the nation’s economic health.Chapter 3 The International Monetary System 13 3-4. The Impossible Trinity. Explain what is meant by the term impossible trinity and why it is true.•Countries with floating rate regimes can maintain monetary independence and financial integration but must sacrifice exchange rate stability.•Countries with tight control over capital inflows and outflows can retain their monetary independence and stable exchange rate, but surrender being integrated with the world’scapital markets.•Countries that maintain exchange rate stability by having fixed rates give up the ability to have an independent monetary policy.3-5. Currency Board or Dollarization. Fixed exchange rate regimes are sometimes implemented through a currency board (Hong Kong) or dollarization (Ecuador). What is the difference between the two approaches?In a currency board arrangement, the country issues its own currency but that currency is backed 100% by foreign exchange holdings of a hard foreign currency—usually the U.S. dollar.In dollarization, the country abolishes its own currency and uses a foreign currency, such asthe U.S. dollar, for all domestic transactions.3-6. Emerging Market Exchange Rate Regimes. High capital mobility is forcing emerging market nations to choose between free-floating regimes and currency board or dollarization regimes. What are the main outcomes of each of these regimes from the perspective of emerging market nations?There is no doubt that for many emerging markets a currency board, dollarization, and freely-floating exchange rate regimes are all extremes. In fact, many experts feel that the global financial marketplace will drive more and more emerging market nations towards one of these extremes. As illustrated by Exhibit 3.6 (in the chapter and reproduced here), there is a distinct lack of “middle ground” left between rigidly fixed and freely floating. In anecdotal support of this argument,a poll of the general population in Mexico in 1999 indicated that 9 out of 10 people would preferdollarization over a floating-rate peso. Clearly, there are many in the emerging markets of theworld who have little faith in their leadership and institutions to implement an effective exchange rate policy.14 Eiteman/Stonehill/Moffett •Multinational Business Finance, Twelfth Edition3-7. Argentine Currency Board. How did the Argentine currency board function from 1991 to January 2002 and why did it collapse?Argentina’s currency board exchange regime of fixing the value of its peso on a one-to-one basis with the U.S. dollar ended for several reasons.•As the U.S. dollar strengthened against other major world currencies, including the euro, during the 1990s, Argentine export prices rose vis-à-vis the currencies of its major trading partners.•This problem was aggravated by the devaluation of the Brazilian real in the late 1990s.•These two problems, in turn, led to continued trade deficits and a loss of foreign exchange reserves by the Argentine central bank. (4) This problem, in turn, led Argentine residents toflee from the peso and into the dollar, further worsening Argentina’s ability to maintain itsone-to-one peg.Euro.On January 4, 1999, eleven member states of the European Union initiated the3-8. TheEuropean Monetary Union (EMU) and established a single currency, the euro, which replacedthe individual currencies of participating member states. Describe three of the main ways thatthe euro affects the members of the EMU.The euro affects markets in three ways: (1) countries within the euro zone enjoy cheaper transaction costs; (2) currency risks and costs related to exchange rate uncertainty are reduced; and (3) allconsumers and businesses both inside and outside the euro zone enjoy price transparency andincreased price-based competition.The United Kingdom, Denmark, and Sweden have chosen not to adopt the euro but 3-9. Maveri c ks.rather maintain their individual currencies. What are the motivations of each of these three countries that are also members of the European Union?The United Kingdom chose not to adopt the euro because of the extensive use of the U.K. pound in international trade and financial transactions. London is still the world’s most importantfinancial center. The British are also very proud of their long tradition in financial matters when “Britannia ruled the waves.” They are afraid that monetary and financial matters may eventually migrate to Frankfurt where the European Central Bank is located. The British are also worriedabout continued concentration of decision making in Brussels where the main European Unioninstitutions are located.Denmark is also worried about losing its economic independence as a small country surrounded by big neighbors. Denmark’s currency, the krone, is mostly tied to the euro anyway, so it does not suffer a misalignment with the primary currency unit of the surrounding economies. Sweden has strong economic ties to Denmark, Norway, and the United Kingdom, none of which adopted the euro so far. Sweden, like the others, is afraid of over-concentration of power within EuropeanUnion institutions.Despite popular fears and a certain amount of nationalism, all three countries have strong forces within that would like these countries to adopt the euro. This would usually require popularreferendums, so you may see them adopt the euro in the future.Chapter 3 The International Monetary System 15 3-10. International Monetary Fund (IMF). The IMF was established by the Bretton Woods Agreement (1944). What were its original objectives?The IMF was established to render temporary assistance to member countries trying to defend the value of their currencies against cyclical, seasonal, or random occurrences. Additionally it was to assist countries having structural trade problems. More recently it has attempted to help countries, such as Russia, Brazil, Argentina, and Indonesia, to resolve financial crises.3-11. Special Drawing Rights. What are Special Drawing Rights?The Special Drawing Right (SDR) is an international reserve asset created by the IMF to supplement existing foreign exchange reserves. It serves as a unit of account for the IMF and other international and regional organizations and is also the base against which some countries peg the exchangerate for their currencies.Defined initially in terms of a fixed quantity of gold, the SDR has been redefined several times.It is currently the weighted value of currencies of the five IMF members having the largest exports of goods and services. Individual countries hold SDRs in the form of deposits in the IMF. These holdings are part of each country’s international monetary reserves, along with official holdings of gold, foreign exchange, and its reserve position at the IMF. Members may settle transactionsamong themselves by transferring SDRs.3-12. Exchange Rate Regime Classifications. The IMF classifies all exchange rate regimes into eight specific categories that are summarized in this chapter. Under which exchange rate regime would you classify each of the following countries?a. France: Exchange arrangements with no separate legal tender.b. The United States: independent floating.c. Japan: independent floating.d. Thailand: managed floating with no pre-announced path for the exchange rate. Prior to theAsian Crisis of 1997 it was tied to the U.S. dollar.3-13. The Ideal Currency. What are the attributes of the ideal currency?If the ideal currency existed in today’s world, it would possess three attributes (illustrated inExhibit 3.4), often referred to as The Impossible Trinity.a.Exchange rate stability. The value of the currency would be fixed in relationship to othermajor currencies so traders and investors could be relatively certain of the foreign exchangevalue of each currency in the present and into the near future.b. Full financial integration. Complete freedom of monetary flows would be allowed, so tradersand investors could willingly and easily move funds from one country and currency to anotherin response to perceived economic opportunities or risks.c. Monetary independen c e. Domestic monetary and interest rate policies would be set by eachindividual country to pursue desired national economic policies, especially as they mightrelate to limiting inflation, combating recessions, and fostering prosperity and full employment.The reason that it is termed The Impossible Trinity is that a country must give up one of the three goals described by the sides of the triangle, monetary independence, exchange rate stability, orfull financial integration. The forces of economics do not allow the simultaneous achievement of all three.16 Eiteman/Stonehill/Moffett •Multinational Business Finance, Twelfth Edition3-14. Bretton Woods Failure. Why did the fixed exchange rate regime of 1945–1973 eventually fail?The fixed exchange rate regime of 1945–1973 failed because of widely diverging nationalmonetary and fiscal policies, differential rates of inflation, and various unexpected externalshocks. The U.S. dollar was the main reserve currency held by central banks and was the key to the web of exchange rate values. The United States ran persistent and growing deficits in itsbalance of payments, which required a heavy outflow of dollars to finance the deficits. Eventually the heavy overhang of dollars held by foreigners forced the United States to devalue the dollarbecause the United States was no longer able to guarantee conversion of dollars into its diminishing store of gold.3-15. EU and Euro Expansion. With so many new countries joining the European Union in 2004, when will they officially move to the euro—if ever?In January 2007 two more countries were added to the EU’s growing membership—Bulgaria and Romania. Their entry was little more than two years after the EU had added 10 more countriesto its ranks. As illustrated by Global Finance in Practice 3.2, to date only one of these new12 members has actually adopted the euro. Although all members are expected to eventuallyreplace their currencies with the euro, recent years have seen growing debates and continualpostponements by the new members in moving toward full euro adoption.。
国际金融基础理论知识——国际货币体系
• 3.废除外汇管制.成员国可以对 资本项目进行一定的管制,但不 能对经常项目实施管制.
• 4.向国际收支逆差国提供短期 资金解决收支困难的问题.
五、布雷顿森林体系运作
正常运作的基本条件
◆ 美国保持国际收支顺差，美元对外价值稳定。 ◆ 美国黄金储备充裕，能够保持美元与黄金的可兑 换性。 ◆ 将黄金市场价格维持在官价水平。
• 金块本位制又叫“生金本位制”，它 指的是在流通中的纸币或银行券只能 在一定条件下兑换金块的一种金本位 制。在这种货币制度下，名义上以金 币作为本位币，但实际上并不铸造和 交换金币。在第一次世界大战中，英 、法等国相继采用。
金块本位制与金币本位制的主要区别
• 在金块本位制下，金只是在有限的范围 之内才允许兑换，同时不铸造金币，金币 也不流通。人们兑换黄金的条件是要求兑 换的货币的含金量达到一定的最低数量， 才能用货币来兑换到金块。这个数量往往 规定得很高，使小额的货币量不能兑换黄 金。这可使在流通中的金量得以缩减，节 约黄金的使用。
1871—1897年间相继采用了金本位制度
，从而形成了当时的国际货币制度。
国际金本位体系的主要内容
• 法定含金量，承诺随时以官价无限 制地买卖黄金
• 黄金数量与货币供给量之间有一固 定的数量关系
• 各国市场对黄金流入流出没有任何 限制
国际金本位制下汇率的决定
在国际金本位制下各国都规定了本国金币的重量和成 色，即含金量。 ① 由铸币平价决定
二. 国际货币体系方案的提出
• 1943年4月英美两国从本国的利益出发，分别 抛出了新的国际货币体系的方案，即英国的“凯 恩斯计划”和美国的“怀特计划”。
• “凯恩斯计划”和“怀特计划”有一些共同点： 都只着重解决国际收支经常项目不平衡的问题； 都只着重解决工业发达国家的资金需要，而忽视 了发展中国家的资金需要；追求汇率的稳定，防 止竞争性的汇率下跌。但一些重大的问题上，两 者针锋相对，因为两者都是从本国利益出发的。
克鲁格曼第八版 国际金融下答案
Chapter 14Money, Interest Rates, and Exchange RatesChapter OrganizationMoney Defined: A Brief ReviewMoney as a Medium of ExchangeMoney as a Unit of AccountMoney as a Store of ValueWhat is Money?How the Money Supply is DeterminedThe Demand for Money by IndividualsExpected ReturnRiskLiquidityAggregate Money DemandThe Equilibrium Interest Rate: The Interaction of Money Supply and Demand Equilibrium in the Money MarketInterest Rates and the Money SupplyOutput and the Interest RateThe Money Supply and the Exchange Rate in the Short RunLinking Money, the Interest Rate, and the Exchange RateU.S. Money Supply and the Dollar/Euro Exchange RateEurope’s Money Supply and the Dollar/Euro Exchange RateMoney, the Price Level, and the Exchange Rate in the Long Run Money and Money PricesThe Long-Run Effects of Money Supply ChangesEmpirical Evidence on Money Supplies and Price LevelsMoney and the Exchange Rate in the Long RunChapter 14 Money, Interest Rates, and Exchange Rates 65Inflation and Exchange Rate DynamicsShort-Run Price Rigidity versus Long-Run Price FlexibilityBox: Money Supply Growth and Hyperinflation in BoliviaPermanent Money Supply Changes and the Exchange RateExchange Rate OvershootingCase Study: Can Higher Inflation Lead to Currency Appreciation? The Implications of Inflation Targeting SummaryChapter OverviewThis chapter combines the foreign-exchange market model of the previous chapter with an analysis of the demand for and supply of money to provide a more complete analysis of exchange rate determination in the short run. The chapter also introduces the concept of the long-run neutrality of money which allows an examination of exchange rate dynamics. These elements are brought together at the end of the chapter in a model of exchange rate overshooting.The chapter begins by reviewing the roles played by money. Money supply is determined by the central bank; for a given price level, the central bank’s choice of a nominal money supply determines the real money supply. An aggregate demand function for real money balances is motivated and presented. Money-market equilibrium—the equality of real money demand and the supply of real money balances—determines the equilibrium interest rate.A familiar diagram portraying money-market equilibrium is combined with the interest rate parity diagram presented in the previous chapter to give a simple model of monetary influences on exchange rate determination. The domestic interest rate, determined in the domestic money market, affects the exchange rate through the interest parity mechanism. Thus, an increase in domestic money supply leads to a fall in the domestic interest rate. The home currency depreciates until its expected future appreciation is large enough to equate expected returns on interest-bearing assets denominated in domestic currency and in foreign currency. A contraction in the money supply leads to an exchange rate appreciation through a similar argument. Throughout this part of the chapter the expected future exchange rate is still regarded as fixed.The analysis is then extended to incorporate the dynamics of long-run adjustment to monetary changes. The long run is defined as the equilibrium that would be maintained after all wages and prices fully adjusted to their market-clearing levels. Thus the long-run analysis is based on the long-run neutralityof money: All else equal, a permanent increase in the money supply affects only the general price level—and not interest rates, relative prices, or real output—in the long run. Money prices, including, importantly, the money prices of foreign currencies, move in the long run in proportion to any change in the money supply’s level. Thus, an increase in the money supply, for example, ultimately results in a proportional exchange rate depreciation.The combination of these long-run effects with the short-run static model allows consideration of exchange rate dynamics. In particular, the long-run results are suggestive of how long-run exchange rate expectations change after permanent money-supply changes. One dynamic result which emerges from this model is exchange rate overshooting in response to a change in the money supply. For example, a permanent money-supply expansion leads to expectations of a proportional long-run currency depreciation. Foreign-exchange market equilibrium requires an initial depreciation of the currency large enough to equate expected returns on foreign and domestic bonds. But because the domestic interest rate falls in the short run, the currency must actually depreciate beyond (and thus overshoot) its new expected long-run level in the short run to maintain interest parity. As domestic prices rise and M/P falls, the interest rate returns to its previous level and the exchange rate falls (appreciates) back to its long-run level, higher than the starting point, but not as high as the initial reaction.66 Krugman/Obstfeld •International Economics: Theory and Policy, Eighth EditionThe chapter concludes with a useful case study that helps bridge the gap between the stylized world of the model and the real world of central bank policy-making where the central bank sets the interest rate rather than money, and news about inflation may change expectations about future money supply changes when the central bank has committed to a particular level of inflation.Answers to Textbook Problems1. A reduction in real money demand has the same effects as an increase in the nominal money supply.In Figure 14.1, the reduction in money demand is depicted as a backward shift in the money demand schedule from L1 to L2. The immediate effect of this is a depreciation of the exchange rate from E1 to E2, if the reduction in money demand is temporary, or a depreciation to E3 if the reduction is permanent. The larger impact effect of a permanent reduction in money demand arises because this change also affects the future exchange rate expected in the foreign exchange market. In the long run, the price level rises to bring the real money supply into line with real money demand, leaving all relative prices, output, and the nominal interest rate the same and depreciating the domestic currency in proportion to the fall in real money demand. The long-run level of real balances is (M/P2), a level where the interest rate in the long-run equals its initial value. The dynamics of adjustment to apermanent reduction in money demand are from the initial Point 1 in the diagram, where the exchange rate is E1, immediately to Point 2, where the exchange rate is E3 and then, as the price level falls over time, to the new long-run position at Point 3, with an exchange rate of E4.2. A fall in a country’s population would reduce money demand, all else equal, since a smallerpopulation would undertake fewer transactions and thus demand less money. This effect wouldprobably be more pronounced if the fall in the population were due to a fall in the number ofhouseholds rather than a fall in the average size of a household since a fall in the average sizeof households implies a population decline due to fewer children who have a relatively smalltransactions demand for money compared to adults. The effect on the aggregate money demand function depends upon no change in income commensurate with the change in population—else, the change in income would serve as a proxy for the change in population with no effect on theaggregate money demand function.Figure 14.1Chapter 14 Money, Interest Rates, and Exchange Rates 67 3. Equation 14-4 is M s/P=L(R, Y). The velocity of money, V=Y/(M/P). Thus, when there is equilibriumin the money market such that money demand equals money supply, V=Y/L(R, Y). When R increases, L(R, Y) falls and thus velocity rises. When Y increases, L(R, Y) rises by a smaller amount (since the elasticity of aggregate money demand with respect to real output is less than one) and the fraction Y/L(R, Y) rises. Thus, velocity rises with either an increase in the interest rate or an increase inincome. Since an increase in interest rates as well as an increase in income cause the exchange rate to appreciate, an increase in velocity is associated with an appreciation of the exchange rate.4. An increase in domestic real GNP increases the demand for money at any nominal interest rate. Thisis reflected in Figure 14.2 as an outward shift in the money demand function from L1 to L2. The effect of this is to raise domestic interest rates from R1 to R2 and to cause an appreciation of the domestic currency from E1 to E2.5. Just as money simplifies economic calculations within a country, use of a vehicle currency forinternational transactions reduces calculation costs. More importantly, the more currencies used in trade, the closer the trade becomes to barter, since someone who receives payment in a currency she does not need must then sell it for a currency she needs. This process is much less costly when there is a ready market in which any nonvehicle currency can be traded against the vehicle currency, which then fulfills the role of a generally accepted medium of exchange.Figure 14.26. Currency reforms are often instituted in conjunction with other policies which attempt to bring downthe rate of inflation. There may be a psychological effect of introducing a new currency at themoment of an economic policy regime change, an effect that allows governments to begin with a ―clean slate‖ and makes people reconsider their expectations concerning inflation. Experience shows, however, that such psychological effects cannot make a stabilization plan succeed if it is not backed up by concrete policies to reduce monetary growth.7. The interest rate at the beginning and at the end of this experiment are equal. The ratio of money toprices (the level of real balances) must be higher when full employment is restored than in the initial state where there is unemployment: the money-market equilibrium condition can be satisfied only with a higher level of real balances if GNP is higher. Thus, the price level rises, but by less than twice its original level. If the interest rate were initially below its long-run level, the final result will be one with higher GNP and higher interest rates. Here, the final level of real balances may be higher or lower than the initial level, and we cannot unambiguously state whether the price level has more than doubled, less than doubled, or exactly doubled.68 Krugman/Obstfeld •International Economics: Theory and Policy, Eighth Edition8. The 1984–1985 money supply growth rate was 12.4% in the United States (100% ⨯ (641.0 –570.3)/570.3) and 334.8% in Brazil (100% ⨯ (106.1 – 24.4)/24.4). The inflation rate in the United States during this period was 3.5% and in Brazil the inflation rate was 222.6%. The change in real money balances in the United States was approximately 12.4% – 3.5% = 8.9%, while the change in real money balances in Brazil was approximately 334.8% – 222.6% = 112.2%. The small change in the U.S. price level relative to the change in its money supply as compared to Brazil may be due to greater short-run price stickiness in the United States; the change in the price level in theUnited States represents 28% of the change in the money supply ((3.5/12.4) ⨯ 100%), while inBrazil this figure is 66% ((222.6/334.8) ⨯ 100%). There are, however, large differences between the money supply growth and the growth of the price level in both countries, which casts doubt on the hypothesis of money neutrality in the short run for both countries.9. Velocity is defined as real income divided by real balances or, equivalently, nominal income dividedby nominal money balances (V=P⨯Y/M). Velocity in Brazil in 1985 was 13.4 (1418/106.1), while velocity in the United States was 6.3 (4010/641). These differences in velocity reflected the different costs of holding cruzados compared to holding dollars. These different costs were due to the high inflation rate in Brazil which quickly eroded the value of idle cruzados, while the relatively low inflation rate in the United States had a much less deleterious effect on the value of dollars.Figure 14.310. If an increase in the money supply raises real output in the short run, then the fall in the interest ratewill be reduced by an outward shift of the money demand curve caused by the temporarily higher transactions demand for money. In Figure 14.3, the increase in the money supply line from (M1/P) to (M2/P) is coupled with a shift out in the money demand schedule from L1 to L2. The interest rate falls from its initial value of R1 to R2, rather than to the lower level R3, because of the increase in output and the resulting outward shift in the money demand schedule. Because the interest rate does not fall as much when output rises, the exchange rate depreciates by less: from its initial value of E1 to E2, rather than to E3, in the diagram. In both cases we see the exchange rate appreciate backsome to E4 in the long run. The difference is the overshoot is much smaller if there is a temporary increase in Y. Note, the fact that the increase in Y is temporary means that we still move to the same IP curve, as LR prices will still shift the same amount when Y returns to normal, and we still have the same size M increase in both cases. A permanent increase in Y would involve a smaller expected price increase and a smaller shift in the IP curve.Chapter 14 Money, Interest Rates, and Exchange Rates 69 Undershooting occurs if the new short-run exchange rate is initially below its new long-run level.This happens only if the interest rate rises when the money supply rises—that is if GDP goes up so much that R does not fall, but increases. This is unlikely because the reason we tend to think that an increase in M may boost output is because of the effect of lowering interest rates, so we generally don’t think that the Y response can be so great as to increase R.11. We saw in Chapter 14 that as the interest rate falls, people prefer to hold more cash and fewerfinancial assets. If interest rates were to fall below zero, people would strictly prefer cash to financial assets as the zero return on cash would dominate any negative return. Thus, interest rates cannot fall below zero because no one would hold a financial asset with a negative rate of return when another asset at a zero rate of return (cash) exists.12. One clear complication that a zero interest rate introduces is that the central bank is ―out ofammunition.‖ It literally cannot reduce interest rates any further and thus may struggle to respond to additional shocks that hit the economy over time. The central bank is still not completely powerless, it can print more money and try to increase inflation (increasing inflation with a constant zero interest rate would mean a declining real interest rate) to stimulate the economy, but the standard toolkit is not operational. As further discussion in Chapter 17 will show, a zero interest rate may also be asymptom of a lack of responsiveness in the economy to low interest rates.13. a. If money adjusts automatically to changes in the price level, then any number of combinations ofmoney and prices could satisfy the money supply/money demand equations. There would be nounique solution.b. Yes, a rule such as this one would help anchor the price level and imply there is no longer aninfinite number of money and price combinations that could satisfy money supply and moneydemand.c. A one time permanent unexpec ted fall in ―u‖ would imply that R would have to fall until priceshave a chance to rise and balance out the equation. As prices rise, R would return to its initiallevel. The story described is essentially identical to that in Figure 14.13. The interest rate woulddrop and then rise slowly over time and the price level would start out static and then rise overtime. The exchange rate should overshoot (assuming that expectations are tied to future prices inthe same way they are described in the text).。
国际金融中英文版答案解析)
国际金融中英文版Chapter 2:Payments among NationsSingle-Choice Questions1.A country’s balance of payments records: 一个国家的国际收支平衡记录了 Ba.The value of all exports of goods and services fromthat country for a period of time.b.All flows of value between that country’s residentsand residents of the rest of the world during a periodof time. 在一定时间段里, 一个国家居民的资产和其它世界居民资产的流动c.All flows of financial assets that cross that country’sborders during a period of time.d.All flows of goods into that country during a period oftime.2.A credit item in the balance of payments is: 在国际收支平衡里的贷项是 Aa.An item for which the country must be paid. 一个国家必须收取的条款b.An item for which the country must pay.c.Any imported item.d.An item that creates a monetary claim owed to aforeigner.3.Every international exchange of value is entered into the balance-of-payments accounts __________ time(s). 每一次国际等价交换都记进国际收支帐户２次 Ba.1b.2c.3d.44.A debit item in the balance of payments is: 在国际收支平衡中的借项是 Ba.An item for which the country must be paid.b.An item for which the country must pay. 一个国家必须支付的条款c.Any exported item.d.An item that creates a monetary claim on a foreigner.5.In a nation's balance of payments, which one of the following items is always recorded as a positive entry?D 在国际收支中, 下列哪个项目总被视为有利条项a.Changes in foreign currency reserves.b.Imports of goods and services.itary foreign aid supplied to allied nations.d.Purchases by foreign travelers visiting the country. 国外游客在本国发生的购买6.The sum of all of the debit items in the balance of payments: 在收支平衡中,所有贷项的总和 Ba.Equals the overall balance.b.Equals the sum of all credit items.等于所有借项的总和c.Equals ‘compensating’ transactions.d.Equals the sum of credit items minus errors andomissions.7.Which of the following capital transactions are entered as debits in the U.S. balance of payments? 下列哪个资本交易在美国的收支平衡中当作借项？ Ba.A U.S. resident transfers $100 from his account atCredit Suisse in Basel (Switzerland) to his account at aSan Francisco branch of Wells Fargo Bank.b.A French resident transfers $100 from his account atWells Fargo Bank in San Francisco to his Credit Suisseaccount in Basel. 一个法国居民在旧金山的Fargo Bank用其帐户转帐１００美金到位于巴塞尔的瑞士信贷户口c.A U.S. resident sells his IBM stock to a French resident.d.A U.S. resident sells his Credit Suisse stock to a Frenchresident.8.An increase in a nation's financial liabilities to foreign residents is a: 一个国家对另一个国家金融负债的增加是一种Ca.Reserve inflow.b.Reserve outflow.c.Capital inflow.资本流入d.Capital outflow.9.___A_______ are money-like assets that are held by governments and that are recognized by governments as fully acceptable for payments between them. 官方国际储备资产是一种类似于钱的资产，这种资产由政府掌握并作为政府间的一种支付手段得到充分认可.a.Official international reserve assets 官方国际储备资产b.Unofficial international reserve assetsc.Official domestic reserve assetsd.Unofficial domestic reserve assets10.Which of the following is considered a capital inflow? 下列哪项被视为资本流入 Aa.A sale of U.S. financial assets to a foreign buyer. 美国一金融资产卖给一外国买家b.A loan from a U.S. bank to a foreign borrower.c.A purchase of foreign financial assets by a U.S. buyer.d.A U.S. citizen’s repayment of a loan from a foreignbank.11.In a country’s balance of payments, which of the following transactions are debits?一个国家的收支平衡表中,哪个交易属于借项？ Aa.Domestic bank balances owned by foreigners aredecreased. 外国人拥有的国内银行资产的下降b.Foreign bank balances owned by domestic residentsare decreased.c.Assets owned by domestic residents are sold tononresidents.d.Securities are sold by domestic residents tononresidents.12.The role of ___D_______ is to direct one nation’s savings into another nation’s investments: 资金流的作用是指导一个国家的储蓄进入到另一个国家的投资a.Merchandise trade flowsb.Services flowsc.Current account flowsd.Capital flows 资金流13.The net value of flows of goods, services, income, and unilateral transfers is called the: 商品,服务,收入和单方面转让等现金流的净收益叫经常账目（户）Ba.Capital account.b.Current account.经常账目（户）c.Trade balance.d.Official reserve balance.14.The net value of flows of financial assets and similar claims (excluding official international reserve asset flows) is called the: 金融资产和类似的资产（官方国际储备资产流除外）的净值流叫Aa.Financial account.金融帐b.Current account.c.Trade balance.d.Official reserve balance.15.The financial account in the U.S. balance of payments includes: 美国国家收支表中的金融帐包括： Ba.Everything in the current account.b.U.S. government payments to other countries for theuse of military bases.美政府采用其它国家军事基地所需支付款项c.Profits that Nissan of America sends back to Japan.d.New U.S. investments in foreign countries.16.ＡU.S. resident increasing her holdings of a foreign financial asset causes a: 一个美国居民增持一外国金融资产会引起Da.Credit in the U.S. current account.b.Debit in the U.S. current account.c.Credit in the U.S. capital account.d.Debit in the U.S. capital account. 美国资本帐的借帐17. A foreign resident increasing her holdings of a U.S. financial asset causes a: 一个美国居民增持本国一金融资产会引起 Ca.Credit in the U.S. current account.b.Debit in the U.S. current account.c.Credit in the U.S. capital account.美国资本帐的贷帐d.Debit in the U.S. capital account.18. A deficit in the current account: 经常帐户中的赤字 Aa.Tends to cause a surplus in the financial account.会导致金融帐中的盈余b.Tends to cause a deficit in the financial account.c.Has no relationship to the financial account.d.Is the result of increasing exports and decreasingimports.19.In September, 2005, exports of goods from the U.S. decreased $3.3 billion to $73.4 billion, and imports of goods increased $3.8 billion to $144.5 billion. This increased the deficit in:2005年8月,美国商品出口降低了33亿美元,共734亿美元；商品进口上升到1145亿美元,上长了38亿.这样增加了哪个方面的赤字？Ca.The balance of payments.b.The financial account.c.The current account. 经常帐户d.Unilateral transfers.20.Which of the following would contribute to a U.S. current account surplus? 以下哪项有助于美国现金帐的盈余？ Ba.The United States makes a unilateral tariff reductionon imported goods.b.The United States cuts back on American militarypersonnel stationed in Japan.美国削减在日本的军事人员c.U.S. tourists travel in large numbers to Asia.d.Russian vodka becomes increasingly popular in theUnited States.21.Which of the following transactions is recorded in the financial account?以下哪个交易会被当作金融帐Aa.Ford motor company builds a new plant in China 福特摩托公司在中国设立车间b.A Chinese businessman imports Ford automobilesfrom the United States.c.A U.S. tourist spends money on a trip to China.d.The New York Yankees are paid $10 million by theChinese to play an exhibition game in Beijing, China.22.If a British business buys U.S. government securities, how will this be entered in the balance of payments? 如果一英国商人购买了美国政府的债券,那么这个交易在收支平衡表中会被当作是？ Ca.It will appear in the trade account as an import.b.It will appear in the trade account as an export.c.It will appear in the financial account as an increase inU.S. assets held by foreigners.会被当作是外国人所有的美国资产增长d.It will appear in the financial account as a decrease inU.S. assets held by foreigners.23.In the balance of payments, the statistical discrepancy or error term is used to: 在收支平衡表中, 统计差异与错误项目会用来确保借帐总和跟贷帐总和一致 Aa.Ensure that the sum of all debits matches the sum ofall credits.b.Ensure that imports equal the value of exports.c.Obtain an accurate account of a balance-of-paymentsdeficit.d.Obtain an accurate account of a balance-of-paymentssurplus.24.Official reserve assets are: 官方储备资产是Ba.The gold holdings in the nation’s central bank.b.Money like assets that are held by governments andthat are recognized by governments as fullyacceptable for payments between them. 官方国际储备资产是一种类似于钱的资产，这种资产由政府掌握并作为政府间的一种支付手段得到充分认可ernment T-bills and T-bonds.ernment holdings of SDR’s25.Which of the following constitutes the largest component of the world’s international reserve assets? 下列哪项构成了世界国际储备资产的大部份？ Da.Gold.b.Special Drawing Rights.c.IMF Reserve Positions.d.Foreign Currencies. 外汇（币）26.The net accumulation of foreign assets minus foreign liabilities is: 海外净资产的积累减去外债等于C official reserves. domestic investment. foreign investment. 国外投资净值 foreign deficit.27. A country experiencing a current account surplus: 一个国家经历经常帐户的盈余 Ba.Needs to borrow internationally.b.Is able to lend internationally.就有能力向外放贷c.Must also have had a surplus in its "overall" balance.d.Spent more than it earned on its merchandise andservice trade, international income payments andreceipts and international transfers.28.The ___C_______ measures the sum of the current account balance plus the private capital account balance.官方结算差额是指经常帐户余额的总和加上私人资本帐（B=CA+FA,FA:为非官方投资和储备）a.Official capital balanceb.Unofficial capital balancec.Official settlements balance官方结算差额d.Unofficial settlements balance29.If the overall balance is in __A________, there is an accumulation of official reserve assets by the country or a decrease in foreign official reserve holdings of the country's assets. 如果综合差额处于盈余，那么会出现本国官方储备资产的积累或者国外官方储备的减少（B=CA+FA,B+OR=0，OR:官方储备金额）a.Surplus盈余b.Deficitc.Balanced.Foreign hands30.Which of the following is the current account balance NOT equal to? 以下哪项不等同于现金帐 Da.The difference between domestic product anddomestic expenditure.b.The difference between national saving and domesticinvestment. foreign investment.d.The difference between government saving andgovernment investment. 政府储蓄与政府投资的差值True/False Questions31.Capital inflows are debits and capital outflows are credits. 资金流入是借项，资金外流是贷项32.The net value of the flow of goods, services, income, and gifts is the current account balance. (T)商品,服务,收入和单方面转让等现金流的净收益叫经常账目余额33.The net flow of financial assets and similar claims is the private current account balance. 金融资产和类似的资产的净值叫经常帐目余额34.The majority of countries' official reserves assets are now foreign exchange assets, financial assets denominated in a foreign currency that is readily acceptable in international transactions. (T) 大部份官方储备资产作为以外汇资产和金融资产为命名的外币在世界上交易与流通.35. A country's financial account balance equals the country's net foreign investment.一个国家的金融帐差额相当于一个国家的净国外投资36. A country has a current account deficit if it is saving more than it is investing domestically.一个国家如果在国内的储蓄比投资要大,那么会出现经常账目赤字37.The official settlements balance measures the sum of the capital account balance plus the public current account balance. 官方结算差额是资金帐户余额的总额加上公共经常帐户余额38. A nation's international investment position shows its stock of international assets and liabilities at a moment in time. (T) 一个国家的国际投资状况反映出它在特定时间里的国际资产股份以及债务情况.39. A nation is a borrower if its current account is in deficit during a time period. (T)在一段时间内,如果一个国家的经常帐出现赤字,那么它就是借方.40. A nation is a debtor if its net stock of foreign assets is positive. 如果一个国家的国外资产净储备是正数,那么它是借方（债务方）41. A transaction leading to a foreign resident increasing her holdings of a U.S. financial asset will be recorded as a debit on the U.S. financial account. 如果一项交易引起一外国居民增持美国金融资产的股份,那么这项交易在美国金融帐中会被当作借项42. A credit item is an item for which a country must pay. 贷项是指一个国家必须还款的条项43.Gold is a major reserve asset that is currently often used in official reserve transactions. 黄金作为主要的储备资产,常被用在官方储备交易当中.44.The current account balance is equal to the difference between domestic product and national expenditure.(T) 经常项目余额等于国民生产与国民支出的差额45.In 2007 U.S. households, businesses and government were buying more goods and services than they wereproducing.(T)２００７年,美国家庭,商业,政府购买的商品和服务比他们生产（商品和服务）的要多.46。
国际金融(托马斯·普格尔)复习资料整理
题型：（范围2—8章）1填空：5题10分2选择：10题20分3判断：10题10分4简答：2题10分5计算：4题40分6论述：1题10分第二章 Payments among Nations 国际收支1.Accounting principles 记账原则A credit item (+)positive items: a country must be paid; payment by a foreigner into the country.包括：Exports of goodsPurchases by foreigners in this countryForeigners’ investing in the country’s bondsA debit item (-)negative items： a country must pay; payment by the country to a foreigner.包括：Imports of goodsPurchases by firms in this country from foreign countriesPurchases by investors in this country from foreigners2．Balance of Payments Statement国际收支平衡◆Current account（经常账户）:简CA（商品、服务的进出口、对外国金融资产的支付和收益、单方面转移）◆Financial account（金融账户）:简FA (直接投资、国际证券投资)◆Official international reserves（官方国际储备）:简OR（黄金、外汇资产、在国际货币基金的特别提款权）◆三个国际收支部分，根据Each transaction has two item, one positive and one negative, of equal value.—double-entry bookkeeping复式记账法有：positive items + negative items = 0positive balance: surplusnegative balance: deficit（1）Current account balance经常账户差额经常账户差额(CA) = 商品贸易差额 + 劳务差额加上收入净额 + 无偿转移收支净额之和。
第3章 汇率的决定与变动
4. 贬值对利率的影响 本币贬值出口增加，进口减少外汇储备增加（固
定汇率制度） 货币供给增加 r 本币贬值出口增加，进口减少总需求增加收入
增加， r 5. 贬值对产业结构（资源配置）的影响
本币贬值国际市场需求增加、进口替代产业结构
调整接近国际市场需求结构（引起资源
配置在贸易部门、进口替代部门和非贸易
1922年瑞典学者卡塞尔(Cassel)系统表述了PPP 。
主要观点： 人们之所以需要外国货币，是因为其在外国具有购
买力，同样，外国人需要本国货币，也是因为其在本 国具有购买力。
因此，两国货币的交换比例，即汇率，主要由两 国货币在各自国家所具有的购买力决定的，汇率的变 动也是两国购买力相对变动的结果。
贬值“货币战” 争夺、瓜分国际市场 贬值“全面倾销” 对方报复贸易摩擦（贸易保护
主义；机会主义、霸权主义和无赖主义） （贬值是一种将本国经济衰退向国外输出的途径）
国际金融·第三章·23
第四节 西方汇率理论
一、国际借贷说 二、购买力平价说 三、利率平价说 四、 汇兑心理论* 五、货币主义的汇率理论* 六、资产组合平衡论* 七、汇率理论的本质及其发展
（一）贬值对国际收支的影响 1. 贬值对经常帐户的影响 本币贬值 逆差减少，顺差增加 条件： 1） 马歇尔——勒纳条件 2） J曲线效应 2. 贬值对资本和金融帐户的影响 通过预期本币的升值、贬值影响 预期进一步贬值 资本净流出 逆差增加，顺差减少
国际金融·第三章·16
1、贬值对进出口的影响：
国际金融·第三章·27
（一）开放经济下的一价定律（理解）
1．某一商品在一国内部不同地区的价格之间的关系
前提： （1）位于不同地区的该商品是同质的。 （2）价格可灵活调整，不存在价格粘性。
国际金融PPT课件
• 3. 出口商接受外国货币的支付。美国出口 150000美元商品到英国，两国进出口商商 定以相当于150000美元的英镑支付。这样 在美国的国际收支平衡表上贷方记入 150000美元（商品出口），借方记入 150000美元（国外资产增加，即美国的外 汇持有量增加）。 • 4. 美国一居民向其国外眷属赠送价值8000 美元的商品，形成8000美元的商品出口， 记入贷方。然而这一输出并没有产生收入， 对应的借方科目为“私人单方面转 移”8000美元。
= 综合差额
－ 储备增加（或+储备减少）
= 零
• • • • • •
1.3.2 国际收支失衡的性质及影响 1.周期性失衡（Cyclical Disequilibria) 2.结构性失衡(Structure Disequilibria) 3.货币性失衡(Money Disequilibria) 4.所得性失衡(Income Disequilibria) 5.偶然性失衡
第1章 国际收支
• 1.1 国际收支的基本概念 • 1.1.1 国际收支的含义
•
国际收支（Balance of Payments)即为 国际间的外汇收支,反映一个国家在一定 时期(通常为一年)内同其它国家在政治、 经济、文化等方面交往所发生的外汇收 支的总和。一国的国际收支经常是不平 衡的。如果收支大于支出，有了盈余， 这个差额就叫国际收支顺差（Surplus)； 如果支出大于收入，则出现亏损，这个 差额就叫国际收支逆差（Deficit).一般在 顺差之前,冠以“+”号(多省略);在逆差之 前,冠以“－”号,或以红字书写表示国际 收支发生了赤字。
中职教育-国际金融英语课件：Unit 3 The World Bank group.ppt
5. International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) Est. 1966, facilitating the settlement of investment disputes between governments and foreign investors
4. Saving Children—reduce the under 5 mortality rate.
Millennium Development Goals
5. Caring for Mothers—reduce the maternal mortality rate.
6. Combating Diseases—such as AIDS/HIV, Tuberculosis, malaria, and other major diseases.
2. Educating All Children—ensure that all children complete primary education.
3. Empowering Women—eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education.
Japan, UK, and US
Board of Governors
Made of up representatives from member countries Typically, the representatives are ministers of finance or ministers of development.
国际货币、银行和金融经济第八版双语课后习题
本资料暂时只供本宿舍人员使用，不可外传第一章Key terms 181.f ederal Reserve Systerm(the Fed):美国联邦储蓄体系，是美国的中央银行，负责国家的法定货币制度的组织机构。
2.inflation:——通货膨胀：物价水平上涨，纸币贬值，影响个人、企业、和政府。
3.money(money supple):——货币供给;在购买商品、支付劳务以及偿还债务中被普遍接受的东西。
1.Activities in financial market have direct effects on individual`s wealth ,the behavior of business，and the efficiency of our economy。
Three financial markets deserve particular attention:the bond market 、the stock market、and the exchange market；金融市场中的活动对个人`财富，企业的行为，和经济效率的有着直接影响。
有三个金融市场值得特别关注：债券市场（确定利率）、股票市场（对人们的财富和公司的投资起主要作用）、和外汇市场；2.Bank and other financial institutions channel funds from people who might not put them to productive use to people who can do so and thus play a crucial in improving the efficiency of the economy.银行和其他金融机构作为资金融通的渠道，将资金从无生产性用途的人们转移到有生产性用途的人们手中，从而在提高经济效率扮演着重要角色。
3.Money appears to be a major influence in inflation ,business cycles，and interest rates。
人民大2024国际金融(第三版)PPT第3章汇率决定理论
子集。 • 绝对ppp不成立的主要原因：一是不同国家居民在商品消费偏好上的差异
导致了产品的巨大差异性； 二是不同同家的设立物价指数时，各种商品 的权重不可对是相等的，甚至一国在不同时期权重也是不相同的； 三是 市场不可能是完全竞争的，关说、贸易壁垒及交易成本仍然存在
后者指已经进入支付阶段的借贷。
2.流动借贷是汇率决定的主要因素
戈逊认为只有流动借贷的变化才会影响外汇供求
流动债权 ＞流动债务
外汇供给 ＞外汇需求
外汇汇率下降
流动债权＜ 流动债务
外汇供给 ＜外汇需求
外汇汇率上升
戈逊所说的流动借贷，实际上就是早期的狭义国际收支概念，所以又被称为“国 际收支说”，这一理论实际上就是汇率的供求决定论。
国际收支说的早期形式：国际借贷说
3.对国际借贷说的简要评价 贡献：
较好的解释了金本位制下的汇率变动问题,符合当时的现实经济运行.即 使现在，国际收支仍是影响汇率变化最直接的原因之一 局限性：
第一，国际借贷说说明了汇率是如何被决定的（外汇的供求），但并 没有给出影响汇率变动的或者说影响外汇供求的具体因素，从而影响了 这一理论的应用价值。
第３节利率平价理论
• 随着生产和资本国际化的发展，资本在国际间的移动越来越大，并 日益成为影响汇率决定的一个重要因素，利率平价理论于是应运而 生。
• 凯恩斯于1923年在其《货币改革论》一书中首次系统地建立了古 典利率平价理论，之后，英国经济学家保罗·艾因齐格（Paul Einzing）在其1931年《远期外汇理论》和1937年《外汇史》中进 一步提出了动态的利率平价理论，揭示了即期汇率、远期汇率、利 率、国际资本流动之间的相互影响，从而形成了现代利率平价理论。
国际金融英文课件3
Exchange Rates and
International Transactions
- It is able to open for business in different financial centres and banks and other institutions are able to trade various currencies 24 hours a day aside from possible minor gaps on weekends.
- Although geographically dispersed in numerous financial centres around the world, these dealer institutions are linked to each other through telephones, computers, and other electronic means.
-The term currency is the numerator and the base currency is the denominator. When the numerator increases, the base currency is strengthening and becoming more expensive; when the numerator decreases, the base currency is weakening and becoming cheaper.
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5
• 1.4What Is Money?
– Assets widely used and accepted as a means of payment. – Money is very liquid, but pays little or no return.
• All other assets are less liquid but pay higher return.
13
Figure 3-2: Effect on the Aggregate Real Money Demand Schedule of a Rise in Real Income
Interest rate, R
Increase in real income
L(R,Y2) L(R,Y1) Aggregate real money demand
14
§4The Equilibrium Interest Rate: The Interaction of Money Supply and Demand
• 4.1 Equilibrium in the Money Market
– The condition for equilibrium in the money market is: Ms = Md (3-3) – The money market equilibrium condition can be expressed in terms of aggregate real money demand as:
• Figure 3-5 shows the effect on the interest rate of a rise in the level of output, given the money supply and the price level.
19
Figure 3-5: Effect on the Interest Rate ofly accepted means of payment
• 1.2Money as a Unit of Account
– A widely recognized measure of value
• 1.3Money as a Store of Value
– A transfer of purchasing power from the present into the future
Q2
MS ( = Q 1 ) P
Q3
Real money holdings
16
• 4.2 Interest Rates and the Money Supply
– An increase (fall) in the money supply lowers (raises) the interest rate, given the price level and output.
Chapter 3 Money, Interest Rates, and Exchange Rates
Prepared by Iordanis Petsas To Accompany International Economics: Theory and Policy Sixth Edition Policy, by Paul R. Krugman and Maurice Obstfeld
9
• 2.3 Liquidity
– The main benefit of holding money comes from its liquidity.
• Households and firms hold money because it is the easiest way of financing their everyday purchases.
– A rise in the average value of transactions carried out by a household or firm causes its demand for money to rise.
10
§3 Aggregate Money Demand
• 3.1Aggregate money demand
• Equation (14-1) can also be written as:
Md/P = L(R,Y) (3-2)
12
Figure 3-1: Aggregate Real Money Demand and the Interest Rate
Interest rate, R
L(R,Y)
Aggregate real money demand
Ms/P = L(R,Y) (3-4)
15
Figure 3-3: Determination of the Equilibrium Interest Rate
Interest rate, R Real money supply 2
R2
R1 R3
1 3
Aggregate real money demand, L(R,Y)
2
Chapter Organization
• The Money Supply and the Exchange Rate in the Short Run • Money, the Price Level, and the Exchange Rate in the Long Run • Summary
• A rise in the interest rate raises the cost of holding money and causes money demand to fall.
8
• 2.2Risk
– Holding money is risky.
• An unexpected increase in the prices of goods and services could reduce the value of money in terms of the commodities consumed.
Interest rate, R Real money supply
Real money supply increase
R1 R2
1 2 L(R,Y1)
M1 P
M2 P
Real money holdings
18
• 4.3Output and the Interest Rate
– An increase (fall) in real output raises (lowers) the interest rate, given the price level and the money supply.
• The effect of increasing the money supply at a given price level is illustrated in Figure 3-4.
17
Figure 3-4: Effect of an Increase in the Money Supply on the Interest Rate
– It analyzes the long-term effects of monetary changes on output prices and expected future exchange rates.
4
§1Money Defined: A Brief Review
• 1.1Money as a Medium of Exchange
– Money Supply (Ms) Ms = Currency + Checkable Deposits
6
• 1.5How the Money Supply Is Determined
– An economy’s money supply is controlled by its central bank. • The central bank: –Directly regulates the amount of currency in existence –Indirectly controls the amount of checking deposits issued by private banks
– The total demand for money by all households and firms in the economy. – 3.2 It is determined by three main factors:
• Interest rate –It reduces the demand for money. • Price level –It raises the demand for money. • Real national income –It raises the demand for money.
Exchange Rate in the Short Run
• Short run analysis
3
Introduction
• Factors that affect a country’s money supply or demand are among the most powerful determinants of its currency’s exchange rate against foreign currencies. • This chapter combines the foreign-exchange market with the money market to determine the exchange rate in the short run.
Chapter Organization