全国医学博士英语统一考试2006

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医学博士考试01-06试题 加详解

医学博士考试01-06试题 加详解

2000FA TMD医学博士研究生入学外语考试――英语参考答案(部分)PAPER TWO31.A 32.B 33.C 34.D 35.A 36.B 37.C 38.C 39.A 40.B 41.C 42.C 43.C 44.D 45.B46.D 47.C 48.B 49.A 50.C51.C 52.B 53.D 54.A55.C 56.D 57.D 58.C59.C 60.C 61.D 62.D63.A 64.B 65.D 66.D67.C 68.B 69.C 70.A71.C 72.C 73.C 74.D 75.D2001FA TMD医学博士研究生入学外语考试――英语参考答案(部分)PAPER ONE1.A2.C3.D4.B5.A6.A7.C8.A9.D 10.C 11. PAPER TWO1.C2.C3.A4.B5.C6.D7.B8.D9.C 10.D 11.D 12.A 13.A 14.B 15.B 16.C 17.C 18.A 19.D 20.D 21.D 22.C 23.A 24.C 25.C 26.C 27.A 28.B 29.A 30.A31.C 32.A 33.B 34.A 35.A 36.B 37.C 38.C 39.D 40.B 41.C 42.C 43.A 44.B 45.B46.C 47.D 48.B 49.D 50.A51.C 52.A 53.A 54.D55.D 56.C 57.A 58.A59.C 60.C 61.D 62.A63.B 64.D 65.D 66.C67.A 68.A 69.D 70.D71.C 72.A 73.C 74.D 75.A2002FA TMD医学博士研究生入学外语考试――英语参考答案(部分)1.B2.C3.C4.A5.D6.B7.C8.C9.B 10.C 11.C 12.D 13.D 14.C 15.B16.A 17.C 18.B 19.B 20.A 21.D 22.D 23.C 24.C 25.C 26.A 27.D 28.A 29.C 30.B31.B 32.C 33.A 34.C 35.D 36.C 37.C 38.C 39.D40.D41.B 42.D 43.D 44.B 45.C 46.D 47.A 48.B 49.A50.B51.B 52.C 53.D 54.A 55.C 56.C 57.C 58.C 59.A60.A61.A 62.D 63.D 64.B 65.A 66.D 67.D 68.A 69.C70.C71.B 72.A 73.A 74.A 75.A 76.B 77.C 78.B 79.C80.D81.C 82.B 83.D 84.D 85.D 86.A 87.B 88.C 89.A 90.D2003FA TMD医学博士研究生入学外语考试――英语参考答案(部分)1.D 2.D 3.B 4.A 5.B 6.D 7.C 8.D 9.B 10.D 11.B 12.D 13.D 14.A 15.A16.C 17.A 18.D 19.D 20.D 21.C 22.D 23.D 24.A 25.C 26.D 27.D 28.B 29.C 30.D31.A 32.B 33.D 34.C 35.A 36.D 37.A 38.C 39.C 40.A 41.A 42.C 43.C 44.D 45.D 46.B 47.D 48.D 49.C 50.A51.B 52.A 53.C 54.A 55.C 56.B 57.A 58.C 59.B60.A61.C 62.B 63.C 64.B 65.C 66.C 67.B 68.D 69.A70.B71.D 72.A 73.D 74.C 75.D 76.B 77.D 78.C 79.C80.A81.A 82.A 83.D 84.C 85.B 86.B 87.C 88.A 89.D 90.B2004年全国医学考博英语试题答案(仅供参考)1.A2.B3.C4.C5.C6.B7.D8.A9.D 10.D11.A 12.B 13.C 14.C 15.D 16.D 17.A 18.C 19.B 20.A21.A 22.B 23.D 24.C 25.D 26.A 27.D 28.C 29.B 30.C31.B 32.A 33.D 34.A 35.B 36.B 37.A 38.B 39.C 40.B41.A 42.C 43.B 44.D 45.C 46.D 47.C 48.A 49.D 50.A51.A 52.B 53.D 54.A 55.B 56.C 57.A 58.A 59.B 60.C61.D 62.C 63.B 64.D 65.C 66.D 67.D 68.C 69.D 70.B71.B 72.D 73.B 74.C 75.B 76.B 77.A 78.D 79.A 80.B81.B 82.D 83.C 84.C 85.A 86.B 87.D 88.A 89.A 90.D2005年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试卷答案1-5CACDA6-10CDBCB11-15CADBA16-20DDBCB21-25ABCBD26-30CCDAD31-35CABAA36-40CADAD41-45BACBA46-50ABDCC51-55BACBA56-60ACBCB61-65BCBBC66-70BDABC71-75CACBB76-80CACBB81-85CBACD86-90ADBCC2006年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试卷答案31-40 CDCCB BCBDA41-50 ACACA ACDDB51-60 BCACA AADBC61-70 DDDDA ACABD71-80ACCCC BCAAD81-90DBDBD DDBBC2001part III vocabulary(15%)1.we are all overwhelmed with more facts and information than we can possibly____A.feedB.maintainC.absorbD.consume2.pleasure,or joy, is vital to ____health. vital.生死攸关的, 重大的, 生命的, 生机的, 至关重要的, 所必需的A.optimistic pessimistic悲观的B.optional可选择的, 随意的C.optimal最佳的, 最理想的near optimal近似最佳D.operational3.A ____ effort is required to achieve health.mitted 承担义务的;忠于既定立场的;坚定的B.restrictedposed镇静的, 沉着的D.sophisticated诡辩的, 久经世故的4.A person’s belief ____ and colors his experience.A.contradicts vt.同...矛盾, 同...抵触contradict a statement驳斥一项声明contradict oneself自相矛盾B.shapes shape the destiny of决定...的命运C.summarizes概述, 总结, 摘要而言D.exchanges交换, 调换, 兑换, 交流, 交易.exchange experience 交流经验5.Many professors encourage students to question and ____ their idearsA.convey vt.搬运, 传达, 转让I can't convey my feelings in words.我的情感难以言表。

2006医学考博英语统考真题

2006医学考博英语统考真题

2006年全国医学考博英语真题31.He ___ the check and deposited it in his account.A.cancelled cancelled v. 取消;作废;解约(cancel的过去分词)adj.取消的conceal [kən'siːl]vt. 隐藏;隐瞒B.endorsed endorse [ɪn'dɔːs; en-]vt. 背书;认可;签署;赞同;在背面签名C.cashed cash [kæʃ]vt. 将…兑现;支付现款n. 现款,现金n. 现款D.endowed endow [ɪn'daʊ; en-]vt. 赋予;捐赠;天生具有32.She claimed that she was denied deny [dɪ'naɪ]vi. 否认;拒绝vt. 否定,否认;拒绝给予;拒绝…的要求admission to admission to:准许 | 进入 | 允许进入the school ___ her raceA.by virtue of 由于,凭借B.in accordance with 依照;与…一致C.with respect to 关于;至于D.on account of 由于;因为;为了…的缘故33.The present is ill.so the secretary will be ___ for him as chairman at the meeting.A.standing up 站着;起立ing up 走近;发生;开始;上升;发芽;被提出C.sitting in列席,旁听;参加;代理D.filling in 填写;填充;替代34.The witness was___ by the judge for failing to 未能answer the questionA.sentenced n. [语][计] 句子,命题;宣判,判决 vt. 判决,宣判B.threatenedC.admonished vt. 告诫;劝告D.jailed n. 监狱;监牢;拘留所 vt. 监禁;下狱35.Publicly,they are trying to ___ this latest failure,but in private 私下地;秘密地they are very worried.A..put off 推迟;扔掉;阻止ugh off 用笑摆脱C.pay off 付清;取得成功;贿赂;报复y off 解雇, 停止工作, 休息, 划出36.It is sheer adj. 绝对的;透明的;峻峭的;纯粹的 adv. 完全;陡峭地___ to be home again and be able to relax.A.prestige n.声望, 威望, 威信B.paradise天堂C.pride n. 自豪;骄傲;自尊心 vt. 使得意,以…自豪D.privacy n. 隐私;秘密;隐居;隐居处37.During rush hour.Downtown streets are ___ with commuters. commuter n.通勤者, 经常往返者A.scattered vi. 分散,散开;散射 vt. 使散射;使散开,使分散;使散播,使撒播n. 分散;散播,撒播B.condensed vi. 浓缩;凝结 vt. 使浓缩;使压缩C.clogged v. 阻塞;障碍 n. 障碍;木底鞋D.dotted adj. 星罗棋布的;有点的 v. 点缀(dot的过去分词);布满;打点于38.Someone who is in ___ confinement监禁,拘留 is kept alone in a room in prison. condine n. 界限,边界;约束;限制 vt. 限制;禁闭A. precise adj. 精确的;明确的;严格的B.solitary adj. 孤独的;独居的n. 独居者;隐士 solitary confinement 单独拘禁C.remote adj. 遥远的;偏僻的;疏远的 n. 远程D.confidential adj. 机密的;表示信任的;获信任的 confidentiality n. 机密,[计] 机密性 confidence n. 信心;信任;秘密 confident adj. 自信的;确信的39.She is very ___ , and will be able to perpform all require vt. 需要;要求;命令tasks well.A.productive adj. 能生产的;生产的,生产性的;多产的;富有成效的B.flexible adj. 灵活的;柔韧的;易弯曲的C.sophisticated adj. 复杂的;精致的;久经世故的;富有经验的v. 使变得世故;使迷惑;篡改(sophisticate的过去分词形式)D.versatile adj. 多才多艺的;通用的,万能的;多面手的40.Various adj. 各种各样的;多方面的books and papers are ___ up togethir on her desk.A.jumbled n. 混乱;杂乱的一堆东西vi. 混杂;搀杂vt. 使混乱;搞乱B.tumbled vi. 摔倒;倒塌;滚动;打滚;仓惶地行动vt. 使摔倒;使滚翻;弄乱n. 跌倒;C.bumbled vi. 犯错误;踉跄;结结巴巴地说话vt. 弄糟;搞坏n. 错误D.humbled adj. 谦逊的;简陋的;(级别或地位)低下的;不大的vt.使谦恭;轻松打败(尤指强大的对手);低声下气Section B41. oblivious adj. 遗忘的;健忘的;不注意的;不知道的42.Sunny periods will be interspersed with occasional adj. 偶然的;临时的;特殊场合的shower.n. 淋浴;(倾泻般出现的)一阵,一大批;阵雨intersperse with.点缀着 intersperse vt. 点缀;散布vi. 点缀;散布A.interruptedB.blockedC.blended vt. 混合vi. 混合;协调n. 混合;掺合物D.intersected intersect vi. 相交,交叉vt. 横断,横切;贯穿43.thrombus n. [病理] 血栓clot vi. 凝结n. [生理] 凝块vt. 使凝结成块44.___ A..B.C.D.45.___ A..B.C.D.46.She kept to her point tenaciously and would not give away. tenacious adj.顽强的 ,坚持地A.persistently坚持的, 百折不挠的; 固执的B.constantly 稳定的,不变的;忠实的,忠贞不渝的C.perpetually 永恒地, 终身地D.vigorously 精神旺盛地47.wit n. 智慧;才智;智力48. I am just fed up with his excuse for not getting his work donefed up with受够了...A.anguished at 使痛苦[苦恼, 悲痛]anguish n. 痛苦;苦恼vt. 使极度痛苦vi. 感到极度的痛苦B.annoyed at be annoyed with sb. at sth.对(某人)为(某事)而生气C.agonized by 烦恼的, 极度痛苦的D.afflicted by使苦恼, 痛苦, 折磨beafflicted with gout害痛风病49. Let’s get out the dictionary and settle this dispute once and for all. 一劳永逸地;彻底地;最后一次A.at the moment 此刻;当时B.at any time 在任何时候C.for a while暂时D.for the last time最后一次50.I was so absorbed in my work that I completely forgot the time.absorbed in 全神贯注于……A.engraved 雕刻B.engrossed 全神贯注的C.enforced 强迫, 执行, 坚持, 加强D.enveloped vt. 包围;包封;遮盖n. 信封;包裹完型填空57.A.on the level of 诚实的;可靠的;坦率地;老实说B.in accordance with 依照;与…一致C.by means of 用,依靠D.in view of 考虑到,鉴于Reading comprehensionpassage 21.High-speed高速的Living has become a fact of life无法更改的事实,and the frantic pace 神速(frantic adj. 狂乱的,疯狂的;pace n. 一步;步速;步伐)is taking its toll造成损失,造成伤亡(toll n. 通行费;代价;钟声;伤亡人数vt. 征收;敲钟vi. 鸣钟;征税),according to science writer James Gleick. It’s as if 犹如,好似the old“type A”behavior of a few has expanded into 扩大为the “hurry sickness n. 疾病;呕吐;弊病”of the many.2.“We do feel that we’re more time-driven and time-obsessed受时间驱使和困扰(obsess vt. 迷住,缠住;使…着迷;使…困扰) and generally rushed n. 冲进;匆促;adj.急需的vt.使冲;突袭;匆忙地做飞跃than ever before比以往任何时候更”write Gleick in Faster:The Acceleration of Just About几乎 Everything,a survey n. 调查;测量;审视;纵览 of fast -moving移动迅速的, 情节紧凑动人的culture and its consfequences.We may also be acting more hastily adv. 匆忙地;急速地;慌忙地,losing control, and thinking superficially because we lie faster.3.Technology has conditioned n. 条件;情况;环境;身份vt. 决定;使适应;使健康;以…为条件us to expect vt. 期望;指望;认为;预料instant results.Internet purchases 网络购物 arrive by next-day delivery and the microwave 微波炉delivers a hot meal in minutes.Faxes,e-mails,and cell phones make it plssible—and increasingly obligatory 义务的(=obligate;obligation)—for people to work faster.Gleick cites numerous examples of last-forward changes in our lives:Stock trading股票交易and news cycles are shorter; sound bites(新闻采访的)原声摘要播出of presidential candidates总统候选人 on network newscasts n. 新闻广播restaurants have added express lanes快车道;单向行驶道.4.High expectations for instant service方便的服务 make even the brief adj. 简短的,简洁的;短暂的,草率的n. 摘要,简报;概要,诉书wait for an elevator seem interminable adj. 冗长的;无止尽的. “A go od waiting time is in the neighborhood在附近of 15 seconds.Sometime around 40 seconds,people start to get visibly显然的upset”writes Gleick.We’re dependent on systems that promise speed but often deliver frustration.Like rush-hour高峰时间 drivers fuming when a single accident halts vi. 停止;立定;踌躇,犹豫the evening commute,people surfing the internet网络冲浪 squirm vi. 蠕动,扭动;羞愧,不舒服if a Web page is slow to load or when access itselt is not instantaneous即刻的.And the concept of “customer service”can become an oxymoron(逆喻 a wise fool; cruel kindness)for customers waiting on hold for a telephone representative.电话代表.representative adj. 典型的,有代表性的;代议制的n. 代表;典型;众议员5.Up-tempo快节奏living has turned people multitaskers?-eating while driving,writing an e-mail while talking on the phone,or skimming dozens of television programs on split screen.分区屏幕Gleick suggests that human beings may be capable of adjusting to 调节;调整以适应these new levels of stimuli n. 刺激;刺激物;促进因素(stimulus的复数)as high-speed culture challenges our brains?in a way they were not challenged in the past,except perhaps in times of war?.We may gain the flexibility n. 灵活性;弹性;适应性to do several things at once but lose some of our capacity to focus in depth 深入地;全面地on a single task.66.with living pace getting quicker and quick,the nu mber of those of “Type-A”behavior isA.on the rise 在增加;在上涨B.out of controlC.on the decline 在走下坡路;在衰退中D.under investigation 在调查研究中67.High-speed living brings about the following consequences,exclusive of不包括;除…外.exclusive adj. 独有的;排外的;专一的n. 独家新闻;独家经营的项目;排外者.except of除了…以外;要不是由于A.superficial thinkingB.lose of controlC.waste of timeD.more haste n. 匆忙;急忙;轻率vi. 匆忙;赶紧vt. 赶快68.The best conclusion n. 结论;结局;推论 can be drawn from the 3rd paragraph is thatA.techonlogy is building a fast-moving cultureB.we are living in the age of informationC.economy is booming with technology.boom vt. 使兴旺;发隆隆声vi. 急速发展;发隆隆声n. 繁荣;吊杆;隆隆声D.the frantic pace is taking its toll69.As the author implies,the faster we live,___A.the less we doB.the less patient we areC.the more time we saveD.the more efficiency have70.Living faster and faster,the multitaskers tend___A.to scratch the surface of 只知皮毛a thingB.to do things better at the same timeC.to be flexible with 在…灵活their time schedualsD.to have intense concentration on 注意力集中于…trivial thingspassage 31.Imagine a disease spreading across the globe,killing mostly middle-aged people 中年人or leaving them chronically disabled.vt. 使失去能力;使残废;使无资格.Then one day researchers come up with 提出;想出;赶上 a drug that can prevent some of the disease’s nastier effects.糟糕的影响.You would think the world’s ageing public would be eternally grateful.感激不尽(eternally adv. 永恒地;不朽地)(grateful adj. 感谢的;令人愉快的,宜人的)(nastier 下流的,严重的,难对付的,激烈的(nasty的比较级)2.The disease does exist.vi. 存在;生存;生活;继续存在.It is called tobacco addiction.n. 上瘾,沉溺;癖嗜.(addict n. 有瘾的人;入迷的人vt. 使沉溺;使上瘾).The drug too is real and in animal tests has prevented lung damage that leads to emphysema 肺气肿.But the inventors have received no bouquets恭维话,花束. Prevailing vi. 盛行,流行;战胜,获胜medical opinion seems to be that the drug is a mere sideshow n. 穿插表演;串演的节;小事件,distracting vt. 转移;分心smokers from the task of quitting vt. 离开;放弃;停止;使…解除.Another experimental drug ,which could protect smokers against cancer ,is also viewed with suspicion n. 怀疑;嫌疑;疑心;一点儿vt. 怀疑because it could give smokers an excuse n. 借口;理由vt. 原谅;为…申4.But this logic is flawed adj.有缺陷的;有瑕疵的;有裂纹的n. 瑕疵,缺点;一阵狂风;短暂的风暴;裂缝,裂纹).Check a survey of smokers and you find two-thirds want to give up and one-third will have tried in the previous year.Yet,even with nicotine gum尼古丁胶姆糖(gum n. 口香糖;树胶;橡皮),patches and drugs to ease the ordeal n.折磨;严酷的考验;痛苦的经验,the quit rate is still under 10 percent.In the UK , the proportion…的比例of people who smoke has not fallen in a decade.Tobacco has a powerful grip n. 紧握;柄;支配;握拍方式;拍柄绷带vt. 紧握;夹紧,and many smoker are caught in 遇到,陷入;淋雨a trap vt. 诱捕;使…受限制;使…陷入困境n. 陷阱;圈套they cannot escape:they have a disease like any other and deserve vi. 应受,应得the chance to reduce the harm it does to them.vi. 吞下;咽下.It certainly leaves,左右为难. They are happylip service to something 口头上承认)methods for reducing harm---of which three are a growing unmber---but they are slow to create policies based upon them.European Union countries,for example,took years to指望,依赖even consider regulating vt. 调节,规定;控制;校准;有系统的管理(regardless adj. 不管;不顾;不注意)the dangerous additives n. 添加剂,食物添加剂;附加剂(addiction.n. 上瘾,沉溺;癖嗜)in cigarettes.6.One fear is that methods for reducing harm will dilute冲淡,变弱,稀释 the message that tobacco kills---especially when given to youngsters.But that message won’t change.In the present case在这件事中;照目前这个情况,even if 即使;虽然both drugs turn out证明是to work in human trials人体试验,they would not protect against all the deadly side effects 副作用of smoking.And the drugs do not have to be free to all.They could be available only on prescription for people who doctors71.The statement “But the inventors have received no bouquets” implies that___A.the drugs have received suspicionB.the inventors just presented vt. 提出;介绍;呈现;赠送vi. 举枪瞄准adj. 现在的;出席的n. 现在;礼物;瞄准 a sideshowC.it will take time for the public to accept the new drugD. the effects of the drug need further test on human trials72.The author argues that ____A.no smoker is expected to succee in quittingB.smokers deserve the harm smoking does to themC.smokers with resolution n. 分辨率;决议;解决;决心to stop smoking need halpD. smokers could succeed with strong resolution to give up73.The author is trying to emphasize that the drugs____A.are aimed at youngstersB.should be available to smokers free of chargeC.will not change the message that tobacco killsD.help regulate vt. 调节,规定;控制;校准the dangerous additives in cigarattes74.The drugs,according to the author,are expected____A.to perform vt. 执行;完成;演奏preventive functions in non-smokersB.to reduce the number of passive smokersC.to enforce the combat vt. 反对;与…战斗against smokingD.all of the above75.we can draw a conclusion 得出结论;作结论from the passage that___A.with innovative drugs smokers can still enjoy personal gratifications满意and stay healthyB.if a drug can save lives,we shouldn’t withhold vt. 保留,不给;隐瞒;抑制vi. 忍住;克制 it without good resaonC.the battle against smoking is far from wonD. there will be a safe way to smokepassage 41.Eating is related to 与…有关emotional as well as physiologic needs.Sucking ,which is the infant’s means of gaining n. 增加;利润;收获vt. 获得;增加;赚到 both food and emotional security ,conditions n. 条件(condition的复数);情况v. 使习惯于;作为…的条件(condition的第三人称单数形式)the association n. 协会,联盟,社团;联合;联想of eating with well-being n. 幸福;康乐or with deprivation n. 剥夺;损失;免职;匮乏;贫困.If the child is breast-fed adj. 吃母奶的and has supportive adj. 支持的;支援的;赞助的body contact身体接触as well as good mild intake n. 摄取量;通风口;引入口;引入的量,if the child is allowed to suck for as long as he or she desires,and if both the child and the mother enjoy the nursing experience and share their enjoyment,the child is more likely to thrive vi. 繁荣,兴旺;茁壮成长both phgysically and emotionally.On the other hand,if the mother is nervous adj. 神经的;紧张不安的;强健有力的and resents vt. 怨恨;愤恨;厌恶 the child or cuts him her off from the milk supply before either the child’s hunger or sucking need is satisfied,or handle n. [建] 把手;柄;手感;口实vt. 处理;操作;运用;买卖;触摸 the child hostilely 敌对地during the feeding,or props vt. 支撑;维持n. 支柱;支持者 the baby with a bottle rather than holding the child,the child may develop physically but will begin to show signs of emotional disturbance(disturbance n. 干扰;骚乱;忧虑) 情绪困扰 at an early age.If ,in addition另外,此外,the infant is further abused by parental indifference or intolerance,he or she will carry scars n. [医疤痕;创伤(scar的复数形式);冻结物v. 给…留下伤痕;在…的心灵上留下创伤(scar的第三人称单数形式)of such emotional deprivation throughout life.2.Eating habits are also conditioned by family and other psychosocial environments.If an individual’s family eats large quantities of food,then he or she is inclined to conj. 倾向于…;有意eat large amounts.If an individual’s family eats mainly vegetable,then he or she will be inclined to like vegetables.If mealtime is a happy and significant event有意义事件(significant adj. 重大的;有效的;有意义的;值得注意的;意味深长的n. 象征;有意义的事物),then the will tend to think of eating in those terms.And if a family eats quickly,without caring what is being eaten and while fighting at the dinner table,then the person will most likely adopt the same eating pattern and be adversely adv.不利地;逆地;反对地affected by it.This can remain unchanged through a lifetime unless thethe fact of conditioning and to the possible need for her eating patterns in order to improve nutritional intake.Conditioning spills over into 深入到;渗透到(spill vt. 使溢出,使流出;使摔下vi.溢出,流出;摔下;涌流n.溢出,溅出;溢出量;摔下,小塞子)and is often reinforced vt. 加强,加固;强化;补充vi. 求援;得到增援;给予更多的支持n. 加强;加固物;加固材料 by religious beliefs 宗教信仰and other customs so that ,for example,a Jew,whose religion forbids the eating of pork,might have guilt feeling if he or she ate pork.An older Roman Catholi might be conditioned to feel guilty if he or she eats meat on Ffiday,traditionaly a fish day.76.A well-breast-fed child____A.tends to associated foods with emotionsB.is physiologically and emotionally satisfiedC.cannot have physiologic and emotional problemsD. is more likely to have his or her needs satisfied in the futrue77.while sucking ,the baby is actually___A.conscious of 意识到the impact of breast-feedingB.interacting with 与……相互作用his or her motherC.creating a nursing environmentD. impossible to be abused78.A bottle-fed child___A.can be healthy physiologically adv. 生理学方面,but not emotionally adv. 感情上;情绪上;令人激动地;情绪冲动地B.cannot avoid physiologic abuse throught lifeC.is deprived of emotional needsD. is rid of 摆脱physiological needs79.From the list of eating habits,we learn that____A.everyone follows his or her eating pattern to deathB.one’s eating pattern varies with his or her personalityC.there is no such things as psychosocial environmentsD.everyone is born into a conditioned eating environment80.A Jew or an older Roman Catholic___A.takes an eating habit as a religious beliefB.is conditioned to feel guilty of eating pork in his or her familyC.cannot have a nutritional eating habit conditioned by religion beliefsD.observes遵守an eating pattern conditioned by his or her psychosocial environmentPassage 51.Several classes of bitter 苦的citrus compound vt. 合成;混合;和解妥协;搀合vi. 和解;妥协n. [化学] 化合物;混合物;复合词adj. 复合的;混合的 have looked promising adj. 有希望的,有前途的v.许诺,答应(promise的现在分词形式)as anticancer agents 抗癌药,抗癌剂(agent,n.代理人;药剂;特工vt.由…作中介;由…代理adj.代理的)in laboratory tests. A new study indicates v.表明;指示,显示that long-term consumption n. 消费;消耗;肺痨 of orange juice.A source of such chemicals cuts cancer risk in rats.2.In test-tube adj.人工授精的;在试验管中作成的n. 试管;试验管;人工受精(tube n. 管;电子管;隧道;电视机vt.使成管状;把…装管;用管输送vi.乘地铁;不及格)studies, one class of the bitter compounds-flavonoids类黄酮-has inhibited vt.抑制;禁止the growth of breast cancer 乳腺癌cells.Related studies showed that bitter citrus柑桔 limonoids similarly adv.同样地;类似于 ward off 避开;挡住cancer in animals.Mulling深思 over such data(mull sth. over (=mull over sth.)反复考虑某事),Maurice R Bennink of Michigan State University in East Lansing wondered n. 惊奇;奇迹;惊愕vi. 怀疑;想知道;惊讶vt. 怀疑;惊奇;对…感到惊讶adj. 奇妙的;非凡的whether drinking orange juice would have a beneficial effect.3.His team injected 60 young rats with a chemical that causes colon cancer and then raised half of the animals on a normal diet.The others received orange juice instead of drinking water-and less sugar in their food to compensate for 弥补…;赔偿…(compensate vi. 补偿,赔偿;抵消vt. 补偿,赔偿;付报酬)sugars in the juice.4.At an American Institute for Cancer Research meeting last week in WashingtonD.C.. Bennink reported that after 7 months 22 of the animals receiving a normaldiet had developed colon cancers.Only 17 of the rats on the orange-juice diet showed tumors.That’s 77 percent of the control group’s incidence n. 发生率;影响;[光] 入射;影响范围(incident 事件,事变;插曲).5.Concludes结论Bennink,whose work was supported by orange-juice producer Tropicana products of Brandenton,Fla…“These data show orange juice helps protect against cancer”,He says that the study might also apply to 适用于;应用于breast,prostate adj. 前列腺的n. [解剖] 前列腺,and lung cancers.6.Bandaru S.Reddy of the American Health Foundation美国健康基金会in Valhalla.N.Y.,was not surprised by Bennink’s finding of an orange juice benefit.However,he calls the reported risk reduction unimpressive adj. 无印象的;给人印象不深的;不惹人注意的,his own data show that citrus limonoids protect against chemically induced colon cancer in lab animals.7.Luke K. T. Lam of LDT Laboratories in St. Paul,Minn.,finds Bennink’s data“quite interesting.” although he describes as描述为“borderline”n. 边界线,边界;界线adj. 边界的;暧昧的 the suppression n.抑制;镇压;[植]压抑 of cancer incidence observed vt. 庆祝vt. 观察;遵守;说;注意到;评论vi. 观察;说;注意到;评论by m has inhibited vt. 抑制;禁止 tumors in the lung,skin and forestomach of mice n. 老鼠(mouse的复数)with limonoinds.8.The scientists don’t know what compounds in or ange juice underlie vt. 成为……的基础;位于……之下its effect.The juice is rich in one limonoid-a sugar-containing version n.版本;译文of limonin柠檬苦素,which suppressed vt. 抑制;镇压;废止tumors in Lam’s rich in one experiments.It’s possible,Lam speculates vi. 推测;投机;思索vt. 推断,that rats convert vt. 使转变;转换…;使…改变信仰vi. 转变,变换;皈依;改变信仰n. 皈依者;改变宗教信仰者the juice’s limonoid into limonin.9.Indeed adv. 的确;实在;真正地;甚至,argues vi.争论,辩论;提出理由vt. 辩论,争论;证明;说服Gary D,Manners of the Agricultural Research Service in Albany,Calif..“there is no doubt that th ese anticancer citus compounds are bioavailable 生物及生物药效应的in animals to the site of a cancer.The question remains whether they are similiarly available adj. 可获得的;可购得的;可找到的;有空的in people”. To find out,his team will soon begin measuring the human boy’s uptake n. 摄取;领会;举起of limonoids from orange juice.81.what made Bennink hypothesize vt. 假设,假定the protetive effect of orange juice?A.The wide consumption of the fruitsB.the citrus limonoids of the fruitsC.His own personal experience.D His promising adj. 有希望的,有前途的v.许诺,答应(promise的现在分词形式)research82.which of the following is true of the results of Bennink’s study?A.only eitht rats of the control group showed tumorsB.thirteen rats of the test guoup failed to show tumorsC.seventy-seven percent of the test group did not show tumorsD.only thirty-three percent of the control group showed tumors83.It can be inferred from the passage that Bennink___A.won much financial support 财务支援,财政支援with his unexpected results.B.had a commercial intention in the first placeC.tried to please orange-juice manufacturersD.found a right sponsor n. 赞助者;主办者;保证人vt. 赞助;发起84.Both Reddy and Lam___A.seemed to be surprisingly impressed by Bennink’s findingsB.did not seem to be surprised by Bennink’s findingsC.did not seem to believe in the orange juice benefitD.seemed to be doubtful of Bennink’s findings85.From the passage we can learn that scientists are still in the dark about___A.the substance n. 物质;实质;资产;主旨that supprisses tumorsB.the existence n.存在,实在;生存,生活;存在物,实在物of bioavability in the human bodyC.the uptake of limonoids from orange-juice in peopleD.the bioavailability生物利用率, 生物有效度of citrus compounds in the human body.passage 61.Just before dawn 凌晨;黎明前;拂晓we received a call that an unresponsive adj. 反应迟钝的;无反应的infant was being brought by emergency medical services 紧急医疗服务to our hospital.As the medical team--the pediatric adj.小儿科的resident,intern,respiratory therapist呼吸治疗师,nurse,and me---prepared for the incoming patient,an eerie adj. 可怕的;怪异的silence enveloped vt. 包围;包封;遮盖n. 信封;包裹the trauma外伤room,an event that frequently precedes vt. 领先,在…之前;优于,高于a pediatric resuscitation n. 复苏;复兴;复活.(cardiopulmonary-resuscitation 心肺复苏)2.The child arrived in our emergency department pulseless and cold,with compressions n. 胸部按压(compression的复数)(compression n. 压缩,浓缩;压榨,压迫)being performed on him in the arms of the paramedic护理人员,Further history obtained by the paramedics indicated that the mother had left the infant alone in the home with two young children to watch.The child ,and upon her return the infant was found in bed not breathing and cold,As a medical team we simultaneously adv. 同时地performed multiple procedures,(intubation插管,insertion oflines,administration of epinephrine肾上腺素,cardiac compression心脏按压)完全无用; 徒然; 无效地; 毫无效果,无济于事.this 2-months-old child dead with a high suspicion of abuse of neglect.Everyone vacated vi.空出,腾出;辞职;休假the room almost immediately ,expcept for the nurse,who never left the child’s beside.I asked her why the needed to stay,and she looked at me and smiled,“why of course ,to be with my patient a little bit longer.”3.I knew the difficult part was yet no come;telling the family the bad news .The mother was still at home being interviewed n. 接见,采访;面试,面谈vt. 采访;接见;对…进行面谈;对某人进行面试by the police.The father had arrived from his place of employment to the emergency department minutes after death was pronounced vt. 发音;宣判;断言vi. 发音;作出判断and not knowing the condition of his son.4.The father and I sat with chaplain n. 牧师;专职教士to explain what we had done for the babyt.I could tell from the stunned vt. 使震惊;打昏;给以深刻的印象n. 昏迷;打昏;惊倒;令人惊叹的事物look on his face that he knew before I finished my2006年全国医学考博英语真题story that his child was dead despite this I said in muffled vt. 蒙住;裹住;抑制;发低沉的声音n. 低沉的声音;消声器;包裹物(如头巾,围巾等);唇鼻部voice.“I am sorry your child passed away去世;停止;度过时间.”5.We walked slowly back to the resuscitation room复苏室.The infant,who only moments ago lay covered with blood and secretions n. 分泌;分泌物;藏匿;隐藏oozing from从伤口渗出every orifice孔,口,had been transformed.The nurse had left her patient,tending to him,cleaning him ,wrapping in把…包在…里,遮蔽,使陷于soft blankets,and now presenting the body to the grieving vt. 使悲伤,使苦恼vi. 悲痛,哀悼fathet.He seemed relieved vt. 解除,减轻;使不单调乏味;换…的班;解围;使放心to see his baby,no alive,surely but at peace and thus the man could begin in the mourning process.I tend to the busy emergency department;seeingadj. 钝的,不锋利的;生硬的;直率的vt. 使迟钝my emotional I listen to a resident present the next case,I saw the nurse carry the blanketed body of the child to the morgue 停尸房.虑,反省段情节\插曲,I realized that ouradj. 无用的;无效的;没有出息的;琐细[动]停止(arrest vt. 逮捕;阻止;吸引n. 逮捕;监禁).But it was the compassionate work of the nurse that ultimately adv. 最后;根本;基本上made the difference in how we performed our job.86.Not until the pediatric resuscitation was over___A.did the paramedics find the infant unresponsiveB.was the infant left alone in the emergency roomC. was the infant’s further history obtainedD. was the infant declared to dead87.Thanks to the nurse,___A.the grieving father could see his baby finallyB.the medical team performed all the proceduresC.the grieving father arrive at the hospital in timeD.the baby was presented at peace to the grieving father88.when she saw the nurse carry blanketed body of the baby to morgue,the physiciaan must have been___A.blunted adj. 钝的,不锋利的;生硬的;直率的vt. 使迟钝B.movedC.puzzledD.all of the above89.what the nurse did when the resuscitation was over reflects___A.the awareness of 意识到law suitB.the human aspect of medicineC.a neglect of duty 玩忽职守;失职;过失责任in medical practiceD.the lack of promptness n. 机敏,敏捷;迅速the procedure 程序,过程90.The physician may do as the nurse did___A.to appreciate nuring careB.to cherish medical professionC.to embody vt. 体现,使具体化;具体表达medical compassionD.to improve pediatric resuscitations。

历年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题

历年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题

2002年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题patr II vocabulary31.An enormous number of people in the world’s poorest countries do not have clean water or adequate sanitation____A. capacitiesB. facilitiesC. authoritiesD. warranties32.Family-planing clinics give out ___advices to people who have decided to limit the size of their families.A..insensitiveB.interrogativeC.contraceptivemunicative33.Caffeine is the ___drug that will just about get you out of the door on time to catch the bus.A.miracleB.mythC.trickD.legend34.Today investigators are still far from ___ a master map of the vasculature of the heart.A.constitutingB.decodingC.draftingD.encoding35.I have never seen a more caring, ___ group of piople in my life.A.emotionalB.impersonalpulsorypassionate36.By the time I reached my residency, I ___ treated the patient as a whole human being.A.yearned forB.broke intoC.pass forD.made for37.We now obtain more than two-thirds protein from animal resources, while our grandparents ___only one-half from animal resources.A.originatedB.digestedC.deprivedD.derived38.Obesity carries an increased risk of ____.A.mortalityB. mobilityC.longevityD.maternity39.The best exercise should require continuous ___ , rather than frequent stops and starts.passionB.accelerationC.frustrationD.exertion40.Environmental officials insist that something be done to ___ acid rain.A.curbB.sueC.detoxifyD.condemn41.It would be wildly optimistic to believe that these advances offset such a large reduction in farmland .A.take inB.make upC.cut downD.bring about42.To begin with ,it is impossible to come up with a satisfactory definition of what constitutes happy and unhappy marriage.A.explainB.opposeC.representD.propose43.Politicians often use emotional rather than rational arguments to win the support for their actions and ideas.A.applicableB.favorableC.sensitiveD.reasonable44.Tests are one way for a teacher to assess how much a student has learned.A.observeB.appraiseC.appreciateD.induce45.Through live television电视实况转播, the world is now able to witness historical events as they happen.A.reserveB.confirmC.perceiveD.transmit46.Most experts say that the new tax plan will have a negligible effect on the country’seconomic problems.A.indefiniteB.indispensableC.infiniteD.insignificant47.I don’t know how you could have left out the most important fact of all.A.omittedB.fabricatedC.pinpointedD.embraced48.Family and cultural beliefs and norms are important predictors of health-seeking behavior.A.formulationsB.standardsC.principlesnD.notions49.There must be a systematic approach to retrieving notes and analyzing them.A.regainB.relievingC.reversingD.rectifying50.To study the distribution of disease within an area, it is useful to plot the case on a map.A.markB.allocateC.eraseD.posepart III close (10%)You feel generally depressed and unable to concentrate. Your pattern of daily 51 may change: you find yourself52 and active at night; you sleep late into the day, when most others are working .You stay in your room and have little contact with people53 with those who speak your language .In your mind, you criticize the piople around you ----they are rude, loud, unfriendly, uninformed,concerned with insignificant things, 54stupid; you complain about them to any friends you have. You became55 when you can’t go into a restaurant and order the type of food you realy like; you get angry when the TV news contains mostly U.S news and very little about events that are important to you. You are constantly making comparison between life here and the perfect life56 home.Above all, you are homesick almost all the time.If you ever find yourself behaving in ways 57 these, you are brobably suffering culture shock. Culture shock is a psychological 58 that sometimes has physical effects.It affects piople who have moved away from an invironment where they know how to live 59 a new environment where much is unfamiliar to them---the food, the weather, the language, and especially the 60 rules for social behavior that few people are consciously aware of .51.A. way B.pattern C. method D.track52.A.sleepy B.happy C.awake D.sad53.A.for B.lest C.besides D.except54.A.even B.merely C.indeed D.rather55.A.offended B.uninterested C.frustrated D.isolated56.A.here B.there C.back D.away57.A.the same as B.different from C. similar to D.familiar with58.A.situation B.condition C.reflection D.position59.A.in B.at C.within D.into60.A.unwritten B.written C.spoken D.secretepassage oneScience is the 4-year pursuit of knowledge that every high school teenager must live through. I often ask myself, when will I ever need to use this stuff when I grow up? The answer is clearly , probably never. I doubt that I will ever need to know the chemical formula of dichromate, or how to correctly identify a combustion reaction.However,where would we be today, whithout science? Without the great minds of Einstein and Newton, where would we be? How would I be able to writer this essay on the computer ,if there was no science? Would I be alive today? Would humankind survive through the year snd still be around today? Or dogs be the masters of humans? Would we be still the dominant species on the Earth?So many questions arise because the human race depends on the advancement of science. We are dependent on Nabisco to make that cookie you love, 99.99% fat free, that video game company to come out with the anniversary game cartridge you want to play so badly , and that car company to alter the headlights of the car and call it the “new” 98 car.where would we be whithout science? We depend on our researchers to make new vaccines and doctors to make us the way we want to be.We depend on them to make us “prettier”,to perform triple bypass, to make sure nothing goes wrong when they operate upon us. Doctors depend on science just as much as we depend on science. Lawyers are constantly depending on doctors not knowing their science so they can get rich quick. Just look how much our society depends on the advancement of science.Science, in a way , keeps our society from falling apart. In our society science is everywhere. Science takes part in our everyday life more than we think. We need science progress so that we can simply make it through a day. When most people think of science , they think of it as a laboratory ,white coats, and mixing all different-colored chemicals untill something blows up. But the fact is that science is a way of life and our future.61.The author’s probable answer to the question where we would be today, without science is___A.it hard to imagineB.we would nowhere to findC.let’s see what happensD.not every question has an answer in the world62.From the cookie to the car,the author is trying to tell us that science____A.would be nowhere without humansB.is picking up its developing paceC.raise so many present problemsD.is shaping our world63.The author impies that science____A.is making doctors and lawyers the richest people in our societyB.does not involve every professionC.needs us as much as we need itD.is benefiting everyone64.The author seems to draw a conclusion that science____A.does rather than it isB.is ubiquitous in our lifeC.does not exist in a laboratoryD.is not appreciated in the publix65.The author is most probably___A.a studentB.a socialistC.a professor of scienceD.a free-lance writer of sciencepassage 2Osteoporosis used to be called “the silent disease’’because its victims didn’t know they had it until it was too late and they suffered a bone fracture. Today, doctors can identify osteoporosis early. Improved understanding of the disease has also led to new treatments and strategies for preventing the disease altogether.For post-menopausal woman, the most common medical response to osteoporosis is hormone replacement therapy. Boosting estrogen levels strengthens the entire skeleton and reduces the risk of hip fracture.Unfortunately ,it sometimes causes uterine bleeding and may increase the of breast cancer.To passby such side effects, researchers have developed several alternative treatments. Synthetic estrogens called Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators(SERMs) emulate estrogen with slight modifications.Another drug ,alendronate reduces spine, hip and wrist fractures by 50 percent. Researchers have even developed a nasal spray called calcitonin. Each of these alternatives has trade-offs ,however. Patients must talk with their doctors to decide which therapy is best for them.The ideal way to address osteoporosis is by adopting a healthy lifestyle. And the best to do this is in childhood, when most bone mass is accumulated.Because bodies continue building bone until about age thirty, some experts believe that women in their twenties can still increase their bone stength by as much as 20 percent.Calcium, which is available in low-fat dairy foods and dark green vegetables, is essential for preventing osteoporosis. So is Vitamin D , which aides calcium absorbtion. Vitamin D comes from sunlingt, but dietary supplements may be helpful in northern climates and among those who don’t get outside.The final component is regular moderate exercise because bone responds to the needs that body puts on it.These are the simple steps that can help make “the silent disease”truly silent.66.Hormone replacement therapy for osteoporosis____ed to effective in post-manopausal womanB.is most frequently priscribed by doctorsC.works perfectly on post-manopausal womenD.is most likely to be avoided for its side effects.67.The best treatment for osteoporosis , according to the passage.___A.is Selective Estrogen Receptor ModulatorsB.is chosen by the patientC.possesses no side effectsD.is of individuality68.To preventing osteoporosis, a healthy lifestyle should be adopted____A.as early as childhoodB.when one is in his twentiesC.after bone mass accumulate stopsD.as soon as osteoporosis is diagnosed.69.By making “the silent disease” truly silent, the author means that the actionssuggested____A.can be the best therapy for osteoporosisB.can help eradicate osteoporosisC.can help prevent osteoporosisD.all of the above.70.The author of this passage focuses on the____of osteoporosisA.alternative treatmentsB.early diagnosisC.treatments and preventionD.resulting damagespassage 3If you are caught in a downpour, it is better to run for a shelter than walk, reaserchers in the US advise. This may sound obvious, but an earlier study in Britain suggested that you would get just as wet as walking.In 1995, Stephen Belcher of the University of Reading and his students calculated how much water falls on top of your head and how much you sweep up on your front as you move forward. Obviously, you would get wetest standing still, and less wet the faster you moved. But the Reading team found that the benefits of running faster than about 3 meters per second—which they described as a walking pace---were tiny.Thomas Peterson and Trevor Wallis ,meteorologists at the National Climatic Data Center in Asheville, North Carolina, had a hunch that this was wrong.They realized that the Reading team had overestimated the average walking pace, so they reworked the calculations for a walking pace of 1.5metres per second and a running speed of 4 meters second.Peterson and Wallis conclude in the latest issue of weather that a walker would get 16 per cent wetter than a runner over a distance of 100 metres in drizzle. In heavy rain ,this would rise to 23 per cent.When the reseachers allowed for the way that runners tend to lean forward, sheltering the front of their bodies but increasing the rainfall on their backs, they found that a walker would get 36per cent wetter than a runner in heavy rain.Not content with theory alone, Peterson and Wallis decided to test their ideas. “If verification requires an $80million satellite, one may have to forgo verification,”says Peterson . “But if it involves a simple experiment, that’s another matter.” Peterson and Wallis are roughly the same size, Wearing identical clothing, one ran 100 metres in heavy rain and the other walked.They weighed their clothes before and after the experiment. This showed that the walker had absorbed 0.22kgs of water,while the runner had soaked up only 0.13 kgs. This is about 40 per cent less ,in line with the model’s predictions.Belcher says that his team’s work was a bit of fun, and that apart from the confusion over what a typical walking speed is ,their results were similar to those of Peterson and Wallis. “I’m delighted to see that their experiments gave results in qualitative agreement with the model,” says Belcher.But why not just take an umbrells? For anyone thinking of taking the easy way out, Wallis has a warning: “Running with an umbrella has a negative impact on your aerodynamics”71.The reading team and the American meteorologists presented different results ininvestigating___A.how far people can run per second in a downpourB.the benefits of running for shelter in a downpourC.whether people can run fast in a downpourD.the average walking pace in a downpour72.According to the American researchers, the Reading team made an error in calculating___A.the average walking paceB.the amount of rainfallC.the time and distanceD.the running speed73.Which of the following, according to the American researchers, gets the least wet?A.Running in drizzleB.walking in drizzleC.Running in heavy rainD.walking in heavy rain74.They verified their model predictions by experimenting___A.on themselvesB.with satelliteC.on the twins of the same sizeD.with sophisticated calculating devices75.The simila results ,according to Belcher ,refer to___A.the amount of rain water absorbedB.the average running speedC.the average walking paceD.all of the abovepassage 4Englisher speakers pick up pitch in the right hemisphere of their brains, but speakers of certain other languages perceive it on the left as well.It all depends on what you want to learn from pitch, Donald Wong of the Indians School of Medicine in Indianapolis told the meeting last week.Earlier studies have shown that when an English speaker hears pitch changes, the right prefrontal cortex leaps into action. This fits in with the idea that emotive nuances of language---which in English are often carried by the rise and fall of the voice----are perceived on the right.But in “tonal” languages like Thai, Mandarin and Swedish, Pitch not only carries emotional information,but can also alter the meaning of a word .Wong and his colleagues suspected that a speaker of tonal language would register pitch in the left side of the brain---in particular Broca’s area ,which processes the linguistic content of language.To test this , the team asked English speakers and Thai speakers to listen 80 pairs of Thai words, and tracked the blood flow in their brains using positron emission tomography.The volunteers had to decide whether the two words sounded the same, either by consonant or by tone ,In some cases, the words had on intelligible meaning.None of the words was emotionally charged, so even when Thai speakers could understand them, there was no right-side activation.But sure enough the Thai speakers could consistently lit up the left sid e of the brain, especially Broca’s area, while the English speakers did not.The researchers are now planing to repeat the experiment with Thai speakers using whole sentences, complete with emotional information. “Both hemispheres will be engaged,” pred ict Wong.76.The reason why pitch is registered on the right hemisphere, according to the passage, is that __A.belongs to the English language exclusivelyB.is an emotive nuance of language nuance n.细微差别C.can be easily heardD.is a regular sound77.When the emotion-free words were heard in the test____A.were registered on the English speakers’ right hemisphereB.slowed down the blood flow in the volunteers’ brainsC.activated the Thai speaker’s left hemispheresD.sounded the exactly the same to the volunteers78.A tonal language____A.possess no pitchB.carries pitch with dual functions双重职能C.is superior to the English languageD.holds more linguestic content than English.79.In Wong’s future expetiment ,the volunteers____A.will use either their right or left hemispheresB.will use both English and a tonal languageC.will listen to emotionally-charged sentencesD.will listen to more pairs of emotionally-charged words80.What is the passage mainly about?A.Two hemisphere to the sound of speechB.Two functions of pitch in languageC. Two hemisphere of the human braimD.Two languages and two hemispheresPassage 5We are all members of a culture. How we interpret the reality around us ,what we consider to be reasonable statements and behavior ,and what we believe to be health and illness all stem from the culture we share with some people and not with others. Those whose cultural experiences differ from our own will also differ in their belief and interpretions of reality.We are all rooted in an ethnic group as well, even if this group is simply the so-called “majority” of white, middle cla ss, protestant heritage .The degree to which we identify with an ethnic past will vary according to the strength with which family tradition has maintained that identity,and to the degree that the family chooses to assimilate into the larger society. The e xtent of an individual’s or a family’s identification with an ethnic heritage is as important as the specific features of that heritage.American society is ethnically and culturally diverse, and community healthnurse will find themselves practicing in communities that reflect this diversity.A particular family or a whole community may belong to an ethnic or cultural group very different from the nurse’s own. Those community nurses who are most sensitive to variations in clients’ beliefs and behaviors will be most effective in promoting their wellness.Community health nurses can achieve this sensitivity by examining their own culture in order to understand how it colors their world view and their interactions with individuals, families, and communities.Recognizing the clients individuals as well as members of a larger culture, nurses will reje ct stereotypical views of clients’ ethnic groups that can impede communication and diminish their effectiveness. Indeed, culture mediates all social encounters, including those between nurse and client ,and its study can enhance the effectiveness of health care services.81.We live in the social enviroment ___A.without different cultural experiencesB.of the same behavior and beliefC.with a shared cultureD.of the same race82.The author is mainly talking about in the second paragraph___A.assimilation into a large societyB.identification with an ethnic heritageC.the conflict between identification and assimilationD.the contradiction between an ethnic group and the majority83.According to the passage, a nurse cannot function well in a community___A.that reflects ethical and cultural diversityB.without asimilating into its ethnic heritageC.that is sensitive to his /her beliefs and behaviorsD.without recognizing its ethnical and cultural diversity84.Community health nurses are supposed to ____A.be sensitive to variations in clients’ beliefs and behaviorsB.abandon the stereotypical views of clients’ groupsC.examine their own cultureD. all of the above85.Which of the following can best summarize the general idea of the passage?A.identification with and assimilation into ethnic groupsB.Novel and stereotypical views of ethnic groupsmunicatio and communityD.culture and health care.passage 6I’m in the unusual position of being both a computer scientist and a professional musician. On the computer side, I’m best known for my work virtual reality, a term I coined in the early 1980’s , As a musician I write, perform,and record my own work. Canons for Wroclaw, a concerto I created for virtual instruments, was performed last December by the Chamber Wrchestra of Wroclaw ,Poland.All of this means that I have a few deeply felt ideas about Napster, the free software millions of people use to share their music collections over the Internet. Big media companies see Napster as theft because they can’t collect royalties when people use it. So they have asked the courts to kill it. As I write this , a settlement seems to be emerging. Napster will probably begin to charge for its services and pay royalties to at least some record companies.Whatever happens, the legal decisions surrounding Napster are important for resons that transcend the music business and extend to our basic concepts of what it means to be free in a democracy. I believe the anti-Napster forces have failed to foresee dangerous implications of their course of action. They don’t understand what I call the Law of the Exclude Digital Middle:Digital tools can be either open or closed but resist being anything in between .An open digital tool is one that can be used in unforeseen ways. A tool like e-mail ,meant to send text, might also---surprisingly ---be used to send music.A closed tool is one in which there are technical resteictions that prevent unforeseen uses. The advantage of open tools is that more people can create new things with them;consequently,they tend to be more innovative.Closed tools are usually created because it is thought they will be more profitable: An owner can control them well enough to enforce bill collection. Of course, the open software movement energetically promotes the idea that innovation ends up generating more money than control does.86.The Napster issue___A.is one concerning copyright infringement of violationB.is a dispute bewteen music companies and the coutC.has been settled in favor of music loversD.will result in a boom of sales for music companies87.The designer of an open digital tool hardly knows___A.the risks it may encunterB.the potential ways of its usageC.the number of its usersD.the amounts of its net profit88.People who use closed digital tools end up____A.making huge profitsB.creating new techniquesC.paying for servicesD.facing legal punishment89.It implied that owners of digital tools will make more profits by___A.encouraging innovationsB.proteching copyrightsC.control costsD.charging customers90.The attitude of the auther towards the anti-Napster action is ___A.supportiveB.ambiguousC.indifferentD.negative2002FATMD医学博士研究生入学外语考试――英语参考答案(部分)1.B2.C3.C4.A5.D6.B7.C8.C9.B 10.C11.C 12.D 13.D 14.C 15.B16.A 17.C 18.B 19.B 20.A21.D 22.D 23.C 24.C 25.C26.A 27.D 28.A 29.C 30.B31.B 32.C 33.A 34.C 35.D36.C 37.C 38.C 39.D 40.D41.B 42.D 43.D 44.B 45.C46.D 47.A 48.B 49.A 50.B51.B 52.C 53.D 54.A 55.C56.C 57.C 58.C 59.A 60.A61.A 62.D 63.D 64.B 65.A66.D 67.D 68.A 69.C 70.C71.B 72.A 73.A 74.A 75.A76.B 77.C 78.B 79.C 80.D81.C 82.B 83.D 84.D 85.D86.A 87.B 88.C 89.A 90.2003年part II31.Sometimes you can get quite _____ when you are trying to communicate with someone inEnglish.A.frustratedB.depressedC.approvedD.distracted32.The company has ____ itself to a policy of equal opportunity for all.A.promisedmittedC.attributedD.converted33.I haven’t met anyone ____ the new tax plan.A.in honor ofB.in search ofC.in place ofD.in favor of34.Salk won ____ as the scientist who developed the world’s first effective vaccine againstpolio.A.accomplishmentB.qualificationC.eminenceD.patent35.This software can be ____ to the needs of each customer.A.tailoredB.administratedC.entailedD.accustomed36.The average commercial business can shut down in such an emergemcy but a hospital doesn’t dare, for lives are____A.in circulationB.under considerationC.on handD.at stake37.As we need plain, ____food for the body, so we must have serious reading for the mind.A.wholesomeB.dietC.tastefulD.edible38.He never gave much thought to the additional kilorams he had ____ lately.A.shown upB.piled upC.put onD.taken on39.The teacher tried hard to read ____ handwriting in her students’s test papers.A.irregularB.illiterateC.illegibleD.irrational40.A coronary disease is the widely-used term____ insufficiency of blood supply to the heart.A.denotingB.donatingC.relatingD.resorting41.Humans are using up the world’s natural riches at an alarming rate.A.appallingB.appealingC.alertD.abnormal42.Dring water in many areas of the developing world is contaminated with bacteria.A.purifiedB.multipliedC.taintedD.blended43.One of the most noticeable features of U.S society is the diversity of its people.A.libertyB.democracyC.vatietyD.origin44.The controversy about abortion has been going on in the United States for mor than twenty years.A.resentmentB.consensusC.notionD.dispute45.As human settlement advance ,the tropical forests are retreating and becoming smaller every year.A.retrievingB.sprawlingC.consumingD.withdrawing46.The war’s impact on the population of the country was cat ast rophic.A.influentialB.dis ast rousC.apparentD.criticala47.His physican told him that not to take much of the drug because it was very potent.A.bitterB.irritantC.effectiveD.powerful48.Certain drugs can cause transient side effects ,such as sleepiness.A.permanentB.residualC.irreversibleD.fleeting49.Nervous illness may stem from being treated inconsiderately in childhood.plainB. give rise toC.originate inD.dominate over50.Both a person’s heredity and his surroundings help to shape his chacter.A.formB.correctC.modifyD.improvePart III Cloze(10%)There were red faces at one of Britain’s biggest banks recently. They had accepted a telephone order to buy $100,000 worth of shares from a fifteen-old schoolboy (they thought he was twenty-one). The shares fell in value and the schoolboy was unable to 51 . The bank lost $20,000 on the 52 that it cannot get back because ,for one thing, this young speculator does not have the money and , for another, 53 under eighteen, he is not legally liable for his debts. If the shares had risen in value by the same amount that they fell, he would have pocketed $20,000 54 . Not bad for a fifteen-yeat-old. It certainly is better than 55the morning newspaper. In another recent case, a boy of fourteen found , in his grandfather’shouse , a suitcase full of foreign banknotes .The clean, crisp banknotes looked very 56 but they were now not used in their country of origin or anywhere else. This young boy57 straight to the nearest bank with his pockets filled with notes. The cashers did not realize that the country in 58 had reduced the value of its currincy by 90%, they exchanged the notes at their face value at the current exchange rate.In three days, before he was found out, he took $20,000 from nine different banks. 59,he had already spend more than half of this on taxi-rides, restraurant meal , concert tickets and presents for his many new girlfriends( at least he was generous! ) before the police caught up with him. Because he is also under eighteen the bank shave 60 a lot of money, and several cashiers have lost jobs.51.A.pay off B.pay up C.pay for D.pay out52.A.principle B.criterion C.custom D.deal53.A.to be B.having been C.being D.is54.A.profit B.advantage C.benefit mission55.A.sending B.transmitting C.delivering D.dispatching56.A.convincing B.valuable C.unusual D.priceless57.A.came B.pull C.headed D.pushed58.A.problem B.question C.talk D.saying59.A.Interestingly B.Unfortunately C.Particularly D.Amazingly60.A.kissed goodbye to B. got rid of C.lived up to D.made forPart IV(30%)Passage 1In a society where all aspects of our lives are dictated by scientific advances in technology, science is the essence of our existence.Without the vast advances made by chemists ,physicists, biologist , geologist, and other diligent scientists, our standards of living would decline, our flourishing., wealthy nation might come to an economic depression, and our people would suffer from disease that could not be cured. As a society we ignorantly take advantage of the amenities provided by science, yet our lives would be altered interminablywithout them.Health care, one of the aspects of our society that separates us from our archaic ancestors, is founded exclusively on scientific discoveries and advances. Without the caccines created by doctors, disease such as polio , measles,hepatitis, and the flu would pose a threat to our citizens, for although some of these disease may not be deadly, their side effects can be a vast detriment to an individual affected with the disease.In addition , science has developed perhaps the most awe-inspiring, vital invention in the history of the world, the computer. Without the presence of this machine,our world could exist, but the convenience brought into life by the computer are unparalleled.Despite the greatness of present-day innovators and scientists and their revelations,it is requisite to examine the amenities of science that our culture so blatantly disregards. For instance,the light bulb,electricity,the telephone, running water, and the automobile are present-day staples of our society;however,they were not present until scientists discovered them.Because of the contribution of scientist, our world is ever metamorphosing,and this metamorphosis economically and personally comprise our society, whether our society is cognizant of认识到this or not.61.In the first paragraph the author implies that we____A.would not survive without science。

湖北大学博士英语真题2006年

湖北大学博士英语真题2006年

湖北大学真题2006年(总分100, 考试时间90分钟)Part Ⅰ Reading ComprehensionDirections:There are 4 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets.In most sectors of the economy, it is the seller who attempts to act a potential buyer with various inducements of price, quality, and utility, and it is the buyer who makes the decision. In the health care industry, however, the doctor-patient relationship is a mirror image of the ordinary relationship between producer and consumer. Once an individual has chosen to see a physician, the physician usually makes all significant purchasing decisions: whether the patient should return "next Wednesday", whether X-rays are needed, whether drugs should be prescribed, etc.This is particularly significant in relation to hospital care. The physician must certify the need for hospitalization, determine what procedures will be performed, and announce when the patient may be discharged. The patient may be consulted about some of these decisions, but in the main it is the doctor's judgments that are final. Little wonder then that in the eyes of the hospital it is the physician who is the real "consumer". As a consequence, the medical staff represents the "power centre" in hospital policy and decision-making, not the administration. Although usually, there are in this situation four identifiable participants--the physician, the hospital, the patient and the payer (generally an insurance carrier or government) -- the physician makes the essential decision for all of them. The hospital becomes an extension of the physician, the payer generally meets most of the bona fide bills generated by the physician/ hospital, and for the most part, the patient plays a passive role. In routine or minor illensses, or just plain worries, the patient's options are, of course, much greater with respect to use and price. But in illnesses that are of some significance, such choice tends to evaporate. And it is for these illnesses that the bulk of the health care dollar is spent. We estimate that about 75 --80 percent of health care expenditures are determined by physicians. For this reason, economy measures directed at patients or the general public are relatively ineffective.1.In this passage, the author's primary purpose is to ______.A criticize doctors for exercising too much control over patientB analyze some important economic factors in health careC urge hospitals to reclaim their decision-making authorityD inform potential patients of their health care rights回答:√该问题分值: 1答案:B本文作者的主要目的是分析医疗方面一些重要的经济因素。

全国医学考博英语试题#(精选.)

全国医学考博英语试题#(精选.)

2014MD全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试卷答题须知1.请考生首先将自己的姓名、所在考点、准考证号在试卷一答题纸和试卷二标准答题卡上认真填写清楚,并按“考场指令”要求,将准考证号在标准答题卡上划好。

2.试卷一(Paper One)答案和试卷二(Paper Two)答案都作答在标准答题卡上,不要做在试卷上。

3.试卷一答题时必须使用2B 铅笔,将所选答案按要求在相应位置涂黑;如要更正,先用橡皮擦干净。

书面表达一定要用黑色签字笔或钢笔写在标准答题卡上指定区域。

4.标准答题卡不可折叠,同时答题卡须保持平整干净,以利评分。

5.听力考试只放一遍录音,每道题后有15 秒左右的答题时间。

PAPER ONEPart 1 :Listening comprehension (30% )Section ADirections: In this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between twospeakers, At the end of each conversation, you will hear a questionabout what is said, The question will be read only once, After youhear the question, read the four possible answers marked A, B, C,and D. Choose the best answers and mark the letter of your choice onthe ANSWER SHEET .Listen to the following exampleYou will hearWoman: I feel faint.Man: No wonder. You haven ’ t had a bite all day.Question: What’ s the matter with the woman?You will read:A.She is sick.B.She was bitten by an ant.C.She is hungry.D.She spilled her paint.Here C is the right answer.Sample AnswerA B C DNow let ’ s begin with question Number 1.1. A. About 12 pints B.About 3 pintsC. About 4 pintsD.About 7 pints2. A. Take a holiday from work.B.Worry less about work.C. Take some sleeping pills.D.Work harder to forget all her troubles.3. A. He has no complaints about thedoctor.B.He won’ t complain anything.C.He is in good condition.D.He couldn’ t be worse.4. A. She is kidding.B.She will get a raise.C.The man will get a raise.D.The man will get a promotion.5. A. Her daughter likes ball games.B.Her daughter is an exciting child.C.She and her daughter are good friends.D.She and her daughter do’nt always understand each other.6.A. She hurt her uncle.B.She hurt her ankle.C.She has a swollen toe.D.She needs a minor surgery.7.A. John likes gambling.8.John is very fond of his new boss.9.John has ups and downs in the new company.10.John has a promising future in the new company.8. A. She will get some advice from the front desk.B.She will undergo some lab tests.C.She will arrange an appointment.D.She will get the test results.9. A. She’ s an odd character.B.She is very picky.C.She is easy-going.D.She likes fashions.10.A. At a street corner.B.In a local shop.C.In a ward.D.In a clinic.11.A. Sea food. B. Dairy products.C. Vegetables and fruits.D. Heavy foods.12.A. He is having a good time.B.He very much likes his old bicycle.C.He will buy a new bicycle right away.D.He would rather buy a new bicycle later.13.A. It is only a cough.B.It ’s a minor illness.C.It started two weeks ago.D.It ’s extremely serious.14.A. The woman is too optimistic about the stock market.B.The woman will even lose more money at the stock market.C.The stock market bubble will continue to grow.D.The stock market bubble will soon meet its demise.15.A. The small pills should be taken once a day before sleep.B.The yellow pills should be taken once a day before supper.C.The white pills should be taken once a day before breakfast.D.The large round pills should be taken three times a day after meals. Section BDirection: In this section you will hear one conversation and two passages, aftereach of which, you will hear five questions. After each question,read the four possible answers marked A, B, C and D, Choose thebest answer and mark the letter of your choice on theA NSWERSHEET .Dialogue16.A. Because he had difficulty swallowing it.B.Because it was upsetting his stomach.C.Because he was allergic to it.D.Because it was too expensive.17.A. He can’ t play soccer any more.B.He has a serious foot problem.C.He needs an operation.D.He has cancer.18.A. A blood transfusion.B.An allergy test.C.A urine test.D.A biopsy.19.A. To see if he has cancer. B. To see if he has depression.C. To see if he requires surgery.D. To see if he has a food allergyproblem.20.A. Relieved.B.Anxious.C.Angry.D.Depressed.Passage One21.A. The cause of COPD.B.Harmful effects of smoking.C.Men more susceptible to harmful effects of smoking.D.Women more susceptible to harmful effects of smoking.22.A. 954.B.955.C.1909.D.1955.23.A. On May 18 in San Diego. B. On May 25 in San Diego.C. On May 18 in San Francisco.D. On May 25 in San Francisco.24.A. When smoking exposure is high.B.When smoking exposure is low.C.When the subjects received medication.D.When the subjects stopped smoking.25.A. Hormone differences in men and women.B.Genetic differences between men and women.C.Women’ s active metabolic rate.D.Women’ s smaller airways.Passage Two26.A. About 90,000.B.About 100,000.C.Several hundreds.D.About 5,000.27.A. Warning from Goddard Space Flight Center.B.Warning from the Kenyan health ministry.C.Experience gained from the 1997 outbreak.D.Proper and prompt Aid from NASA.28.A. Distributing mosquito nets.B.Persuading people not to slaughter animals.C.Urging people not to eat animals.D.Dispatching doctors to the epidemic-stricken area.29.A. The higher surface temperatures in the equatorial part of the Indian Ocean.B.The short-lived mosquitoes that were the hosts of the viruses.C.The warm and dry weather in the Horn of Africa.D.The heavy but intermittent rains.30.A. Warning from NASA.B.How to treat Rift Valley fever.C.The disastrous effects of Rift Valley fever.D.Satellites and global health–remote diagnosis.Part II Vocabulary (10%)Direction: In this section, all the sentences are incomplete. Four words or phrases,marked A B C and D .are given beneath each of them. You are tochoose the word or phrase that best completes the sentence. Thenmark your answer on theA NSWER SHEET.31.A good night’s sleep is believed to help slow the stomach’ s emptying,produce a smoother, less abrupt absorption of sugar, and will better brain metabolism.A. regulateB. activateC. retainD. consolidate32.The explosion and the oil spill below the surface of the Gulf of Mexico leftmy mind in such a __ that I couldn’ t get to sleep.A. catastropheB. boycottC. turmoilD. mentality33.Coronary heart attacks occur more commonly in those with high bloodpressure, in the obese, in cigarette smokers, and in those to prolonged emotionaland mental strain.A. sympatheticB. ascribedC. preferableD. subjected34.Most colds are acquired by children in school and then _ to adults.A. conveyedB. transmittedC. attributedD. relayed35.Several of the most populous nations in the world at the lower end ofthe table of real GDP per capita last year.A. fluctuatedB. languishedC. retardedD. vibrated36.Presently this kind of anti-depressant is still in clinical , even though theconcept has been around since 1900s.A. trialsB. applicationsC. implicationsD. endeavors37.Studies revealed that exposure to low-level radiation for a long time mayweaken the immune system, aging, and cause cancer.A. haltB. postponeC. retardD. accelerate38.The mayor candidate’ s personality traits, being modest and generous,people in his favor before the election.A. predisposedB. presumedC. presidedD. pressured39.With its graceful movements and salubrious effects on health, Tai Chi has astrong _t o a vast multitude of people.A. flavorB. thrillC. appealD. implication40.If you are catching a train, it is always better to be early than even afraction of a minute too late.A. infinitelyB. temporarilyC. comfortablyD. favorablyDirections: Each of the following sentences has a word or phrase underlined.There are four words or phrases beneath each sentence, Choose theword or phrase which can best keep the meaning of the originalsentence if it is substituted for the underlined part, Mark youranswer on the ANSWER SHEET .41.All Nobel Prize winners ’ success is a process of long-term accumulation,in which lasting efforts are indispensable.A. irresistibleB. cherishedC. inseparableD. requisite42.The Queen’ s presence imparted an air of elegance to the drinks receptionat Buckingham Palace in London.A. bestowedB. exhibitedC. imposedD. emitted43.Physicians are clear that thyroid dysfunction is manifest in growingchildren in the form of mental and physical retardation.A. intensifiedB. apparentC. representativeD. insidious44.The mechanism that the eye can accommodate itself to different distances hasbeen applied to automatic camera, which marks a revolutionary technique advance.A. yieldB. amplifyC. adaptD. cast45.Differences among believers are common; however, it was the pressure ofreligious persecution that exacerbatedt heir conflicts and created the split of the union.A. eradicatedB. deterioratedC. vanquishedD. averted46.When Picasso was particularly poor, he might have tried to obliterate theoriginal composition by painting over it on canvases.A. duplicateB. eliminateC. substituteD. compile47.For the sake of animal protection, environmentalists deplored theconstruction program of a nuclear power station.A. disapprovedB. despisedC. demolishedD. decomposed48.Political figures in particular are held to very strict standards ofmarital fidelity.A. loyaltyB. moralityC. qualityD. stability49.The patient complained that his doctor had been negligent in not giving hima full examination.A. prudentB. ardentC. carelessD. brutal50.She has been handling all the complaints without wrath for a whole morning.A. furyB. chaosC. despairD. agonyPart III Cloze (10%)Directions: In this section there is a passage with ten numbered blanks.For eachblank, there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D on theright side. Choose the best answer and mark the letter ofyour choice on the ANSWER SHEET .For years, scientists have been warning us that the radiation from mobile phones is detrimental to our health, without actually having any evidence to back these __51__up. However, research now suggests that mobile phone radiation has at least onepositive side effect: it can help prevent Alzheimer ’s, __52__ in the mice that acted as test subjects.It’s been suspected, though never proven, that heavy use of mobile phones is badfor your health.It ’s thought that walking around with a cellphone permanently attached to the side of your head is almost sure to be __53__ your brain. And that may well be true, but I ’d rather wait until it ’s proven before giving up that part of my daily life.But what has now been proven, in a very perfunctory manner, is that mobile phone radiation can have an effect on your brain. __54__ in this case it was a positiverather than negative effect.According to BBC news, the Florida Alzheimer ’s Disease Research Center conducteda study on 96 mice to see if the radiation given off by mobile phones could affect theonset of Alzheimer ’s.Some of the mice were “genetically altered to develop beta-amyloid plaques in their brains” __55__ they aged. These are a marker of Alzheimer ’s. all 96 mice were then “exposed to the electro-magnetic __56__ generated by a standard phone for twoone-hour periods each day for seven to nine months. ” The lucky things.__57__ the experiment showed that the mice altered to be predisposed to dementia were protected from the disease if exposed before the onset of the illness. Theircognitive abilities were so unimpaired as to be virtually __58__ to the mice notgenetically altered in any way.Unfortunately, although the results are positive, the scientists don ’t actually know why exposure to mobile phone radiation has this effect. But it ’s hoped thatfurther study and testing could result in a non-invasive __59__ for preventing andtreating Alzheimer ’s disease.Autopsies carried out on the mice also concluded no ill-effects of their exposure to the radiation.However, the fact that the radiation prevented Alzheimer ’s means mobile phones __60__ our brainsand bodies in ways not yet explored. And it ’s sure there are negative as well as this one positive.51.A. devicesB.risksC.phenomenaD.claims52. A. at leastB.at mostC.as ifD.as well53. A. blockingB.cookingC.exhaustingD.cooling54. A. ExceptB.EvenC.DespiteD.Besides55. A. untilB.whenC.asD.unless56. A. rangeB.continuumC.spectrumD.field57. A. ReasonablyB.ConsequentlyC.AmazinglyD.Undoubtedly58. A. identicalB.beneficialC.preferableD.susceptible59. A. effortB.methodC.huntD.account60. A. do affectB.did affectC.is affectingD.could have affectedPart IV Reading Comprehension (30%)Directions: In this part there are six passages,e ach of which is followed by fivequestions. For each question there are four possible answersmarked A, B, C, and D. Choose the best answer and mark theletter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET .Passage oneI have just returned from Mexico, where I visited a factory making medicalmasks. Faced with fierce competition, the owner has cut his costs by outsourcing some of his production. Scores of people work for him in their homes, threading elastic into masks by hand. They are paid below the minimum wage, with no job security and no healthcare provision.Users of medical masks and other laboratory gear probably give little thought to where their equipment comes from. That needs to change. A significant proportion of these products are made in the developing world by low-paid people with inadequate labor rights. This leads to human misery ona tremendous scale.Take lab coats. Many are made in India, where most cotton farmers are paid an unfair price for their crops and factory employees work illegal hours for poor pay.One-fifth of the world ’s surgical instruments are made in northern Pakistan. When I visited the area a couple of years ago I found most workers toiling 12 hours a day, seven days a week, for less than a dollar a day, exposed to noise, metal dust and toxic chemicals. Thousands of children, some as young as 7, work in the industry.To win international contracts, factory owners must offer rock-bottomprices, and consequently drive down wages and labor conditions as far as they can. We laboratory scientists in the developed world may unwittingly be encouraging this: we ask how much our equipment will cost, but which of us asks who made it and how much they were paid?This is no small matter. Science is supposed to benefit humanity, but because of the9 / 18word.conditions under which their tools are made, may scientists may actually be causing harm.What can be done? A knee-jerk boycott of unethical goods is not the answer; it would just make things worse for workers in those manufacturing zones. What we need is to start asking suppliers to be transparent about where and how their products are manufactured and urge them to improvetheir manufacturing practices.It can be done. Many universities are committed to fair trade in the form of ethically sourced tea, coffee or bananas. That model should beextended to laboratory goods.There are signs that things are moving. Over the past few years I have worked with health services in the UK and in Sweden. Both have recentlyinstituted ethical procurement practices. If science is truly going to help humanity, it needs to follow suit.61.From the medical masks to lab coats, the author is trying to tell us .A.the practice of occupational protection in the developing worldB.the developing countries plagued by poverty and disease.C.the cheapest labor in the developing countries.D.the human misery behind them.62.The concerning phenomenon the author has observed, according to the passage,A.is nothing but the repetition of the miserable history.B.could have been even exaggerated.C.is unfamiliar to the wealthy west.D.is prevailing across the world.63.The author argues that when researchers in the wealthy west buy thetools of their trade, they should .A.have the same concern with the developing countries.B.be blind to their sources for the sake of humanityC.pursue good bargains in the international market.D.spare a thought for how they were made.64. A proper course of action suggested by the author is .A.to refuse to import the unethical goods from the developing world.B.to ask scientists to tell the truth as the prime value of their work.C.to urge the manufacturers to address the immoral issues.D.to improve the transparency of international contracts.65.By saying at the end of the passage that if science is truly going tohelp humanity, it needs to follow suit, the author means that .A.the scientific community should stand up for all humanityB.the prime value of scientists’ work is to tell the truth.boratory goods also need to be ethically sourced.D.because of science, there is hope for humanity.Passage twoA little information is a dangerous thing. A lot of information, if it’s inaccurate orconfusing, even more so. This is a problem for anyone trying to spend orinvest in an environmentally sustainable way. Investors are barraged withindexes purporting to describe companie’s eco-credentials, some of dubious quality. Green labels on consumer products are ubiquitous, but their claims arehard to verify.The confusion is evident form New Scientist’ s analysis of whether public perceptions of companies’ green credentials reflect reality. It shows that many companies considered“ green” have done little to earn that reputation, while others do not get sufficient credit for their efforts to reduce their environmental impact. Obtaining better information is crucial, because decisions by consumers and big investors will help propel us towards a green economy.At present, it is too easy to make unverified claims. Take disclosure ofgreenhouse gas emissions, for example. There are voluntary schemes such as the Carbon Disclosure Project, but little scrutiny of the figures companies submit, which means investors may be misled.Measurements can be difficult to interpret, too, like those for water sue.In this case, context is crucial: a little from rain-soaked Ireland is notthe same as a little drawn from the Arizona desert.Similar problems bedevil “green” labels attached to individual products.Here, the computer equipment rating system developed by the Green ElectronicsCouncil shows the way forward. Its criteria come from the IEEE, the world ’s leading professional association for technology/Other schemes, such as the “sustainability index” planned by US retail giant Walmart, are broader. Developing rigorous standards for a large number of different types of product will be tough, placing a huge burden on the academic-led consortium that is doing the underlying scientific work.Our investigation also reveals that many companies choose not to disclosedata. Some will want to keep it that way. This is why we need legalrequirements for full disclosure of environmental information, with the clearmessage that the polluter will eventually be required to pay. Then marketforces will drive companies to clean up their acts.Let ’s hope we can rise to this challenge. Before we can have a green economy we need a green information economy –and it ’s the quality of information, as well as its quantity, that will count.66.T“he confusion ” at the beginning of the 2 nd paragraph refers to .A.where to spend or invest in a sustainable wayB.an array of consumer products to chooseC.a fog of unreliable green informationD.little information on eco-credibility67.From the New Scientist’ s analysis it can be inferred that in many casesA.eco-credibility is abusedB.a green economy is crucialC.an environmental impact is lessenedD.green credentials promote green economy68.From unverified claims to difficult measurements and then toindividual products, the author argues that .A.eco-credibility is a game between scientists and manufacturesB.neither scientists nor manufactures are honestC.it is vital to build a green economyD.better information is critical69.To address the issue, the author is crying for .A.transparent corporate managementB.establishing sustainability indexesC.tough academic-led surveillanceD.strict legal weapons70.Which of the following can be the best inference from the last paragraph?A.The toughest challenge is the best opportunity.B.It is time for another green revolution.rmation should be free for all.D.No quantity, no quality.Passage ThreePeople are extraordinarily skilled at spotting cheats –much better than they are detecting rule-breaking that does not involve cheating. A study showing just how good we are at this adds weight to the theory that our exceptional brainpower arose through evolutionary pressures to acquire specific cognitive skills.The still-controversial idea that humans have specialized decision-making systems in addition to generalized reasoning has been around for decades. Its advocates point out that the ability to identify untrustworthy people should be favored evolutionarily, since cheats risk undermining the social interactions in which people trade goods or services for mutual benefit.The test whether we have a special ability to reason about cheating, Leda Cosmides, an evolutionary psychologist at the University of California, Santa Barbara, and her colleagues used a standard psychological test called the Wason selection task, which tests volunteers’ ability to reason about “if/then” statements.The researchers set up scenarios in which they asked undergraduate volunteers to imagine they were supervising workers sorting appliances for admission to two schools; a good one in a district where school taxes are high, and a poor one in an equally wealthy, but lightly taxed district. The hypothetical workers were supposed to follow a rule that specified “if a student is admitted to the good school ”, they must live in the highly taxed district.Half the time, the test subjects were told that the workers had children of their own applying to the schools, thus having a motive to cheat; the rest of the time they were told the workers were merely absent-minded and sometimes made innocent errors. Then the test subjects were asked how they would verify that the workers were not breaking the rule.Cosmides found that when the “supervisors” thought they were checking for innocent errors, just 9 of 33, or 27 percent, got the right answer –looking for a student admitted to the good school who did not live in thehighly taxed district. In contrast, when the supervisors thought they were watching for cheats, they did much better, with 23 of 34, or 68 percent, getting the right answer.This suggests that people are, indeed, more adept at spotting cheat than at detecting mere rule-breaking, Cosmides said.“Any cues that it’s just an innocent mistake actually inactivate the detection mechanism”.Other psychologists remain skeptical of this conclusion. “If you want to conclude that therefore there’ s a module in the mind for detecting cheaters, I see zero evidence for that, ” says Steven Sloman, a cognitive scientists at Brown University in Province, Rhode Island. “It’s certainly possible that it’s something we learned through experience.There’ s no evident that it’s anything innate.”71.The findings of the study were in favor of _.A.the highly developed skills of cheating at schoolB.the relation between intelligence and evolutionC.the phenomenon of cheating at schoolD.the human innate ability to cheat72.The test “supervisors” appeared to be more adept at .A.spotting cheats than detecting mere rule-breakingB.detecting mere rule-breaking than spotting cheatsC.spotting their own children cheating than others doing itD.detecting cheats in the highly taxed district than in the lightlytaxed one73.When she says that ⋯that can’ t be the only thing going on in the mind , Cosmides most probably implies that .A.cheating is highly motivated in the social interactionsB.our specific cognitive skills can serve an evolutionary purposeC.there is no such a mental thing as a specialized decision-makingsystemD.the ability to identify untrustworthy people should be favoredevolutionary74.In response to Cosmides’ claim, Sloman would say that .A.it was of great possibilityB.it could be misleadingC.it was unbelievableD.it ’s acquired75.Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?A.Cheating at SchoolB.Cheating as the Human NatureC.Imaginary Intelligence and CheatingD.Intelligence Evolved to Root Out CheatsPassage FourFor many environmentalists, all human influence on the planet is bad. Many natural scientists implicitly share this outlook. This is not unscientific, but it can create the impression that greens andenvironmental scientists are authoritarian tree-huggers who value nature above people. That doesn’ t play well with mainstream society, as the apparent backlash against climate science reveals.Environmentalists need to find a new story to tell. Like it or not, we now live in the anthropocene (人类世)–an age in which humans are perturbing many of the planet ’snatural systems, from the water cycle to the acidity of the oceans. Wecannot wish that away; we must recognize it and manage our impacts.Johan Rockstrom, head of the Stockholm Environment Institute in Sweden,and colleagues have distilled recent research on how Earth systems work intoa list of nine “planetary boundaries” that we must stay within to live sustainably. It is preliminary work, and many will disagree with where theboundaries are set. But the point is to offer a new way of thinking about ourrelationship with the environment – a science-based picture that accepts a certain level of human impact and even allows us some room to expand. The result is a breath of fresh air: though we are already well past three of the boundaries, we haven’ t trashed the place yet.It is in the same spirit that we also probe the basis for key claims inthe Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’ s 2007 report on climate impacts. This report has been much discussed since our revelations about its unsubstantiated statement on melting Himalayan glaciers. Why return to the topic? Because there is a sense that the IPCC shares the same anti-human agenda and, as a result, is too credulous of unverified numbers. While the majority of the report is assuredly rigorous, there is no escaping the fact that parts of it make claims that go beyond the science.For example, the chapter on Africa exaggerates a claim about crashes in farm yields, and also highlights projections of increased water stress in some regions while ignoring projections in the same study that point to reduced water stress in other regions. There errors are not trifling. They are among the repor’ ts headline conclusions.Above all, we need a dispassionate view of the state of the planet and our likely future impact on it. There ’s no room for complacency: Rockstrom ’s analysis shows us that we face real dangers, but exaggerating our problems is not the way to solve them.76.As the first paragraph implies, there is between environmentalists and mainstream society __________ .A.a misunderstandingB.a confrontationC.a collaborationD.a consensus77.Within the planetary boundaries, as Rockstrom implies, .A.we humans have gone far beyond the limitationsB.our human activities are actually moderate in degreeC.a certain level of human impact is naturally acceptableD.it is urgent to modify our relationship with the environment78.The point, based on Rockstrom ’s investigation, is simply that .A.they made the first classification of Earth systems。

全国医学博士外语考试

全国医学博士外语考试

全国医学博士外语考试
全国医学博士外语考试主要考察考生的哪项能力?
A. 医学专业知识的掌握程度
B. 外语阅读和理解能力
C. 医学实践操作能力
D. 医学科研能力
以下哪项不是全国医学博士外语考试的常见题型?
A. 阅读理解
B. 完形填空
C. 医学专业术语翻译
D. 医学案例分析
参加全国医学博士外语考试的考生,通常需具备以下哪项条件?
A. 已获得医学硕士学位
B. 正在攻读医学博士学位
C. 已通过全国医学硕士外语考试
D. 任意医学相关专业背景
全国医学博士外语考试的难度通常被描述为?
A. 初级水平
B. 中级水平
C. 高级水平
D. 专业水平
以下哪项是全国医学博士外语考试可能涉及的外语语种?
A. 英语
B. 日语
C. 德语
D. 所有外语语种均可能涉及
全国医学博士外语考试的合格标准通常由谁制定?
A. 教育部
B. 国家卫生健康委员会
C. 各高校自行制定
D. 全国医学博士外语考试委员会
考生参加全国医学博士外语考试的成绩,在多长时间内有效?
A. 半年
B. 一年
C. 两年
D. 永久有效
全国医学博士外语考试的成绩,通常用于以下哪项目的?
A. 医学博士学位授予的依据之一
B. 医学博士毕业生找工作的必要条件
C. 医学博士毕业生继续深造的资格证明
D. 所有与医学博士相关的评价和选拔过程。

福建医科大学博士入学考试2006英语试卷

福建医科大学博士入学考试2006英语试卷

博士研究生入学英语考试试卷(2006. 5)Part I. Reading Comprehension (40%)Directions: Read the following four passages. Answer the questions below each passage by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET.Passage OneNobody likes taxes.Now that’s a fairly safe statement to make. I know I don’t. One of the reasons I moved back to the US from Canada, is that Americans pay far, far fewer taxes than Canadians do. In fact, it seems to be part of the American dream to avoid paying any taxes. We don’t want to pay them on the Internet. Many states don’t want their citizens to pay state taxes. And President George W. Bush just pushed through a huge federal income tax cut.And no doubt there are still people who think we pay too many taxes. But the people of Braintree, Massachusetts, might be thinking differently. Braintree has a problem. Not once in the past two decades did the town pass resolutions that overrode Proposition 2 1/2—the law that says the town government cannot raise each year’s tax levy more than 2 1/2 percent above the previous year’s charges. Nor did they float any bonds for debt. Braintree is also a fairly bustling commercial town. Which mean that resident tax rates were among the lowest in the Boston area.But there’s one problem. Braintree is, well, falling part. Especially its schools. While everybody was patting himself or herself on the back for keeping taxes down, school, roads, bridges and the like were growing older and weren’t receiving the attention they needed. But even if they did get the attention, not much could be done because there wasn’t enough money in the town’s kitty to pay for needed repairs. But, as my mother would say, one can only ignore the elephant in the living room for so long. And now it’s time to pay up. The school department wants $100 million to fix the schools. Millions more will be needed for road repairs and fixing the town’s deteriorating water and sewer lines.Boy, oh boy, people are going to have SOME kind of tax bill in Braintree this year. And probably for the next few years as well. And don’t forget, this situation affects more than justthe town’s infrastructure. Real estate prices will suffer as well. Who wants to move to a town with crumbling schools, bad roads, and questionable water?There is a lesson in all this—not paying enough tax is just as bad as paying too much tax. There are some people in the US who point out that all tax money should be given back to individuals, not the various branches of government. It’s our money, they cry. In one way, I agree with them. It is our money. But the fact they conveniently forget—or ignore—is that the money the government keeps is “our”money as well. That’s because it pays for OUR schools, OUR roads, OUR military, OUR communities in need of help after events like floods or other disasters.1.In what way might people to Braintree think differently about paying taxes?A)They think Bush’s tax cut plan is impracticable.B)They think they have been paying too many taxes.C)They think the town government misuses the taxes they have paid.D)They think paying enough taxes is necessary to keeping things going.2.What makes the author come to the conclusion that people in Braintree pay the lowest taxrates in the Boston area is the fact that __________________.A)the town has never changed its taxation law in the last 20 yearsB)the town has been a fast-developing oneC)the town has never floated bonds to pay its debt in the last 20 yearsD)many more schools, roads and the like have been built recently3.What is the alleged problem that faces Braintree at present?A)No one is willing to pay any taxes.B)Not enough attention is paid to education.C)The town does not have enough money to expand its infrastructure.D)The town does not collect enough taxes to keep itself in good shape.4.When the author quotes from his mother that “one can only ignore the elephant in the livingroom for so long” (the fourth paragraph), he means that______________.A)one has to taste the bitter result if he is blind to a problemB)keeping everything in good order is too heavy a burden for a small townC)one should never keep an elephant in his living room for longD)a small town should not levy too heavy a tax against people’s will5.With regard to paying taxes, the author is actually saying that _________________.A)paying enough taxes is the citizen’s obligationB)he does not like taxes and would dodge them if he couldC)the government should not abuse the taxesD)the government should not levy too heavy a taxPassage TwoMillions of Americans lack health insurance and, with the economy floundering, that is likely to increase, the National Academy of Sciences reported Thursday. “Unless health insurance is made more affordable, the number of uninsured Americans is likely to continue growing over time,”said Mary sue Coleman, co-chairman of the committee that wrote the report. The report is the first of six planned by the Institute of Medicine over two years. The series is planned to find out who lacks health insurance and why, determine what the consequences are and provide the groundwork for debate on how to correct the problem. The institute is part of the academy, a private organization chartered by Congress to advise the government of scientific matters.This first report seeks to draw a picture of the millions who lack insurance. It does not offer any recommendations. “Much of what Americans think they know about the uninsured is wrong,”said Dr. Arthur Kellermann, a public health professor at Emory University School of Medicine in Atlanta, who also worked on the report. The Census Bureau reported last month that 38.7 millions went without coverage for all of 2000, compared with 39.3 millions the year before, thanks to the booming economy. Experts say the trend is likely to reverse this year, given that the economy was slowing even before the Sept. 11 terrorist attacks. “Unfortunately, the recent economic slowdown might have reversed the modest gains in coverage that were seen in 1999 and 2000,” said Kellermann on Thursday.About two-third of Americans under age 65 are covered by health insurance through their job or that of a relative, the report found. That means many people gain or lose coverage as they marry or divorce, change jobs, start or graduate from college or go through other transitions. At some point, one out of seven Americans goes without coverage for a full year; many others lack coverage for shorter periods.The report said that with insurance costs rising, more employers and individuals may conclude they are unable to afford coverage. Premium increases were often absorbed by employers in the strong economy of the 1990s, but that may not continue as the economy softens, the report said. The panel found that about 13.6 million of the uninsured work for employers that do not offer health insurance. Individually purchased coverage may be prohibitively costly. In the case of such public insurance programs as Medicaid and the State Children’s Health Insurance Program, the report said that stringent eligibility requirements and enrollment processes can make coverage difficult to obtain and hard to keep.6. The present decline in the number of insured Americans is mainly caused by the_________________.A)economic recessionB)indifference of private employersC)mass unemploymentD)negligence of insurance agencies7. As the first of the six reports, the chief objective of this report is to ____________________.A)find out who lack health insuranceB)explain why certain groups of people lack health insuranceC)determine the consequences from the lack of health insuranceD)provide suggestions to address the health insurance issue8. Which of the following is true according to the passage?A)People who are not working are not usually covered by health insurance.B)The number of people covered by insurance increased from 1999 to 2000.C)People over the age of 65 are all covered by health insurance.D)Most Americans mistakenly think that many of them are not health insured.9. It is implied in the last paragraph that ________________________.A)eligibility for public insurance programs should be made stringentB)individuals should not be prohibited from buying their own health insuranceC)27% of the families have lost their insurance coverage due to economic slowdownD)Public insurance programs can do little to correct the present situation10.What is the title of the passage?A)Millions of Americans Lack Health Insurance.B)Why Many Americans Are Losing their Insurance.C)How Economic Situation Affects Health Insurance.D)How Health Insurance Is Purchased.Passage ThreeThe most obvious and least noticed man-made marvel in California is its highway system. It is an engineering event on the scale of the transcontinental railroad, over 15,000 miles long and fifty years in the making. By a long measure, it is the best highway system in the country, which means that it is the best highway system in the world. California, its various departments and agencies, has taught numberless nations how to build modern roads, and if the world is now less convinced about the necessity of superhighways than it used to be, that has more to do with geology than with design and engineering.The California highway system is also where many of us learned the pleasures of motoring. Much has been written about California’s love affairs with the automobile, and much of it is wrong. To be sure, a few citizens lavish an inordinate amount of attention on their cars, but for most of us routine maintenance and a sporty little ironclad warranty are all that are necessary. The real pleasures of the road have to do with driving, the experience rather than the vehicle, the verb rather than the noun. The pleasures of driving are an obvious extension of the pleasures of the trail, the progressive revelation of natural wonders and cultural information. Driving is an aesthetic experience so commonplace that it is frequently ignored, yet a bad painting and requires much more stamina to endure. For Americans, driving is also nearly universal; more people have revealed in a good drive than have, say, attended a baseball game or gotten divorced.So it is the good drives that we celebrate here. The following list is arbitrary and personal—and incomplete. I have not driven every road in California. I have heard, for instance, that 299 from Redding to Alturas is worth a detour, but I have not included it because I’ve never done it. Call this list, rather, a talking paper, a work in progress, a set of nominations (there are only seven drives on it, which suggests that the California top ten has three slots open). My criteria were mostly predictable—scenic beauty, surprise, transformation, ease of driving, traffic flow, plus a leavening of whim. They are listed in a vague order of preference, as follows.11.What does the author want to tell us in the first paragraph?A)The California highway system is a wonder.B)California has an advantage in geography.C)Roads in California are all superhighways.D)Highways won’t be necessary in the future.12.It is on California highways that many people _________________.A)learn to motorcycleB)begin to enjoy drivingC)fall in loveD)learn how to drive13.According to the author, a few citizens tend to _______________________.A)take too much care of their carsB)ignore the maintenance of their carsC)paint while driving along the roadsD)lack the ability to appreciate the beauty14.The second paragraph suggests the driving is ____________________.A)considered a world-wide game by AmericansB)as interesting as watching baseball gamesC)a very popular entertainment for AmericansD)one of the reasons of some divorces15.If the author introduces some roads in California to the reader in the follo wing paragraph,how many roads are to be introduced?A)3B)7C)10D)299Passage FourFew social problems have increased so suddenly or been dramatized so effectively as the plight of the homeless in the 1980s and 1990s. Once an invisible people who could easily be ignored, the homeless are now recognized everywhere on the streets and in the public facilitiesof major cities.The number of homeless people in underdeveloped societies in the mid-1980s was estimated by the United Nations to be more than 100 million. The so-called “new”homeless live in the developed, industrialized nations of Europe, North America, and East Asia. Accurate statistics have been impossible to verify, in part because of the conflicting viewpoints on the subject of homelessness. Politicians, lawyers, and others who become advocates for the homeless have said that there are from 2 to 3 million homeless in the United States alone. Others who have studied the problem from a less sympathetic point of view suggest that the number is closer to 300,000.One reason for statistical uncertainty is the composition of the homeless population. Some families suffer temporary poverty because of loss of a job. Unable to afford rent or mortgage payments, they may temporarily join the ranks of the homeless for a period of days or weeks (or they may live with relatives). Once another job is found, the family can usually afford shelter once more.The number of those who are truly homeless consists of possibly 3 percent or less of the very poor. Their most common characteristic is poverty, though some work at least part-time, while others receive various kinds of welfare payments.The National Institute of Mental Health has estimated that one third of the homeless in the 1980s were former mental patients who had been discharged under deinstitutionalization programs. Many of the homeless are also addicted to drugs or alcohol or both. Some are victims of structural unemployment temporary, but massive, changes in an economy. Others become homeless when the eligibility rules for assistance change or when the supply of low rent housing runs out. Some members of the homeless population are voluntary in the sense that they leave intolerable situations within their former homes. Battered wives and abused or neglected children become runaways, living on the streets or in shelters opened by charities. In Japan many men reportedly have dropped out of the economy voluntarily for such reasons as stress, old age, indifference, or to escape family problems.Government responses to the problem have varied. Canada and the United States have no laws on homelessness, but government agencies provide funds to operate shelters and soup kitchens. England has a Homeless Persons Act, enacted in 1977, that requires local authoritiesto house the homeless. In an attempt to improve housing for the poor, the UN declared 1987 the International Y ear of Shelter for the Homeless.16.The number of the homeless is difficult to determine because _____________________.A)they move about constantly from one place to anotherB)each country tries to conceal the exact numberC)some who are homeless today may not be tomorrowD)some countries never report the figure to the UN17.Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?A)The homeless can never find shelter unless helped by their relatives.B)Some people make themselves homeless by leaving their shelters.C)The estimates of the homeless are often affected by people’s attitude.D)Most of the homeless people are city dwellers before.18.Some people voluntarily leave home and become homeless because___________________.A)they want to try a new lifestyleB)they find their homes stressful and unbearableC)they find it hard to keep up with the rentD)they find their present homes less tolerable than past ones19.It is true that __________________________________.A)some homeless people have some temporary jobsB)many homeless people refuse the help from welfare agenciesC)industrialized countries have more homeless people to helpD)people often become homeless when they lose their jobs20.The United States ______________________________.A)does not pay much attention to the homelessB)does not encourage each state to care for the homelessC)wants to provide shelter for the homelessD)supports housing programs for the homelessPart II Vocabulary ( 15% )Directions: There are 30 incomplete sentences in this part. Choose the one that best completethe sentence. And write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.21. I made an awful blunder and trouble ___________________.A) ceased B) ensued C) erupted D) proceeded22. We _________ the enemy’s secret telegram and were able to win a big victory.A) decoded B) ensured C) encoded D) decomposed23. Since it is too late to change my mind, I am _____________ to carrying out the plan.A) committed B) obliged C) engaged D) resolved24. Jack was __________ from singing too many songs last night.A) coarse B) hoarse C) appalling D) irritated25. In addition to some money in a savings bank account, my __________include propertyinherited from my father and my grandpa.A) assess B) assets C) assessments D) access26. A bridge which is hung from cables is known as _________ bridge. The Y angpu Bridge inShanghai is the largest one in Asia.A) slippery B) suspense C) suspender D) suspension27. With an eighty-hour week and little change or enjoyment, life must have been very__________ for the nineteenth-century factory worker.A) sluggish B) poky C) flamboyant D) weary28. We parted from each other at the crossroads and returned to our _____________ houses.A) respected B) respectful C) respective D) respectable29. Only a _______person would believe such an unlikely story about flying saucers. Do youagree with me?A) credulous B) creditable C) credible D) crediting30. From the top of the building you can get a __________ of the entire city, it is very beautiful.A) perspective B) prosperity C)prosperous D) prospective31. Half an hour after they had started, it _________ to rain hard, and a bitter cold wind sprangup.A) commended B) commenced C) commanded D) commented32. Researchers have developed a new process that can _________ fresh drinking water fromsea water at a significantly lower cost than existing systems.A) extract B) remove C) withdraw D) exclude33. The dean tried to retain control of the situation on campus, but his attempt was _________by the board of trustees.A) approved B) frustrated C) disclosed D) justified34. Everything looked __________ through the wet windshield.A) blurred B) vague C) obscure D) dim35. The election took place against a ___________ of widespread unemployment.A) ground B) setting C) background D) environment36. There is a(n) __________ in the fuel lines that prevented the missile from blasting off.A) error B) fault C) defect D) mistake37. John, the newly appointed director, had to reorganize the entire office; he angrilycomplained of his _________, who had been so incompetent that everything was left in a mess.A) successor B) ancestor C) predecessor D) forefather38. As a writer he was very __________. As a businessman he was not competent.A) imagined B) imaginary C) imaginable D) imaginative39. When it became clear that the management and the union could not settle their differences,the President _________ to settle the argument.A) interacted B) intervened C) interviewed D) interconnected40. These countries should ___________ macro-economic policies that help to create jobs.A) supplement B) implement C) complement D) experiment41. Mark was absolutely __________by the puzzle; so he was confused and didn’t know how todeal with it.A) baffled B) bartered C) battered D) barged42. This book is full of practical ____________ on home decorating and repairs.A) helps B) clues C) tips D) informs43. Keys should never be hidden around the house since thieves __________ know where tolook.A) virtually B) unavoidably C) i nvariably D) reliably44. The sound of the water gently __________ against the side of the boat was very pleasant.A) creaking B) surging C) sucking D) l apping45. Mary hoped that the photographs would be attractive enough to ________ Jane to go to Europe with her.A) provoke B) preclude C) entice D) indulge46. They ___________ their opponent as a liar so as to make him unpopular.A) stigmatized B) distinguished C) identified D) sterilized47. The election results _____________ up the spirits of the newly formed party.A) blaze d B) boasted C) boomed D) bolstered48. The handwriting was not __________, so I could not read it at all well; you must be careful next time.A) definite B) distinct C) desirable D) domestic49. He gave a good speech, in which he ___________ clearly the reasons for changing the law.A) depicted B) intensified C) proposed D) marshaled50. Peach trees are considered __________ when they begin bearing fruit, after growing onemonth the fruit may taste delicious.A) mutual B) massive C) mature D) marvelousPart III Cloze Test ( 10%)Directions: There are 20 blanks in the passage. For each blank, the first letter of the word has been given. Read the passage and fill in each blank with a word which best completes the meaning of the sentence.Then write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.American doctors have found they can help seriously sick cancer patients by raising their body temperatures. Doctors at the University of Mississippi Medical Center tried the t 51 on 104 patients. Normal cancer treatments had f 52 to help any of the patients. And most were e 53 to die in 2 or 3 months.After the treatment the cancer seemed to d 54 completely in 14% of the patients. The disease was reduced by 50% or more in another 12 percent. The treatment had a smaller e 55 on twenty-four percent. But some of these patients lived 1—3 years. The Mississippi doctors said such results are s 56for patients with cancer so serious and so difficult to treat with normal t 57 .Heat is often used to treat cancer. It kills some cancer cells and makes other cancer cells w 58 , so that drugs and r 59 ’can have more effect against the disease . Usually, however, only one area of the body is heated. Such l 60 heat treatment is not effective when cancer has spread to many parts of the body. The Mississippi doctors put p 61 tubes in a patient’s artery and veins. Blood was r 62 from the artery, heated and returned to the vein. This technique raised the patient’s body temperature to 41 and one-half degrees C 63 . The treatment lasted 4-8 hours and was r 64 4—6 times. Some patients also received small a 65 of anti-cancer drugs and radiation.Scientists do not understand the e 66 link between high body temperature, or fever, and sickness. But they do know that a fever s 67 increases the body’s natural ability to f 68 diseases. Medical histories even tell some patients who were c 69 of cancer after having a high fever during an i 70Disease.Part IV Short Answer Questions ( 10% )Directions: In this part there is a short passage with five questions or incomplete statements. Read the passage carefully. Then answer the questions or complete the statements in the fewest possible words (no more than 10 words). Then write them down on your ANSWER SHEET.Educators today are more and more often hard to say that computer literacy is absolutely necessary for college students. Many even argue that each incoming freshman should have permanent access to his or her own microcomputer. What advantages do computers offer the college students?Any student who has used a word processor will know one compelling reason to use a computer: to write papers. Although not all students feel comfortable composing on a word processor, most find revising and editing much easier on the computer. One can alter, insert, or delete just by pressing a few keys, thus eliminating the need to rewrite or retype. Furthermore English courses required the use of a word processor.Science students take advantage of computers in many ways. Using computer graphic capabilities, for example, botany students can represent and analyze different plant growth patterns. Medical students can learn to interpret computerized images of internal body structures. Physics students can complete complex calculations far more quickly than theycould without the use of a computer.Similarly, business and accounting students find that computer spreadsheet programs are all but indispensable to many aspects of their work, while students pursuing career in graphic arts, marketing, and public relations find that knowledge of computer graphic is important. Education majors learn to develop grading system using computers, while social science students use computers for analyzing and graphically displaying their research results.It is no wonder, then, that educators support the purchases and use of computers by students. A versatile tool, the computer can help students learn. And that is, after all, the reason for going to college.71. What does the term “computer literacy” refer to in the first sentence of Paragraph 1?72. What is the writer’s chief purpose in writing this passage?73. What benefits a student most with a word processor?74. What does the phrase “all but indispensable” mean in the first sentence of Paragraph 4?75. Why do students go to college according to the author?Part V Translation ( 10% )Directions: Translate the following paragraphs into Chinese.What do we really know about fertility and the mind? For starters, we know that infertility is stressful. Women who have difficulty conceiving suffer as much anxiety and depression as women with heart disease or cancer. A recent study found that 40 percent of them were anxious or depressed. This shouldn’t be surprising. Procreation is one of the strongest instincts in the animal kingdom. Males will die fighting for a chance to mate , and females will die to protect their young. Moreover, most people assume they are fertile. When you’ve spent your adult life taking precautions to avoid pregnancy, it’s a shock to discover that you can’t make it happen at will. Treatment can add to the anguish. Y ou get poked, prodded, injected, inspected and operated on, and you have mechanical sea on schedule.Part VI Writing ( 15% )Directions: Write an introductory speech on “It Is Better To Be Healthy than To Be Wealthy”with no less than 150 words. The following information is for reference.Suppose you are asked to give a speech to a group of young people. Y ou are required to write the introductory speech. Y ou may point out how important the health is and why health is more important than wealth. And what is the relationship between health and wealth.Y ou may begin like this:Good morning, my worthy opponents and friends. As you all know, the topic for today’s debate is:……Key for Reference:Part I Reading ComprehensionDBDAA AABDA ABACB CAAAD2Part II V ocabulary and StructureBAABB DDCAA BABAC CCDBB ACCDC ADBDC Part III Cloze Test51 treatment 52 failed 53 expected 54 disappear 55 effect 56 surprising 57 techniques 58 weaker 59 radiations 60 local 61 plastic 62 removed 63 Celsius 64 repeated 65 amounts66 exact 67 somehow 68 fight 69 cured 70 infectiousPart IV Short Answer Questions71. computer skill.72. To identify some of the ways computers benefit college students73. To save a lot of time revising a paper.74. very necessary.75. To learn.Part V Translation在生育能力和心情方面,我们真正了解到什么呢?我们知道,不予对刚刚参加此项活。

2006年全国职称英语等级考试(卫生类B级)真题及详解【圣才出品】

2006年全国职称英语等级考试(卫生类B级)真题及详解【圣才出品】

2006年全国职称英语等级考试(卫生类B级)真题及详解第1部分:词汇选项(第1~15题,每题1分,共15分)下面每个句子中均有1个词或短语划有底横线,请为每处划线部分确定1个意义最为接近选项。

1.She was close to success.A.fastB.quickC.nearD.tight【答案】C【解析】句意:她接近成功。

close接近。

near近的。

二者意思相近,可相互替换。

fast 迅速的。

quick快的。

tight绷紧的。

2.The two girls look alike.A.beautifulB.similarC.prettyD.attractive【答案】B【解析】句意:这两个女孩长得很像。

alike相似的,similar相似的。

二者意思相近,可相互替换。

beautiful漂亮的。

pretty优美的。

attractive吸引人的。

3.The boy is intelligent.A.cleverB.naughtyC.difficultD.active【答案】A【解析】句意:这个男孩非常聪明。

intelligent聪明的。

clever聪明的,机灵的。

二者意思相近,可相互替换。

naughty淘气的。

difficult困难的。

active积极的,活跃的。

因此,本题的正确答案为A。

4.Everybody was glad to see Mary back.A.sorryB.sadC.angryD.happy【答案】D【解析】句意:每个人都很开心见到玛丽回来。

glad高兴的。

happy开心的。

二者意思相近,可相互替换。

sorry抱歉的。

sad悲哀的。

angry生气的。

5.What is your goal in life?A.planB.aimC.arrangementD.idea【答案】B【解析】句意:你的生活目标是什么?goal目标。

aim目的,目标。

二者意思相近,可相互替换。

plan计划。

2006年博士研究生入学考试英语试题

2006年博士研究生入学考试英语试题

1 9H e
his own life to savethatchild. B) gave D) immersed
A) jeopardized C) devoted
201
the fishing rod back and lost the fish.
A) towed C) hauled
B) drew D) jerked
( 60minutes 50points) Comprehension PartII Reading
in Directions:There are six passages this part. Each passage followed by some questions unfinished statements. each of them there are four For or which one is the best choices markedA B C andD, you shoulddecide then mark the corresponding letter on the answerto the question, with a singlelinethrough center. the AnswerSheet Passagel. Questions2l to 24 arebasedon the following passage on The United NationsConference Drug Abusethat took placeearlierthis year in Vienna,was a very productive As of meeting. neverbefore,the nations the world to and individual differences demonstrated willingn.r, to'out asid" iO*ologi.al a confronta common threat. gatherings this subjecthavenot seenthe same on Most previousinternational intensity of the delegateinterest.Many nations have gone through a shock of ago,only thosenationsidentifiedas "consuming countries" recognition. decade A werethoughtto havea serious Today, only havemany"producing drugproblem. not alsobecome countries" countries", manyhavewitnessed growth the but "consuming within their bordersof drug trafficking(often allied with leftist guerrillff and to Many developing temorists) powerfulthey present danger the state's so a stability. countries now havethe worstof bothworlds,in that they grow their own narcotics and addictlargenumbers their own people. of Thereis a growingsense fright in of many govemments matters out of controland the singleway to recoveris that are throughcooperation othercountries. with The high pointsof the conference werethe draftingof two documents, of both withouta dissenting which were adopted vote.One was a joint declaration intent of to combat drug abuse and trafficking. Tlre other consistedof many detailed policies\. suggestions particular for regional national and Overall,the conference developed two-levelaction plan.The focuswas on a ways to curb the demand dangerous for drugsand on methods destroying at of or process. leastinterrupting distribution the

全国医学博士外语统一入学考试英语试题

全国医学博士外语统一入学考试英语试题

最新版--全国医学博士外语统一入学考试英语试题2015 年全国医学博士外语统-入学考试英语试题1 请考生首先将自己的姓名、所在考点、准考证号在试卷一答题纸和试卷二标准答题卡上认真填写清楚,并按"考场指令"要求,将准考证号在标准答题卡上划好。

2. 试卷一(Paper One)答案和试卷二(PaperTwo)答案都作答在标准答题卡上,不要做在试卷上。

3. 试卷一答题时必须使用28 铅笔,将所选答案按要求在相应位置涂黑:如要更正,先用橡皮擦干净。

书面表达一定要用黑色签字笔或钢笔写在标准答题卡上指定区域。

4. 标准答题卡不可折叠,同时答题卡须保持平整干净,以利评分。

5. 听力考试只放一遍录音,每道题后有15 秒左右的答题时间。

国家医学考试中心PAPERONEPart 1 : Listening comprehension (30%)Section ADirections: In this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between two speakers, At the end of each conversation, you will hear a question about what is said,The question will be read only once, After you hear the question, read the four possibleanswers marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the best answers and mark the letter of yourchoice on the ANSWER SHEETListen to the following example.You will hear.Woman: 1 fell faint.Man: No wonder You haven't had a bite all day Question: What's the matter with the woman?You will read.A. She is sick.B. She is bitten by an antC. She is hungry.D. She spilled her paint.Here C is the right answerNow let's begin with question Number 1.1 A. How to deal with his sleeping problem.B. The cause of his sleeping problem.C. What follows his insomnia.D. The severity of his medical problem.2. A.To take the medicine for a longer timeB. To discontinue the medication.C. To come to see her again.D. To switch to other medications.3. A.To tale it easy and continue to workB. To take a sick leave.C. To keep away from work.D. To have a follow-up.4.A. Fullness in the stomach.B. Occasional stomachache.C. Stomach distention.D. Frequent belches.5. A. extremely severe.B. Not very severe.C. More severe than expected.D. It's hard to say.6. A. He has lost some weight.B. He has gained a lot.C. He needs to exercise moreD. He is still overweight.7. A. She is giving the man an injectionB. She is listening to the man's heartC. She is feeling the man's pulse.D. She is helping the man stop shivering8. A. In the gym. B. In the officeC. In the clinic.D. In the boat.9 . A. Diarrhea. B. Vomiting.C. Nausea.D. Acold.10. A. She has developed allergies.B. She doesr1·t know what al|ergies are-C. She doesn't have any allergiesD. She has allergies treated already.11 A. Listen to music. B. Read magazines.24. A. It is stable at room temperature for several years.B. It is administered directly into the bloodstream.C. It delivers glucose from blood to the cells.D. It is more chemically complex.25. A. Why insulin is not stable at room temperature.B. How important it is to understand the chemical bonds of insulin.C. Why people with Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes don't produce enough insulin.D. What shape insulin takes when it unlocks the cells to take sugar form blood.PassageTwo26 . A. Vegetative patients are more aware.B. Vegetative patients retain some control of their eye movement.C. EEG scans may help us communicate with the vegetative patientsD. We usually communicate with the brain-dead people by brain-wave.27 A. The left-hand side of the brain.B. The right-hand side of the brain.C The central part of the brain.D. The front part of the brain28. A. 31 B. 6. C.4. D. 129. A. The patient was brain-deadB. The patient wasn't brain-dead.C. The patient had some control over his eye movements.D. The patient knew the movement he or she was making30. A. The patient is no technically vegetative.B. The patient can communicate in some way.C. We can train the patient of speak.D. The family members and doctors can provide better care.Part 11 Vocabulary (10%)Section ADirection: In this section, all the sentences are incomplete. Four word- or phrases marked A, B, C and D are given beneath each of them. You are to choose the word orphrase that best completes the sentence, then mark your answer on the ANSWERSHEET31 Despite his doctor’s note of caution,he never __ from drinking and smokingA. retainedB. dissuadedC. alleviatedD. abstained32. People with a history of recurrent infections are warned that the use of personal stereos with headsets is likely to _ their hearingA. rehabilitateB. jeopardizeC. tranquilizeD.supplement33. Impartial observers had to acknowledge that lack of formal education did notseem to _ Larry in any way in his success.A. refuteB. ratifyC. facilitateD. impede34. When the supporting finds were reduced, they should have revised their planA. accordingly B alternatively C. considerably D. relatively35. It is increasingly believed among the expectant parents that prenatal education of classical music can_ _ future adults with appreciation of music.A acquaint B. familiarized C. endow D. amuse36. If the gain of profit is solely due to rising energy prices, then inflation should be subsided when energy pricesA. level out B stand out C come off D. wear off37 Heat stroke is a medical emergency that demands immediate from qualified medical personnel.A. prescriptionB. palpationC. interventionD. interposition38. Asbestos exposure results in Mesothelioma, asbestosis and internal organ cancers, and of these diseases is often decades after the initial exposure.A. offsetB. intakeC. outletD. onset39. Ebola, which spreads through body fluid or secretions such as urine,and semen, can kill up to 90% of those infected.A. salineB. salivaC. scabiesD. scrabs40. The newly designed system is to genetic transfections, and enables an incubation period for studying various genes.A. comparableB. transmissibleC. translatableD. amenable Section BDirections: Each of the following sentences has a word or phrase underlined. There arefour words or phrases beneath each sentence. Choose the word or phrase which canbest keep the meaning of the original sentence if it is substituted for the underlined part.Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.41 Every year more than 1,000 patients in Britain die on transplant waiting lists, prompting scientists to consider other ways to produce organs.A. propellingB. prolongingC. puzzlingD. promising42. Improved treatment has changed the outlook of HIV patients, but there is still a serious stigma attached to AIDS.A. disgraceB. discriminationC. harassmentD. segregation43. Survivors of the shipwreck were finally rescued after their courage of persistence lowered to zero by their physical lassitude..A. depletionB. dehydrationC. exhaustionD. handicap44. Scientists have invented a 3D scan technology to read the otherwise illegible wood-carved stone, a method that may apply to other areas such as medicine. A. negative B. confusing C. eloquent D. indistinct45. Top athletes scrutinize both success and failure with their coach to extract lessons from them, but they are never distracted from long-term goals.A. anticipateB. clarifyC. examineD. verify46. His imperative tone of voice reveals his arrogance and arbitrariness.A. challengingB. solemnC. hostileD. demanding47 The discussion on the economic collaboration between the United States and the European Union may be eclipsed by the recent growing trade friction.A. erasedB. triggeredC. shadowedD. suspended48. Faster increases in prices foster the belief that the future increases will be also stronger so that higher prices fuel demand rather than quench itA. nurtureB. eliminateC. assimilateD. puncture49. Some recent developments in photography allow animals to be studied in previously inaccessible places and in unprecedented detail.A. unpredictableB. unconventionalC. unparalleledD. unexpected50. A veteran negotiation specialist should be skillful at manipulating.A. estimatingB. handlingC. rectifyingD. anticipatingPart III Cloze (10%)Directions: In this section there is a passage with ten numbered blanks. For each blank, there are four choices marked A, B, C and 0 on the right side. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.A mother who is suffering from cancer can pass on the disease to her unborn child in extremely rare cases, 51 a new case report published in PNAS this week.According to researchers in Japan and at the Institute for Cancer Research in Sutton, UK, a Japanese mother had been diagnosed with leukemia a few weeks after giving birth,52 tumors were discovered in her daughter's cheek and lung when she was 11 months old. Genetic analysis showed that the baby's cancer cells had the same mutation as the cancer cells of the mother But the cancer cells contained no DNA whatsoever from the father,53 would be expected if she had inherited the cancer from conception. That suggests the cancer cell made it into the unborn child 's body across the placental barrier.The Guardian claimed this to be the first 54 case of cells crossing the placental barrier But this is not the case -- microchimerism ,55 cells are exchanged between a mother and her unborn child, is thought to be quite common, with some cells thought to pass from fetus to mother in about 50 to 75 percent of cases and to go the other way about half 56 .As the BBC pointed out, the greater 57 in cancer transmission from mother to fetus had been how cancer cells that have slipped through the placental barrier could survive in the fetus without being killed by its immune system. The answer in this case at least, lies in a second mutation of the cancercells, which led to the 58 of the specific features that would have allowed the fetal immune system to detect the cells as foreign. As a result, no attack against the invaders was launched.59 according to the researchers there is little reason for concern of "cancer danger" Only 17 probable cases have been reported worldwide and the combined 60 of cancer cells both passing the placental barrier and having the right mutation to evade the baby's immune system is extremely low51 A. suggests B. suggestingC. having suggestedD. suggested52. A. since B. althoughC. whereasD. when53. A. what B. whomC. whoD.as54. A. predicted B. notoriousC. provenD. detailed55. A. where B. whenC. ifD. whatever56. A. as many B. as muchC. as wellD. as often57 A. threat B. puzzleC.obstacleD. dilemma58. A. detection B. deletionC. amplificationD. addition59. A. Therefore B. FurthermoreC. NeverthelessD. Conclusively60. A. likelihood B. functionC. influenceD. flexibilityPart IV Reading Comprehension (30%) Directions: In this part there are six passages, each of which is followed by five questions. For each question there are four possible answers marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEETPassage OneThe American Society of Clinical Oncology wrapped its annual conference this week, going through the usual motions of presenting a lot of drugs that offer some added quality or extension of life to those suffering from a variety of as-yet incurable diseases. But buried deep in an AP story are a couple of promising headlines that seems worthy of more thorough review, including one treatment study where 100 percent of patients saw their cancer diminish by half.First of all, it seems pharmaceutical companies are moving away from the main cost-effective one-size-fits-all approach to drug development and embracing the long cancer treatments, engineering drugs that only work for a small percentage of patients but work very effectively within that group.Pfizer announced that one such drug it's pushing into late-stage testing is target for 4% of lung cancer patients. But more than 90% of that tiny cohort responded to the drug initial tests, and 9 out of ten is getting pretty close to the ideal ten out of ten. By gearing toward more boutique treatments rather than broad umbrella pharmaceuticals that try to fit for everyone it seems cancer researchers are making some headway. But how can we close the gap on that remaining ten percent?Ask Takeda Pharmaceutical and Celgene, two drug makers who put aside competitive interests to test a novel combination of their treatments. In a test of 66 patients with the blood disease multiple myeloma, a full 100 percent of the subjects saw their cancer reduced by half. Needless to say, a 100 percent response to a cancer drug (or in this case a drug cocktail) is more or less unheard of. Moreover, this combination never would've been two competing companies hadn't sat down and put their heads togetherAre there more potentially effective drug combos out there separated by competitive interest and proprietary information? Who's to say, but it seems like with the amount of money and research being pumped into cancer drug development, the outcome pretty good. And if researchers can start pushing more of their response numbers toward 100 percent, we can more easily start talking about oncology's favorite four-letter word: cure.61 Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?A. Competition and CooperationB. Two Competing Pharmaceutical CompaniesC. The Promising Future of PharmaceuticalsD. Encouraging News: a 100% Response to a Cancer Drug62. In cancer drug development, according to the passage, the pharmaceuticals nowA. are adopting the cost-effective one-size-fits-all approachB. are moving towards individualized and targeted treatmentsC. are investing the lion's shares of their moneyD. care only about their profits63. From the encouraging advance by the two companies, we can infer thatA. the development can be ascribed to their joint efforts and collaborationB. it was their competition that resulted in the accomplishmentC. other pharmaceuticals will join them in the researchD. the future cancer treatment can be nothing but cocktail therapy64. From the last paragraph it can be inferred that the answer to the question _A. is nowhere to be foundB. can drive one crazyC. can be multipleD. is conditional65. The tone of the author of this passage seems to beA. neutralB. criticalC. negativeD. optimistPassage TwoLiver disease is the 12th -leading cause of death in the U.S., chiefly because once it's determined that a patient needs a new liver it's very difficult to get one. Even in case where a suitable donor match is found, there's guarantee a transplant will be successful. But researchers at Massachusetts General Hospital have taken a huge step toward building functioning livers in the lab, successfully transplanting culture-gown livers into rats.The livers aren't grown from scratch, but rather within the infrastructure of a donor liver. The liver cells in the donor organ are washed out with a detergent that gently strips away the liver cells, leaving behind a biological scaffold of proteins and extracellular architecture that is very hard to duplicate synthetically.With all of that complicated infrastructure already in place, the researchers then seeded the scaffold (支架) with liver cells isolated from healthy livers, as well as some special endothelial cells to line the bold vessels. Once repopulated with healthy cells, these livers lived in culture for 10 days.The team also transplanted some two-day-old recellularized livers back into rats, where they continued to thrive for eight hours while connected into the rats' vascular systems. However the current method isn't perfect and cannot seem to repopulate the blood vessels quite densely enough and the transplanted livers can't keep functioning for more than about 24 hours (hence the eight-hour maximum for the rat transplant)But the initial successes are promising, and the team thinks they can overcome the blood vessel problem and get fully functioning livers into rats within two years. It still might be a decade before the tech hits the clinic, but if nothing goes horribly wrong-and especially if stem-cell research establishes a reliable way to create health liver cells from the every patients who need transplants-lab-generated livers that are perfect matches for their recipients could become a reality.66. It can be inferred from the passage that the animal model was mainly intended toA. investigate the possibility of growing blood vessels in the labB. explore the unknown functions of the human liverC. reduce the incidence of liver disease in the U.S.D. address the source of liver transplants67 What does the author mean when he says that the livers aren't grown from scratch?A. The making of a biological scaffold of proteins and extracellular architecture.B. A huge step toward building functioning livers in the lab.C. The building of the infrastructure of a donor liverD. Growing liver cells in the donor organ68. The biological scaffold was not put into the culture in the lab untilA. duplicated syntheticallyB. isolated from the healthy liverC. repopulated with the healthy cellsD. the addition of some man-made blood vessels69. What seems to be the problem in the planted liver?A. The rats as wrong recipients.B. The time point of the transplantation .C. The short period of the recellularization.D. The insufficient repopulation of the blood vessels.70. The research team holds high hopes ofA. creating lab-generated livers for patients within two yearsB. the timetable for generating human livers in the labC. stem-cell research as the future of medicineD. building a fully functioning liver into ratsPassage ThreePatients whose eyes have suffered heat or chemical burns typically experience severe damage to the cornea--the thin, transparent front of the eye that refracts light and contributes most of the eye's focusing ability. In along-term study, Italian researchers use stem cells taken from the limbus, the border between the cornea and the white of the eye, to cultivate a graft of healthy cells in a lab to help restore vision in eyes. During the 10-years study, the researchers implanted the healthy stem cells into the damaged cornea in 113 eyes of 112 patients. The treatment was fully successful in more than 75 percent of the patients, and partially successful in 13 percent. Moreover, the restored vision remained stable over 10 years. Success was defined as an absence of all symptoms and permanent restoration of the cornea.Treatment outcome was initially assessed at one year, with up to 10 years of follow-up evaluations. The procedure was even successful in several patients whose burn injuries had occurred years earlier and who had already undergone surgery.Current treatment for burned eyes involves taking stem cells from a patient's healthy eye, or from the eyes of another person, and transferring them to the burned eye. The new procedure, however stimulates the limbal stem cells from the patient's own eye to reproduce in a lab culture. Several types of treatments using stem cells have proven successful in restoring blindness, but the long-term effectiveness shown here is significant. The treatment is only for blindness caused by damage to the cornea; it is not effective for repairing damaged retinas or optic nerves.Chemical eye burns often occur in the workplace, but can also happen due to mishaps involving household cleaning products and automobile batteries.The results of the study, based at Italy's University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, were published in the June 23 online issue of the New England Journal of Medicine.71 What is the main idea of this passage?A. Stem cells can help restore vision in the eyes blinded by burns.B. The vision in the eyes blinded by burns for 10 years can be restored.C. The restored vision of the burned eyes treated with stem cells can last for 10 years.D. The burned eyes can only be treated with stem cells from other healthy persons.72. The Italian technique reported in this passageA. can repair damaged retinasB. is able to treat damaged optic nervesC. is especially effective for burn injuries in the eyes already treated surgicallyD. shows a long-term effectiveness for blindness in vision caused by damage to cornea73. Which of the following is NOT mentioned about eye burns?A. The places in which people work.B. The accidents that involve using household cleaning products.C. The mishaps that involved vehicles batteries.D. The disasters caused by battery explosion at home.74. What is one of the requirements for the current approach?A. The stem cells taken from a healthy eye.B. The patient physically healthy.C. The damaged eye with partial vision.D. The blindness due to damaged optic nerves.75. Which of the following words can best describe the author's attitude towards thenew method?A. Sarcastic.B. Indifferent.C. Critical.D. PositivePassage FourHere is a charming statistic: divide the US by race, sex and county of residence, and differences in average life expectancy across the various groups can exceed 30 years. The most disadvantaged look like denizens of a poor African country: a boy born on a Native American reservation in Jackson County, South Dakota, for example, will be lucky to reach his 60th birthday. A typical child in Senegal can expect to live longer than that.America is not alone in this respect. While the picture is extreme in other rich nations, health inequalities based on race, sex and class exist in most societies--and are only partly explained by access to healthcare.But fresh insights and solutions may soon be at hand. An innovative project in Chicago to unite sociology and biology is blazing the trail (开创),after discovering that social isolation and fear of crime can help to explain the alarmingly high death rate from breast cancer among the city's black women. Living in these conditions seems to make tumors more aggressive by changing gene activity, so that cancer cells can use nutrients more effectively.We are already familiar with the lethal effect of stress on people clinging to the bottom rungs of the societal ladder, thanks to pioneering studies of British civil servants conducted by Michael Marmot of University College London.What's exciting about the Chicago project is that it both probes the mechanisms involved in a specific disease and suggests precise remedies. There are drugs that may stave tumors of nutrients and community coordinators could be employed to help reduce social isolation .Encouraged by the US National Institutes of Health, similar projects are springing up to study other pockets of poor health, in populations ranging from urban black men to white poor women in rural Appalachia.To realize the full potential of such projects, biologists and sociologists will have to start treating one other with a new respect and learn how to collaborate outside their comfort zones. Too many biomedical researchers still take the arrogant view that sociology is a "soft science" with little that's serious to say about health. And too many sociologists reject any biological angle--fearing that their expertise will be swept aside and that this approach will be used to bolster discredited theories of eugenics, or crude race-based medicineIt's time to drop these outdated attitudes and work together for the good of society's most deprived members. More important, it's time to use this fusion of biology and sociology to inform public policy. This endeavor has huge implications, not least in cutting the wide health gaps between blacks and whites, rich and poor76. As shown in the 1st paragraph, the shaming statistic reflects -A. injustice everywhereB. racial discriminationC. a growing life spanD. health inequalities77. Which of the following can have a negative impact on health according to the Chicago-based project?A. Where to live.B. Which race to belong toC. How to adjust environmentally.D. What medical problem to suffer.78. The Chicago-based project focuses its management onA. a particular medical problem and its related social issueB. racial discrimination and its related social problemsC. the social ladder and its related medical conditionsD. a specific disease and its medical treatment78. The Chicago-based project focuses its management onA. a particular medical problem and its related social issueB. racial discrimination and its related social problemsC. the social ladder and its related medical conditionsD. a specific disease and its medical treatment79. Which of the following can most probably neglected by sociologists?A. The racial perspective.B. The environmental aspect.C. The biological dimension.D. The psychological angel.80. The author is a big fan ofA. the combination of a traditional and new way of thinking in promoting healthB. the integration of biologists and sociologists to reduce health inequalitiesC. the mutual understanding and respect between racesD. public education and health promotionPassage FiveAmerican researchers are working on three antibodies that many mark a new step on the path toward an HIV vaccine, according to a report published online Thursday, July 8, 2010, in the journal Science.One of the antibodies suppresses 91 percent of HIV strains, more than any AIDS antibody ever discovered , according to a report on the findings published in the WallStreet Journal. The antibodies were discovered in the cells of a60-year-old African-American gay man whose body produced them naturally. One antibody in particular is substantially different from its precursors, the Science study says.The antibodies could be tried as a treatment for people already infected with HIV, the WSJreports. At the very, least, they might boost the efficacy of current antiretroviral drugs.It is welcome news for the 33 million people the United Nations estimated were living with AIDS at the end of 2008.The WSJ outlines the painstaking method the team used to find the antibody amidthe cells of the African-American man, known as Donor 45. First they designed a probe that looks just like a spot on a particular molecule on the cells that HIV infects. Theyused the probe to attract only the antibodies that efficiently attack that spot. They screened 25 million of Donor 45's cell to find just 12 cells that produced the antibodiesScientists have already discovered plenty of antibodies that either don't work at all or only work on a couple of HIV strains. Last year marked the first time that researchers found "broadly neutralizing antibodies," which knock out many H IV strains. But none of those antibodies neutralized more than about 40 percent of them the WSJ says. The newest antibody, at 91 percent neutralization, is a marked improvement.Still, more work needs to be done to ensure the antibodies would activate the immune system to produce natural defenses against AIDS, the study authors say. They suggest there test methods that blend the three new antibodies together--in raw form to prevent transmission of the virus, such as from mother to child; in a microbicide gel that women or gay men could use before sex to prevent infection; or as a treatment for HIV/AIDS, combined with antiretroviral drug.If the scientists can find the right way to stimulate production of the antibodies, theythink most people could produce then , the WSJ says.81 We can learn from the beginning ofthe passage that_A. a newly discovered antibody defeats 91 % of the H IV strainsB. a new antiretroviral drug has just come on the marketC. American researchers have developed a new vaccine for HIVD. the African-American gay man was cured of his HIV infection82. What is the implication of the antibodies discovered in the cells of the African-American gay man?。

在职医师申请医学博士专业学位全国医学博士外语统一考试

在职医师申请医学博士专业学位全国医学博士外语统一考试

在职医师申请医学博士专业学位全国医学博士外语统一
考试
全国医学博士外语统一考试是为在职医师申请医学博士专业学位而设立的全国性考试,旨在测试申请者的外语水平和专业能力。

考试由国家医学考试中心统一组织,每年举行一次。

考试的报名条件为:已获得医学硕士学位或正在攻读医学硕士学位的在职医师,且具备一定外语水平和专业能力。

考试的内容包括外语和专业知识两部分。

外语考试包括听力、阅读、翻译和写作,主要测试申请者的英语水平;专业知识考试主要测试申请者对医学专业知识的掌握程度和应用能力。

考试的报名时间和地点以国家医学考试中心公布的通知为准,考试时间通常为每年的11月或12月。

申请者需要提交相关材料进行审核,包括报名表、学历证明、外语水平证明等。

审核通过后,申请者需要缴纳考试费用并按时参加考试。

考试成绩合格者将获得全国医学博士外语统一考试合格证书,并可凭此证书申请医学博士专业学位。

2006医博统考听力题解析原文

2006医博统考听力题解析原文

2006年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题Paper OnePart ⅠListening Comprehension ( 30% )Section ADirections: In this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, you will hear a question about what is said. The question will be read only once. After you hear the question, read the four possible answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Listen to the following example.You will hear:Woman: I feel faint.Man: No wonder. You haven’t had a bite all day.Question: What’s the matter with the woman?You will read:A. She is sick.B. She was bitten by an ant.C. She is hungry.D. She spilled her paint.Here C is the right answer.Sample AnswerA B DNow let’s begin with question Number L1. A. Go straight ahead along the street. B. Walk right into the lecture hall.C. Ask the woman a question.D. Attend a lecture.2. A. Larry will make other arrangements. B. Larry will not go for the outing.C. Larry will rearrange his plan.D. Larry has changed his mind.3. A. John has too many options. B. Alice needs a piece of advice.C. John has not decided yet.D. Alice has switched to medicine.4. A. It’s overrated. B. It’s rather boring.C. It’s hard to understand.D. It’s extremely interesting.5. A. Tuesday. B. Wednesday. C. Thursday. D. Friday.6. A. She is angry. B. She is anxious.C. She is ridiculous.D. She is disappointed.7. A. She doubted what the man had said.B. She didn’t expect the man to listen to her.C. She didn’t remember exactly what she had said.D. She knew the man would benefit from her advice.8. A. He would prefer any weekday.B. He is not free until next week.C. He is able to make it on Tuesday.D. He’s available any day except Tuesday.9. A. To arrange an interview. B. To get a part-time job on campus.C. To take a course of pharmaceutics.D. To apply for a job with the company.10. A. He is still worried about his skin problem.B. He recommends an ointment to the woman.C. He didn’t see the doctor for his skin problem.D. He is working fine despite his rash around his waist.11. A. Her parents will let her stay in their house.B. Her parents’ friends will accommodate her.C. She plans to visit some friends in San Diego.D. She is moving to San Diego with her parents.12. A. The surgery was absolutely necessary for the patient.B. The surgery could not have been more successful.C. The necessity for the surgery was questionable.D. The patient could not stand the surgery.13. A. She would go to the drug store. B. She would go to see the doctor.C. She would take medicine at home.D. She would find the medicine cabinet.14. A. The math course is rather difficult.B. The woman asked a wrong person.C. The woman should take a basic math course.D. The man has probably taken the math course.15. A. A question and answer section. B. A self-introduction.C. A presentation.D. A seminar.Section BDirections: In this section you will hear three passages. After each one, you will hear five questions. After each question, read the four possible answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage One16. A. For his dizziness. B. For his headaches.C. For his hurting eyes.D. For his broken finger.17. A. They have been going on for two weeks. B. They are hurting his eyes.C. They are hard to explain.D. They occur at any time.18. A. In the morning. B. In the afternoon.C. In the evening.D. At night.19. A. His night life. B. His broken finger.C. His work pressure.D. His irregular hours.20. A. He feels cold. B. He feels faint.C. He feels nothing but sleepy.D. He feels himself falling down.Passage Two21. A. Easy to digest. B. Rich in nutrition.C. High in blood cholesterol.D. Free of harmful substances.22. A. A rise in egg price. B. A high incidence of heart disease.C. A drop in egg sales.D. The emergence of a new life style.23. A. The reduced consumption of eggs.B. The development of substitute eggs.C. The improved ways of cooking eggs.D. The removal of nutritional substances in eggs.24. A. The feeds. B. The taste.C. The recipe.D. The amount of cholesterol25. A. Eggs and their recipes. B. Eggs and their substitutes.C. Misconceptions about eggs.D. The nutritional value of eggs.Passage Three26. A. It is fun though not widely practiced. B. It is to benefit your dependents.C. It is getting popular.D. It is absurd.27. A. The buying of life insurance is not the business of guessing.B. There must be a standard amount of life insurance for people.C. People are encouraged to buy more life insurance for more benefit.D. One has to rely on an agent to figure out the right amount of life insurance.28. A. Following general estimates.B. Upgrading your quality of life.C. Making as much money as you can.D. Maintaining your current living standard.29. A. The size of a family. B. The source of income.C. The basic human needs.D. The death of the breadwinner.30. A. To present the advantages and disadvantages of life insurance.B. To encourage people to buy life insurance.C. To tell people how to buy life insurance.D. To help improve the quality of life.2006全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题参考答案及解析Paper OnePart ⅠListening Comprehension(30%)Section A1. C 男士表示想知道自己可不可以问一个问题,女士表示同意,由此可知之后男士会提问。

全国医学博士统一考试2001-2006

全国医学博士统一考试2001-2006

2001Part III vocabulary(15%) 正答率80%Part IV cloze (15%)Reading to oneself is a modern activity which was almost unknown to the scholars of the classical and medieval worlds, while during the fifteenth century the term “reading” undoubtedly meant reading aloud. Only during the nineteenth century 31 silent reading become commonplace.One should be 32 , however, of assuming that silent reading came about 33 because reading aloud is a distraction to others. Examination of factors related to the historical development of silent reading reveals that it became the usual 34 of reading for most adult reading tasks mainly because the tasks themselves changed in character.The last century 35 a steady gradual increase in literacy , and thus in the number of readers, As readers increased,so the number of potential listeners declined and 36 there was some reduction in the need to read aloud.As reading for the benefit of listeners grew less common,37 came the flourishing of reading as a private activity in such public places as libraries, railway carriages and offices, 38 reading aloud would cause distraction to other reders.Towards the end of the century there was still considerable argument over whether books should be used for information or treated respectfully and 39 whether the reading of material such as newspapers was in 40 way mentally weakening. Indeed this argument remains with us still in education. However,41 its virtues, the old shared literacy culture had gone and was replaced by the printed mass media on the one hand and by books and periodicals for a specialized readership 42 .By the end of the century students were being recommended to 43 attitudes to books and to use skills in reading them which were inappropriate, 44 not impossible, for the oral reader. The social, cultural, and technological changes in the century had greatly altered 45 the term“ reading” implied.31. A. would B. should C. did D. could32. A. wary B. aware C. sick D. thought33. A. correctly B. simply C. amply D. directly34. A. mode B. model C. mould D. mood35. A. saw B. watched C. experienced D. concluded36. A. ever B. thus C. even D. for37. A. however B. as C. so D. since38. A. which B. whose C. where D. there39. A. of B. in C. against D. over40. A. no B. any C. one D. some41. A. whenever B. whoever C. whatever D. whichever42. A. on the other B .in the second place C. on the contrary D. in hand43. A. adapt B. adopt C. consume D. condemn44. A. whether B. though C. if D. unless45. A. that B. what C. how D. whyPart VPassage oneDuring the past 30 years or so, health care has increasing become a form of business. In addition, the environment surrounding health care has been greatly altered by the advent of more sophisticated medical technologies and increased specialization. It is no longer true to say that all doctors regard their profession as a sacred calling, and while the doctor-patient relationship still remains, it is not the relationship based solely on trust which it used to be. Of course there are many doctors who have endeavored to increase the transparency of their behavior as medical professionals, and patients can receive effective treatment when such doctors work closely together and share notes.An example of such cooperation can be found in the field of remote health care, which has been introduced on an experimental basis in several regions. Since most medical specialists live in cities, patients who live in the country have to travel a long distance to consult a specialist. This is especially hard on the elderly, both financially and physically. Through a computer network, patients who live in the country can consult a medical specialist in the city, tell him their symptoms, and receive advice without the need for a journey to the specialist‟s office. Also, with several doctors being assigned to a single patient, the transparency of each doctor‟s behavior is further ensur ed.On the other hand, however, it is also true that remote health consultation is not generally regarded as a form of medical treatment. For any sort of consultation to be regarded as medical treatment, most people feel that the patient must actually visit the doctor, and undergo an examination by the doctor in person .Remote health care is essentially a means for doctors to work as a team.In order for this to be practicable,it is important to establish a system whereby financial support can be extended to a doctor who,as a member of a medical team,provides only information. Establishment of such a system will further advance the cause of “free access to information” in the health care field.46. Where is the best title for the passage?A.Doctors: Patients‟ Reliable FriendsB.Health Care in a Dilemarmation Technology Applied to Medical ServicesD.Doctors-patient Relationship47. As a result of the altered environment surrounding health care,medical practice____A.has experienced great changesB.has changed its natureC.has abolished the doctor-patient relationshipD.has lost its trust on the part of doctors and patients48. When they work closely together and share notes, doctors can ____A.work in a remote areaB.transparentize their behaviorC.set up a relationship with patientsD.treat financially and physically disadvantaged patients49. The writer urges that ____A.remote health care be implementedB.doctors be sent to the countryC.people turn down trational medical treatmentD.a system offering doctor‟s financial aid be set up50. It can be concluded that ____rmation will play an important part in the field of medical treatmentB.medical professionals will be more specializedC.the difference between cities and the country will never be eliminatedD.it is impossible for patients to be treated without seeing doctors themselvesPassage 2For month s Gins Cruz,a Manila grandmother,played Pepsi Cola‟s“Numbers Fever” promotion lottery,buying several bottoles a day and saving the caps ,in the hope that one of the numbers imprinted inside them would win her a 1 million peso ($40,000) prize.When the magic number,349,was announced in May 1992,Cruz was overjoyed to find she has not one,but two caps bearing the winning digits.She promptly fainted.“My blood pressure shot up,”she explained later,“probably from drinking too much Pepsi.”Then she learned that her son also had a 349 cap---and she nearly collapsed again.C ruz‟s indignation after discovering the next day that she was not, after all,a double millionaire, is shared by thousands of contests who feel equally cheated. Instead of marking out 18 winning numbers,on which Pepsi had planned,a computer had wrontgly generated 800,000.The cmpany explained that it simply did not have the$32 billion it would take to pay all claimants.The real winners,it said,would be identified by a security codes that had been placed on caps;the losers were offered apologies.When Pepsi‟s explanation was not accepted, a promotion that initially boosted the company‟s market share by 5% turned into a mightmare.The winners felt like losers of a second, surprise lottery: the security code had been publicized as an authentication tool, not as a necessary second winning number.Feeling hoodwinked ,the players have banded together in protest groups,fanning anti-Pepsi flames at frequent demonstrations and marches. More than 22,000 people holding the 349 number have filed 689 civil suits seeking damages,as well as 5,200 criminal complaints alleging fraud and deception.Some Pepsi employees have received death threats and now change their daily routines to avoid being attacked.Explosives have been thrown at Pepsi plants and offices,and 37 of the compan by‟s delivery trucks have been stoned,overturned or set on fir.In the worst incident,a school-teacher and a five-year-old girl were killed last February when a grenade pitched at a Pepsi truck bounced off and exploded in front of a store.51. The lottery winners expected to ____A.gain $400.000B.earn 800,000 pesoC.win a substantial prizeD.become double millionaires52. The lottery turned into a nightmare when ____A.the number of winners was miscalculated by a computerB.the winners discovered that they had the wrong numberC.the company chganged the winning number to avoid cheatingD. the company failed to pay che winners the prize the deserved53. What did the angry winners do when they felt they were cheated by Pepsi?A. they resorted to law for helpB.they attacked Pepsi employersC.they robbed Pepsi vegicles and storesD.they killed the customers of Pepsi Cola54. It can be inferred from the passage that Pepsi lost ____ in the pomotion lottery.A.5% of its annual profitsB.its market verseasC.its good reputation at homeD.the trust of some of its customersPassage 3Y oung discoverers need not despair---though there are few blanks left on today‟s map of the world,there are still unexplored realms to be charted in the depths of the oceans,the most remote recesses of the rain forests and the furthest reaches of outer space.Some scientists speculate there may be 10 million species---perhaps even 100 million----living on the oc ean floor that are yet to be discovered.Recent research suggests that all told some 90% of the world‟s plants and animals still remain to be described and named (that is ,if their habits are not destroyed before they are even found).Given these remarkable statistics,it‟s clear that the physical world still offers intrepid explorers new frontiers of discovery.In this section on recent discovers of the world around us,TIME travels 500m beneath the surface of the Pacific Ocean with Bruce Robison as he encount ers a new species of luminous “jelly,”we make our way deep into the worls‟s tropical rain forests,where more than half of all life-forms on the planet live;we look into outer space to examine the role asteroids may have played in mass extinctions of the past and the potential threat they pose to our own civilization;and we ask whether there is life ---intelligent of otherwis---elsewhere in the universe.John Hemming, former director of London‟s royal Geographical Society,arguably the world‟s epicenter of exploration, defines an explorer as someone “who goes to the edge of knowledge and brings back something new.” The peopleprofiled in this section fit that description perfectly. The discoveries they have brought back from their explorations form new pieces in the puzzle of how the world works.As the pieces fit together, we get a glimpse of what a strange and beautiful mosaic it is.55. What is implied in Paragraph 1 of this passage?A.Each new discovery offers young explorers new hopeB.All plants and animals must be found before their habitats are destroyedC.Scientists have found more than 100 million species on the earthD.These is still much for young discoverers to explore in the world56. The word “intrepid” in Paragraph 1 most likely means ____A.marineB.professionalC.couageousD.experienced57. What new disvovery is probably presented in the section that follows this passage?A.A rare species of plant in the rain forestsB.a primitive form of life on a remote planetC.a technique of developing steroidsD.A laboratory approach f cultivating marine lives58. The last paragraph tell us____A.what an explorer doesB.why exploration are carried outC.how scientists study the universeD.the effects of scientific discoveries on manPassage 4“Back in the Victorian era, seven out of ten ulcer sufferers were women. By the 1950s, the trend had reversed, nine of ten were men.Now, the trend is shifting back,ulcer cases are only four times as frequent among men. This may be a consequence of the changing roles of women in the labor market,” writes Philip Goldberg in Executive Health.Ulcer have long been linked to stress and particular kind of frustration that stems from dissatisfaction wi th one‟s work performance or one‟s life.Digestive enzymes gnaw away at the stomach lining内层,causing painful sores,or ulcers,which are found mainly in the lining of the stomach or the small intestine. The acids which cause ulcers are triggered by the vagus nerve, which is linked to the brain,Under stress, the brain may stimulate the release of a hormone called gastrin, which ,in turn,stimulatesthe acid secretions.“Although there is no clear-cut ulcer personality,there is no doubt that emotional tension, acting through the vagus nerve,can precipitate an ulcer.A person who is under constant strai, who is anxious, worried,frustrated---regardless of his or her station in life or apparent demeanor---is more apt to develop an ulcer,”writes Jane Br o ky in her guide to personal health,adding,“Seemingly calm,relaxed people are as prone to ulcers as the hard-driving,high-pressure kind. Ulcers occur as often in bus drivers, farmers, and construction workers as in business executives and writers with deadlines.It is not the existence of stress, but how a person reacts to stress, that seems to make the difference.”Some women appear to “inherit” ulcers but they also can be caused by aspirin, alcohol, coffee, and cigarette smoking (which may account for the increase of ulcers among women, since smoking among women is on the rise.)It is important to see a physician if an ulcer is suspected, since ulcers can eat through the stomach lining into other organs and occasionally be fatal.Doctors will usually recommend a number of treatments, including emotional counseling and diet changes.Stress-reducing techniques also have been successful in treating ulcers.59. With a quotation from Goldberg, the author is trying ____A.to clarify how ulcers afflict men and womenB.to warn us of the dangers of ulcers in womenC.to explain why ulcer cases have increased again in womenD.to tell us that women have traditionally been more prone to ulcers60. When you are under stress, you will____A.be dissatisfied with your work performanceB.find a painful sore in the lining of your stomachC.have your secretion of digestive enzyme stimulatedD.get your digestive enzymes to release gastrin61. According to Broky, your proneness to ulcers lies in____A.your stressB.your occupationC.your social positionD. your reaction to stress62. It can be inferred from the passage that____A. ulcers are preventableB.early ulcers are hard to detectC.nobody is born with a susceptiable to ulcersD.an ulcer is suspected in any smoking womanPassage 5In a seeming contradiction, the growth of cumputer-augmented work will probably create a need for less-skilled workers rather than the reverse.While early computers required much knowledge and skill to operate, comprehensive software packages have virtually eliminated the requirement for technical knowledge.Indeed, advanced software may lead to a decreased need for certain job-related skills.For example, processing has reduced the need for secretarial typing accuracy, since mistakes can be corrected quickly and easily with no trace of correction.Spell-checking programs can be relied on to prevent common mistakes, thus decreasing the need for that language skill.We have already encountereed cashiers who have no need to compute a customer‟s change. Instead, they merely enter the purchase amount and the the amount offered in payment.The machine calculates the change and, in some cases, automatically dispenses it.This effect is seen in more complex jobs,too.Nurses in intensive-care units often monitor several patients from a central station.Digital readouts continuously report patients‟ vital signs.Alarms sound if values exceed an expectedrange.Despite the obvious advantages computerization has brought to both patient and staff,some health-care professionals are concerned that they may be losing important“soft” skills.The most important of these may be the intuition born of experience acquired in personally observing hundreds or thousands of patients.The look in a patient‟s eyes, the coloring of skin,and the appearance of pain or restlessness are among many indicators used by medical personnel to anticipate changes in patient condition.These cannot be captured on a digital display.It cannot be denied that computers have made great contributions to productivity,nor would any reasonable person encouage scrapping the technology.However,we must pay more attention to human needs,and to the long-range effects of making jobs less interesting and decreasing skill requirements.63. In the first paragraph,the author is talking about____A.the wide use of computersB.the contradictory issue of computersC.the effects of computer-augmented workD.the technical skills to operate computers64. As the author illustrates ,the secretary and cashier____A.become slaves to computersB.enjoy doing computer-assisted workC.do not have to be smart and efficient at workD.do not need to master as many job-related skills as they used to65. As a result of the decreased need for job-related skills in the hospital ,we may ____A.change the nature of medicineB.lose many health-care professionalsC.believe not in patients but in computersD.lose the intuition derived from experience66. It can be concluded that from the passage that the computers‟ contributions to productivity are undeniable,____A.and more contributions are expectedB.so is the human dependence on themC.but their consequence effects are worth consideringD.but we can abandon them for the sake of human needsPassage 6I was invited to present a lecture to a class of graduate nurse who were studyi ng the “Psychosocial Aspects of Aging.” I sta rted my lecture with the following case presentation: The patient is a white female who appears her reported age.She neither speaks nor comprehends the spoken word.Sometimes she babbles incoherently for hours on end.She disoriented about person, place, and time.She does, however, seem to recognize her own name.I have woked with her for the past 6 months, but she still does not recognize me.She shows complete disregard for her physical appearance and makes no effort whatsoever to assist in her own care. She must be fed, bathed, and clothed by others. Because she is edentulous, her food must be pureed,and because she is incontinent of both urine and stool,she must be changed and bathed often.Her shirt is generally soiled from almost incessant drooling .She does not walk.Her sleep pattern is erratic. Often she awakens in the middle of the night,and her screaming awakens others.Most of the time she is friendly and happy.However, several times a day she gets quite agitated without apparent cause.Then she screams loudly until someone comes to comfort her.After the case presentation,I asked the nurses how they would feel about taking care of a patient such as the one described.They used words such as “frustrated,”“hopeless,”“depressed,”and“annoyed”to described how they would feel.When I stated that I enjoyed taking care of her and that I thought they would too, the class looked at me in disbelief.I then passed around a picture of the patient:my 6-month-old daughter.After the laughter had subsided,I asked why it was so much more difficuylt to care for a 90-year-old than 6-month-old with identical symptoms.We all agreed that it is physically easier to take care of a helpless baby weighing 15 pounds than a helpless adult weighing 100,but the answer seemed to go deeper than that.The infant,we all agreed,represents new life,hope,and almost infinite potential.The demented senior citizen, on the other hand,represents the end life,with little potential for growth.We need to change our perspective.The aged patient is just as lovable as the child.Those who are ending their lives in the helplessness of old age deserve the same care and attention as those who are beginning their lives in the helplessness of infancy.67. The author‟s case presentation implies that ____A.the patient is hopelessB.the patient is friendly and happyC.che physical problems of elders can be treatedD.the audience would care for the elders like the patient68. To the author, the nurse‟s response to her detailed description is probably ____A.expectedB.unexpectedC.disregardedD.criticized69. The suthor passed around a picture of her daughter____A.to learn how to enjoy taking care of a babyB.to learn how to be a good parentC.to discuss infantile的symptomsD. to further the topic70. According to the author, the aged patient should be taken care of ____A.if she is lovableB.to change his /her perspectiveC.to expand his/her potential for growthD.as a baby deserving of carePassage 7Some problems can be readily identified simply by looking around.These problems concern the pollution of our environment by technology as a result of sudden upsets in the physical,economic and social balance.The most obvious of these are the general pollution of our physical environment and the destruction of irreplaceable natural resources.Not so obvious as these ,but juat as painfully significant to some,are the disappearing and changing of jobs which overnight often create large groups of jobless citizens.Can technology be used to undo what it has done,replace what it has destroyed or substitute for what it has caused to disappear?No one knows.Many wonder whether or not all of the sources of pollution have yet been identified,whether or not they are being arrested and whether or not they will be prevented from recurring.Another set of problems relates to what technological advancement has done to the quality of life.An improved social life has not been unfortunately,either the goal or the chief beneficiary of technological change.Rather,any improvements that have occurred have been more accidental than intended.Too much has happened too fast.The changes demanded of marriage and family relationships remain largly unexamined.It is often a matter of “put up or shut up”, and a person has to adapt his life-slyle to ever-changing conditions with little time for choice.The “no-move-no-adva ncement”type is an example of one such problem.Many people are coming to think that the reward is simply not worthy the struggle,and they are taking jobs with less responsibility and lower pay.71. In the first paragraph the author is mainly talking about____A.environment protectionB.environment and technologyC.technology producing obvious and insidious problemsD.the advantages and disadvantages of technology72. According to the passage,no one knows whether or not technologh____A.will solve the problems it has createdB.will continue to produce conveniencesC.will stop advancingD.will undo itself73. The author would say that technological advancement____A.has done nothing to the quality of lifeB.has improved the quality of lifeC.has harmed the quality of lifeD.has redefined the quality of life74.What do you learn from the “put up or shut up”____A.technology has put a great deal of stress on people‟s livesB.People can‟t live with the stress caused by technologyC.people are quite active in dealing with the stress caused by technologyD.people are quite passive in dealing with the stress caused by technology75.It can be concluded from the third paragraph that technological advancement has resulted in quick living pace which____A.is harmful to societyB.is socially rewardingC.leads to further improvementD.characterizes modern society2002Patr II vocabulary 正答率65%Part III close (10%)Y ou feel generally depressed and unable to concentrate. Y our pattern of daily 51 may change: you find yourself52 and active at night; you sleep late into the day, when most others are working .Y ou stay in your room and have little contact with people 53 with those who speak your language .In your mind, you criticize the piople around you ----they are rude, loud, unfriendly, uninformed, concerned with insignificant things, 54 stupid; you complain about them to any friends you have. Y ou became 55 when you can‟t go into a restaurant and order the type of food you realy like; you get angry when the TV news contains mostly U.S news and very little about events that are important to you. Y ou are constantly making comparison between life here and the perfect life 56 home.Above all, you are homesick almost all the time.If you ever find yourself behaving in ways 57 these, you are brobably suffering culture shock. Culture shock is a psychological 58 that sometimes has physical effects.It affects piople who have moved away from an invironment where they know how to live 59 a new environment where much is unfamiliar to them---the food, the weather, the language, and especially the 60 rules for social behavior that few people are consciously aware of .51. A. way B. pattern C. method D. track52. A. sleepy B. happy C.awake D. sad53. A. for B. lest C. besides D. except54. A. even B. merely C. indeed D. rather55. A. offended B. uninterested C. frustrated D. isolated56. A. here B. there C. back D. away57. A. the same as B. different from C. similar to D. familiar with58. A. situation B.condition C. reflection D. position59. A.in B. at C. within D. into60. A.unwritten B. written C. spoken D. secretePassage oneScience is the 4-year pursuit of knowledge that every high school teenager must live through. I often ask myself, when will I ever need to use this stuff when I grow up? The answer is clearly, probably never. I doubt that I will ever need to know the chemical formula of dichromate, or how to correctly identify a combustion reaction.However, where would we be today, whithout science? Without the great minds of Einstein and Newton, where would we be? How would I be able to writer this essay on the computer,if there was no science? Would I be alive today? Would humankind survive through the year snd still be around today? Or dogs be the masters of humans? Would we be still the dominant species on the Earth?So many questions arise because the human race depends on the advancement of science. We are dependent on Nabisco to make that cookie you love, 99.99% fat free, that video game company to come out with the anniversary game cartridge you want to play so badly , and that car company to alter the headlights of the car and call it the “new” 98 car.Where would we be whithout science? We depend on our researchers to make new vaccines and doctors to make us the way we want to be.We depend on them to make us “prettier”,to perform triple bypass, to make sure nothing goes wrong when they operate upon us. Doctors depend on science just as much as we depend on science. Lawyers are constantly depending on doctors not knowing their science so they can get rich quick. Just look how much our society depends on the advancement of science.Science, in a way, keeps our society from falling apart. In our society science is everywhere. Science takes part in our everyday life more than we think. We need science progress so that we can simply make it through a day. When most people think of science, they think of it as a laboratory, white coats, and mixing all different-colored chemicals untill something blows up. But the fact is that science is a way of life and our future.61. The author‟s probable answer to the question where we would be today, without science is___A.it hard to imagineB.we would nowhere to findC.let‟s see what happensD.not every question has an answer in the world62. From the cookie to the car, the author is trying to tell us that science____A.would be nowhere without humansB.is picking up its developing paceC.raise so many present problemsD.is shaping our world63. The author impies that science____A.is making doctors and lawyers the richest people in our societyB.does not involve every professionC.needs us as much as we need itD.is benefiting everyone64. The author seems to draw a conclusion that science____A.does rather than it isB.is ubiquitous in our lifeC.does not exist in a laboratoryD.is not appreciated in the publix65. The author is most probably___A.a studentB.a socialistC.a professor of scienceD.a free-lance writer of sciencepassage 2Osteoporosis used to be called “the silent disease‟‟because its victims didn‟t know they had it until it was too late and they suffered a bone fracture. Today, doctors can identify osteoporosis early. Improved understanding of the disease has also led to new treatments and strategies for preventing the disease altogether.For post-menopausal woman, the most common medical response to osteoporosis is hormone replacement therapy. Boosting estrogen levels strengthens the entire skeleton and reduces the risk of hip fracture.Unfortunately, it sometimes causes uterine bleeding and may increase the of breast cancer.To passby such side effects, researchers have developed several alternative treatments. Synthetic estrogens called Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs) emulate estrogen with slight modifications.Another drug, alendronate reduces spine, hip and wrist fractures by 50 percent. Researchers have even developed a nasal spray called calcitonin. Each of these alternatives has trade-offs, however. Patients must talk with their doctors to decide which therapy is best for them.The ideal way to address osteoporosis is by adopting a healthy lifestyle. And the best to do this is in childhood, when most bone mass is accumulated.Because bodies continue building bone until about age thirty, some experts believe that women in their twenties can still increase their bone stength by as much as 20 percent.Calcium, which is available in low-fat dairy foods and dark green vegetables, is essential for preventing osteoporosis. So is V itamin D , which aides calcium absorbtion. V itamin D comes from sunlingt, but dietary supplements may be helpful in northern climates and among those who don‟t get outside.The final component is regular moderate exercise because bone responds to the needs that body puts on it.These are the simple steps that can help make “the silent disease”truly silent.66. Hormone replacement therapy for osteoporosis____A. used to effective in post-manopausal womanB. is most frequently priscribed by doctorsC. works perfectly on post-manopausal womenD. is most likely to be avoided for its side effects.67. The best treatment for osteoporosis, according to the passage.___A. is Selective Estrogen Receptor ModulatorsB. is chosen by the patientC. possesses no side effectsD. is of individuality68. To preventing osteoporosis, a healthy lifestyle should be adopted____。

2024年全国医学博士英语考试真题及答案

2024年全国医学博士英语考试真题及答案

2024年全国医学博士英语考试真题及答案2024 National Medical Doctorate English Exam Questions and AnswersPart 1: Reading ComprehensionRead the following passage and answer the questions:The field of medicine is constantly evolving, with new advancements and discoveries being made every day. In order to stay current and provide the best possible care for their patients, medical professionals must continuously update their knowledge and skills.1. What is the main idea of the passage?A. The field of medicine is stagnant.B. Medical professionals do not need to update their knowledge.C. Advancements in medicine require continuous learning.D. Patient care is not important in medicine.Answer: C. Advancements in medicine require continuous learning.2. Why is it important for medical professionals to stay current in their field?A. To earn more money.B. To provide the best possible care for their patients.C. To show off their knowledge.D. To become famous.Answer: B. To provide the best possible care for their patients.Part 2: Listening ComprehensionListen to the following audio clip and answer the questions:1. What is the speaker talking about?A. The benefits of exercise.B. The importance of healthy eating.C. The dangers of smoking.D. The role of genetics in health.Answer: A. The benefits of exercise.2. According to the speaker, how often should people exercise?A. Once a week.B. Every day.C. Three times a week.D. Never.Answer: B. Every day.Part 3: WritingWrite an essay on the following topic:Discuss the impact of technology on the field of medicine.In recent years, technology has played a significant role in revolutionizing the field of medicine. From advanced imaging techniques to robotic surgeries, technology has had a profound impact on the way medical professionals diagnose and treat patients. In this essay, we will explore the various ways in which technology has transformed the field of medicine.One of the key benefits of technology in medicine is the ability to improve accuracy in diagnosis. For example, advanced imaging techniques such as MRI and CT scans allow doctors to see inside the body in ways that were not possible before. This has led to earlier detection of illnesses and more accurate diagnosis, which in turn has improved patient outcomes.Another way in which technology has impacted medicine is through the development of minimally invasive surgical procedures. Robotic surgeries, for example, allow for greater precision and control during surgery, leading to faster recovery times and reduced risk of complications. This has transformed the field of surgery, making procedures safer and more effective.In addition to improving diagnosis and treatment, technology has also revolutionized the way medical records are stored and shared. Electronic health records have made it easier for doctors to access patient information quickly and efficiently, leading to better coordination of care and improved patient outcomes.Overall, the impact of technology on the field of medicine has been overwhelmingly positive. From improved diagnosis and treatment to more efficient record-keeping, technology has revolutionized the way medical professionals provide care to their patients. As technology continues to advance, we can expect even greater innovations in the field of medicine in the years to come.Part 4: SpeakingIn this section, you will be asked a series of questions related to the field of medicine. Please answer each question clearly and concisely.1. What inspired you to pursue a career in medicine?2. How do you stay current with the latest advancements in the field of medicine?3. What do you think are the biggest challenges facing the healthcare industry today?4. How do you think technology will continue to impact the field of medicine in the future?Remember to speak clearly and confidently when answering the questions.That concludes the 2024 National Medical Doctorate English Exam. Good luck!。

全国医学博士英语统考真题及参考答案

全国医学博士英语统考真题及参考答案

2010年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试卷答题须知1.请考生首先将自己的姓名、所在考点、准考证号在标准答题卡上认真填写清楚,并按“考场指令”要求,在标准答题卡上,将准考证号相应的位置涂好。

2.试卷一(paper one)和试卷二(paper two)答案都做在标准答题卡上,书面表达一定要用黑色签字笔或钢笔写在标准答题卡上指定区域,不要做在试卷上。

3.试卷一答题答题时必须使用2B铅笔,将所选答案按要求在相应位置涂黑;如要更正,先用橡皮擦干净。

4.标准答题卡不可折叠,同时必须保持平整干净,以利评分。

5.听力考试只放一遍录音,每道题后有15秒左右的答题时间。

Paper OnePart I Listening comprehension(30%)Section ADirections: In this section you will hear fifteen short conversions between two speakers. At the end of each conversion, you will hear a question about what is said. The question willbe read only once. After you hear the question, read the four possible answers markedA, B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on theANSWER SHEET.Listen to the following example.You will hear:Woman: I feel faint.Man: No wonder. You haven’t had a bite all day.Question: What’s the matter with the woman?You will read:A. She is sick.B. She was bitten by an ant.C. She is hungry.D. She spilled her paint.Here C is the right answer.Sample AnswerADNow let’s begin with question Number 1.1. A. She’s looking for a gift.B. She needs a new purse.C. She’s going to give a birthday party.D. She wants to go shopping with her mom.2. A. She hears noises in her ears day and night.B. She has been overworking for a long time.C. Her right ear, hurt in an accident, is troubling her.D. Her ear rings are giving her trouble day and night.3. A. He’ll go to see Mr. White at 10:30 tomorrow.B. He’d like to make an earlier appointment.C. He’d like to cancel the appointment.D. He’d like to see another dentist.4. A. 8:00 B. 8:15 C. 8:40 D. 8:455. A. In a hotel. B. At a fast food bar.C. In the supermarket.D. In the department store.6. A. To resign right away.B.To work one more day as chairman.C.To think twice before he make the decision.D.To receive further training upon his resignation.7. A. She didn’t do anything in particular.B.She send a wounded person to the ER.C.She had to work in the ER.D.She went skiing.8. A. A customs officer. B. The man’s mother.C. A school headmaster.D. An immigration officer.9. A. It feels as if the room is going around.B.It feels like a kind of unsteadiness.C.It feels as if she is falling down.D.It feels as if she is going around.10. A. John has hidden something in the tree.B.John himself should be blamed.C.John has a dog that barks a lot.D.John is unlucky.11. A. The chemistry homework is difficult.B.The chemistry homework is fun.C.The math homework is difficult.D.The math homework is fun.12. A. His backache. B. His broken leg.C. His skin problem.D. His eye condition.13. A. Whooping cough, smallpox and measles.B.Whooping cough, chickenpox and measles.C.Whooping cough, smallpox and German measles.D.Whooping cough, chickenpox and German measles.14. A. Saturday morning. B. Saturday night.C. Saturday afternoon.D. Next weekend.15. A. He’s lost his notebook.B.His handwriting is messy.C.He’ll miss class latter this week.D.He cannot make it for his appointment.Section BDirections: In this section you will hear one conversion and two passages, after each of which, you will hear five questions. After each question, read the four possible answers marked A,B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on theANSWER SHEET.Conversation16. A. He is having a physical checkup.B.He has just undergone an operation.C.He has just recovered from an illness.D.He will be discharged from the hospital this afternoon.17. A. He got an infection in the lungs.B.He had his gallbladder inflamed.C.He was suffering from influenza.D.He had developed a big kidney tone.18. A. A lot better. B. Terribly awful.C. Couldn’t be better.D. Okay, but a bit weak.19. A. To be confined to a wheelchair.B.To stay indoors for a complete recovery.C.To stay in bed and drink a lot of water.D.To move about and enjoy the sunshine.20. A. From 4 pm to 6 pm. B. From 5 pm to 7 pm.C. From 6 pm to 8 pm.D. From 7 pm to 9 pm.Passage One21. A. The link between weight loss and sleep deprivation.B.The link between weight gain and sleep deprivation.C.The link between weight loss and physical exercise.D.The link between weight gain and physical exercise.22. A. More than 68,000. B. More than 60,800.C. More than 60,080.D. More than 60,008.23. A. Sever-hour sleepers gained more weight over time than 5-hour ones.B.Five-hour sleepers gained more weight over time than 7-hour ones.C.Short-sleepers were 15% more likely to become obese.D.Short-sleepers consumed fewer calories than long sleepers.24. A. Overeating among the sleep-deprived.B.Little exercise among the sleep-deprived.C.Lower metabolic rate resulting from less sleep.D.Higher metabolic rate resulting from less sleep.25. A. Exercise every day. B. Take diet pills.C. Go on a diet.D. Sleep more.Passage Two26. A. She is too hard on me.B.She asks too many questions.C.She is always considerate of my feelings.D.She is the meanest mother in the neighborhood.27. A. A university instructor. B. A teaching assistant.C. A phD student.D. A psychiatrist.28. A. They usually say no.B.They usually say yes.C.They usually wait and see.D.They usually refuse to say anything.29. A. They are overconfident.B.Their brains grow too fast.C.They are psychologically dependent.D.Their brains are still immature in some areas.30. A. Be easy on your teen.B.Try to be mean to your teen.C.Say no to your teen when necessary.D.Don’t care about your teen’s feelings.Part II Vocabulary (10%)Section ADirections: In this section all the statements are incomplete, beneath each of which are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Choose the word or phrase that can bestcomplete the statement and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWERSHEET.31. A number of black youths have complained of being by the police.A. harassedB. distractedC. sentencedD. released32. He rapidly became with his own power in the team.A. irrigatedB. irradiatedC. streetlightD. torchlight33. Throughout his political career he has always been in the .A. twilightB. spotlightC. streetlightD. torchlight34. We that diet is related to most types of cancer but we don’t have definite proof.A. suspendB. superveneC. superviseD. suspect35. A patient who is dying of incurable cancer of the throat is in terrible pain, which can nolonger be satisfactorily .A. alleviatedB. abolishedC. demolishedD. diminished36. The television station is supported by from foundations and other sources.A. donationsB. pensionsC. advertisementsD. accounts37. More legislation is needed to protect the property rights of the patent.A. integrativeB. intellectualC. intelligentD.intelligible38. Officials are supposed to themselves to the welfare and health of the generalpublic.A. adaptB. confineC. commitD. assess39. You should stop your condition and do something about it.A. drawing onB. touching onC. leaning onD. dwelling on40. The author of the book has shown his remarkably keen into human nature.A. perspectiveB. dimensionC. insightD. reflectionSection BDirections: In this section each of the following sentences has a word or phrase underlined, beneath which are four words or phrase. Choose the word or phrase which canbest keep the meaning of the original sentence if it is substituted for theunderlined part. Then mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.41.The chemical was found to be detrimental to human health.A. toxicB. immuneC. sensitiveD. allergic42.It will be a devastating blow for the patient, if the clinic closes.A. permanentB. desperateC. destructiveD. sudden43.He kept telling us about his operation in the most graphic detail.A. verifiableB. explicitC. preciseD. ambiguous44.The difficult case tested the ingenuity of even the most skillful physician.A. credibilityB. commitmentC. honestyD. talent45.He left immediately on the pretext that he had to catch a train.A. claimB. clueC. excuseD. talent46.The nurse was filled with remorse of not believing her .A. anguishB. regretC. apologyD. grief47.The doctor tried to find a tactful way of telling her the truth.A. delicateB. communicativeC. skillfulD. considerate48.Whether a person likes a routine office job or not depends largely on temperament.A. dispositionB. qualificationC. temptationD. endorsement49.The doctor ruled out Friday’s surgery for the patient’s unexpected complications.A. confirmedB. facilitatedC. postponedD. cancelled50.It is not easy to remain tranquil when events suddenly change your life.A. cautiousB. motionlessC. calmD. alertPart III Cloze(10%)Directions: In this section there is a passage with ten numbered blanks. For each blank, there are four choice marked A, B, C and D listed on the right side. Choose the best answer andmark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Experts say about 1% of young women in the United States are almost starving themselves today. They are suffering from a sickness called anorexia.These young women have an abnormal fear of getting fat. They 51 starve themselves so they weigh at 15% less than their normal weight.The National Institute of Mental Health says one 52 ten cases of anorexia leads to serious medical problems. These patients can die from heart failure or the disease can lead young women to 53 themselves. For example, former gymnast Christy Henrich died at age 22. She weighed only61 pounds.A person with anorexia first develops joint and muscle problems. There is a lack of iron in the blood. 54 the sickness progresses, a young woman’s breathing, heartbeat, and blood pressure rates slow down. The important substance calcium is 55 from the bones, something causing bones to break. Sometimes the brain gets smaller, causing changes in 56 a person thinks and acts. Scientists say many patients have further mental and emotional problems. They have 57 opinions about themselves. They feel helpless. Their attempts to become extremely thin may 58 efforts to take control of their lives. They may become dependent on illegal drugs. Some people also feel the need to continually repeat a(n) 59 . For example, they may repeatedly wash their hands although their hands are clean.Anorexia is a serious eating 60 .If it is not treated on time, it can be fatal.51. A. specifically B. purposely C. particularly D. passionately52. A. from B. of C. at D. in53. A. kill B. starve C. abuse D. worsen54. A. When B. While C. As D. Since55. A. lost B. derived C. generated D. synthesized56. A. what B. why C. how D. which57. A. good B. high C. lower D. poor58. A. represent B. make C. present D. exert59. A. medication B. illusion C. motion D. action60. A. habit B. behavior C. disorder D. patternPart IV Reading Comprehension(30%)Direction:In this part there are six passages, each of which is followed by five questions. For each question there are four possible answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the bestanswer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage OneChildren should avoid using mobile phones for all but essential calls because of possible health effects on young brains. This is one of the expected conclusions of an official government report to be published this week. The report is expected to call for the mobile phone industry to refrain from promoting phone use by children, and to start labeling phones with data on the amount of radiation they emit.The Independent Expert Group on Mobile Phones, chaired by former government chief scientist William Stewart, has spent eight months reviewing existing scientific evidence on all aspects of the health effects of using mobile phones. Its report is believed to conclude that because we don’t fully understand the nonthermal effects of radiation on human tissue, the government should adopt a precautionary approach, particularly in relation to children.There is currently no evidence that mobile phones harm users or people living near transmitter masts. But some studies show that cell-phones operating at radiation levels within current safety limits do have some sort of biological effect on the brain.John Tattersall, a researcher on the health effects of radiation at the Defense Evaluation and Research Agency’s site at Porton Down, agrees that it might be wise to limit phone use by children. “If you have a developing nervous system, it’s known to be more susceptible to environmental insults,” he says,“So if phones did prove to be hazardous——which they haven’t yet ——it would be sensible.”In 1998, Tattersall showed that radiation levels similar to those emitted by mobile phones could alter signals from brain cells in slices of rat brain, “What we’ve found is an effect, but we don’t know if it’s hazardous,” he says.Alan Preece of the University of Bristol, who found last year that microwaves increase reaction times in test subjects, agreed that children’s exposure would be greater. “There’s a lot less tissue in the way, and the skill is thinner, so children’s heads are considerably closer,” he says.Stewart’s report is likely to recommend that the current British safety standards on energy emissions from cell-phones should be cut to the level recommended by the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection, which is one-fifth of the current British limit. “The extra safety factor of five is somewhat arbitrary,” says Mich ael Clark of the National Radiological Protection Board. “But we accept that it’s difficult for the UK to have different standards from an international body.”61. Just because it has not been confirmed yet whether mobile phone emissions can harm humantissue, according to the government report, does not mean that .A. the government should prohibit children from using cell-phonesB. we should put down the phone for the sake of safetyC. the industry can have a right to promote phone useD. children are safe using cell-phones62. Tattersall argues that it is wise to refrain mobile phone use by children in termsof .A. their neural developmentB. their ill-designed cell-phonesC. the frequency of their irrational useD. their ignorance of its possible health effects63. On the issue in question, Preece .A. does not agree with TattersallB. tries to remove the obstacles in the wayC. asks for further investigationD. would stand by Stewart64. What is worrisome at present is that the UK .A. is going to turn deaf ears to the voice of Stesart’s planB. finds it difficult to cut the current safety standards on phone useC. maintains different standards on safety limit from the international onesD. does not even impose safety limit on the mobile phones’ energy emissions65.Which of the following can bi the best candidate for the title of the passage?A . Brain Wave B. For Adults OnlyC. Catch Them YoungD. The Answer in the AirPassage TwoAdvances in cosmetic dentistry and plastic surgery have made it possible to correct facial birth defects, repair damaged teeth and tissue, and prevent or greatly delay the onset of tooth decay and gum disease. As a result, more people smile more often and more openly today than ever in the past, and we can expect more smiles in the future.Evidence of the smile’s ascent may be seen in famous paintings in museums and galleries throughout the world. The vast majority of prosperous bigwigs(要人),voluptuous nudes, ormiddle-class family members in formal portraits and domestic scenes appear to have their mouths firmly closed. Soldiers in battle, children at play, beggars, old people, and especially villains may have their mouths open; but their smiles are seldom attractive, and more often suggest strain or violence than joy.Smiles convey a wide range of meanings in different eras and cultures, says art historian Angus Trumble, currently curator(馆长)of Yale University’s Center for British Art, in his book A Brief History of the Smile. Compare, for instance, the varying impressions made by the shy dimples(酒窝)of Leonardo’s Mona Lisa; the rosy-cheeked, mustachioed Laughing Cavalier of Frans Hals; and the”Smiley Face”logo perfected(though not invented)in 1963 by American graphic artist Harvey R.Ball.In some non-Western cultures, Trumble notes, even a warm, open smile does not necessarily indicate pleasure or agreement. It can simply be a polite mask to cover emotions considered too rude or shocking to bi openly displayed.Subtle differences in muscle movement can convey enormous differences in emotion, from the tranquility of bronze Buddhas, to the erotic bliss of couples entwined in stone on Hindu temples, to the fierce smirk(假笑)of a guardian demon at the entrance to a Chinese tomb.Trumble expects the impact of Western medicine and mass media to further increase the pressure on people to grin broadly and laugh openly in public.”Faint smiles are increasingly thought of in scientific and psychological circles as something that falls short of the true smile ,”and therefore suggest insincerity or lack of enthusiasm, he says.With tattooing, boby piercing, and permanent cosmetics already well established as fashion trends, one can imagine tomorrow’s beauty shops adding plastic surgeons and dentists to their staffs. These comer-store cosmeticians would offer style makeovers to reshape our lips, teeth, and jawlines to mimic the signature smile of one’s favorite celebrity.What can you say to that except” Have a nice day?”66. Had it not been for cosmetic advances, as inferred from the passage, .A . people would not have been as happy as they are todayB. the rate of facial birth defect would not have declinedC . there would not have been many more open smilesD. we would not have seen smiling faces in public67. According to the passage, it seems that whether there is a smile or not in the portraits orpictures is decided by .A. one’s internal sense of the external worldB . one’s identity or social positionC . one’s times of existenceD . All of the above68. Trumble’s study on smiles shows that .A. an open smile can serve as a cover-upB . the famous portraits radiate varying smilesC. even the human muscles can arouse varying emotionsD. smiles can represent misinterpretations of different eras and cultures69. What Trumble expects to see is .A. the increasing tendency of broad grins and open smiles in publicB . further impact of Western medicine upon non-Western culturesC. a wider range of meanings to be conveyed by smilesD. more of sincerity and enthusiasm in public70 . At the end of the passage, the author implicates .A. a fortune to come with cosmetic advancesB . an identical smile for everybobyC . future changes in life styleD . the future of smilesPassage ThreeAdolf Hitler survived an assassination attempt in 1944 with the lamp of penicillin made by the Allies, a microbiologist in the UK claims. If the Nazi leader had died from bacterial infection of his many wounds, the Second World War might have been over a year earlier, saving millions of lives, says Milton Wainwright of the University of Sheffield, a noted historian of microbiology.In a paper to be published soon in Perspectives in Biology and Medicine, Wainwright reveals first-hand evidence that Hitler was treated with penicillin by his personal doctor, Theo Morrell, following an assassination attempt in which a bomb in a suitcase exploded next to Hitler’s desk. Hitler was badly hurt, fleeing the scene with his hair and trousers on fire, a badly bleeding arm and countless wooden splinter wounds from the oak table that probably saved his life.Wainwright found confirmation that Morrell gave Hitler antibiotics as a precaution in a recent translation of Morrell’s own diary. “I happened to be reading it for interest when the word penicillin jumped out at me,” he says. He then set about trying to establish where Morrell might have got the drug.At the time, penicillin was available only to the Allies. German and Czechoslovakian teams had tried without much success to make it, Wainwright says, but the small quantities that were available were weak and impure. “It’s g enerally accepted that it was no good,” says Wainwright.He reasons that Morrell would only have risked giving Hitler penicillin to prevent infections if he were confident that the antibiotic would cure, not kill the German premier. “My research shows that Morrell, in a very dodgy(危险的) position as Hitler’s doctor, would only have used pure stuff.” And the only reliable penicillin was that made by the Allies. So where did Morrell get it?Wainwright’s investigations revealed that Allied airmen carried penicillin, so the Germans may have confiscated some from prisoners of war. The other more likely source is from neutral countries such Spain, which received penicillin from Allied countries for humanitarian purposes, perhaps for treating sick children.“I have proof the Allies were sending it to these countries,” says Wainwright. “I’m saying this would have got through in diplomatic bags, reaching Hitler’s doctor and the higher echelons(阶层)of the Nazi party. So this was almost certainly pure, Allied penicillin.”“We can never be certain it saved Hitler’s life,” says Wainwright. But he notes that one of Hitler’s henchmen(死党),Reinhard Heydrich, died from blood poisoning after surviving acar-bomb assassination attempt. “Hair from his seat went into his wounds and gave him septicemia,” says Wainwright. Morrell may have been anxious to ensure that Hitler avoided the same fate.71. According to Wainwright, Adolf Hitler .A. might have used biological weapons in the warB. could not have committed suicide as confirmedC. could have died of bacterial infectionD. might have survived a bacterial plague72. Following his assassination in 1944, Adolf Hitler .A. began to exercise precautions against his personal attacksB. was anxious to have penicillin developed in his countryC. received an jinjection of penicillin for blood poisoningD. was suspected of being likely to get infected73. As Wainwright reasons, H itler’s personal doctor .A. cannot have dared to prescribe German-made penicillin to himB. need not have used pure antibiotic for his suspect infectionC. would have had every reason to assassinate himD. must have tried to produce penicillin74. Wainwright implies that the Third Reich .A. met the fate of collapse as expectedB. butchered millions of lives on the earthC. was severely struck by bacterial plaguesD. did have channels to obtain pure penicillin75.Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?A.How Hitler Manage to Survive Assassination Attempts?B.Morrell Loyal to His German Primier?C.Hitler Saved by Allied Drugs?D.Penicillin Abused in German?Passage FourGet ready for a new kind of machine at your local gym: one that doesn’t involve huffing and puffing as you burn off calories. Instead, all you have to do is stand still for 30 seconds while the machine measures your body fat. It could then tell you exactly where you could do with losing a few pounds and even advise you on exercises for your problem areas. If the body fat scanner turns out to be accurate enough, its makers hope it could one day help doctors spot disease.The scanner works by simultaneously building up an accurate 3D image of the body, while measuring the body’s effect on an electromagnetic field. Combining the two measurements allows the researchers to work out the distribution of fat and water within. Neither method is new on itsown, says Henri Tapp, at the Institute of Food Research in Norwich in the UK. “The smart thing is that we’ve put them in one machine.”And it’s not just for gym users. The body fat scanner could be used to study fat deposition as children develop, while patients recover from injury, or during pregnancy. And since it uses radio waves rather than X-rays, Tapp’s device is safe to use repeatedly.Body shape is known to be a risk indicator for heart disease and diabetes. So accurately quantifying fat distribution could help doctors suggest preventive measures to patients before problems arise. At the moment, doctors estimate fat content from knowing body volume and water content. To a good approximation, says Tapp, anything that isn’t fat is water. The amount of water in the body is often measured by giving the subject a drink of water that contains a radioactive tracer. The level of tracer in the patient's urine after three hours reveals the total water volume.To find out a body’s volume, subjects are weighed while totally submerged in water, and this is subtracted from their normal weight to give the weight of water displaced, and hence the subject’s volume. But it is scarcely practical for seriously ill people.There are other ways to directly measure body fat, such as passing a minuscule current between the wrists and feet. The overall fat content can then be estimated from the body’s resistance. But this method doesn’t take body shape into account ——so a subject with particularly skinny legs might register a higher fat content than the true value. That’s because skinny legs—with a lower cross-sectional area——will present higher resistance to current. So the machine thinks the water content of the body is lower——rating the subject as fatter. Also, the system can only give an overall measurement of fat.Tapp’s method uses similar calculations, but is more sophisticated because it tells you where you are piling on the pounds.76. The new machine is designed .A. to picture the body’s hidden fatB. to identify those at risk for obesityC. to help clinically treat specific casesD. to measure accurately risky obesity-related effects77. The beauty of the device, according to Tapp, is that .A. it performs a dual functionB. it is of great accuracy in measurementC. it has significant implications in clinical practiceD. it contributes to the evolution of human anatomy78.Which of the following, according to the passage, does the machine have the potential tospare?A. A minuscule current.B. A radioactive tracer.C. A water tank.D. All of the above.79.In comparison with the techniques mentioned in the passage, the body fat scanner .A. quickens the pace of the patient’s rehabilitationB. is highly appreciated for its safetyC. features its measuring precisionD. is easy to operate in the clinic80.For scanning, all the subject has to do is .A. take up a form of workout in the gymB. turn round the body fat scannerC. lie on the electromagnetic fieldD. sand in the systemPassage FiveThere is currently abroad a new wave of appreciation for breadth of knowledge. Curricula at universalities and colleges and programs in federal agencies extol(赞扬) the virtues of a broad education. For scientists who work in specialized jobs, it is a pleasure to escape in our spare time to read broadly in fields distant from our own. Some of us have made interdisciplinary study our occupation, which is no surprise, because much of the intellectual action in our society today lies at the interfaces between traditional disciplines. Environmental science is a good example, because it frequently requires us to be conversant in several different sciences and even some unscientific fields.Experiencing this breadth of knowledge is stimulating, but so is delving deeply into a subject. Both are wonderful experiences that are complementary practical and aesthetic(美学的)ways. They are like viewing the marvelous sculpture of knowledge in two different ways. Look at the sculpture from one perspective and you see the piece in its entirety, how its components connect to give it form, balance, and symmetry. From another viewpoint you see its detail, depth, and mass. There is no need to choose between these two perspectives in art. To do so would subtract from the totality of the figure.So it is with science. Sometimes we gaze through a subject and are reluctant to stop for too much detail. As chemists, we are fascinated by computer sciences or molecular genetics, but not enough to become an expert. Or we may be interested in an analytical technique but not enough to stay at its cutting edge. At other times, we become immersed in the detail of a subject and see its beauty in an entirely different way than when we browse. It is as if we penetrate the surface of the sculpture and pass through the crystal structure to the molecular level where the code for the entire structure is revealed.Unfortunately, in our zeal for breadth or depth, we often feel that it is necessary to diminish the value of the other. Specialists are sometimes ridiculed with names such as “nerd”or “technocrats”, generalists are often criticized for being too “soft” or knowing too little about any one thing. Both are ludicrous(可笑的) accusations that deny a part of the reality of environmental science. Let us not be divided by our passion for depth or breadth. The beauty that awaits us on either route is too precious to stifle, too wonderful to diminish by bickering(争吵).81. From a broad education to interdisciplinary study, we can see .A. the integration of theory with practiceB. the enthusiasm for breadth of knowledge。

2006年同济大学考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)

2006年同济大学考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)

2006年同济大学考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)题型有:1. Structure and V ocabulary 2. Reading Comprehension 3. English-Chinese Translation 4. WritingStructure and V ocabulary1.How can personal income tax be levied to______ as many as possible while at the same time ensuring State finances do not suffer too much?A.interestB.benefitC.profitD.concern正确答案:B解析:四个选项的意思分别是interest“使感兴趣”;benefit“使受益”;profit “获利”;concern“影响,涉及”。

句意是:征收个人所得税,怎样能够在惠及更多人的同时,还能保证国家财政不受太大的影响呢?所以正确答案是B选项,如The plants benefited from the rain(植物得益于这场雨)。

2.To fund the______ event and also promote the marketing value of the National Games, the organizing committee set up the Marketing Development Department (MDD).A.beneficentB.expensiveC.costlyD.luxurious正确答案:A解析:四个选项的意思分别是beneficent“行善的,慈善的”;expensive“昂贵的”;costly“昂贵的”;luxurious“奢华的”。

句意是:为了向公益事业提供资金,同时也为了提升全国运动会的市场价值,组委会成立了市场开发部(MDD)。

2001-2009年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试卷答案

2001-2009年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试卷答案

PART 1SECTION A 1-5ACDBA 6-10ACADCSECTION B 1.far exceed those 2.devoted to research 3.applied aspects 4.drive out basic reasearch 5.invariably be undertaken 6.major scientific discoveries 7.pure 8.degradePART 2作文:在冬天锻炼身体PAPER TWO 1-5CCABC 6-10DBDCD 11-15DAABB 16-20CCADD 21-25DCACC 26-30CABAA 31-35CABAA 36-40BCCDB 41-45CCABB 46-50CDBDA 51-55CAADD 56-60CAACC 61-65DABDD 66-70CAADD 71-75CACDA2002年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试卷答案1-5BCCAD 6-10BCCBC 11-15CDDCB 16-20ACBBA 21-25DDCCC 26-30ADACB 31-35BCACD 36-40CCCDD 41-45BDDBC 46-50DABAB 51-55BCDAC 56-60CCCAA 61-65ADDBA 66-70DDACC 71-75BAAAA 76-80BCBCD 81-85CBDDD 86-90ABCAD作文:如何保持充沛的精力2003年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试卷答案1-5DDBAB 6-10DCDBD 11-15BDDAA 16-20CADDD 21-25CDDAC 26-30DDBCD 31-35ABDCA 36-40DACCA 41-45ACCDD 46-50BDDCA 51-55BACAC 56-60BACBA 61-65CBCBC 66-70CBDAB 71-75DADCD 76-80BDCCA 81-85AADCB 86-90BCADB作文:健康从早餐开始2004年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试卷答案1-5ABCCC 6-10BDADD 11-15ABCCD 16-20DACBA 21-25ABDCD 26-30ADCBC 31-35BADAB 36-40BABCB 41-45ACBDC 46-50DCADA 51-55ABDAB 56-60CAABC 61-65DCBDC 66-70DDCDB 71-75BDBCB 76-80BADAB 81-85BDCCA 86-90BDAAD作文:入世后看病如何挑医院2005年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试卷答案1 -5 CACDA 6-10CDBCB 11-15CADBA 16-20DDBCB 21-25ABCBD 26-30CCDAD 31-35CABAA 36-40CADAD 41-45BACBA 46-50ABDCC 51-55BBABD 56-60ACACB 61-65BCB,B,C 66-70BDABC 71-75CACAB 76-80AADBD 81-85CBAAA 86-90DDDCB作文:艾滋病是全社会的威胁2006年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试卷答案1-5 CBCDA 6-10BDDDC 11-15BAADB 16-20DDACD 21-25BCBAB 26-30BBDCC 31-35CDCCB 36-40BCBDA 41-45ACACA 46-50ACDDB 51-55BCACA 56-60BADBC 61-65DDDDA 66-70ACABD 71-75ACCCC 76-80BBAAD 81-86DBDBD 86-90DDB,B,C作文:走路与健康2007年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试卷答案1-5DBBAD 6-10ABDCB 11-15ADACC 16-20BADDA 21-25CBDAC 26-30ACACC 31-35ADBAA 36-40BCDAC 41-45ACBDD 46-50ABCDB 51-55BADBC 56-60CACAD 61-65BCBAD 66-70CACCC 71-75BBBDA 76-80B,B,CDC 81-85CDCAA 86-90DDAAD作文:手术与害怕2008年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试卷答案1-5CBACC 6-10CADBA 11-15CDBCD 16-20ADDCA 21-25ADBAB 26-30BDCDA 31-35ACCDB 36-40CBCCB 41-45BCDDB 46-50ADCBD 51-55BACDB 56-60CADCA 61-66DBCBD 66-70DBDDC 71-75CCDBD 76-80BCCBA 81-85ADBCD 86-90AACAA作文:珍爱生命从护心开始1-5DBCCB 6-10CBDAB 11-15DABAB 16-20DABCD 21-25B,B,CDD 26-30CCADB 31-35ACBBA 36-40DCBAB 41-45BACDB 46-50ADDDC 51-55BBAAC 56-60BBACC 61-65DCBDB 66-70ADDAD 71-75DACAC 76-80DCBBB 81-85CDDBA 86-90CCDCB作文:水果是否可吃可不吃。

2000~2002年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题及详解【圣才出品】

2000~2002年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题及详解【圣才出品】

2000年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题及详解Paper OnePart ⅠListeningSection A Listening Comprehension (10%)Directions:In this section of the test, you will hear three talks. After each talk, there are three or four questions. The talks and questions will be read onlyonce. You must listen carefully and choose the right answer from the fourchoices marked A, B, C and D. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET. For example:Talk One1. A. Heart attacks.B. Strokes.C. Drug addiction.D. Cerebral haemorrhage.2. A. About 860,000.B. About 1.5 million.C. About 1/2 of the total population.D. About 2/3 of the total population.3. A. Easy to use.B. Safe.C. Economical.D. Fast acting.【答案与解析】1.D 录音讲到很多医生都在使用一种叫做“streptokinase”的药,这种药剂有时会带来一些问题,甚至会引起“bleeding in the brain”。

cerebral haemorrhage的意思是“脑溢血”。

2.B 录音中明确指出“About 1.5 million Americans have heart attacks every year”。

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200631.He ___ the check and deposited it in his account.A.cancelledB.endorsedC.cashed cash a check以支票兑换现款D.endowed捐赠, 赋予He is endowed with genius他赋有天才。

32.She claimed that she was denied admission to the school ___ her raceA.. by virtue of .依靠, 由于B.in accordance withC.with respect toD.on account of33.The present is ill.so the secretary will be ___ for him as chairman at the meeting.A..standing up坚持, 经得起, 拥护, 抵抗ing up流行, 发生, 被提出,上升,讨论,出现C.sitting in参加D.filling in34The witness was.___ by the judge for failing to answer the questionA. sentencedB.threatenedC.admonished告诫,劝告,警告,提醒,要求, 催D.jailed监禁35.Publicly,they are trying to ___ this latest failure,but in private they are very worried.publicly adv.公然地, 舆论上A..put off 搪塞, 使分心, 使厌恶, 扔掉, 脱掉, 劝阻ugh off v.用笑摆脱C.pay off v. 报复, 赢利y offv.解雇, 停止工作, 休息, 划出36.It is sheer ___ to be home again and be able to relax.A.prestigen.声望, 威望, 威信B.paradise 天堂C.prideD.privacy 秘密, 私事In such matters, privacy is impossible.在这类事情中, 保密是不可能的。

We must respect other's -cies我们不该打听他人的私事37.During rush hour.Downtown streets are ___ with commuters. commuter n.通勤者, 经常往返者A.scatteredB.condensed(使) 浓缩, 精简C.clogged堵[阻]塞(up)塞[堵,阻]满(with)D.dotted38.Someone who is in ___ confinement监禁,拘留 is kept alone in a room in prison.A. preciseB.solitary solitary confinement 单独拘禁C.remoteD.confidential39.She is very ___ , and will be able to perpform all require tasks well.A.productiveB.flexibleC.sophisticatedD.versatile40.Various books and papers are ___ up togethir on her desk.A.jumbled adj.混乱的, 乱七八糟的B.tumbledC.bumbledv. 拙劣地做, 弄糟,n.大错误D.humbledSection B41. ___ A..B.C.D.42.Sunny periods will be interspersed with occasionsl showerintersperse with.点缀着,不时用...打断...A.interrupted .B.blockedC.blendedD.interested43.___ A..B.C.D.44.___ A..B.C.D.45.___ A..B.C.D.46.She kept to her point tenaciously and would not give away. tenacious adj.顽强的A..persistently坚持的, 百折不挠的; 固执的B.constantly 稳定的,不变的;忠实的,忠贞不渝的C.perpetually永恒地, 终身地D.vigorously精神旺盛地47.___ A..B.C.D.48. I am just fed up with his excuse for not getting his work done fed up with受够了...A..anguished at 使痛苦[苦恼, 悲痛]B.annoyed at be annoyed with sb. at sth.对(某人)为(某事)而生气C.agonized by烦恼的, 极度痛苦的D.afflicted by使苦恼, 痛苦, 折磨beafflicted with gout害痛风病49. Let’s get out the dictionary and settle this dispute once and for all. 断然地, 坚决地A..at the momentB.at any timeC.for a whileD.for the last time50.I was so absorbed in my work that I completely forgot the time.A..engraved 雕刻B.engrossed 全神贯注的C.enforced强迫, 执行, 坚持, 加强.D.enveloped完型填空Culture shock might be called an occupational disease of people who have been suddenly transplanted abroad.Like most ailments,it has its own symptoms and cure.Culture shock文化冲击is precipitated by the 51 that result from losing all our familiar signs and symbols of social intercourse.Those signs or cues include the thousands and one ways in thich we 52 ourselves to the situation of daily life; when to shake hands and what to say,when we meet people, when and how to give tips,how to make purchases,when to accept and when to 53 invitations,when to take statements seriously and 54 .These cues,which may be words,gestures,facial expressions,customs,or norms,are acquired by all of us in the course of growing up and are 55 a part of our cultrue as the language we speak or the beliefs we accept.All of us depend 56 our peace of mind内心的宁静 and our efficiency on hundreds of these cues,most of which we do not carry,57 conscious awareness. Now when individual enters a strange culture,all or most of these familiar cues are 58 .He or she is like a fish out water.No matter how broad-minded 气量大的or full of goodwill you may be, a series of props小道具 have been knocked 59 you,followed by feeling of frustrations and anxiety.People react to the frustration in much the same way.First they reject the environment which causes the discomfort.“The ways of the host country are bad because they make us feel bad.”When foreigners in a strange hand get together to grouse埋怨about the 60country and its people.You can be sure they are suffering from culture shock.plaint B.anxiety C.grief D.conflict斗争, 冲突52.A.convert B.associateC.orient I haven't been able to orient my ideas to the new conditions.我还未能使自己的观点适应新情况。

D.familiarize53.A. refuse B.welcome C.deliver D.withdraw54.A.why not B.what not C.when not D.where not55.A.as much B.as such C.as well D.as if56.A.on B.with C.as D.for57.A.on the level ofB.in accordance withC.be means ofD.in view of考虑到, 由于58.A.adjusted B.modified C.rejeted D.removed59.A.from behind B.from under C.out of D.away from60.A.guest B.target C.host D.masterpassage 2High-speed高速的Living has become a fact of life无法更改的事实,and thefrantic pace is taking its toll代价,according to science writer James Gleick. It’s as if the old“type A”behavior of a few has expanded into 扩大为the “hurry sickness ”of the many.“We do feel that we’re more time-driven and time-obsessed受时间驱使和困扰and generally rushed than ever before”write Gleic k in Faster:The Acceleration of Just About几乎Everything,a survey of fast -moving移动迅速的, 情节紧凑动人的culture and its consfequences.We may also be acting more hastily,losing control, and thinking superficially because we lie faster.Technology has conditioned us to expect instant results.Internet purchases arrive by next-day delivery and the microvave delivers a hot meal in minutes.Faxes,e-mails,and cell phones make it plssible—and increasingly obligatory义务的—for people to work faster.Gleick cites numerous examples of last-forward changes in our lives:Stock trading and news cycles are shorter; sound bites(新闻采访的)原声摘要播出of presidential candidates on network newscasts dropped from 40 secinds in 1868 to 10 seconds in 1998 ; and some fast-food restaurants have added express lanes小路.High expectations for instant service方便的服务 make even the brief wait for an elevator seem interminable (漫长的). “A good waiting time is in the neighborhood of 15 seconds.Sometime around 40 seconds,people start to get visibly显然upset”writes Gleick.We’re dependent on systems that promise speed but often deliver frustration.Like rush-hour高峰时间drivers fuming when a single accident halts the evening commute,people surfing the internet网络冲浪squirm if a Web page is slow to load or when access itselt is not instantaneous即刻的.And the concert of “customer service”can become an oxymoron(逆喻 a wise fool; cruel kindness)for customers waiting on hold for a telephone representative.Up-tempo快速living has turned people multitaskers-eating while driving,writing an e-mail whiletalking on the phone,or skimming dozens of television programs on split screen.Gleick suggests that human beings may be capable of adjusting to these new levels of stimuli as high-speed culture challenges our brains“in a way they were not challenged in the past,except perhaps in times of war”.We may gain the flexibility to do several things at once but lose some of our capacity to focus in depth 深入的on a single task.66.with living pace getting quicker and quick,the number of those of “Type-A”behavior isA.on the riseB.out or controlC.on the declineD.under investigation67.High-speed living brings about the following consequences,exclusive of除...外,A.superficial thinkingB.lose of controlC.waste of timeD.more haste68.The best conclusion can be drawn from the 3rd paragraph is thatA.techonlogy is building a fast-moving cultureB.we are living in the age of informationC.economy is booming with technologyD.the frantic pace is taking its toll69.As the author implies,the faster we live,___A.the less we doB.the less patient we areC.the more time we saveD.the more efficiency have70.Living faster and faster,the multitaskers tend___A.to scratch the surface of a thingB.to do things better at the same timeC.to be flexible with their time schedualsD.to have intense concentration on trivial thingspassage 3Imagine a disease spreading across the globe,killing mostly middle-aged people or leaving them chronically disabled.Then one day researchers come up with a drug that can prevent some of the diseas e’s nastier威胁的effects.You would think the world’s ageing public would be eternally grateful.The disease does exist.It is called tobacco addiction.The drug too is real and in animal tests has prevented lung damage that leads to emphysema 肺气肿.But the inventors have received no bouquets恭维话. Prevailing medical opinion seems to be that the drug is a mere sideshow杂耍的,distracting smokers from the task of quitting.Another experimental drug ,which could protect smokers against cancer ,is also viewed with suspicion because it could give smokers an excuse not to quit.On the face of从表面判断it these responses make sense.It is ingrained 彻底的, 根深蒂固in society that smokers have only themselves to blame and their salvation拯救, 救助lies in a simple act of will.If they will not quit smoking,they cannot expect help from anyone else.But this logic is flawed有缺陷的.Check a survey of smokers and you find two-thirds want to give up and one-third will have tried in the previous year.Yet,even with nicotine gum齿龈, 口香糖,patches and drugs to ease the ordeal,the quit rate is still under 10 percent.In the UK , the proportion of people who smoke has not fallen in a decade.Tobacco has a powerful grip,and many smoker are caught in a trap they cannot escape:they have a disease like any other and deserve the chance to reduce the harm it does to them.This reasoning is hard for many to swallow.It certainly leaves governments and anti-smoking groups in a bind处于困境,左右为难. They are happy to pay lip service to口头上支持methods for reducing harm---of which three are a growing unmber---but they are slow to create policies based upon them.European Union countries,for example,look years to指望, 依赖; even consider regulating the dangerous additives in cigarettes.One fear is that methods for reducing harm will dilute冲淡,变弱,稀释the message that tobacco kills---especially when given to youngsters.But that message won’t change.In the present case,even if both drugs turn out证明是...to work in human trials,they would not protect against all the deadly side effects of smoking.And the drugs do not have to be free to all.They could be available only on prescription for people who doctors believe genuinely cannot give up.There are things that no drug aimed at harm reduction will ever be able to be.It will not cut passive smoking or stop tobacco companies persuading millions of teenagers to light up.For these reasons all other ways to counter smoking must continue,from banning tobacco advertising to raising tobacco taxes.But it would be a mistake to ignore the harm reduction measures.For those who are not convinced,forget smokers for a moment.Preventive drugs could also help non-smokers,especially those working long hours,as,say,musicians and bar stall in smoky rooms.Should we deny them too?71.The statement “But the inventors have received no bouquets” implies that___A.the drugs have received suspicionB.the inventors just presented a sideshowC.it will take time for the public to accept the new drugD. the effects of the drug need further test on human trials72.The author argues that ____A.no smoker is expected to succee in quittingB.smokers deserve the harm smoking does to themC.smokers with resolution to stop smoking need halpD. smokers could succeed with strong resolution to give up73.The author is trying to emphasize that the drugs____A.are aimed at youngstersB.should be available to smokers free of chargeC.will not change the message that tobacco killsD.help regulate the dangerous additives in cigarattes74.The drugs,according to the author,are expected____A.to perform preventive functions in non-smokersB.to reduce the number of passive smokersC.to enforce the combat against smokingD.all of the above75.we can draw a conclusion from the passage that___A.with innovative drugs smokers can still enjoy personal gratifications 满意and stay healthyB.if a drug can save lives,we shouldn’t withhold it without good resaonC.the battle against smoking is far from wonD. there will be a safe way to smokepassage 4Eating is related to emotional as well as physiologic needs.Sucking ,which is the infant’s means of gaining both food and emotional security conditions the association of eating with well-being or with deprivation.If the child is breast-fed and has supportive body cintact as well as good mild intake,if the child is allowed to suck for as long as he or she desires,and if both the child and the mother enjoy the nursing experience and share their enjoyment,the child is more likely to shrive both phgysically and emotionally.On the other hand,if the mother is nervous and resents the child or cuts him her off from the milk supply before either the child’s hunger or sucking need is satisfied,or handle the child hostilely during the feeding,or props the baby with a bottle rather than holding the child,the child may develop physically but will begin to show signs of emotional disturbance at an early age.If ,in addition,the infant is further abused by parental indifference or intolerance,he or she will carry scars of such emotional deprivation throughout life.Eating habits are also conditioned by family and other psychosocial environments.If an individual’s family eats large quantities of food,then he or she is inclined to eat large amounts.If an individual’s family eats mainly vegetable,then he or she will be inclined to like vegetables.If mealtime is a happy and significant event,then the will tend to think of eating in those terms.And if a family eats quickly,without caring what is being eaten and while fighting at the dinner table,then the person will most likely adopt the same eating pattern and be adversely affected by it.This conditioning to food can remain unchanged through a lifetime unless the individual is awakened to 醒悟the fact of conditioning and to the possible need for altering his or her eating patterns in order to improve nutritional intake.Conditioning spills over into and is often reinforced by religious beliefs and other customs so that ,for example,a Jew,whose religion forbids the eating of pork,might have guilt feeling if he or she ate pork.An older Roman Catholi might be conditioned to feel guilty if he or she eats meat on Ffiday,traditionaly a fish day.76.A well-breast-fed child____A.tends to associated foods with emotionsB.is physiologically and emotionally satisfiedC.cannot have physiologic and emotional problemsD. is more likely to have his or her needs satisfied in the futrue77.while sucking ,the baby is actually___A.conscious of the impact of breast-feedingB.interacting with his or her motherC.creating a nursing environmentD. impossible to be abused78.A bottle-fed child___A.can be healthy physiologically,but not emotionallyB.cannot avoid physiologic abuse throught lifeC.is deprived of emotional needsD. is rid of physiological needs79.From the list of eating habits,we learn that____A.everyone follows his or her eating pattern to deathB.one’s eating pattern varies with his or her personalityC.there is no such things as psychosocial environmentsD.everyone is born into a conditioned eating environment80.A Jew or an older Roman Catholic___A.takes an eating habit as a religious beliefB.is conditioned to feel guilty of eating pork in his or her familyC.cannot have a nutritional eating habit conditioned by religion beliefsD. observes遵守 an eating pattern conditioned by his or her psychosocial environmentPassage 5Several classes of bitter苦的 citrus compound have looked promising as anticancer agents in laboratory tests.A new study indicates thatlong-term consumption of orange juice.A source of such chemicals cuts cancer risk in rats.In test-tube studies,one class of the bitter compounds-flavonoids类黄酮-has inhibited the growth of breast cancer cells.Related studies showed that bitter citrus柑桔 limonoids similarly ward off 挡住cancer in animals.Mulling深思 over such data,Maurice R Bennink of Michigan State University in East Lansing wondered whether drinking orange juice would have a beneficial effect. mull sth. over (=mull over sth.)反复考虑某事His team injected 60 young rats with a chemical that causes colon cancer and then raised half of the animals on a normal diet.The others received orange juice instead of drinking water-and less sugar in their food to compensate for sugars in the juice.At an American Institute for Cancer Research meeting last week in Washington D.C.. Bennink reported that after 7 months 22 of the animals receiving a normal diet had developed colon cancers.Only 17 of the rats on the orange-juice diet showed tumors.That’s 77 percent of the control group’s incidence.Concludes Bennink,whose work was supported by orange-juice producer Tropicana prod ucts of Brandenton,Fla…“These data show orange juice helps protect against cancer”,He says that the study might also applyto breast,prostate,and lung cancers.Bandaru S.Reddy of the American Health Foundation in Valhalla.N.Y.,was not surprised by Bennink’s finding of an orange juice benefit.However,he calls the reported risk reduction. unimpressive不令人信服的,his own data show that citrus limonoids protect against chemically induced colon cancer in lab animals.Luke K. T. Lam of LDT Laboratories in St. Paul,Min n.,finds Bennink’s data“quite interesting.” although he describes as “borderline”边界线the suppression of cancer incidence observed by m has inhibited tumors in the lung,skin and forestomach of mice with limonoinds. The scientists don’t know what c ompounds in orange juice underlie its effect.The juice is rich in one limonoid-a sugar-containing version of limonin柠檬苦素,which suppressed tumors in Lam’s rich in one experiments.It’s possible,Lam speculates,that rats convert the juice’s limonoid into limonin.Indeed argues Gary D,Manners of the Agricultural Research Service in Albany,Calif..“there is no doubt that these( anticancer) citus compounds are bioavailable in animals to the site of a cancer.The question remains whether they are similiarly available in people”. To find out,his team will soon begin measuring the human boy’s uptake 吸收of limonoids from orange juice.81.what made Bennink hypeothesize the protetive effect of orange juice?A.The wide consumption of the fruitsB.the citrus limonoids of the fruitsC.His own personal experience.D His promising research82.which of the following is true of the results of Bennink’s study?A.only eitht rats of the control group showed tumorsB.thirteen rats of the test guoup failed to show tumorsC.seventy-seven percent of the test group did not show tumorsD.only thirty-three percent of the control group showed tumors83.It can be inferred from the passage that Bennink___A.won much financial support with his unexpected results.B.had a commercial intention in the first placeC.tried to please orange-juice manufacturersD.found a right sponsor84.Both Reddy and Lam___A.seemed to be surprisingly impressed by Bennink’s findingsB.did not seem to be surprised by Bennink’s findingsC.did not seem to believe in the orange juice benefitD.seemed to be doubtful of Bennink’s findings85.From the passage we can learn that scientists are still in the dark about___A.the substance that supprisses tumorsB.che existence of bioavability in the human bodyC.the uptake of limonoids from orange-juice in peopleD.the bioavailability生物利用率, 生物有效度of citrus compounds in the human body.passage 6Just before dawn we received a call that an unresponsive infant was being brought by emergency medical services to our hospital.As the medical team--the pediatric resident,intern,respiratory therapist,nurse,and me---prepared for the incoming patient,an eerie可怕的silence enveloped the trauma外伤room,an event that frequently precedes先于a pediatric resuscitation复活.The child arrived in our emergency department pulseless and cold,with compressions being performed on him in the arms of the paramedic护理人员 (,Further history obtained by the paramedics indicated that the mother had left the infant alone in the home with two young children to watch.The child ,and upon her return the infant was found in bed not breathing and cold,As a medical team we sinultaneously performed multiple procedures,(intubation插管,insertion of intraosseouslines,administration of epinephrine肾上腺素,cardiac compression心脏按压),all to no avail无济于事.Twenty minutes after he arrived,Ideclared this 2-months-old child dead with a high suspicion of abuse of neglect.Everyone vacated the room almost immediately ,expcept for the nurse,who never left the child’s beside.I asked her why the needed to stay,and she looked at me and smiled,“why of course ,to be with my patient a little bit longer.”I knew the difficult part was yet no come;telling the family the bad news .The mother was still at home being interviewed by the police.The father had arrived from his place of employment to the emergency department minutes after death was pronuounced and not knowing the condition of his son.The father and I sat with chaplain to explain what we had done for the babyt.I could tell from the stunned look on his face that he knew before I finished my story that his child was dead despite this I said in muffled voice.“I am sorry your child passed away.”We walked slowly back to the resuscitation room.The infant,who only momints ago lay covered with blood and secretions oozing from 从伤口渗出every orifice孔,口,had been transformed.The nurse had left her patient,tending to him,cleaning him ,wrapping in soft blankets,and now presenting the boky to the grieving fathet.He seemed relieved to see his baby,no alive,surely but at peace and thus the man could begin in the mourning process.I again left the room tend to the busy emergency department;seeing patients somehow seemed to blunt my emotional response to what had jusft happened.As I listen to a resident present the next case,I saw the nurse carry the blanketed body of the child to the morgue 停尸房.As I reflect on考虑, 反省this episode一段情节,I realized that our medical resuscitation of this child was futile无用的,as has been shown in childrin who present to the emergency department in full cardiac arrest 心搏[动]停止.But it was the compassionate富于同情心的 work of the nurse that ultimately made the difference in how we performed our job.86.Not until the pediatric resuscitation was over___A.did the paramedics find the infant unresponsiveB.was the infant left alone in the emergency roomC. was the infant’s further history obtainedD. was the infant declared to dead87.Thanks to the nurse,___A.the grieving father could see his baby finallyB.the medical team performed all the proceduresC.the grieving father arrive at the hospital in timeD.the baby was presented at peace to the grieving father88.when she saw the nurse carry blanketed body of the baby to morgue,the physiciaan must have been___A.blunted钝的, 生硬的B.movedC.puzzledD.all of the above89.what the nurse did when the resuscitation was over reflects___A.the awareness of law suitB.the human aspect of medicineC.a neglect of duty in medical practiceD.the lack of promptness敏捷the procedure90.The physician may do as the nurse did___A.to appreciate nuring careB.to cherish medical professionC.to embody medical compassionD.to improve pediatric resuscitations31-40 CDCCB BCBDA41-50 ACACA ACDDB51-60 BCACA AADBC61-70 DDDDA ACABD71-80ACCCC BCAAD81-90DBDBD DD***。

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