生物化学常用专业术语中英文对照汇编手册
生物化学中英文名词解释汇总全解
生物化学上册中英文名词解释汇总第一部分：糖类1.糖（Saccharide）：糖是多羟醛或多羟酮及其缩聚物和某些衍生物的总称。
2.单糖（monosaccharide）：也称简单糖，不能被水解成更小分子的糖类，是多羟醛或多羟酮。
常见的单糖有葡萄糖（Glucose）、果糖（Fructose）、半乳糖（galactose）。
3.寡糖（oligosaccharide）：又称低聚糖，是由2~20个单糖通过糖苷键连接而成的糖类物质。
可分为二糖、三糖、四糖、五糖等。
4.二糖（disaccharide）：又称双糖，是最简单的寡糖，由2个分子单糖缩合而成。
常见的二糖有蔗糖（sucrose）、乳糖（lactose）、麦芽糖（maltose）。
5.多糖（polysaccharide）：由多分子单糖或单糖的衍生物聚合而成。
6.同多糖（homopolysaccharide）由同一种单糖聚合而成，如淀粉（starch）、糖原（glycogen）、纤维素（cellulose）。
7.杂多糖（heteropolysaccharide）有不同种单糖或单糖衍生物聚合而成，如透明质酸（hyaluronic acid,HA）、肝素（heparin,Hp）等。
8.糖胺聚糖（glycosaminoglycan,GAG）又称粘多糖，氨基多糖和酸性多糖。
是动植物特别是高等动物的结缔组织中的一类结构多糖。
例如透明质酸.硫酸软骨素.硫酸角质素等。
9.蛋白聚糖（proteoglycan）：由一条或多条糖胺聚糖和一个核心蛋白共价连接而成，糖含量可超过95%。
主要存在于软骨、腱等结缔组织，构成细胞间质。
由于糖胺聚糖有密集的负电荷，在组织中可吸收大量的水而赋予粘性和弹性，具有稳定、支持和保护细胞的作用。
10.糖蛋白(glycoprotein)：短链寡糖与蛋白质以共价键连接而形成的复合物，其总体性质更接近蛋白质。
糖蛋白的寡糖链参与分子识别和细胞识别。
11.糖脂（glycolipid）12.脂多糖（lipopolysaccharide）第二部分脂质1.脂质：lipid是一类低溶于水而高溶于非极性溶剂的生物有机分子。
生物化学专业词汇及英汉对照.
癌基因oncogene艾滋病acquired immuno-deficiency syndrome,AIDS 氨喋呤anminopterin carbamoyl phosphate synthetase Ⅰ, CPS-Ⅰ氨基甲酰磷酸合成酶Ⅰ氨基末端amino terminal氨基酸amino acid氨基酸接纳茎acceptor stem氨基酸序列amino acid sequenceδ-氨基-γ-酮戊酸δ—aminolevulinic acid,ALA氨基酰-tRNA合成酶aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase氨基酰位aminoacyl site氨基转移酶aminotransferase氨甲喋呤methotrexate, MTX氨肽酶,氨基肽酶aminopeptidase胺氧化酶amine oxidase巴士德Pastuer靶细胞target cell白化病albinism白三烯leukotrienes,LTs摆动性wobble斑点印迹bot blotting半保留复制semi-conservative replication半不连续复制semi-discontinuous replication 半胱氨酸cysteine半乳糖galactose, Gal伴侣素chaperonins包涵体inclusion body胞苷cytidine胞嘧啶cytosine,C胞质小RNA small cytoplasmic RNA,scRNA 保守性转座conservative transposition苯丙氨酸羟化酶phenylalanine hydroxylase 苯酮酸尿症phenyl ketonuria, PKU吡哆胺pyridoxamine吡哆醇pyridoxine吡哆醛pyridoxal必需氨基酸essential amino acid必需基团essential group必需激活剂essential activator编码链coding strand变构部位allosteric site变构调节allosteric regulation变构激活剂allosteric activator变构酶allosteric enzyme变构效应allosteric effect变构效应剂allosteric effector变构抑制剂allosteric inhibitor变性denaturation变性梯度胶电泳denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis, DGGE 辨认位点recognition site标志补救marker rescue表达载体expression vector表构酶epimerase表观Km值apparent Km表面效应surface effect别嘌呤醇allopurinol丙氨酸-葡萄糖循环alanine-glucose cycle 丙酮acetone丙酮酸pyruvate丙酮酸激酶pyruvate kinase丙酮酸羧化酶pyruvate carboxylase病毒癌基因virus oncogene,v-onc卟啉症porphyria补救合成途径salvage pathway不对称转录asymmetric transcription不可逆性抑制作用irreversible inhibition 参入incorporation残基residue残粒remnant操纵序列operator操纵子operon侧翼区flanking region层析chromatography层粘连蛋白laminin,Ln插入insertion插入序列insertion sequences, IS长末端重复序列long terminal repeat, LTR长萜醇dolichol肠肝循环bilinogen enterohepatic circulation,enterohepatic circulation超螺旋结构superhelix, supercoil超敏位点hypersensitive site超速离心ultra-centrifuge超速离心法ultracentrifugation超氧物歧化酶superoxide dismutase, SOD沉降系数sedimentation coefficient,S成肽peptide bond formation初级胆汁酸primary bile acids初级转录产物primary transcripts储脂细胞lipocyte串联酶tandem enzyme锤头结构hammerbead structure醇脱氢酶alcohol dehydrogenase, ADH次黄核苷inosine,I次黄嘌呤inosine次黄嘌呤核苷酸inosine monphosphate, IMP次黄嘌呤核苷酸转移酶adenine phosphoribosyl transferase, APRT 次级胆汁酸secondary bile acids从头合成途径de novo synthesis促红细胞生成素erythropoietin,EPO催化基团catalytic group催化型受体catalytic receptor催化性DNA DNAzyme催化性RNA catalytic RNA催化性小RNA small catalytic RNA脆性X综合征fragile X syndrome脆性位点fragile site错配mismatch大沟major groove代谢库metabolic pool单胺氧化酶monoamine oxidase, MAO单纯酶simple enzyme单核苷酸多态性single nucleotide polymorphisms, SNPs单链DNA结合蛋白single stranded DNA binding protein, SSB单链构象多态性single strand conformation polymorphism, SSCP 单顺反子monocistron单体酶monomeric enzyme胆chole胆钙化醇cholecalciferol胆固醇cholesterol胆固醇7a-羟化酶cholesterol 7a-hydroxylase胆固醇流出调节蛋白cholesterol-efflux regulatory protein, CERP胆固醇酯酶cholesteryl esterase胆红素bilirubin胆红素脑病bilirubin encephalopathy胆碱choline胆碱酯酶choline esterase胆绿素biliverdin胆绿素还原酶biliverdin reductase胆囊胆汁gallbladder bile胆色素bile pigment胆色素原prophobilinogen,PBG胆素bilin胆素原bilinogen胆酸cholic acid胆盐bile salts胆汁bile胆汁酸bile acids弹性蛋白酶elastase蛋白二硫键异构酶protein disulfide isomerase,PDI 蛋白激酶C protein kinase C,PKC蛋白聚糖proteoglycan蛋白聚糖聚合物aggrecan蛋白磷酸酶protein phophatase蛋白酶protease蛋白酶体proteasome,proteosome蛋白质protein蛋白质表达protein expression蛋白质-蛋白质相互作用protein-protein interaction蛋白质的靶向输送protein targeting蛋白质的凝固作用protein coagulation蛋白质数据库protein databasesDNA-蛋白质相互作用DNA-protein interaction蛋白质芯片protein chip蛋白质印迹技术Western blotting蛋白质转换protein turnover蛋白质组proteome蛋白质组学Proteomics氮平衡nitrogen balance倒位酶invertase等电点isoelectric point,pI等位基因特异寡核苷酸allele-specific ologonucleotide,ASO 低血糖diabetes mellitus低血糖症hypoglycemia底物substrate底物水平磷酸化substrate-level phosphorylation底物循环substrate cycle地心引力gravity第二信使secondary messenger点突变point mutation电穿孔electroporation电喷雾质谱electrospray ionization mass spectrometry,ESI-MS电泳electrophoresis电子传递链electron transfer chain淀粉starchα-淀粉酶α-amylase凋亡apoptosis调节部位regulatory site调节酶regulatory enzymes调节子regulon定位候选基因克隆策略positional candidate gene approaches 定位克隆positional cloning定向排列orientation arrange杜氏肌营养不良症duchenne muscular dystrophy,DMD端粒telomere端粒酶RNA human telomerase RNA,hTR端粒酶逆转录酶human telomerase reverse transcriptase,hTRT 端粒酶协同蛋白1human telomerase associated protein 1,hTP1 短串联重复序列short tandem repeat断裂基因splite gene钝性未端blunt end多胺polyamines多巴胺dopamine多不饱和脂酸polyunsaturated fatty acid多功能酶multifunctional enzyme多核糖体polyribosome多接头克隆位点polylinker cloning sites多聚核蛋白体polysome多聚核苷酸polynucleotides多聚体polymer多聚脱氧核苷酸polydeoxynucleotides多酶体系multienzyme system多顺反子polycistron多顺反子mRNA polycistronic mRNA多态性polymorphism多肽polypeptide多肽链polypeptide chain多样性片段diversity segment多元催化multielement catalysis鹅膏蕈碱amanitin鹅脱氧胆酸chenodeoxycholic acid儿茶酚胺catecholamine二次转酯反应twice transesterification二级结构secondary structure二甲基丙烯焦磷酸3,3-dimethylallyl pyrophosphate, DPP 二聚化dimerization二聚体dimer二氢叶酸合成酶dihydrofolic acid synthetase二氢叶酸还原酶dihydrofolate reductase二巯基丙醇British anti-Lewisite,proteosome,BAL二十二碳六烯酸docosahexaenoic acid, DHA二十碳五烯酸eicosapentaenoic acid, EPA二肽酶dipeptidase二硝基苯酚dinitrophenol,DNP发夹hairpin翻译起始复合物translational initiation complex反基因策略antigene strategy反竞争性抑制作用uncompetitive inhibition反密码子anticodon反式trans反式作用因子trans-acting factor反烯酰CoA异构酶trans enoyl-CoA isomerase反义寡核苷酸antioligonucleotide反转录PCR reverse transcription PCR,RT-PCR反转重复序列inverted repeat泛醌ubiquinone泛素ubiquitin泛素化ubiquuitination泛酸pantothenic acid非mRNA小RNA small non-messenger RNA,snmRNAs 非必需氨基酸non-essencial amino acid非必需激活剂non-essential activator非蛋白氮non-protein nitrogen, NPN非定位候选基因克隆策略position-independent candidate gene approaches 非竞争性抑制作用non-competitive inhibitionRNA分化加工differential RNA processing分节基因segmentation genes分解代谢阻遏catabolic repression分解物基因激活蛋白catabolite gene activation protein, CAP分支酶debranching enzyme分支移动branch migration分子伴侣chaperon,molecular chaperon分子克隆molecular clone分子医学molecular medicine粉蝶霉素A piericidin A粉液化芽苞杆菌bacillus amyloliguefaciens粪卟啉原III coproporphyrinogen III,CPGIII粪胆素stercobilin,l-urobilin粪胆素原stercobilinogen,l-urobilinogen丰富基因redundant gene佛波酯phorbol ester5-氟尿嘧啶5-fluorouracil, 5-fu脯氨酸富含域proline-rich domain辅基prosthetic group辅酶coenzyme辅酶I NAD+辅酶II NADP+辅酶Q coenzyme Q,CoQ辅脂酶colipase辅助因子cofactor辅助因子Fis factor for inversion stimulation 辅阻遏剂corepressor 腐败作用putrefaction负超螺旋negative supercoil负碳离子carbanion复合体complex复合体Ⅴcomplex V复性renaturation复制replication复制酶replicase复制体replisome复制性转座duplicative transposition复制因子replication factor,RF复制子replicon富含AT AT rich钙调蛋白calmodulin CaM干扰RNA interference RNA,RNAi RNA干涉RNA interference,RNAi 甘氨胆酸glycocholic acid甘氨鹅脱氧胆酸glycochenodeoxycholic acid 甘露糖mannose, Man 甘油激酶glycerokinase甘油磷脂phosphoglycerides甘油三酯triglyceride2-甘油一酯2-monoglyceride肝胆红素hepatobilirubin肝胆汁hepatic bile肝素heparin肝细胞性黄疸hepatocellular jaundice感染infection感受态细胞competent cell岡崎片段Okazaki fragment高保真性high fidelity高脂蛋白血症hyperlipoproteinemia高脂血症hyperlipidemia功能互补实验functional complementation assay功能基因组学functional genomics功能克隆functional cloning共价修饰covalent modification共同的偶配体SMADs common-partner-SMAD,Co-SMADs共有序列consensus sequence谷氨酰胺合成酶glutamine synthetase谷氨酰胺酶glutaminase谷丙转氨酶glutamic pyruvic transaminase, GPT, ALT谷草转氨酶glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, GOT, AST β-谷固醇β-sitosterol 谷胱甘肽glutathione, GSH谷胱甘肽S-环氧化物转移酶glutathione S-epoxidetransferase骨形态发生蛋白bone morphogenetic protein,BMPs钴胺素cobalamin钴胺素I transcobalamin I, TC I固醇sterol固醇载体蛋白sterol carrier protein, SCP固定化酶immobilized enzyme寡核苷酸点阵oligonucleotide arrays寡核苷酸微芯片oligonucleotide micro-chip寡核苷酸杂交分析oligonucleotide hybridization analysis 寡聚酶oligomeric enzyme寡霉素oligomycin寡肽oligopeptide寡肽酶oligopeptidase关键酶key enzymes管家基因housekeeping gene光修复light repairing光修复酶photolyase胱甘肽S-转移酶glutathione S-transferase滚环复制rolling circle replication6-果糖双磷酸酶-26-phosphofructokinase-2果糖双磷酸酶-2fructose biphosphatase-2过渡态transition state过氧化酶体peroxisomes过氧化氢酶catalase,peroxidaseALA合酶ALA synthaseATP合酶ATP snthase核磁共振技术nuclear magnetic resonance, NMR核蛋白nuclear protein核蛋白体RNA ribosomal RNA,rRNA核蛋白体蛋白质ribosomal protein,rp核蛋白体结合位点ribosomal binding site, RBS核蛋白体循环ribosomal cycle核定位信号nuclear localization signal, NLS核定位序列nuclear localization sequence,NLS核苷ribonucleoside核苷二磷酸nucleoside diphosphate,NDP核苷三磷酸nucleoside triphosphate,NTP核苷酸nucleotide核苷一磷酸nucleoside monophosphate,NMP核黄素riboflavin核酶ribozyme核内不均一RNA heterogeneous nuclear RNA,hnRNA 核内小分子RNA small nuclear RNA,snRNA核仁小分子RNA small nucleolar RNA,snoRNA核输入因子nuclear importin核酸nucleic acid核酸内切酶endonuclease核酸外切酶exonuclease核糖核苷酸ribonucleotide核糖核酸ribonucleic acid,RNA核糖体ribosome核小体nucleosome核心颗粒core particle核心酶core enzyme核因子κB nuclear factor-κB,NF-κ B Pribnow盒Pribnow box黑色素melanin亨丁顿舞蹈病Huntington disease恒定片段constant segment后基因组计划post-Human Genome Project, PHGP 呼吸控制率respiratory control ratio, RCR呼吸链respiratory chainb-胡萝卜素b-carotene琥珀酸CoA succinyl CoA琥珀酸CoA合成酶succinyl-CoA synthetase琥珀酸脱氢酶succinate dehydrogenasea互补alpha complementation互补complementary互补的单链DNA complementary DNA花生四烯酸arachidonic acid化学渗透假说chemiosmotic hypothesis化学修饰chemical modificationHMG CoA还原酶HMG CoA reductase环loop环丁基环cyclobutane ringD-环复制D-loop replication缓激肽bradykinin黄疸jaundice黄嘌呤氧化酶xanthosine oxidase黄素单核苷酸flavin mononucleotide, FMN黄素蛋白flavoprotein黄素腺嘌呤二核苷酸flavin adenine dinucleotide, FAD恢复rescue回文结构palindrome混合功能氧化酶mixed-function oxidase 混合微团mixed micelles活化能activation energy活化素activin活性部位active site活性区activation domain,AD活性中心active center获得性突变gain-of-function mutation肌酸creatine肌酸酐creatinine肌酸激酶creatine kinase, CK肌营养不良蛋白dystrophin基本重组general recombination基本转录因子general transcription factors 基底层bacal laminae基膜baxal lamina基因gene基因靶向gene targeting基因沉默因子silencing factor基因工程genetic engineering基因间隔gene spacer基因矫正gene correction基因克隆gene cloning基因疗法gene therapeutics基因敲除gene knock-out基因失活gene inactivation,loss-of-function mutations 基因文库gene library 基因芯片gene chip基因芯片点阵genechip arrays基因增补gene augmentation基因诊断gene diagnosis基因治疗gene therapy基因置换gene replacement基因重组genetic recombination基因转移gene transfer基因族gene family基因组genome,genomics基因组DNA genomic DNA基因组DNA文库genomic DNA library基因作图genetic mapping激动型G蛋白stimulatory G protein,Gs激活蛋白activator激活功能activation function激活剂activator激素反应元件hormone response element激素敏感性甘油三酯脂肪酶hormone-sensitive triglyceride lipase, HSL 级联系统cascade system即刻早期反应基因immediate-early gene,IEG急性时相蛋白质acute phase protein APP急性时相反应物acute phase reactant APR己糖激酶hexokinase加单氧酶monooxygenase甲基化methylation甲基化酶methylase甲基转移酶methyl transferase甲硫氨酸循环methionine cycle甲羟戊酸mevalonic acid, MVA甲胎蛋白α-fetoproteinN-甲酰甲硫氨酸N-formyl methionine,fMet 假尿嘧啶ψ,pseudouridine假神经递质false neurotransmitter间接胆红素indirect reacting bilirubin间接体内疗法ex vivomRNA剪接mRNA splcing剪接splicing剪接接口splicing junction剪接体splicesome检查点check point简并性degeneracy碱基base碱基对base pairs, bp碱性亮氨酸拉链basic eucine zipper碱性螺旋-环-螺旋basic helix-loop-helix降解degradation交联对话cross talk胶原collagen胶原微纤维collagen fibril胶原纤维collagen fiber焦谷氨酸pyroglutamic acid焦磷酸法尼酯farnesyl pyrophosphate, FPPUDPG焦磷酸化酶UDPG pyrophosphorylase焦磷酸硫胺素thiamine pyrophosphate, TPP酵解途径glycolytic pathway酵母yeast酵母基因剔除yeast knockout project酵母人工染色体载体yeast artificial chromosome vector, YAC 酵母双杂交系统yeast two-hybrid-system阶段特异性stage specificity接合作用conjugation接受体acceptor结构基因structural gene结构基因组学structural genomicsSH2结构域Scr homology 2 domainSH3结构域Scr homology 3 domain结构域domain结合胆汁酸conjugated bile acidpoly(A结合蛋白poly(A-binding protein,PABP结合反应conjugation reactionATP结合盒转运蛋白AI ATP-binding cassette transporter A1, ABCA1 结合基团binding group结合酶conjugated enzyme结合区binding domain,BD结合体adaptorDNA结合域DNA binding domain解缠酶untwisting enzyme解毒作用detoxication解磷定pyridine aldoxime methyliodide,PAM解螺旋酶helicase解偶联蛋白uncoupling protein解偶联剂uncoupler金属激活酶metal-activated enzyme金属酶metalloenzyme紧张态tense state进位entrance茎stem茎环stem-loop精胺spermine精脒spermidine竞争性抑制作用competitive inhibition矩形双曲线rectangular hyperbola巨幼红细胞性贫血megaloblastic anemia RNA聚合酶RNA-pol聚合酶链反应polymerase chain reaction, PCR 聚糖glycan绝对特异性absolute specificity癞皮病pellagra劳氏肉瘤病毒Rous sarcoma virus,RSV酪氨酸蛋白激酶tyrosine-protein kinase,TPK 酪氨酸酶tyrosinase类核nucleoid厘摩centimorgen, cM立体异构特异性stereospecificity立早基因immediate-early gene利福平rifampicinN-连接聚糖N-linked glycanO-连接聚糖O-linked glycanDNA连接酶DNA ligase连接酶类ligases连接片段joining segment连接物蛋白adaptor protein连锁分析likage analysis连锁图genetic map,linkage map连续性commaless猎物prey,target protein裂解酶类lyases邻近效应proximity effect林-贝氏Lineweaver- Burk磷酸丙糖异构酶triose phosphate isomerase磷酸二酯键phosphodiester linkage4’-磷酸泛酰氨基乙硫醇4’-phosphopantetheine 磷酸钙转染calcium phosphate transfectionα-磷酸甘油穿梭α-glycerophosphate shuttle3-磷酸甘油醛脱氢酶glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase磷酸甘油酸变位酶phosphoglycerate mutase磷酸甘油酸激酶phosphoglycerate kinase6-磷酸果糖fructose-6-phosphate , F-6-P6-磷酸果糖激酶-16-phosphofructokinase-1磷酸肌酸creatine phosphate, CP6-磷酸葡萄糖glucose-6-phosphate,G-6-P磷酸戊糖旁路pentose phosphate pathway,pentose phosphate shunt 磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸enolase,phopho-enolpyruvate,PEP3'-磷酸腺苷-5'-磷酸硫酸3'-phospho-adenosine-5'-phosphosulfate, PAPS磷脂交换蛋白phospholipid exchange proteins磷脂酶A2phospholipase A2磷脂酶类phospholipase磷脂酸phosphatidic acid领头链leading strand另一类激酶just another kinases硫胺素thiamine硫解酶thiolase硫酸角质素keratan sulfate硫酸类肝素heparan sulfate硫酸皮肤素dermatan sulfate硫酸软骨素类chordroitin sulfates硫酸转移酶sulfate transferase硫辛酸lipoic acid硫氧化还原蛋白thioredoxin硫氧化还原蛋白还原酶thioredoxin reductase路易士气Lewisite卵母细胞oocyte伦理、法律及社会问题ethical, legal and social issues, ELSI α-螺旋α-helix螺旋反稳定蛋白helix destabilizing protein,HDP麦角钙化醇ergocalciferol麦角固醇ergosterol麦芽糖maltose慢反应物质slow reacting substances of analphylaxis锚蛋白ankynin帽结构cap sequence帽结合蛋白cap binding proteins,CBPsDNA酶deoxyribonuclease,DNaseRNA酶ribonuclease, RNase酶enzyme酶促反应动力学kinetics of enzyme-catalyzed reaction酶蛋白poenzyme酶联免疫测定法enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, ELISA 酶免检测分析enzyme immunodetection assay酶偶联测定法enzyme coupled assays酶原zymogen门管周带periportal zone靡蛋白chymotrypsin米氏方程式Michaelis equation密度梯度离心density gradient centrifugation密码子codon嘧啶pyrimidine免疫印迹immunoblotting模板template模板理论piecing theory模板链template strand模体motif末端转移酶terminal transferase母亲效应基因maternal effect genes目的基因target DNA内分泌endocrine内分泌信号endocrine signal内含子intron内化internalization内皮生长抑制蛋白vastatin内皮抑素Endostatin内肽酶endopeptidase内因子intrinsic factor, IF内在序列同源结构internal seguence homology 内酯酶lactonase内质网endoplasmic reticulum,ER尼克酸nicotinic acid逆向转运reverse cholesterol transport, RCT逆转录reverse transcription逆转录病毒retro-virus, RV逆转录酶reverse transciptase鸟氨酸脱羧酶orinithine decarboxylase鸟氨酸循环orinithine cycle鸟苷guanosine鸟苷酸结合蛋白,G蛋白guanylate binding protein鸟嘌呤guanine,G鸟嘌呤环化酶guanylyl cyclase,GC尿卟啉原I同合酶UPG I cosynthased-尿胆素d-urobilini-尿胆素i-urobilind-尿胆素原d-urobilinogen尿苷uridine尿苷二磷酸葡糖醛酸uridine diphosphate glucuronic acid, UDPGA 尿苷二磷酸葡萄糖uridine diphophate glucose, UDPG尿嘧啶uracil,U尿嘧啶核苷酸uridine monophosphate, UMP尿素循环urea cycle柠檬酸citrate柠檬酸-丙酮酸循环citrate pyruvate cycle柠檬酸合酶citrate synthase柠檬酸裂合酶citrate lyase凝集素样受体lectin-like receptor凝胶过滤gel filtration牛磺胆酸taurocholic acid牛磺鹅脱氧胆酸taurochenodeoxycholic acid 偶氮还原酶类azoreductase偶氮还原酶类azoreductase爬行模型inchworn model排出位exit site旁分泌paracrine旁分泌信号paracrine signal胚胎干细胞embryonic stem cell配体ligand配体蛋白ligandin配伍未端compatible endH片段H segmentKlenow片段Klenow fragment片段重组体patch recombinant嘌呤purine嘌呤核苷酸循环purine nucleotide cycle拼接重组体splice recombinant平行分子遗传学分析parallel molecular genetic analysis苹果酸-天冬氨酸穿梭malate-asparate shuttle苹果酸脱氢酶fumarate hydratase,malate dehydrogenase DEAE葡聚糖介导转染DEAE dextran-mediated transfection葡糖醛酸胆红素bilirubin glucuronideUDP-葡糖醛酸基转移酶UDP-glucuronyl transferases, UGT葡萄糖glucose,Glc葡萄糖-6-磷酸酶glucose-6-phophatase葡萄糖激酶glucokinase葡萄糖耐量glucose tolerence葡萄糖转运体glucose transporter,GLUT栖热水生菌thermus aquaticus启动元件initiator启动子promoter起点origin起始tRNA initiator-tRNA起始密码initiation coden起始因子initiation factor,IF前病毒provirus前导片段leader segment前列腺环素prostacyclin前列腺素prostaglandin, PG前脑forebrain前清蛋白prealbumin, PAβ-羟丁酸β-hydroxybutyrate羟化酶hydroxylase3-羟甲基戊二酸单酰3-hydroxy-3-methyl glutaryl CoA, HMG CoA3-羟甲基戊二酸单酰CoA 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA, HMG CoA3-羟甲基戊二酸单酰3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA synthase, HMG CoA CoA合酶synthase鞘氨醇sphingosine鞘脂sphingolipids切除修复excision repairing切口-封闭酶nicking-closing enzyme5-氢过氧化廿碳四烯酸5-hydroperoxy-eicotetraenoic acid, 5-HPETE 清蛋白albumin清道夫受体scavenger receptor, SR球蛋白globulin区带zone去饱和酶desaturase去甲肾上腺素norepinephrine全酶holoenzyme醛缩酶aldolase醛脱氢酶aldehyde dehydrogenase, ALDH缺口nick缺失deletion染色体chromosome染色体步移chromosome walking染色体畸形chromosomal abnormality染色质chromatin热休克蛋白heat shock proteins, Hsp人类白细胞抗原human leucocyte antigen,HLA人类基因组计划human genome project, HGP人类免疫缺陷病毒human immuno-deficiency virus,HIV 溶菌生长途径lysis pathway溶血性黄疸hemolytic jaundice溶源菌生长途径lysogenic pathway融解温度elting temperature, Tm肉碱carnitine肉碱-脂酰肉碱转位酶carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase 肉碱脂酰转移酶I carnitine acyl transferase I乳酸lactate乳酸脱氢酶lactate dehydrogenase乳糖操纵子lac operon朊病毒蛋白prion protein, PrP三级结构tertiary structure三联体密码triplet codetriplex-forming oligonucleotide, TFO三链DNA形成脱氧寡核苷酸三链技术triplex approach三羧酸循环tricarboxylic acid cycle三叶草形cloverleaf patternB沙门氏菌 B Salmonella鲨烯squalene鲨烯合酶squalene synthase筛选screening上调up regulation上游因子upstream factors射线radiation,RADX射线衍射法X-ray diffraction神经鞘磷脂sphingomyelin神经肽neuropeptide肾上腺素epinephrine生长因子growth factor生糖氨基酸glucogenic amino acid生糖兼生酮氨基酸glucogenic and ketogenic amino acid 生酮氨基酸ketogenic amino acid生物胞素biocytin生物催化剂biocatalyst生物大分子biomacromolecule生物化学biochemistry生物素biotin生物信息学bioinformatics生物氧化biological oxidation生物转化biotransformationa-生育酚当量a-tocophenol equivalents, a-TE 生殖细胞germ line cell石胆酸lithocholic acid时间特异性temporal specificity视蛋白opsin视黄醇retinol视黄醇结合蛋白retinol binding protein, RBP 视黄醇磷酸retinyl phosphate视黄醛retinal视黄酸retinoic acid视网膜母细胞瘤retinoblastoma饰胶蛋白decorin释放因子release factor,RFHDL受体HDL recepter受体receptor受体调节的SMADs receptor-regulated-SMAD,R-SMADs LDL受体相关蛋白LDL receptor related protein, LRP6-疏基嘌呤6-mercaptopurine,6MP鼠伤寒沙门氏杆菌salmonella typhimurium衰减attenuation衰减区域attenuator region衰减子attenuator双倒数作图法double reciprocal plot双链duplex1,6-双磷酸果糖1,6-fructose-biphosphate,F-1,6-2P双螺旋double helix双色荧光探针杂交系统wo-color fluorescent probe hybridization 双缩脲反应biuret reaction双向复制bidirectional replication双性α-螺旋amphipathicαhelix水解酶类hydrolases水溶性维生素water-soluble vitamin顺反子cistron顺式cis顺式作用元件cis-acting element瞬时转染transient transfection丝氨酸磷脂phosphatidyl serine丝甘蛋白聚糖serglycin四级结构quaternary structure四膜虫tetrahymena四氢叶酸tetrahydrofolic acid, FH4 or THFA松弛酶relaxing enzyme松弛态relaxed state酸性激活域acidic activation domain随从链lagging strandDNA损伤DNA damage羧基末端carboxyl terminal羧基末端结构域carboxyl terminal domain, CTD羧基肽酶A carboxypeptidase A肽peptide肽单元peptide unit肽-脯氨酰顺反异构酶peptide prolyl cis-trans isomerase,PPI肽核酸peptide nucleic acid, PNA肽酶peptidase肽酰位peptidyl site肽转位复合物peptide translocation complex 糖蛋白glycoprotein糖复合物glycoconjugates糖苷键glycosidic bondDNA糖苷酶DNA glyclsidase糖酵解glycolysis糖尿病hyperglycemia and glucosuria糖型glycoform糖异生gluconeogenesis糖异生途径gluconeogenic pathway糖原glycogen糖原储存疾病glycogen storage disease糖原分解branching enzyme,glycogenolysis 糖原合酶glycogen synthase糖原累积症Calmodulin套索RNA lariat RNA特异位点重组site-specific recombination特异转录因子special transcription factors体内试验,直接体内疗法in vivo体外试验,试管内in vitro体细胞somatic cell体细胞基因治疗somatic cell gene therapy 天冬酰胺asparagine铁硫簇iron-sulfur cluster, Fe-S铁硫蛋白iron-sulfur protein通用性universal同二聚体homodimer同工酶isoenzyme同型半胱氨酸homocysteine同源homolog同源重组homologous recombination3-酮基二氢鞘氨醇3-ketodihydrosphingosine 酮体ketone bodiesα-酮戊二酸α- ketoglutatrateα-酮戊二酸脱氢酶复合α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex体透明质酸hyaluronic acid透析dialysis突变mutation推荐名称recommended name退火anneal,annealing脱水酶dehydrase脱羧基作用decarboxylation脱羧酶decarboxyase脱氧胞苷deoxycytidine脱氧胞苷酸deoxycytidine monophosphate, dCMP脱氧单磷酸核苷deoxynucleotide monophosphate,dNMP脱氧胆酸deoxycholic acid脱氧核苷deoxyribonucleoside脱氧核苷酸deoxyribonucleoside monophosphate, dNMP 脱氧核酶deoxyribozyme脱氧核糖核苷酸deoxynucleotide脱氧核糖核酸deoxyribonucleic acid,DNA脱氧鸟苷deoxyguanosine脱氧鸟苷酸deoxyguanosine monophosphate, dGMP脱氧三磷酸核苷deoxynucleotide triphosphate,dNTP脱氧腺苷deoxyadenosine脱氧腺苷酸deoxyadenosine monophosphate, dAMP脱支酶glycogen phosphorylaseDNA拓扑异构酶DNA topoisomerase唾液酸酶neuraminidase外肽酶exopeptidase外显子exon网络系统networkDNA微点阵DNA microarray微粒体乙醇氧化系统microsomal ethanol oxidizing system, MEOS 微团micelles 微纤维fibrilDNA微阵列DNA microarray维生素vitamin胃蛋白酶pepsin胃蛋白酶原pepsinogencDNA文库cDNA library稳定转染stable transfection无规卷曲random coil无嘌呤/嘧啶核苷酸apurinic/apyuimidinic acids,AP 物理图physical map物理作图physical mapping吸光率absorbance,A稀有碱基rare bases系统名称systematic name细胞癌基因cellular-oncogene,c-onc细胞色素cytochrome, Cyt细胞色素C cytochrome C细胞色素P450Cytochrome P450,Cyt P450细胞特异性cell specificity细胞外基质extracellular matrixc,ECM细胞周期cell cycle细胞周期蛋白cyclin细胞周期蛋白依赖激酶cyclin dependent kinase,CDK 下调down regulation纤连蛋白fibronectin, Fn纤维蛋白fibrin纤维蛋白溶酶原plasminogen纤维蛋白原fibrinogen酰基载体蛋白acyl carrier protein, ACP显微注射microinjection线粒体DNA mitochondrial DNA, mtDNA线粒体孔蛋白mitochondrial porin限速酶limiting velocity enzymes限制性内切核酸酶restriction endonuclease限制性片段长度多态性restriction fragment length polymorphism, RFLP 限制–修饰体系restriction-modification system腺病毒adeno-virus, AV腺病毒相关病毒adeno-associated virus, AAV腺苷adenosineS-腺苷甲硫氨酸S-adenosyl methionine, SAM腺苷酸环化酶adenyl cyclase,adenylate cyclase,AC腺苷酸转运蛋白adenine nucleotide transporter腺苷脱氨酶adenosine deaminase,ADA腺嘌呤adenine,A相变异phase variation相对特异性relative specificityTBP相关因子TBP-associated factor, TAF相似性similarity相转变phase variation硝基还原酶类nitroreductase硝酸纤维素nitrocellulose , NC小分子核糖核蛋白体small nuclear ribonucleoprotein, snRNP 小沟minor groove小片段干涉RNA small interfering RNA,siRNA小叶中心带centrolobular zone校读proofread协调表达coordinate expression协调调节coordinate regulation心磷脂cardiolipin心钠素arrionatriuretic peptide, ANPcDNA芯片cDNA chipDNA芯片DNA chip锌指结构zinc finger。
生物化学常用专业术语中英文对照汇编手册
绪论（prelude）生物化学biochemistry 无机离子inorganic生物分子biomolecular 糖carbohydrate脂lipid核酸nucleic acid蛋白质protein维生素vitamin酶enzyme辅酶coenzyme 激素hormone核苷酸nucleotide氨基酸amino acid 葡萄糖glucose单糖monosaccharide 双糖disaccharide脂肪酸fatty acid克隆技术cloning克隆clone糖类（carbohydrate）糖carbohydrate/saccharide糖生物学glycobiology醛糖aldose酮糖ketose单糖monosaccharide寡/低聚糖oligosaccharide二糖disaccharide三糖trisaccharide多糖polysaccharide复合糖compoud/complex saccharide 链状结构chain structure构型configuration构象conformation异构isomerism 对映体enanthiomer果糖fructose半乳糖galactose甘露糖mannose环状结构ring structure异头物anomer不对称碳原子asymmetric carbon atom 投影式Fischer式透视式Haworth式椅式构象chain form船式构象boat form旋光性optical activity比旋光度specific rotation变旋性mutarotation甜度sweetness半缩醛hemiacetal醛糖酸aldonic acid还原糖reducing sugar醛糖二酸aldaric acid糖醛酸uronic acid糖苷glycoside糖脎osazone/phenylosazone 糠醛furfural蒽酮anthroneN-乙酰葡糖胺NAGN-乙酰-胞壁酸NAM蔗糖sucrose麦芽糖maltose乳糖lactose淀粉starch糖原glycogen纤维素cellulose壳多糖(几丁质)chitin琼脂agar支链淀粉amylopectin直链淀粉amylose肽聚糖peptidoglycan 粘肽mucopeptide氨基糖肽glycoaminopeptide磷壁酸teichoic acid软骨素4-或6-硫chondroitin 4-or 6-sulfate,CS脂多糖lipopolysaccharide糖蛋白glycoprotein透明质酸hyaluronic acid,HA肝素heparin,HP蛋白聚糖proteoglycan硫酸皮肤素dermatan sulfate,DS硫酸角质素keratan suIfate,KS核心蛋白core protein连接蛋白link protein糖胺聚糖/粘多糖glycosaminoglycan/mucopolysaccharide 胞壁酸muramic acid神经氨酸neuraminic acid淀粉酶amylase糊精odextrin磷酸化酶phosphrylase糖肽键glycopeptide linkag脂质（lipid）单脂simple lipid复脂compound lipid 衍生脂质derived lipid 脂肪酸fatty acid,FA 饱和脂肪酸saturated FA不饱和脂肪unsaturated FA单不饱和脂肪酸monounsaturated FA 多不饱和脂肪酸polyunsaturated FA乳化emulsification微团micelle离子型去污剂(乳化剂)ionic detergent 三脂triester甘油glycerolSn命名法Stereospecific Numbering 酰基甘油acylglycerol三酰甘油triacylglycerol,TG甘油三脂triglyceride命名法nomenclature乙酰（化）值/价acetylation value酸值/酸价acid value加成反应addition reaction碘值/碘价iodine number or value皂化值saponification value磷脂phospholipid甘油磷酯glycerophospholipid微囊vesicle 磷脂酶phospholipase磷酸甘油脂phosphoglyceride鞘氨醇sphingosine鞘(氨醇)磷脂sphingomyelin神经酰胺ceramide鞘磷脂sphingomyelin糖脂glucolipid/glycolipin鞘糖脂glycosphingolipid必需脂肪酸essential fatty acid蜡wax过氧化作用peroxidation磷脂酰胆碱/卵磷脂lecithin磷脂酰乙醇胺/脑磷脂cephalin 双磷脂酰甘油/心磷脂cardiolipin 萜terpene类固醇/甾醇steroid胆固醇cholesterol蛋白质(protein)化学蛋白质protein,pr蛋白水解酶proteolytic enzyme 蛋白酶proteinase胰蛋白酶trypsin糜蛋白酶chymotrypsin胃蛋白酶pepsin嗜热菌蛋白酶themolysin 氨基酸amino acid,AA等电点isoelectric point,pI标准氨基酸standard amino acid 甘氨酸glycine,Gly,G丙氨酸alanine,Ala,A缬氨酸valine,Val,V亮氨酸lucine,Leu,L异亮氨酸isoleucine,Ile,I丝氨酸serine,Ser,S苏氨酸threonine,Thr,T半胱氨酸cysteine,Cys,C甲硫/蛋氨酸methionine,Met,M 谷氨酸glutamic acid,Glu,E谷氨酰胺glutamine,Gln,Q天冬氨酸aspartic acid,Asp,D 天冬酰胺asparagine,Asn,N赖氨酸lysine,Lys,K精氨酸arginine,Arg,R组氨酸histidine,His,H脯氨酸proline,Pro,P苯丙氨酸phenylalanine,Phe,F 色氨酸tryptophan,Trp,W酪氨酸tyrosine,Tyr,Y2,4一二硝基氟苯DNFB苯异硫氰酸酯PITC苯硫乙内酰脲AA PTH-AA苯氨基硫甲酰AA PTC-AA坂口反应Sakaguchi反应乙醛酸反应Hopking-Cole反应肽键peptide bond二硫硝基苯甲酸DTNB (Ellman试剂) 谷胱甘肽(GSH ,Glu-Cys-Gly）肽（链）peptide chain酚试剂反应Folin-Cioculteu反应氨肽酶amino peptidase羧肽酶carboxypeptidase真正单键pure single bond二面角dihedral angle帽化capping部分双键的性质partial double-bond character一级结构primary structure二级结构secondary structure三级结构tertiary structure四级结构quaternary structure二级结构元件secondary structrue element螺旋helixα-螺旋α-Helix氢键hydrogen bond疏水作用hydrophobic interaction范德华力van der Waals forceβ-折叠β-pleated sheet亚基/亚单位subunit自由回转/无规卷曲random coil结构域structural domain次级键(非共价键)noncovalent bond肌红蛋白myoglobin,Mb对称性symmetry超二级结构(花式)Super-secondary structure肽链peptide chain多肽polypeptide活性肽active peptideα-角蛋白α-keratin丝心蛋白fibroin胶原蛋白collagen血红蛋白hemoglobin,Hb别构作用allosteric interaction别构效应allosteric effect别构蛋白allosteric protein协同效应cooperative effect二磷酸甘油酸BPG核糖核酸酶ribonuclease, RNaseβ-转角β-turn(β-弯曲β-bend,β-回折或发夹结构hairpin structure)纸层析filter-paper chromatography离子交换层析ion-exchange column chromatography简单/纯蛋白质simple protein缀合蛋白质conjugated protein纤维状蛋白质fibrous protein球状蛋白质globular protein二硫键disulfide bond对角线电泳diagonal electrophoresis氨基酸残基amino acid residues同源蛋白质homology protein二面角dihedral angle螺旋帽化helix capping肌球蛋白myosin膜周边蛋白peripheral protein膜内在蛋白antegral protein脂锚定蛋白Lipid-anchored protein变性denaturation变性剂denaturation agent十二烷基硫酸钠SDS复性renaturation珠蛋白globin血红素heme紧张态tense state弛态relaxed state镰刀状细胞贫血病sickle-cell anemia 免疫球蛋白IgG渗透压osmotic pressure沉降系数sedimentation coefficient沉降系数单位Svedberg unit,S凝胶过滤gel filtration聚丙烯酰胺凝胶ployacrylamide gel 水化层hydration mantle亲水胶体hydrophilic colloid 双电层electric double layer纯化purification分离isolation透析dialysis密度梯度density gradient盐溶salting in盐析salting out电泳electrophoresis聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳ployacrylamide gel electrophoresis毛细管电泳capillary electrophoresis等电聚焦isoelectric focusing亲和层析affinity chromatography酶(enzyme)化学生物催化剂biocatalyst底物substrate单纯酶simple enzyme结合酶conjugated enzyme 全酶holienzyme辅因子cofactor辅酶coenzyme辅基prosthetic group 金属离子metal ion多酶复合体multienzyme system寡聚酶oligomeric enzyme单体酶monomeric enzyme习惯命名法recommended name国际系统命名法systematic name酶的专一性/特异性enzyme specificity 诱导契合学说induced-fit hypothesis氧化还原酶oxidoreductases转移酶transferases水解酶hydrolases裂合酶lyase异构酶isomerases合成/连接酶ligases酶促反应enzymatic reaction酶活力enzyme activity比活力specific activity核酶ribozyme抗体酶abzyme酶工程enzyme engineering固体化酶immobilized enzyme酶促反应动力学kinetics of enzyme-catalyzed reactions双倒数作图法Lineweaver-Burk作图法最适温度optimum temperature,Tm最适pHoptimum pH 活性部位active site必需基团essential group抑制剂inhibitor激活剂activator效应物effector别构酶allosteric enzyme别构调节allosteric regulation同促效应homotropic effect异促效应heterotropic effect天冬氨酸转氨甲酰酶ATCase酶原zymogen酶单位enzyme unit同工酶isoenzyme共价调节（修饰）酶covalent regulatory enzyme乳酸脱氢酶LDH可逆的共价修饰reversible covalent modification维生素(vitamin)与辅酶(coenzyme)视紫红质visual purple 视黄醇retinolβ-胡萝卜素β-carotine 夜盲症nyctalopia视黄醛retinene胆钙化醇(Vitamin D3)cholecalciferolV E(生育酚/抗不育维生素)tocopherol 麦角钙化醇(Vitamin D2)ergotcalciferol 凝血维生素Vitamin K抗神经炎/脚气病维生素,硫胺(素)Vitamin B1抗癞皮病维生素Vitamin PP硫胺素焦磷酸thiamine pyrophosphate,TPP尼克酸(烟酸)nicotinic acid尼克酰胺(烟酰胺) nicotinamide转钙化蛋白DBP维生素B2( VB2)/核黄素riboflavin黄素单核苷酸FMN ,flavin mononucleotide黄素腺嘌呤二核苷酸FAD,flavin adenine dinucleotid泛酸,VB3(遍多酸)pantothenic acid辅酶A CoA-SH,coenzyme A酰基载体蛋白ACP, acyl carrier protein 维生素B6 (吡哆素)Vitamin B6吡哆醇pyridoxine吡哆醛pyridoxal吡哆胺pyridoxamine磷酸吡哆醛PLP, pyridoxal-5-phosphate 醛亚胺Schiff碱维生素B12 (钴胺素) cobalamine维生素B7/H(生物素)biotin叶酸folic acid四氢叶酸(辅酶F)FH4/CoF/THF, tetrahydrofolate硫辛酸lipoic acid维生素C (抗坏血酸) ascorbic acid尼克酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸(辅酶Ⅰ)nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide，NAD+尼克酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸磷酸(辅酶Ⅱ)nicotinamide adeninedinucleotide phosphate，NADP+核酸(nucleic acid)化学DNA序列分析DNA Sequencing脱氧核糖核酸Deoxyribonucleic acid, DNA 核糖核酸Ribonucleic acid, RNA信使RNA (mRNA) messenger RNA 转运RNA( tRNA) transfer RNA核糖体RNA (rRNA) ribosome RNA小RNA sRNA反义RNA asRNA胞质小RNA sc RNA核不均一RNA hnRNA核内小RNA snRNA原核生物prokaryote真核生物eukaryote人类基因组计划Human Gene Project 质粒plasmid染色体chromosome染色质chromatin一磷酸腺苷(腺一磷)AMP,adenosine monophosphate二磷酸腺苷(腺二磷)ADP, adenosine diphosphate三磷酸腺苷(腺三磷)ATP,adenosine triphosphate复制replication转录transcription翻译translation逆转录reserve transcription核苷酸nucleotide 核苷nucleoside磷酸phosphate碱基base嘌呤碱purine base嘧啶碱pyrimidine base戊糖amyl sugar核糖ribose脱氧核糖deoxyribose腺嘌呤adenine,A鸟嘌呤guanine,G胞嘧cytosine,C胸腺嘧啶thymine,T尿嘧啶uracil,U二氢尿嘧啶DHU3’,5’—环化鸟苷酸cGMP3’,5’—环化腺苷酸cAMP顺反子cistron假尿嘧啶核苷pseudouridineDNA双螺旋结构DNA double-helical structure碱基对base pair, bp氢键hydrogen bond碱基堆积base stacking 组蛋白histone核小体nucleosome纤维fiber突环loop玫瑰花结rosette染色单体chromatid螺管/螺线圈coil 氨基酸臂amino acid armD环(二氢尿嘧啶环) diphydrouracil loop反密码子环anticodon loop可变环(额外环) extra loop核糖核酸酶ribonuclease, RNase牛胰核糖核酸酶RNaseI脱氧核糖核酸酶deoxyribonuclease, DNase牛胰脱氧核糖核酸酶DNaseI牛脾脱氧核糖核酸酶DNaseⅡ熔解温度melting temperature, Tm 变性denaturation 复性reassociation杂交hybridization原位杂交hybridization in situ激素(hormone)激素hormone生长激素growth hormone促甲状腺激素thyrotropic hormone催乳激素luteotropic促黄体生长激素luteinizing hormone 促卵泡激素follicle stimulating bormone脂肪酸释放激素lipotropin 催产素oxytocin加压素vasopressin促黑素细胞激素malanophore-stimulating hormone胸腺素thymosin甲状腺激素thyroxine三碘甲状腺原氨酸triiodothyronine降钙素calcitonin甲状旁腺激素parathormone肾上腺素adrenaline去甲肾上腺素noradrenaline胰高血糖素glucagon胰岛素insulin促肠液激素enterocrinin肠促胰液素secretin肠抑胃素enterogastrone促肾上腺皮质激素adrenocorticotropic hormone促甲酸激素gastrin绒毛膜粗性腺激素chorionic gonadoreopin耻骨松弛激素relaxin瘦素leptin皮质酮corticosterone肾上腺雄酮androstenedione孕酮progesterone 原激素prohormone甲状腺过氧化物酶thyroid peroxidase 抗利尿激素antidiuretic hormone睾酮testosterone雄酮androsterone钙调蛋白calmodulin钙传感器calcium sensors磷脂酰肌醇phophatidyl inositol靶蛋白质target protein癌基因oncogenes植物生长素auxin赤霉素gibberellin细胞分裂素cytokinin保幼激素juvenile hormone激动素kinetin脱落酸abscisic acid性外激素sexpheromone蜕皮激素molting hormone生物膜(biomembrane)的组成与结构间体mesosome区域化compartmentation 鞘氨醇sphingosine 鞘磷脂sphingomyelin神经酰胺ceramide磷脂酸phosphatidic acid, PA多态性polymorphism双层bilayer溶血磷脂lysophospholipid两亲性分子amphipathic molecule核磁共振NMR脂质体liposome半乳糖脑苷脂galactocerebroside去垢剂detergent微团micelle非双层脂non-bilayer lipid非双层脂结构non-bilayer lipid structure磷脂酰乙醇胺phosphatidylethanolamine, PE磷脂酰胆碱phosphatidylcholine, PC磷脂酰甘油phosphatidylglycerol, PG 磷脂酰丝氨酸phosphatidylserine, PS 膜骨架membrane skeleton 血影蛋白spectrin糖蛋白glycoprotein豆蔻酸myristic acid乙酰胆碱酯酶acetylcholinesterase蛋白质复合物glycocalyx细胞外壳cell coat单葡萄糖甘油二脂monoglucsyldiglyceride,MGDG运动性mobility胞吞/内吞endocytosis胞吐exocytosis偏转gauche全反式all trans分相phase separation荧光素fluorescein肌动蛋白actin单位膜unit membrance微区domain糖基磷脂酰肌醇glycosylphosphatidylinositol,GPI心磷脂(双磷脂酰甘油) cardiolipin(diphosphatidylglycerol)光致漂白荧光恢复法Fluorescence Photobleaching Recovery , FPR生物氧化(Biological Oxidation)肌酸激酶Creatine kinase磷酸肌酸Creatine phosphofat e生物氧化Biological Oxidation氧化磷酸化oxidative phosphorylation 呼吸链respiratory chainNADH-Q还原酶NADH-Q reductase 琥珀酸-Q还原酶succinate-Q reductase 细胞还原酶cytochrome reductase细胞色素氧化酶cytochrome oxidase 鱼藤酮rotenoneATP合酶ATPsynthase电动势electromotive force安密妥amytal解偶联剂uncouplers超氧化物歧化酶superoxide dismutase 过氧化氢酶catalase过氧化物酶peroxidase 高能键high-energy bond乙酰磷酸acetyl phosphate1,3-2磷酸甘油1,3-bisphosphoglycerate 氨甲酰磷酸carbamyl phosphate酰基腺苷酸acyl adenylate氨酰腺苷酸aminoacyl adenylate焦磷酸Pyrophosphate二磷酸腺苷adenosine diphosphate磷酸烯醇式丙酮phosphoenolpyruvate 酰基辅酶A acyl coenzyme A果糖-6-磷酸fructose 6-phosphate辅酶Qcoenzyme-Q腺苷三磷酸adenosine triphosphate磷酸精氨酸phosphoarginine甘油-3磷酸glycerol 3-Phosphate腺苷酸激酶adenylate kinase糖代谢（glycometabolism）糖酵解glycolysis/Embden MeyerhofParnas葡糖-6-磷酸glucosamine-6-phosphate葡糖-6-磷酸内酯6-phosphogluconolactone内酯酶lactonase核酮糖-5-磷酸ribulose-5-diphophate葡糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase葡糖酸-6-磷酸6-phosphogluconate脱支酶debranching enzyme糖原合酶glycogen synthase糖原引物primer发酵fermentation己糖激酶hexokinase醛缩酶aldolase尿苷二磷酸葡萄糖( uridine diphosphate glucose , UDPG )磷酸葡萄糖异构酶glucosephosphate isomerase磷酸果糖激酶phosphofructokinase磷酸丙糖异构酶triosephosphofructokinase磷酸甘油酸激酶phosphoglycerate kinase磷酸甘油酸变位酶phosphoglyceromutase 烯醇化酶enolase丙酮酸激酶pyruvate kinase乳酸脱氢酶lactate dehydrogenase丙酮酸脱羧酶pyruvate decaboxylase 乙醇脱氢酶alcohol dehydrogenase二羟丙酮磷酸dihydroxyacetone phosphate甘油醛-3-磷酸glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate3-磷酸甘油酸3-phosphoglycerate丙酮酸pyruvate果糖-2，6-二磷酸fructose2,6-bisphosphate五碳糖磷酸途径pentose phosphate pathway果糖激酶fructokinase果糖-1-磷酸醛缩酶fructose-1-phosphate aldolase甘油醛激酶glyceraldehyde kinase甘油激酶glycerol kinase半乳糖galactose半乳糖激酶galactolinase半乳糖出醇galactitol丙酮酸脱氢酶复合体pyruvatedehydrogenase complex磷酸甘露糖异构酶phosphomannose isomerase硫胺素焦磷酸thiamine pyrophosphate 硫辛酰胺lipoamide黄素腺嘌呤二核苷酸flavin adenine dinucleotide二氢硫辛酰转乙酰基酶dihydrolipoyl transacetylase二氢硫辛酸脱氢酶dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase柠檬酸合酶citrate synthase乌头酸酶aconitase异柠檬酸脱氢酶isocitrate dehydrogenase琥珀酰-CoA合成酶succinyl-CoA synthetase琥珀酸脱氢酶succinate dehydrogenase 延胡索酸酶fumarase苹果酸脱氢酶malate dehydrogenase草酰乙酸oxaloacetate异柠檬酸裂解酶isocitate lyase丙酮酸羧化酶pyruvate carboxylase 戊糖磷酸途径pentose phosphate pathway己糖单磷酸途径hexose monophosphate pathway戊糖磷酸循环pentose phosphate cycle 磷酸戊糖酸phosphopentonic acid磷酸己糖酸phosphohexonic acid景天庚酮糖sedoheptulose核糖ribose脱氧核糖deoxyribose核酮糖ribulose磷酸葡糖酸氧化途径phosphogluconate oxidative pathway核酮糖-5-磷酸ribulose-5-phosphate核糖-5-磷酸ribose-5-phosphate木酮糖-5-磷酸xylulose-5-phosphate转醛酶transaldolase葡糖异生gluconeogenesisUDP-葡糖焦磷酸化酶UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase乙醛酸途径glyoxylate pathway异柠檬酸裂合酶isocitrate lyase苹果酸合酶malate synthase糖原的降解glycogen breakdown糖原磷酸化酶glycogen phosphorylase 糖原脱支酶glycogen debranching enzyme磷酸葡萄糖变位酶phosphoglucomutase糖原合酶glycogen synthase 糖原分支酶glycogen branching enzyme 丙酮酸脱氢酶组分pyruvate dehydrogenase component磷酸甘油醛脱氢酶glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenaseα-酮戊二酸脱氢酶复合体α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex脂代谢（lipometabolism）硫酯键thioester link脂酰辅酶A合酶acyl-CoA脂肪酸硫激酶1 fatty acid thiokinase脂酰腺苷酸混合酸酐acyladenylate mixed andydride无机焦磷酸酶inorganic pyrophosphatase肉碱carnitine肉碱-脂酰转移酶Ιcaunitine acyltransferaseΙ肉碱移位酶carnitine translocaseN-苯乙酰甘氨酸phenylaceturic acidN-苯甲酰甘氨酸hippuric acidβ-羟酰-ACP脱水酶β-hydrdoxyacyl-ACP dehydrase β-氧化β-oxidation活化activation氧化oxidation水合hydration断裂cleavage硫激酶thiokinase脂酰-CoA合酶acyl CoA synthase烯酰-CoA水合酶enoyl CoA hydratase β-酮硫解酶β-keto-thiolase电子传递黄素蛋白electron-transfer flavoprotein泛醌氧化还原酶ubiquinone oxidoreductase烯酰-CoA异构酶isomerase甲基丙二酰-CoA消旋酶methylmalonyl-CoA racemase甲基丙二酰-CoA变位酶methylmalonyl-CoA mutase单加氧酶monooxygenase酮体ketone body乙酰乙酸acetoacetateHMG-CoA裂解酶HMG-CoA lyase丙二酰-CoA malonyl-CoA生物素羧化酶biotin carboxylase转羧酶trans carboxylase生物胞素biocytin酰基载体蛋白acyl carrier protein磷酸泛醌巯基乙胺phosphopantetheine 硫辛酰赖氨酸臂lipoyl lysine arm软脂酰-ACP硫脂酶palmitoy-ACP thioesteraseβ-酮酰-ACP合酶β-ACP-ketoacyl-ACP synthase缩合condensation还原reductionβ-酮酰ACP还原酶β-toacylACP reductase脱水dehydration 烯酰-ACP还原酶enyl-ACP reductase 软脂酰-ACP硫酯酶palmitoyl thioesterase脂肪酰-CoA去饱和酶fatty acyl-CoA desaturase亚油酸linoleic acid亚麻酸linoleuic acid必需脂肪酸essential fatty acid混合功能氧化酶mixed-function oxidase脂酰甘油acyl glycerols甘油-3-磷酸glucerol 3-phosphate磷脂酸phosphatidic甘油磷脂glycerophospholipids磷脂酰乙醇胺phosphatidylethanolamine磷脂酰甘油phosphatidyl glycerol二磷脂酰甘油diphosphatidyl glycerol CDP-二脂酰甘油CDP-diacylglycerol 5’-胞苷二磷酸cytidine diphosphate尿苷二磷酸uridine diphosphate共底物cosubstrate二羟丙酮磷酸dihydroxyacetone phosphate鞘磷脂sphingolipids鞘糖脂glycosphingolipid缩醛磷脂plasmalogen胆固醇cholesterol类固醇steroids类固醇激素steroid hormines 胆汁酸bile acids麦角固醇ergosterol 甲羟戊酸mevalonic acid蛋白磷酸酶proteinphosphatases三羧酸转运体系tricarboxylate transport systemD-β-羟丁酸脱氢酶D-β-hudoxybutyrate dehydogenase丙二酸单酰-CoA-ACP转酰酶malonyl-CoA-ACP transacetylase蛋白质代谢（protein metabolism）细胞溶胶cytosolically组织蛋白酶cathepsins抗蛋白酶antipain泛肽ubiguitin泛肽-蛋白连接酶ubiquitin-protein ligase多胺polyamine鸟氨酸脱羧酶ornithine decarboxylase丝氨酸脱氢酶serine dehydrogenase色氨酸氧化酶tryptophan oxygenase 酪氨酸氨基转移酶tyrosin aminotransferase 氨基转移酶aminotrandferase氧化脱氨基作用oxidative deamination 吡哆醛-5’-磷酸pyridoxal-5’-phosphate 吡哆醇pyridoxine吡哆醛磷酸pyridoxal phosphate吡哆胺磷酸pyridoxamine phosphate 醛亚胺aldimine腺苷代琥珀酸adenylosuccinate转氨酶transaminase联合脱氨基作用transdeamination神经递质neurotransmitter酪胺tyramine谷氨酰胺合成酶glutamine synthetase 尿素循环urea cycle鸟氨酸ornithine瓜氨酸citrulline精氨酸酶arginase氨甲酰磷酸合成酶carbamoyl phosphate synthetase鸟氨酸转氨甲酰酶prnithine transcarbamoylase精氨琥珀酸酶argininosuccinase精氨琥珀酸合成酶argininosuccinate SynthetaseN-乙酰谷氨酸合酶N-acetylglutamate synthase丝氨酸转羟甲基酶serine transhydroxymethylase丝氨酸-苏氨酸脱水酶serine-threonine dehydratase苏氨酸醛缩酶threonine aldolase乙醛acetaldehyde氨基丙酮aminoacetone半光氨酸脱巯基酶cysteine desulfhydrase苯丙氨酸氢化酶phenylalanine hydoxylase酵母氨酸sacharopine组氨酸氨裂合酶higtidine ammonia lyase尿苷酸水合酶urocanate hydratase谷氨酸转甲亚氨酶glutamate transformiminase天冬酰胺酶asparaginase天冬氨酸氨裂解酶aspartate ammonia lyase生酮氨基酸ketogenic amino acids生糖氨基酸glucogenic amino acids亚氨甲酰谷氨酸N-formimino glutamate酪氨酸酶tyrosinase多巴胺dopamine核糖体ribosome遗传密码genetic code三联体triplet染色体外基因extrachromosomal gene转录初产物primary transcript添加appending修饰modification异构化isomerization拼接splicing编辑editing再编码recoding断裂基因interrupted gene选择性拼接alternative splicing同源体isoform错义突变missense mutation无义突变mimsense mutation核糖体移码ribosomal frame shifting 移码突变frame-shift mutation重叠基因overlapping genes同义密码子syninymous codon反密码子anticodon密码子coden简并性degeneracy变偶性wobble蛋白质生物合成protein biosynthesis 无细胞体系cell-free system多聚核糖体polysome读码框架reading frame 起始密码start codon终止密码stop codon核糖体结合位点ribosome-binding site 核糖体进入部位ribosome entry site胸腺嘧啶核糖核苷ribothymidine假尿嘧啶核苷pseudouridine校正基因suppressor gene回复突变reverse mutation起始因子initiation factor延长因子dlongation factor肽酰转移酶peptidyl transferse转肽transpeptidation移位translocation释放因子release factors核糖体释放因子ribosome releasing factor位移translational frameshifting翻译跳跃translational jumping信号肽序列signal or leader sequence 信号肽signal sequence信号肽酶signal peptidase信号识别体signa recognition particle,SRP停泊蛋白docking protein翻译后运输posttranslationlal transport 多肽链结合蛋白polypeptide binding proteins 终止因子termination factor磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸所激酶phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase核酸代谢（nucleic acid metabolism）核酸内切酶endonuclease核酸外切酶exonuclease核苷酶nucleosidase核苷磷酸化酶nucleoside phosphorylase核苷水解酶nucleoside hydrolase腺嘌呤脱氨酶adenine deaminase腺嘌呤核苷脱氨酶adenosine deaminase鸟嘌呤脱氨酶guanine deaminase尿酸氧化酶utate oxidase5-磷酸核糖焦磷酸5-phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate磷酸核糖焦磷激酶phosphoribosyl pyrophosphokinase5-磷酸核糖胺5-phosphoribosylamine 5-氨基咪唑核苷酸5-aminoimidazole ribotide 磷酸核糖焦磷酸转酰氨酶phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate transamidase甘氨酰胺核苷酸glycinamide ribotide 甘氨酰胺核苷酸合成酶glycinamide rihotide synthetase甘氨酰胺核苷酸转甲酰基酶glycinamide ribotide transformylas甲酰甘氨脒核苷酸合成酶formylglycinamidine ribotide synthetase 氨基咪唑核苷酸合成酶aminoimidazole ribotide synthetase腺苷酸琥珀酸裂解酶adenylosuccinate lyase氨基咪唑核苷酸羧化酶aminoinidazole ribotide carboixylase腺苷酸琥珀酸合成酶adenylosuccinate synthetase次黄嘌呤核苷酸脱氢酶inosine-5-phosphate dehydrogenase鸟嘌呤核苷酸合成酶guanylate synthetase磷酸核糖转移酶phosphoribosyl transferase乳清苷酸orotidine-5’-phoshate氨甲酰磷酸合成酶carbamyl phosphate synthetase全酶holoenzyme天冬氨酸转氨甲酰酶aspartate carbamyl transferase二氢乳清酸酶dihydroorotase二氢乳清酸脱氢酶dihydroorotate dehydrogenase乳清苷酸焦磷酸化酶orotidylic acid pyrophosphorylase乳清苷酸脱羧酶orotidylic acid decarboxylase尿嘧啶核苷酸激酶uridine-5’-phosphate kinase核苷二磷酸激酶mucleoside diphosphokinase复制replication转录transcription 翻译translation三联体密码triplet code模板template逆转录reverse transcription逆转录酶reverse transcriptase逆转录病毒retrovirus自我复制self-replication半保留复制semiconservative replication拓扑学topology复制子replicon起点origin终点terminus转化子transformant反向重复inverted repeatsDNA聚合酶DNA polymerase取代环displacement loop核小体nucleosome信息大分子informational macromolecule指令instruction促突变因子mutator抗突变因子antimutator修复机制reair mechanism复制酶replicase核心酶core enzymeDNA连接酶DNA ligase冈崎片断Okazaki fragment顺反子cistron半不连续复制semidisontinuous replication前导链leading strand滞后链lagging strand引物合成酶primase拓扑异构体topological isomers拓扑异构酶topoisomerase切口封闭酶nick-closing enzyme旋转酶gyrase连锁体catenane解螺旋酶helicase解链蛋白unwinding protein复制体replisome引发体primosome前引发体preprimosome终止区terminus region 自主复制序列autonomously replicating sequence起点识别复合物origin recognition complex端粒telomere端粒酶telomerase复制许可因子replication licensing factor错配修复mismatch repair直接修复direct repair切除修复excision repair易错修复error-prone repair光复活修复photoreactivation repair暗修复dark repair光复活修复酶photoreactivating enzyme碱基切除修复base-excision repair核苷酸切除修复mucleotide-excision repair切除酶excinuclease辅蛋白酶coprotease性导sexduction转导transduction接合conjugation转化transformation细胞融合cell fusion受体细胞recipient cell附加体episome转座因子transposable element 转座子transposon转座酶transposase解离酶resolvaseRNA聚合酶RNA polymerase 全保留方式conservative mode 时序调控temporal regulation 适应调控adaptive regulation 操纵子结构模型operon structural model调节基因regulatory gene操纵基因operator阻遏蛋白repressor protein内含子intron外显子extron调节子regulon协同调节cooperative regulation激活蛋白activator整合酶integrase增强子enhanser终止子terminator多聚腺苷酸聚合酶polyadenylation细胞代谢调节和基因表达调控(cellular metabolism regulation and gene expression regulation and control)构造单元buliding block前馈feedforward反馈feedback一价/单价反馈抑制monovalent feedback inhibition 二价或多价反馈抑制divalent or multivalent feedback inhibition管家基因housekeeping genes组成型表达constitutive expression可调型表达regulated expression乳糖操纵子模型lac operon model启动子premotor操纵基因operator酶诱导enzyme induction酶阻遏enzyme repression辅阻遏物corepressor阻遏物蛋白aporepressor降解物基因活化蛋白catabolite gene activation protein衰减子attenuator上游控制元件upstream control静默子silencer锌指zinc finger亮氨酸拉链leucine zipper重组体recombinant分子克隆molecular cloning蛋白质工程protein engineering限制性核酸内切酶restricton endonuclease同尾酶isocaudamers 同裂酶isoschizomers回文结构palindrome质粒plasmid载体vector分子重排rearrangement基因文库genomic library多联体concatemer脂质体liposome可调基因regulated genes基因枪gene gun菌落形成单位colony forming unit筛选screening原位杂交in situ bybridization基因组测序genomic sequencing基因定位诱变site-directed mutagenesis 包涵体inclusion body整合质粒yeast integrating plasmid基因治疗gene therapy聚合酶链式反应polymerase chain reaction, PCR。
生物化学名词英汉互译Word版
碳水化合物（carbohydrate）单糖（monosaccharide）寡糖（oligosaccharide）多糖（polysaccharide）醛糖（aldose）酮糖（ketose）蔗糖（sucrose）乳糖（lactose）麦芽糖（maltose）纤维二糖（cellobiose）多糖（polysaccharides）淀粉（starch）直链淀粉（amylose）支链淀粉（amylopectin）纤维素（cellulose）半纤维素（hemicellulose）糖原（glycogen）几丁质（chitin）糖胺聚糖（glycosaminolgycan）脂类（lipids）脂肪酸（fatty acid）甘油三酯（glycerol triester）亲水脂类（amphipathic lipids）蜡（wax）磷酸甘油脂（phosphoglyceride）甘油磷脂（glycerophospholipid）磷脂酰胆碱（phosphatidylcholine）磷脂酰乙醇胺（phosphatidylethanolamine）磷脂酰丝氨酸（phoshatidylserine）磷脂酰肌醇（phosphatidylinositol, PI）肌醇三磷酸（inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate，IP3）二脂酰甘油（diacylglycerol，DAG）磷脂酸（phosphatidic acid，PA）磷脂酶A2（phospholipase A2，PLA2）磷脂酶C（phospholipase C，PLC）磷脂酶D（phospholipaseD，PLD）溶血磷脂(1ysophospholipid)鞘磷脂（sphingomyelin）神经酰胺（ceramide）类固醇（steroids）萜类（terpenes）胆固醇（cholesterol）麦角固醇（ergosterol）蛋白质 protein简单蛋白质 simple protein氨基酸 amino acid结合蛋白质conjugated protein多肽 polypeptide肽 peptide肽键 peptide bond介电常数dielectric constant范德华力 van der waals force层析法 chromatography 吸附层析法 adsorption chromatography分配系数 partition or distribution confficient活性肽 active peptide二硫键 disulfide bond兼性离子zwitterion一级结构 primary structure疏水效应 hydrophobic effectSDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳 SDS-PAGE毛细管电泳（capillary eletrophoresis, CE）离子交换层析 ion exchange chromatography同源蛋白 homologous protein构象 conformation构象角 conformatiomal angle糖脂（glycolipid）糖基甘油酯（glycosylglyceride）鞘糖脂（glycosphingolipid）脑苷脂（cerebroside）N-乙酰神经氨酸（N-acetylneuraminic acid）神经节苷脂（ganglioside）硫酸脑苷脂（cerebroside sulfate）糖蛋白（glycoproteins）蛋白聚糖（proteoglycans）生物膜（biomembrane）膜脂（membrane lipids）膜蛋白（membrane proteins）脂质双层分子（lipid bilayers）外周蛋白（peripheral protein）外源性（extrinsic protein）内在蛋白（integral protein）内源性蛋白（intrinsic protein）跨膜蛋白（transmembrane proteins）流动镶嵌模型（fluid mosaic model）简单扩散（simple diffusion）协助扩散（facilitated diffusion）被动运输（passive transport）主动运输（active transport）介导性运输（mediated transport）非介导性运输（nonmediated transport）载体蛋白（carrier protein）通道蛋白（channel protein）离子通道（ionic channel）离子载体（ionophore）内吞作用（endocytosis）胞饮作用”（pinocytosis）外排作用（exocytosis）基团转移（group translocation）脂蛋白（lipoprotein）染色体（chromosome）染色质（chromatin）组蛋白（histone）核小体（nucleosome）病毒（virus）噬菌体（bacteriophage或简称phage）变性 denaturation沉降系数（S）Svedberg(S)抗体 antibody亲和层析法 affinity chromatography 盐溶 salting in盐析 salting out二级结构 secondary structure三级结构 tertiary structurea-螺旋 a-helix超二级结构 super-secondaery structure结构域 structure domain氢键 hydrogen bend疏水相互作用 hydrophoblic interaction肌红蛋白 myoglobin寡聚蛋白质 oligomeric protein无规则卷曲 randon coil复性 renaturation镰刀状细胞贫血病 sickle-cell anermia酶（enzyme）酶的专一性（specificity）单体酶（monomeric enzyme）寡聚酶（oligomeric enzyme）多酶复合体系（multienzyme system）酶活性中心（active center of enzyme）催化基团（catalytic site）酶原（zymogen or proenzyme）诱导契合（induced-fit theory）抗体酶（abzyme）酸碱催化（acid-base catalysis）共价催化(covalent catalysis)激活剂（activator）抑制剂（inhibitor）可逆抑制（reversible inhibition）竞争性抑制作用（competitive inhibition）非竞争性抑制作用（noncompetitive inhibition）调节酶（modulator）别构酶（allosteric enzyme）同配位效应（isosteric effect）变构效应（allosteric effect）变构激活（allosteric activation ）正协同效应（positive cooperative effect）负协同效应（negative cooperative effect）效应物（effector）维生素（vitamin）维生素缺少症（avitaminosis）调节中心（regulatory center）催化亚基（catalytic subunit）调节亚基（regulatory subunit）诱导酶（induced enzyme）结构酶（structural enzyme）核酶（ribozyme）辅酶（coenzyme）比活力（specific activity）脱氧核酶（deoxyribozyme）酶工程（enzyme engineering）酶纯度（purity of enzyme）酶活力（enzyme activity）a-淀粉酶（a-amylase）b-淀粉酶（b-amylase）脱支酶（debranching enzyme）淀粉的磷酸化酶（amylophosphorylase）糖酵解（glycolysis）三羧酸循环（tricarboxylic acid cycle，TCA）磷酸戊糖途径（pentose phosphate pathway，PPP）生物氧化（biological oxidation）烟酰胺脱氢酶类（nicotinamide dehydrogenase）黄素脱氢酶类（flavin dehydrogenase）铁硫蛋白类（iron-sulfur protein）泛醌（ubiquinone）细胞色素类（cytochromes）细胞色素氧化酶（cytochromeoxidase）鱼藤酮（rotenone）安密妥（amytal）杀粉蝶菌素（piericidine）抗霉素A（antimycin A）底物水平磷酸化（substrate-level phosphorylation）氧化磷酸化（oxidative phosphorylation）化学渗透假说（chemiosmotic coupling hypothesis）化学偶联假说（chemical coupling hypothesis）构象偶联假说（conformational coupling hypothesis）甘油-磷酸穿梭途径（glycerophosphate shuttle）苹果酸-天冬氨酸穿梭途径（malate- aspartate shuttle）异柠檬酸穿梭途径（isocitrate shuttle）能荷（energy charge）肉碱（肉毒碱，carnitine）乙醛酸体（乙醛酸循环体，glyoxysome）乙醛酸循环（glyoxylate cycle）酮体（ketone bodies）饱和脂肪酸的从头合成（de novo synthesis）谷氨酸脱氢酶（glutamate dehydrogenase, GDH）转氨基作用（transamination）转氨酶（transaminase）磷酸吡哆醛（pyridoxal phosphate，PLP）谷丙转氨酶（glutamic pyruvic transaminase，GPT或 alanine transaminase，ALT）谷草转氨酶（glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase，GOT或 aspartate transaminase，AST）γ-谷氨酰-半胱氨酸合成酶（γ-glutamyl systeine synthetase，γ-ECS）谷胱甘肽（glutathione）谷胱甘肽合成酶（glutathione synthetase）生物固氮（biological nitrogen fixation）固氮酶（nitrogenase）自身固氮微生物（diazatrophs）共生固氮微生物（symbiotic microorganism）硝酸还原酶（nitrate reductase，NR）亚硝酸还原酶（nitrite reductase，NiR）谷氨酸合酶（glutamate: oxo-glutarate aminotransferase，GOGAT）谷氨酰胺合成酶（glutamine synthetase，GS）腺苷-5'-磷酸硫酸酐（adenosine-5'-phosphosulfate，APS）3'-磷酸腺酐-5'-磷酰硫酸（3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate，PAPS）5-磷酸核糖焦磷酸（phosphoribosyl pyrophosphaet，PRPP）天冬氨酸转氨甲酰酶（aspartate trsnscarbamoy lase）腺嘌呤磷酸核糖转移酶（adenine phosphoribosyl fransferase，APRT）黄嘌呤-鸟嘌呤磷酸核糖转移酶（hypoxanthineguanine phosphoribosyl transferase，HGPRT）谷胱甘肽还原酶（glutathione reductase，GR）谷氧还蛋白（glutaredoxin）谷氧还蛋白还原酶（glutaredoxin reductase）胸腺嘧啶核苷酸合酶（thymidylate synthase）DNA复制（DNA replication）中心法则（central dogma）冈崎片段（Okazaki fragement）前导链（leading strand）滞后链（lagging strand）引物（primer）复制叉（replication fork）半保留式复制（semiconservative replication）模板（template）反转录（reverse transcription）转换（transition）颠换（transversion）错配修复（mismatch repair）核苷酸切除修复（nucleotide excision repair）碱基切除修复（base excision repair）同源重组（homologous recombination）特异性重组（site-specific recombination）转座子（transposon）启动子（promoter）限制性内切酶（restriction endonuclease ）修饰（modification）单链结合蛋白（single stranded binding proteins, SSB）遗传密码（genetic code）读码框架（reading frame）移码突变（frame-shift mutation）简并性（degeneracy）同义密码子（synonymous codon）起始密码子（initiatlon codon）终止密码子（termination codon）摆动假说（wobble hypothesis)同功受体tRNA（isoaccepting tRNA）反密码子（anticodon）多核糖体（polyribisome）氨酰-tRNA合成酶（aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase）Shine –Dalgarno序列（Shine –Dalgarno sequence）起始因子（initiation factor）延伸因子（elongation factor）释放因子（release factor）转肽（transpeptidation）移位（translocation）分子伴侣（molecular chapeones）共翻译转移（co-translational translocation）翻译后转移（post-translational translocation）信号肽（signal sequence）信号识别颗粒（signal recognition particle SPR）代谢（metabolism）代谢调节（metabolic regulation）共价修饰（covalent modification）反馈抑制（feedback inhibition）操纵子模型（operon model）衰减作用（attenuation）级联放大作用（amplification cascade）变（别）构效应（allosteric effect）诱导和阻遏（induction and repression）蛋白激酶 C （protein kinase C，PKC）第二信使（second messenger）受体（receptor）G 蛋白（guanosine triphosphate-binding protein）信号转导（signal transduction钙调素（calmodulin，CaM）磷酯酶（phospholipase C，PLC）（注：可编辑下载，若有不当之处，请指正，谢谢!）。
生物化学及分子生物学名词中英文对照表
covalent modification
共价修饰
hydrolase
水解酶
inducer
诱导剂
lyase
裂解酶
corepressor
辅阻遏剂
isomerase
异构酶
lactate dehydrogenase(LDH)
乳酸脱氢酶
ligase
合成酶
creatine kinase(CK)
肌酸激酶
isoenzyme
金属激活酶
reversible inhibition
可逆性抑制
coenzyme
辅酶
competitive inhibition
竞争性抑制
prosthetic group
辅基
non-competitive inhibition
非竞争性抑制
essential group
必需基团
uncompetitive inhibition
核糖体RNA
transfer RNA(tRNA)
转运RNA
messenger RNA(mRNA)
信使RNA
3章biocatalyst
生物催化剂
proximity effect
邻近效应
enzyme
酶
orientation arrange
定向排列
substrate
底物
multielement catalysis
切除修复
recombination repairing
重组修复
reverse transcriptase
逆转录酶
integration
整合
ribozyme
核酶
生物化学英文专业词汇
生物化学词汇A band A带A chromosome A染色体[二倍体染色体组中的正常染色体（不同于B染色体）]A site [核糖体]A部位ABA 脱落酸abasic site 脱碱基位点，无碱基位点abaxial 远轴的abequose 阿比可糖，beta脱氧岩藻糖aberrant splicing 异常剪接aberration 象差；畸变；失常abiogenesis 自然发生论，无生源论ablastin 抑殖素（抑制微生物细胞分裂或生殖的一种抗体）abnormal distrbution 非正态分布abnormality 异常，失常；畸形，畸变ABO blood group system ABO血型系统aboriginal mouse 原生鼠abortin 流产素abortion 流产，败育abortive egg 败育卵abortive infection 流产（性）感染abortive transduction 流产（性）转导ABP 肌动蛋白结合蛋白abrin 相思豆毒蛋白abscisic acid 脱落酸abscission 脱落absolute 绝对的absolute configuration 绝对构型absolute counting 绝对测量absolute deviation 绝对偏差absolute error 绝对误差absorbance 吸收，吸光度absorbed dose 吸收剂量absorbent 吸收剂absorptiometer 吸光计absorptiometry 吸光测定法absorption 吸收absorption band 吸收谱带absorption cell 吸收池absorption coefficient 吸收系数absorption spectroscopy 吸收光谱法absorption spectrum 吸收光谱；吸收谱absorptive endocytosis 吸收（型）胞吞（作用）absorptive pinocytosis 吸收（型）胞饮（作用）absorptivity 吸光系数；吸收性abundance 丰度abundant 丰富的，高丰度的abundant mRNAs 高丰度mRNA abzyme 抗体酶acaricidin 杀螨剂accedent variation 偶然变异accelerated flow method 加速流动法accepting arm [tRNA的]接纳臂acceptor 接纳体，（接）受体acceptor site 接纳位点，接受位点acceptor splicing site 剪接受体acceptor stem [tRNA的]接纳茎accessible 可及的accessible promoter 可及启动子accessible surface 可及表面accessory 零件，附件；辅助的accessory cell 佐细胞accessory chromosome 副染色体accessory factor 辅助因子accessory nucleus 副核accessory pigment 辅助色素accessory protein 辅助蛋白（质）accommodation 顺应accumulation 积累，累积accuracy 准确度acenaphthene 二氢苊acene 并苯acentric 无着丝粒的acentric fragment 无着丝粒断片acentric ring 无着丝粒环acetal 缩醛acetaldehyde 乙醛acetalresin 缩醛树脂acetamidase 乙酰胺酶acetamide 乙酰胺acetate 乙酸盐acetic acid 乙酸，醋酸acetic acid bacteria 乙酸菌，醋酸菌acetic anhydride 乙酸酐acetification 乙酸化作用，醋化作用acetin 乙酸甘油酯，三乙酰甘油酯acetoacetic acid 乙酰乙酸Acetobacter 醋杆菌属acetogen 产乙酸菌acetogenic bacteria 产乙酸菌acetome body 酮体acetome powder 丙酮制粉[在-30度以下加丙酮制成的蛋白质匀浆物] acetomitrile 乙腈acetone 丙酮acetyl 乙酰基acetyl coenzyme A 乙酰辅酶Aacetylcholine 乙酰胆碱acetylcholine agonist 乙酰胆碱拮抗剂acetylcholine receptor 乙酰胆碱受体acetylcholinesterase 乙酰胆碱酯酶acetylene 乙炔acetylene reduction test 乙炔还原试验[检查生物体的固氮能力] acetylglucosaminidase 乙酰葡糖胺糖苷酶acetylglutamate synthetase 乙酰谷氨酸合成酶acetylsalicylate 乙酰水杨酸；乙酰水杨酸盐、酯、根acetylsalicylic acid 乙酰水杨酸acetylspiramycin 乙酰螺旋霉素AchE 乙酰胆碱酯酶achiral 非手性的acholeplasma 无胆甾原体AchR 乙酰胆碱受体achromatic 消色的；消色差的achromatic color 无色achromatic lens 消色差透镜achromatin 非染色质acid catalysis 酸催化acid fibroblast growth factor 酸性成纤维细胞生长因子acid fuchsin 酸性品红acid glycoprotein 酸性糖蛋白acid hydrolyzed casein 酸水解酪蛋白acid medium 酸性培养基acid mucopolysaccharide 酸性粘多糖acid phosphatase 酸性磷酸酶acid protease 酸性蛋白酶acid solvent 酸性溶剂acidic 酸性的acidic amino acid 酸性氨基酸acidic protein 酸性蛋白质[有时特指非组蛋白]acidic transactivator 酸性反式激活蛋白acidic transcription activator 酸性转录激活蛋白acidification 酸化（作用）acidifying 酸化（作用）acidolysis 酸解acidophilia 嗜酸性acidophilic bacteria 嗜酸菌acidophilous milk 酸奶aclacinomycin 阿克拉霉素acoelomata 无体腔动物acomitic acid 乌头酸aconitase 顺乌头酸酶aconitate 乌头酸；乌头酸盐、酯、根aconitine 乌头碱aconitum alkaloid 乌头属生物碱ACP 酰基载体蛋白acquired character 获得性状acquired immunity 获得性免疫acridine 吖啶acridine alkaloid 吖啶（类）生物碱acridine dye 吖啶燃料acridine orange 吖啶橙acridine yellow 吖啶黄acriflavine 吖啶黄素acroblast 原顶体acrocentric chromosome 近端着丝染色体acrolein 丙烯醛acrolein polymer 丙烯醛类聚合物acrolein resin 丙烯醛树脂acropetal translocation 向顶运输acrosin 顶体蛋白acrosomal protease 顶体蛋白酶acrosomal reaction 顶体反应acrosome 顶体acrosome reaction 顶体反应acrosomic granule 原顶体acrosyndesis 端部联会acrylamide 丙烯酰胺acrylate 丙烯酸酯、盐acrylic acid 丙烯酸acrylic polymer 丙烯酸（酯）类聚合物acrylic resin 丙烯酸（酯）类树脂acrylketone 丙烯酮acrylonitrile 丙烯腈actidione 放线（菌）酮[即环己酰亚胺]actin 肌动蛋白actin filament 肌动蛋白丝actinin 辅肌动蛋白[分为alfa、beta两种，beta蛋白即加帽蛋白]actinmicrofilament 肌动蛋白微丝actinometer 化学光度计actinomorphy 辐射对称[用于描述植物的花]actinomycetes 放线菌actinomycin D 放线菌素Dactinospectacin 放线壮观素，壮观霉素，奇霉素action 作用action current 动作电流action potential 动作电位action spectrum 动作光谱activated sludge 活性污泥activated support 活化支持体activating group 活化基团activating transcription factor 转录激活因子activation 激活；活化activation analysis 活化分析activation energy 活化能activator 激活物，激活剂，激活蛋白activator protein 激活蛋白active absorption 主动吸收active biomass 活生物质active carbon 活性碳active center 活性中心active chromatin 活性染色质active dry yeast 活性干酵母active dydrogen compounds 活性氢化合物active ester of amino acid 氨基酸的活化酯active hydrogen 活性氢active immunity 主动免疫active oxygen 活性氧active site 活性部位，活性中心active transport 主动转运active uptake 主动吸收activin 活化素[由垂体合成并由睾丸和卵巢分泌的性激素]activity 活性，活度，（放射性）活度actomyosin 肌动球蛋白actophorin 载肌动蛋白[一种肌动蛋白结合蛋白]acute 急性的acute infection 急性感染acute phase 急性期acute phase protein 急性期蛋白，急相蛋白acute phase reaction 急性期反应，急相反应[炎症反应急性期机体的防御反应] acute phase reactive protein 急性期反应蛋白，急相反应蛋白acute phase response 急性期反应，急相反应acute toxicity 急性毒性ACV 无环鸟苷acyclic nucleotide 无环核苷酸acycloguanosine 无环鸟苷，9-（2-羟乙氧甲基）鸟嘌呤acyclovir 无环鸟苷acyl 酰基acyl carrier protein 酰基载体蛋白acyl cation 酰（基）正离子acyl chloride 酰氯acyl CoA 脂酰辅酶Aacyl coenzyem A 脂酰辅酶Aacyl fluoride 酰氟acyl halide 酰卤acylamino acid 酰基氨基酸acylase 酰基转移酶acylating agent 酰化剂acylation 酰化acylazide 酰叠氮acylbromide 酰溴acyloin 偶姻acyltransferase 酰基转移酶adamantanamine 金刚烷胺[曾用作抗病毒剂]adamantane 金刚烷adaptability 适应性adaptation 适应adapter 衔接头；衔接子adapter protein 衔接蛋白质adaptin 衔接蛋白[衔接网格蛋白与其他蛋白的胞质区]adaptive behavior 适应性行为adaptive enzyme 适应酶adaptive molecule 衔接分子adaptive response 适应反应[大肠杆菌中的DNA修复系统]adaptor 衔接头；衔接子adaxial 近轴的addition 加成addition compound 加成化合物addition haploid 附加单倍体addition line 附加系additive 添加物，添加剂additive effect 加性效应additive genetic variance 加性遗传方差additive recombination 插入重组，加插重组[因DNA插入而引起的基因重组] addressin 地址素[选择蛋白(selectin)的寡糖配体，与淋巴细胞归巢有关] adducin 内收蛋白[一种细胞膜骨架蛋白，可与钙调蛋白结合]adduct 加合物，加成化合物adduct ion 加合离子adenine 腺嘌呤adenine arabinoside 啊糖腺苷adenine phosphoribosyltransferase 腺嘌呤磷酸核糖转移酶adenoma 腺瘤adenosine 腺嘌呤核苷，腺苷adenosine deaminase 腺苷脱氨酶adenosine diphoshate 腺苷二磷酸adenosine monophosphate 腺苷（一磷）酸adenosine phosphosulfate 腺苷酰硫酸adenosine triphosphatase 腺苷三磷酸酶adenosine triphosphate 腺苷三磷酸adenovirus 腺病毒adenylate 腺苷酸；腺苷酸盐、酯、根adenylate cyclase 腺苷酸环化酶adenylate energy charge 腺苷酸能荷adenylate kinase 腺苷酸激酶adenylic acid 腺苷酸adenylyl cyclase 腺苷酸环化酶adenylylation 腺苷酰化adherence 粘着，粘附，粘连；贴壁adherent cell 贴壁细胞；粘着（性）细胞，粘附（性）细胞adherent culture 贴壁培养adhering junction 粘着连接adhesin 粘附素[如见于大肠杆菌]adhesion 吸附，结合，粘合；粘着，粘附，粘连adhesion factor 粘着因子，粘附因子adhesion molecule 粘着分子，粘附分子adhesion plaque 粘着斑adhesion protein 粘着蛋白，吸附蛋白adhesion receptor 粘着受体adhesion zone 粘着带[如见于细菌壁膜之间]adhesive 粘合剂，胶粘剂adhesive glycoprotein 粘着糖蛋白adipic acid 己二酸，肥酸adipocyte 脂肪细胞adipokinetic hormone 脂动激素[见于昆虫]adipose tissue 脂肪组织adjust [动]调节，调整；修正adjustable 可调的adjustable miropipettor 可调微量移液管adjustable spanner 活动扳手adjusted retention time 调整保留时间adjusted retention volume 调整保留体积adjuvant 佐剂adjuvant cytokine 佐剂细胞因子adjuvant peptide 佐剂肽adjuvanticity 佐剂（活）性adoptive immunity 过继免疫adoptive transfer 过继转移ADP ribosylation ADP核糖基化ADP ribosylation factor ADP核糖基化因子ADP ribosyltransferase ADP核糖基转移酶adrenal cortical hormone 肾上腺皮质(激)素adrenaline 肾上腺素adrenergic receptor 肾上腺素能受体adrenocepter 肾上腺素受体adrenocorticotropic hormone 促肾上腺皮质(激)素adrenodoxin 肾上腺皮质铁氧还蛋白adriamycin 阿霉素，亚德里亚霉素adsorbent 吸附剂adsorption 吸附adsorption catalysis 吸附催化adsorption center 吸附中心adsorption chromatography 吸附层析adsorption film 吸附膜adsorption isobar 吸附等压线adsorption isotherm 吸附等温线adsorption layer 吸附层adsorption potential 吸附电势adsorption precipitation 吸附沉淀adsorption quantity 吸附量adult diarrhea rotavirus 成人腹泻轮状病毒advanced glycosylation 高级糖基化advanced glycosylation end product 高级糖基化终产物adventitious 不定的，无定形的adverse effect 反效果，副作用aecidiospore 锈孢子，春孢子aeciospore 锈孢子，春孢子aequorin 水母蛋白，水母素aeration 通气aerator 加气仪，加气装置aerial mycelium 气生菌丝体aerobe 需氧菌[利用分子氧进行呼吸产能并维持正常生长繁殖的细菌] aerobic 需氧的aerobic bacteria 需氧（细）菌aerobic cultivation 需氧培养aerobic glycolysis 有氧酵解aerobic metabolism 有氧代谢aerobic respiration 需氧呼吸aerobic waste treatment 需氧废物处理aerobiosis 需氧生活aerogel 气凝胶aerogen 产气菌aerolysin 气单胞菌溶素Aeromonas 气单胞菌属aerosol 气溶胶aerosol gene delivery 气溶胶基因送递aerospray ionization 气喷射离子化作用aerotaxis 趋氧性[（细胞）随环境中氧浓度梯度进行定向运动]aerotolerant bacteria 耐氧菌[不受氧毒害的厌氧菌]aerotropism 向氧性aesculin 七叶苷，七叶灵aetiology 病原学afferent nerve 传入神经affinity 亲和，亲和性affinity adsorbent 亲和吸附剂affinity chromatography 亲和层析affinity coelectrophoresis 亲和共电泳[用于研究DNA结合蛋白]affinity column 亲和柱affinity coupling 亲和偶联affinity electron microscopy 亲和电镜（术）[用亲和配体包被铜网]affinity extraction 亲和提取，亲和萃取affinity filtration 亲和过滤affinity labeling 亲和标记affinity ligand 亲和配体affinity maturation 亲和力成熟[见于体液免疫系统的发育]affinity partitioning 亲和分配affinity precipitation 亲和沉淀affinity purification 亲和纯化（法）affinity tag （附加）亲和标记物aflatoxin 黄曲酶毒素agar 琼脂agar diffusion test 琼脂扩散试验agar gel 琼脂胶agar plate 琼脂平板agar slant 琼脂斜面[固化时斜放的，装有固体培养基的一种试管培养基；也指斜面培养基上生长出的菌苔]agarase 琼脂糖酶agarfitine 伞菌氨酸agaricin 蘑菇素agaricinic acid 蘑菇酸agaropectin 琼脂胶agarose 琼脂糖agarose gel 琼脂糖凝胶agarose gel electrophoresis 琼脂糖凝胶电泳agarose plate 琼脂糖平板age pigment 老年色素agent 剂；介质agglutination 凝集（作用）agglutinin 凝集素agglutinogen 凝集原aggrecan 聚集蛋白聚糖[来自软骨]aggregate 聚集体；凝聚体aggregation 聚集（作用）aggressin 攻击素[细菌分泌的一种有助于侵染宿主细胞的化学物质]aggressivity 攻击力aging 衰老，老化，陈化agitation 振荡，振摇，搅拌agitator 振荡器，搅拌器aglycone 苷元，糖苷配基agonist 兴奋剂，激动剂，刺激物；竞争剂；拮抗剂agranulocyte 无粒细胞agravitropism 无向重力性agretope [抗原]限制位[抗原上识别并结合二类主要组织相容性复合体的部位]agricultural alcohol 农产品（制）酒精agricultural waste 农业废物，农业垃圾agrin 集聚蛋白，集聚素[由运动神经分泌并可诱导肌纤维的乙酰胆碱酯酶和乙酰胆碱受体发生聚集]agrobacteriocin 农杆菌素，土壤杆菌素Agrobacterium 农杆菌属，土壤杆菌属Agrobacterium rhizogenes 毛根农杆菌，毛根土壤杆菌Agrobacterium tumefaciems 根癌农杆菌，根瘤土壤杆菌agrochemical 农用化学品[如除草剂，杀虫剂等]agrocin 农杆素[由某些农杆菌所产生并作用于另一些农杆菌的抗生素（不是蛋白质）] agrocinopine 农杆糖酯[一种糖磷酸二酯]agroinfection 农杆菌感染（法）agropine 农杆氨酸，农杆碱[见于毛根]agropinic acid 农杆鸟氨酸，鸟氨农杆碱[见于毛根]air bubble 气泡air drying 风干air filter 空气滤器air monitering 空气监测air peak 空气峰，气泡峰air sterilization 空气除菌airflow 气流airflow meter 气流计airflow moniter 气流显示器，气流监控仪airlift bioreactor 气升式生物反应器airlift fermentation 气升式发酵airlift fermentor 气升式发酵罐airlock 气锁akaryote 无核细胞akinetic chromosome 无着丝粒染色体akinetic fragment 无着丝粒断片akinetic inversion 无着丝粒倒位alamethicin 丙甲甘肽[来自绿色木酶的一种小肽，富含beta氨基异丁酸] alanine 丙氨酸alanine aminotransferase 丙氨酸转氨酶alarm 警报器，定时钟albinism 白化病albizziin 合欢氨酸，脲基丙氨酸albumin 白蛋白，清蛋白alcohol 醇；乙醇alcohol dehydrogenase 醇脱氢酶；乙醇脱氢酶alcoholic fermentation 生醇发酵aldehyde 醛；乙醛aldehyde dehydrogenase 醛脱氢酶aldehyde oxidase 醛氧化酶aldimine 醛亚胺alditol 糖醛aldol 羟醛aldol condensation 羟醛缩合aldolase 醛缩酶aldonic acid 醛糖酸aldose 醛糖aldosterome 醛固醇alduronic acid 糖醛酸aleurome 糊粉aleurome grain 糊粉粒aleurome layer 糊粉层alfalfa mosaic virus 苜蓿花叶病毒alga 藻类（单）algae 藻类algicide 杀藻剂algin 藻胶alginate 藻酸盐alginic acid 藻酸algocyan 藻蓝素algorithm 算法，公式alicyclic amine 脂肪胺alicyclic compound 脂环化合物alicyclic hydrocarbon 脂环烃alignment 顺序；排列；[序列]对比alimentary canal 消化管aliphatic 脂肪族的aliphatic amine alkaloid 脂（肪）族胺（类）生物碱aliphatic compound 脂肪族化合物aliquot 小份，等份，等分部分alizarin 茜素alkali 碱，强碱alkali metal 碱金属alkaline 碱的，强碱的alkaline amino acid 碱性氨基酸alkaline denaturation 碱变性法alkaline earth metal 碱土金属alkaline gel electrophoresis 碱性凝胶电泳alkaline hydrolysis 碱水解（作用）alkaline lysis 碱裂解（法）alkaline phosphatase 碱性磷酸酶alkaline protein 碱性蛋白质alkaline reserve 碱储备[如血液中的碳酸氢钠]alkalization 碱化alkaloid 生物碱alkane 烷alkene 烯alkyl 烷基alkylating agent 烷化剂alkylation 烷（基）化alkyne 炔all or none 全或无all or nothing 全或无all transconfiguration 全反构型allantoic acid 尿囊酸allantoin 尿囊素allatostatin 咽侧体抑制素[抑制保幼激素的分泌]allatotropin 促咽侧体素[促进保幼激素的分泌]allele 等位基因allele linkage analysis 等位基因连锁反应allelic complement 等位（基因）互补allelic diversity 等位（基因）多样化allelic exclusion 等位（基因）排斥[一个杂合子表现其任一异型性状的现象，有时特指成熟的B细胞只产生一种抗体而其等位结构不表达]allelic inactivation 等位（基因）失活allelic inclusion 等位（基因）相容allelic replacement 等位（基因）置换allelic variation 等位（基因）变异allelism 等位性allelomorph 等位基因allelomorphism 等位性allelopathic substance 异柱克生物质，异种克生物质allelopathy 异柱克生（现象），异种克生（现象）allergen 变应原allergic 变应性的allergic disease 变应性疾病allergy 变态反应alloantibody 同种抗体alloantigen 同种抗原allodiploid 异源二倍体allodiploidy 异源二倍性allodiplomonosome 异源二倍单体allogenic antigen 同种异型抗原，同种异体抗原allograft 同种异体移植allograft rejection 同种异体移植排斥allogroup 同种异型组allohaploid 异源单倍体alloheteroploid 异源异倍体allophycocyanin 别藻蓝蛋白，别藻蓝素alloploid 异源倍体alloploidy 异源倍性allopolyhaploid 异源多倍单倍体allopolyploid 异源多倍体allopurinol 别嘌呤醇allopurinol nucleotide 别嘌呤醇核苷酸alloreactivity 同种异体反应性allorecognition 同种（异体）识别allose 阿洛糖allosome 异染色体allosteric activation 别构激活，别构活化allosteric activator 别构激活剂，别构活化剂allosteric control 别构调节allosteric effect 别构效应allosteric effector 别构剂allosteric enzyme 别构酶allosteric inbibition 别构抑制allosteric inbibitor 别构抑制剂allosteric interaction 别构作用allosteric ligand 别构配体allosteric protein 别构蛋白allosteric regulation 别构调节allosteric site 别构部位allosteric transition 别构转换[由别构剂所引起的蛋白质构象变化] allosterism 别构，变构allostery 别构性allosynapsis 异源联会allotope 同种异型位allotrope 同素异形体allotrtraploid 异源四倍体allotype 同种异型allotypic antigen 同种异型抗原allotypic determinant 同种异型决定簇allotypic marker 同种异型标记allotypy 同种异型性alloxan 四氧嘧啶allozyme 同种异型酶allyl 烯丙基allyl resin 烯丙基树脂allysine 醛（基）赖氨酸alphavirus 甲病毒属[属于披膜病毒科]alternate segregation 相间分离alternating copolymer 交替共聚物alternating copolymerization 交替共聚合alternation of generations 世代交替alternative 另一种的，交替的，备择的alternative complement pathway 补体旁路alternative pathway of complement 补体旁路（途径）alternative polyadenylation 可变聚腺苷酸化alternative RNA processing 可变RNA加工alternative RNA splicing 可变RNA剪接，旁路RNA剪接alternative splicing 可变剪接，旁路剪接alternative splicing factor 可变剪接因子alternative transcription 可变转录alternative transcription initiation 可变转录起始alternatively spliced mRNA 可变剪接的mRNAaltrose 阿卓糖Alu family Alu家族alum 矾，明矾aluminia 氧化铝，矾土alveolar gas exchange 肺泡气体交换alveolar surfactant 肺泡表面活性物质alytensin 产婆蟾（紧张）肽Alzheimer disease 阿尔茨海默病，老年性痴呆amaerobic 厌氧的amalgam 汞齐amalgam electrode 汞齐电极amanin 鹅膏素amanitine 鹅膏毒环肽amantadine 金刚胺amanullin 鹅膏无毒环肽amaryllidaceae alkaloid 石蒜科生物碱amastatin 氨肽酶抑制剂，抑氨肽酶肽amatoxin 鹅膏毒素amber codon 琥珀密码子[即UAA终止密码子]amber mutant 琥珀突变体，琥珀突变型amber mutation 琥珀突变amber suppression 琥珀抑制amber suppressor 琥珀（突变）抑制基因，琥珀（突变）抑制因子Amberlite resin [商]Amberlite树脂，琥石树脂[Rohm&Haas公司离子交换树脂的商品名]ambident 两可的ambident ion 两可离子ambient 周围的ambient temperature 环境温度，室温ambiguous codon 多义密码子ambisense 双义ambisense genome 双义基因组ambisense RNA 双义RNA[同时编码蛋白质的病毒正链与负链RNA]amboceper 双纳体[既有绵羊红细胞结合位点又有补体结合位点的抗体]ambutyrosin 氨丁苷菌素amensalism 偏害共栖American Type Culture Collection 美国模式培养物保藏所amerol 杀草强，氨基三唑Ames test 埃姆斯试验amethopterin 氨甲蝶呤amicetin 友菌素amicillin resistance 氨苄青霉素抗性amidase 酰胺酶amidated peptide 酰胺（化）肽amide 酰胺amidine 脒amido black 酰胺黑[可用于蛋白质SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶的染色]amido bond 酰胺键amido link 酰胺键amido linkage 酰胺键amidomycin 胺霉素amidotrizoate 3,5-双乙酰氨基-2,4,6-三碘苯甲酸盐amiloride 氨氯吡嗪脒[利尿药]amination 氨基化amine 胺amine bormones 胺类激素amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation system 胺前体摄取（和）脱羧系统，APUD 系统[可提取胺前体并进行脱羧而产生肽类或活性胺的细胞系统]amine transporter 胺转运蛋白Aminex resin [商]Aminex树脂[Bio-Rad公司离子交换树脂的商品名，一类HPLC级球形介质，是带功能基的苯乙烯—二乙烯苯共聚物]amino 氨基amino acid arm 氨基酸臂[位于tRNA上]amino acid frequency 氨基酸（使用）频率amino acid preference 氨基酸偏爱性amino acid residue 氨基酸残基amino acid residue contact 氨基酸残基接触（面）amino acid transport 氨基酸转运amino acid transporter 氨基酸转运蛋白amino acid usage 氨基酸使用amino alkyl indole 氨烷基吲哚amino alkyl phosphoramidite 氨烷基亚磷酰胺amino nigrogen 氨基氮aminoacyl 氨酰基aminoacyl esterase 氨酰酯酶aminoacyl phosphatidylglycerol 氨酰磷脂酰甘油aminoacyl site 氨酰基位aminoacyl tRNA 氨酰tRNAaminoacylation 氨酰化aminobenzoic acid 氨基苯甲酸aminocephalosporinic acid 氨基头孢菌酸aminoethyl 氨乙基aminoethyl mercaptan 氨乙基硫醇，巯基乙胺aminoglucose 氨基葡糖aminoglycoside antibiotics 氨基糖苷（类）抗生素aminoglycoside phosphotransferase 氨基糖苷磷酸转移酶aminoguanidine 氨基胍aminolink 氨基连接臂[例如附于合成寡核苷酸的5'端，便于与其他配体偶联]aminolysis 氨解aminomycin 氨基霉素，缬氨霉素aminooimidazole 氨基咪唑aminopenicillanic acid 氨基青酶烷酸aminopeptidase 氨肽酶aminophylline 氨茶碱aminopterin 氨基蝶呤aminopurine 氨基嘌呤aminotransferase 氨基转移酶，转氨酶aminotriazole 氨基三唑，杀草强amiodarone 乙胺碘呋酮amitosis 无丝分裂amixis 无融合ammonia 氨ammonification 氨化（作用）ammonio 铵基ammonium 铵ammonium acetate 乙酸铵ammonium hydroxide 氢氧化铵，氨水ammonium persulfate 过硫酸氨ammonium sulfate 硫酸铵ammonium sulfate fractionation 硫酸铵分级分离ammonium sulfate precipitation 硫酸铵沉淀ammonotelism 排氨型代谢amniocentesis 羊膜穿刺（术）amnion 羊膜amniota 羊膜动物amoeba 变形虫，阿米巴amoeboid movement 变形运动amorphous material 无定形物，非晶态amphi position 远位amphiastral mitosis 双星有丝分裂amphibia 两栖纲amphibivalent 双二价体amphibolic pathway 两用代谢途径[即可用于代谢物分解又可用于合成] amphidiploid 双二倍体amphidiploidy 双二倍性amphigenesis 两性生殖amphiglycan 双栖蛋白聚糖[同时见于上皮及成纤维细胞] amphihaploidy 双倍体amphimixix 两性融合amphion 两性离子amphipathic 两亲的amphipathicity 两亲性amphipathy 两亲性amphiphilic 两亲的amphiphilicity 两亲性[一个分子中一部分亲水，另一部分疏水] amphipolyploid 双多倍体amphipolyploidy 双多倍性amphiprotic 两性的amphiregulin 双调蛋白[与EGF家族同源的一种双功能生长调节蛋白]amphitrophy 兼性营养amphivalency 异配现象[用于配位化学]ampholine [商]两性电解质Ampholine[Pharmacia公司商品，可用于等电聚焦]ampholyte 两性物，两性电解质ampholytoid 两性胶体amphoteric character 兼性性质amphoteric characteristics 兼性性质[兼有酸碱性或正负电贺]amphoteric colloid 兼性胶体amphoteric emulsifier 兼性乳化剂，两性乳化剂amphoteric ion 兼性离子amphotericin 两性霉素amphoterics 兼性表面活性剂amphotropic retrovirus 兼嗜性逆转录病毒，双嗜性逆转录病毒[既能在宿主细胞又能在异种细胞上引起产毒性感染]ampicillin 氨苄青霉素amplicon 扩增子amplification 扩增amplimer 扩增引物ampoule 安瓿瓶amycin 阿霉素amygdalin 扁桃苷，苦杏仁苷amylase 淀粉酶[包括糖化酶和麦芽糖化酶]amylin 糊精amylo process 阿明露法，淀粉发酵法，霉菌糖化法[由根酶及酵母菌同时生长糖化，发酵生产酒精]amylodextrin 极限糊精amyloglucosidase 淀粉葡糖苷酶amyloid protein precursor 淀粉样蛋白前体amyloid ring 淀粉质环amylolytic activity 淀粉分解活性amylopectin 支链淀粉amyloplast 造粉（质）体amyloplastid 造粉粒amylose 直链淀粉anabolism 合成代谢anaerobe 厌氧菌[缺乏超氧化物岐化酶，须在无氧或低氧化还原电势的条件下才能正常生长繁殖的微生物]anaerobic bacteria 厌氧细菌anaerobic chamber 厌氧培养室anaerobic contact digestor 厌氧接触（型）消化器anaerobic cultivation 厌氧培养anaerobic digestion 厌氧消化anaerobic fermentation 厌氧发酵anaerobic filter system 厌氧过滤系统anaerobic membrane bioreactor 厌氧膜生物反应器anaerobiosis 厌氧生活，无氧生活anaerogen 不产气菌anaeroic digestor 厌氧消化器analgesic 止痛药analgesis 镇痛analog 类似物analogous 类似的，模拟的analogous organ 同功器官analogous protein 类似蛋白质[有时特指由趋同进化而产生的相似蛋白] analogue 类似物analogy 模拟，类似analogy model 模拟模型analyte 分析物analytical 分析的analytical chromatography 分析型层析analytical column 分析柱analytical reagent 分析纯试剂anaphase [细胞分裂]后期anaphylactic 过敏性的anaphylactic reaction 过敏反应anaphylatoxin 过敏毒素anaphylaxis 过敏性，过敏（反应）anaplerotic reaction 添补反应anastral mitosis 无星有丝分裂ancestor 祖先，始祖ancestry 祖先，始祖anchimeric assistance 邻助作用anchor 锚anchor catalyst 锚定催化剂anchor primer 锚定引物anchorage 固着，锚定anchored PCR 锚式聚合酶链（式）反应，锚式PCRanchorin 锚定蛋白anchoring 锚着，锚定ancovenin 血管紧张肽转化酶抑制肽androcyte 雄（母）细胞androecium 雄蕊群androgamete 雄配子androgen 雄激素androgen binding protein 雄激素结合蛋白androgenesis 孤雄发育，单雄生殖，雄核发育androgenetic parthenogenesis 产雄孤雌生殖androgonium 雄原细胞androgynism 雌雄同柱，雌雄同体andromedotoxin 梫木毒素andrometoxin 雄核卵块发育androplasm 雄质androsome 限雄染色体androspore 产雄孢子；小孢子androsterone 雄酮anemia 贫血anemoentomophily 风虫媒anemophilous flower 风媒花anemophilous plant 风媒植物anemophilous pollination 风媒传粉anemophily 风媒anergy 无反应性[用于细胞免疫学] anesthesia 麻醉aneucentric chromosome 非单着丝粒染色体aneuhaploid 非整倍单倍体aneuhaploidy 非整倍单倍性aneuploid 非整倍性aneuploid cell line 非整倍体细胞系aneuploidy 非整倍性angiogenesis factor 血管生成因子angiogenin 血管生成素angioplasty 血管成形术[可用于基因转移] angiosperm 被子植物angiotensin 血管紧张肽angiotensinase 血管紧张肽酶angiotensinogen 血管紧张肽原angle rotor 角转头angstrom 埃anguidin 蛇形毒素angular methyl 角甲基anhydrase 脱水酶anhydride 酸酐anhydrous 无水的anhydrous acetonitrile 无水乙腈aniline 苯胺aniline blue 苯胺蓝animal cell line 动物细胞系anion 阴离子anion base 阴离子碱anion channel 阴离子通道anion respiration 阴离子呼吸anionic acid 阴离子酸anionic detergent 阴离子（型）去污剂anisodamine 山莨菪anisodine 樟柳碱anisogamete 异型配子anisogamy 异配生殖anisol 苯甲醚anisomorphic DNA 异形DNAanisomycin 茴香霉素anisopolyploid 奇（数）多倍体anisospore 异形孢子anisotropic 各向异性的anisotropic membrane 各向异性膜anisotropy 各向异性[物理参数随方向的变化而变化]anitbacterial immunization 抗（细）菌免疫ankyrin 锚蛋白ankyrin repeat 锚蛋白重复序列anlage 原基annealing 退火Annelita 环节动物门annexin 膜联蛋白[一类被钙离子活化后可与膜磷脂结合的蛋白，参与膜转运及膜表面其他一系列依赖于钙调蛋白的活动，分为I II III等多种。
《生物化学》重要术语中英语对照
《生物化学》重要术语中英语对照碳水化合物（carbohydrate）单糖（monosaccharide）寡糖（oligosaccharide）多糖（polysaccharide）醛糖（aldose）酮糖（ketose）蔗糖（sucrose）乳糖（lactose）麦芽糖（maltose）纤维二糖（cellobiose）多糖（polysaccharides）淀粉（starch）直链淀粉（amylose）支链淀粉（amylopectin）纤维素（cellulose）半纤维素（hemicellulose）糖原（glycogen）几丁质（chitin）糖胺聚糖（glycosaminolgycan）脂类（lipids）脂肪酸（fatty acid）甘油三酯（glycerol triester）亲水脂类（amphipathic lipids）蜡（wax）磷酸甘油脂（phosphoglyceride）甘油磷脂（glycerophospholipid）磷脂酰胆碱（phosphatidylcholine）磷脂酰乙醇胺（phosphatidylethanolamine）磷脂酰丝氨酸（phoshatidylserine）磷脂酰肌醇（phosphatidylinositol, PI）肌醇三磷酸（inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate，IP3）二脂酰甘油（diacylglycerol，DAG）磷脂酸（phosphatidic acid，PA）磷脂酶A2（phospholipase A2，PLA2）磷脂酶C（phospholipase C，PLC）磷脂酶D（phospholipase D，PLD）溶血磷脂(1ysophospholipid)鞘磷脂（sphingomyelin）神经酰胺（ceramide）类固醇（steroids）萜类（terpenes）胆固醇（cholesterol）麦角固醇（ergosterol）蛋白质protein简单蛋白质simple protein氨基酸amino acid结合蛋白质conjugated protein多肽polypeptide肽peptide肽键peptide bond介电常数dielectric constant范德华力van der waals force层析法chromatography吸附层析法adsorption chromatography分配系数partition or distribution confficient活性肽active peptide二硫键disulfide bond兼性离子zwitterion一级结构primary structure疏水效应hydrophobic effectSDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳SDS-PAGE毛细管电泳（capillary eletrophoresis, CE）离子交换层析ion exchange chromatography 同源蛋白homologous protein构象conformation构象角conformatiomal angle糖脂（glycolipid）糖基甘油酯（glycosylglyceride）鞘糖脂（glycosphingolipid）脑苷脂（cerebroside）N-乙酰神经氨酸（N-acetylneuraminic acid）神经节苷脂（ganglioside）硫酸脑苷脂（cerebroside sulfate）糖蛋白（glycoproteins）蛋白聚糖（proteoglycans）生物膜（biomembrane）膜脂（membrane lipids）膜蛋白（membrane proteins）脂质双层分子（lipid bilayers）外周蛋白（peripheral protein）外源性（extrinsic protein）内在蛋白（integral protein）内源性蛋白（intrinsic protein）跨膜蛋白（transmembrane proteins）流动镶嵌模型（fluid mosaic model）简单扩散（simple diffusion）协助扩散（facilitated diffusion）被动运输（passive transport）主动运输（active transport）介导性运输（mediated transport）非介导性运输（nonmediated transport）载体蛋白（carrier protein）通道蛋白（channel protein）离子通道（ionic channel）离子载体（ionophore）内吞作用（endocytosis）胞饮作用”（pinocytosis）外排作用（exocytosis）基团转移（group translocation）脂蛋白（lipoprotein）染色体（chromosome）染色质（chromatin）组蛋白（histone）核小体（nucleosome）病毒（virus）噬菌体（bacteriophage或简称phage）变性denaturation沉降系数（S）Svedberg(S)抗体antibody亲和层析法affinity chromatography 盐溶salting in盐析salting out二级结构secondary structure三级结构tertiary structureα-螺旋α-helix超二级结构super-secondaery structure 结构域structure domain氢键hydrogen bend疏水相互作用hydrophoblic interaction 肌红蛋白myoglobin寡聚蛋白质oligomeric protein无规则卷曲randon coil复性renaturation镰刀状细胞贫血病sickle-cell anermia 酶（enzyme）酶的专一性（specificity）单体酶（monomeric enzyme）寡聚酶（oligomeric enzyme）多酶复合体系（multienzyme system）酶活性中心（active center of enzyme）催化基团（catalytic site）酶原（zymogen or proenzyme）诱导契合（induced-fit theory）抗体酶（abzyme）酸碱催化（acid-base catalysis）共价催化(covalent catalysis)激活剂（activator）抑制剂（inhibitor）可逆抑制（reversible inhibition）竞争性抑制作用（competitive inhibition）非竞争性抑制作用（noncompetitive inhibition）调节酶（modulator）别构酶（allosteric enzyme）同配位效应（isosteric effect）变构效应（allosteric effect）变构激活（allosteric activation ）正协同效应（positive cooperative effect）负协同效应（negative cooperative effect）效应物（effector）维生素（vitamin）维生素缺少症（avitaminosis）调节中心（regulatory center）催化亚基（catalytic subunit）调节亚基（regulatory subunit）诱导酶（induced enzyme）结构酶（structural enzyme）核酶（ribozyme）辅酶（coenzyme）比活力（specific activity）脱氧核酶（deoxyribozyme）酶工程（enzyme engineering）酶纯度（purity of enzyme）酶活力（enzyme activity）α-淀粉酶（α-amylase）β-淀粉酶（β-amylase）脱支酶（debranching enzyme）淀粉的磷酸化酶（amylophosphorylase）糖酵解（glycolysis）三羧酸循环（tricarboxylic acid cycle，TCA）磷酸戊糖途径（pentose phosphate pathway，PPP）生物氧化（biological oxidation）烟酰胺脱氢酶类（nicotinamide dehydrogenase）黄素脱氢酶类（flavin dehydrogenase）铁硫蛋白类（iron-sulfur protein）泛醌（ubiquinone）细胞色素类（cytochromes）细胞色素氧化酶（cytochromeoxidase）鱼藤酮（rotenone）安密妥（amytal）杀粉蝶菌素（piericidine）抗霉素A（antimycin A）底物水平磷酸化（substrate-level phosphorylation）氧化磷酸化（oxidative phosphorylation）化学渗透假说（chemiosmotic coupling hypothesis）化学偶联假说（chemical coupling hypothesis）构象偶联假说（conformational coupling hypothesis）甘油-磷酸穿梭途径（glycerophosphate shuttle）苹果酸-天冬氨酸穿梭途径（malate- aspartate shuttle）异柠檬酸穿梭途径（isocitrate shuttle）能荷（energy charge）肉碱（肉毒碱，carnitine）乙醛酸体（乙醛酸循环体，glyoxysome）乙醛酸循环（glyoxylate cycle）酮体（ketone bodies）饱和脂肪酸的从头合成（de novo synthesis）谷氨酸脱氢酶（glutamate dehydrogenase, GDH）转氨基作用（transamination）转氨酶（transaminase）磷酸吡哆醛（pyridoxal phosphate，PLP）谷丙转氨酶（glutamic pyruvic transaminase，GPT或alanine transaminase，ALT）谷草转氨酶（glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase，GOT或aspartate transaminase，AST）γ-谷氨酰-半胱氨酸合成酶（γ-glutamyl systeine synthetase，γ-ECS）谷胱甘肽（glutathione）谷胱甘肽合成酶（glutathione synthetase）生物固氮（biological nitrogen fixation）固氮酶（nitrogenase）自身固氮微生物（diazatrophs）共生固氮微生物（symbiotic microorganism）硝酸还原酶（nitrate reductase，NR）亚硝酸还原酶（nitrite reductase，NiR）谷氨酸合酶（glutamate: oxo-glutarate aminotransferase，GOGA T）谷氨酰胺合成酶（glutamine synthetase，GS）腺苷-5'-磷酸硫酸酐（adenosine-5'-phosphosulfate，APS）3'-磷酸腺酐-5'-磷酰硫酸（3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate，PAPS）5-磷酸核糖焦磷酸（phosphoribosyl pyrophosphaet，PRPP）天冬氨酸转氨甲酰酶（aspartate trsnscarbamoy lase）腺嘌呤磷酸核糖转移酶（adenine phosphoribosyl fransferase，APRT）黄嘌呤-鸟嘌呤磷酸核糖转移酶（hypoxanthineguanine phosphoribosyl transferase，HGPRT）谷胱甘肽还原酶（glutathione reductase，GR）谷氧还蛋白（glutaredoxin）谷氧还蛋白还原酶（glutaredoxin reductase）胸腺嘧啶核苷酸合酶（thymidylate synthase）DNA复制（DNA replication）中心法则（central dogma）冈崎片段（Okazaki fragement）前导链（leading strand）滞后链（lagging strand）引物（primer）复制叉（replication fork）半保留式复制（semiconservative replication）模板（template）反转录（reverse transcription）转换（transition）颠换（transversion）错配修复（mismatch repair）核苷酸切除修复（nucleotide excision repair）碱基切除修复（base excision repair）同源重组（homologous recombination）特异性重组（site-specific recombination）转座子（transposon）启动子（promoter）限制性内切酶（restriction endonuclease ）修饰（modification）单链结合蛋白（single stranded binding proteins, SSB）遗传密码（genetic code）读码框架（reading frame）移码突变（frame-shift mutation）简并性（degeneracy）同义密码子（synonymous codon）起始密码子（initiatlon codon）终止密码子（termination codon）摆动假说（wobble hypothesis)同功受体tRNA（isoaccepting tRNA）反密码子（anticodon）多核糖体（polyribisome）氨酰-tRNA合成酶（aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase）Shine –Dalgarno序列（Shine –Dalgarno sequence）起始因子（initiation factor）延伸因子（elongation factor）释放因子（release factor）转肽（transpeptidation）移位（translocation）分子伴侣（molecular chapeones）共翻译转移（co-translational translocation）翻译后转移（post-translational translocation）信号肽（signal sequence）信号识别颗粒（signal recognition particle SPR）代谢（metabolism）代谢调节（metabolic regulation）共价修饰（covalent modification）反馈抑制（feedback inhibition）操纵子模型（operon model）衰减作用（attenuation）级联放大作用（amplification cascade）变（别）构效应（allosteric effect）诱导和阻遏（induction and repression）蛋白激酶C （protein kinase C，PKC）第二信使（second messenger）受体（receptor）G 蛋白（guanosine triphosphate-binding protein）信号转导（signal transduction）钙调素（calmodulin，CaM）磷酯酶（phospholipase C，PLC）。
生物化学与分子生物学名词中英文对照表
autophosphorylation
自身磷酸化
protein phosphatase
蛋白磷酸酶
cross talk
交联对话
生物化学
1章random coil
无规卷曲
threonine
苏氨酸
motif
模体
valine
缬氨酸
zincfinger
锌指结构
leucine
亮氨酸
chaperon
尿嘧啶
thymine（T）
胸腺嘧啶
phosphodiester linkage
磷酸二酯键
nucleosome
核小体
ribosome
核糖体
hybridization
杂交
geneticcode
遗传密码
double helix
双螺旋
supercoil
超螺旋
probe
探针
ribosomal RNA（rRNA）
切除修复
recombination repairing
重组修复
reverse transcriptase
逆转录酶
integration
整合
ribozyme
核酶
DNA dependent RNA polymerase
依赖DNA的RNA聚合酶
coding strand
编码链
template strand
组成性基因表达
induction
诱导
repression
阻遏
operator
操纵序列
cis-acting element
顺式作用元件
trans—acting factor
生物化学之中英文对应
生物化学之中英文对应1、SMSM 甲基亚黄酰甲基钠；2、DMSO 二甲亚砜；3、KDO 2-酮-3-脱氧辛糖酸；4、Fru 果糖；5、Gal 半乳糖；1、Glc 葡萄糖；2、Man 甘露糖；3、GlcN 葡萄铵；4、GalNAc N-乙酰半乳糖铵；5、GlcANc N-乙酰葡萄铵；NAG N-乙酰葡萄铵；1、MurNAc N-乙酰胞壁酸；NAM N-乙酰葡萄铵；2、Neu 神经氨酸；3、Sia 唾液酸；4、RE 还原端；5、NRE 非还原端；1、meso-DPA 内消旋-2,6-二氨基庚酸；2、ECM 胞外基质；3、CAM 细胞黏着分子；4、HEV 淋巴结高内皮微静脉5、t-PA 组织型纤维酶原激活剂；1、RNasw 牛核糖核酸酶；2、FSH 促卵泡激素；3、LH 促黄体生成激素；4、TSH 促甲状腺激素；5、EPO 肾脏红细胞生成素；1、CRD 糖类识别域2、Con A 伴刀豆凝集素A3、LM-1 L-选择蛋白4、ELAM-1 E-选择蛋白；5、PAD或GEM P-选择蛋白；1、EGF 表皮生长因子域；2、CR 补体调节域；3、TMD 跨膜域；4、IL-1 白细胞介素1；5、GAG 糖胺聚糖；1、HA 透明质酸；2、CS 硫酸软骨素；3、DS 硫酸皮肤素；4、L-IdoUA 艾杜糖醛酸；5、KS 硫酸角质素；1、HS 硫酸乙酰肝素；2、Hp 肝素；3、PG 蛋白聚糖；4、KSPG 硫酸角质素蛋白聚糖；5、 HABR 透明质酸结合区；1、GPC 凝胶渗透层析；2、HPLC 高效液相色谱；3、HPAEC-PAD配有脉冲电流检测器的高效阴离子交换色谱；4、Con A-Sepharose B固定化伴刀豆凝集素A的亲和柱；1、GLC 气液色谱；2、GC-MS 气谱-质谱联用；3、IR 红外光谱；4、MS 质谱；5、NMR 核磁共振；1、FAB 快速原子轰击；1、PIP2磷脂酰基醇-4,5-二磷酸；2、FA 脂肪酸；3、saturated FA 饱和脂肪酸；4、cis 顺式；5、trans 反式；1、SDS 十二烷基硫酸钠；2、PUFA 多不饱和脂肪酸；3、EPA 二十碳五烯酸；4、DHA 二十二碳六烯酸；5、cGMP 3’-5’-环鸟苷酸；1、PG 前列腺素；2、TX 凝血烷；3、LT 白三烯；4、LTA45,6 环氧化物；5、LTB45,12-二羟衍生物；1、TG 三酰甘油；2、IUPAC国际纯化学及应用化学联合会；3、IUB 国际生物化学联合会；4、sn-系统立体专一编号；5、BHT 丁化羟基甲苯；1、XO 黄嘌呤氧化酶；2、.OH 羟基自由基；3、LOO. 脂质过氧化基；4、MDA 丙二醛；5、TBA 硫代巴比妥酸；1、AS 动脉粥样硬化；2、SOD 超氧化物歧化酶；3、 GSHPX 谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶；4、PIP 磷脂酰肌醇-4-磷酸；5、PI3肌醇-1,4,5-三磷酸；1、DAG 1,2-二酰甘油；2、PAF 血小板活化因子；3、Cer 神经酰胺；4、VLDL 极低密度脂蛋白；5、IDL 中间密度脂蛋白；1、LDL 低密度脂蛋白；2、HDL 高密度脂蛋白3、TLC 薄层层析；4、DNS 丹磺酰氯；全称：5-二甲基氨基萘-1-黄酰氯；1、DNFB或FDNB（Sanger 试剂）2,4-二硝基氯苯；2、PITC（Edman试剂）苯异硫氰酸酯；3、PTC 苯氨基硫甲酰；4、PTH 苯乙内酰硫脲；5、DTNB 二硫硝基苯甲酸；1、DTT 二硫苏糖醇；2、OD 光密度；3、TMS 四甲基硅；4、K eff 有效分配系数；5、TMV 烟草花叶病毒；1、GSH 还原型谷胱甘肽；2、PDITC（DITC）对苯二异硫氰酸；3、ATZ 噻唑啉酮苯胺；4、ESI 电喷射电离；5、cDNA 互补DNA；1、DCC N-N’-二环己基二亚胺；2、ORD 旋光色散；3、CD 圆二色性；4、211页5、1、LMM 轻酶解肌球蛋白；2、HMM 重酶解肌球蛋白；3、HiPIP 高氧还势鉄蛋白；4、PDB 蛋白质晶体结构数据库；5、BPG 2,3-二磷酸甘油酸；1、ACD 酸性柠檬酸葡萄糖；2、Hb S 血红蛋白S；3、MHC 主要组织相容性复合物；4、CD 分化簇‘5、HIV 人免疫缺损病毒；1、ELISA 酶联免疫吸附测定；2、s 沉降系数；3、PAGE 聚丙烯凝胶电泳；4、CE 毛细管电泳；5、IEF 等电聚焦；1、EF 电聚焦；2、FPLC 快速蛋白质液相层析；3、TN 转换数；4、IPTG 异丙基硫代-B-D-半乳糖苷；5、U 酶活力单位；1、HK 己糖激酶；2、HDV 丁型肝炎病毒；3、VS 链孢霉线粒体；4、PNPPC 对硝基苯酚磷酸胆碱酯；5、K cat催化常数；1、TLCK 对甲苯磺酰-L-赖氨酸氯甲酮；2、EDTA 乙二胺四乙酸；3、TPCK 对甲苯磺酰-L-苯丙氨酰氯甲基酮；4、TPE 对甲苯磺酰-L-苯丙氨酸乙酯；1、AIDS 获得性免疫缺陷综合征；2、ATCase 天冬氨酸；3、WMC模型协同模型；4、KNF模型序变模型；5、PKA cAMP依耐性蛋白激酶；1、PKG cGMP依耐性蛋白激酶；2、PKC 磷脂依耐的蛋白激酶；3、PhK 磷酸化酶激酶；4、PTK 蛋白络氨酸激酶；5、LDH 乳酸脱氢酶；1、AK 天冬氨酸激酶；2、DBP 维生素D结合蛋白；3、ALA 4394、TPP硫铵素焦磷酸；5、NAD+烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸；1、NADP+烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸磷酸；2、FAD 黄素腺嘌呤二核苷酸；3、FMN 黄素单核苷酸；4、ACP 酰基载体蛋白；5、PLP 磷酸吡哆醛；1、DOPA 3,4-二羟苯丙氨酸；2、BCCP 生物素羧基载体蛋白；3、HETPP 羟乙基-硫铵素焦磷酸；4、GSSG 氧化性谷胱甘肽；5、HbM 高铁血红蛋白；1、RNA 核糖核酸；2、DNA 脱氧核糖核酸；3、HGP 人类基因组计划；4、RNomics RNA组学；5、tRNA 转移核糖核酸；1、rRNA 核糖体核糖核酸；2、mRNA 信使核糖核酸；3、sRNA 小核糖核酸；4、snRNA 核内核糖核酸；5、snoRNA 核仁小核糖核酸；1、scRNA 胞质小核糖核酸；2、PSTV 马铃薯纺锤形块茎类病毒；3、CEV 柑橘裂皮类病毒；4、假尿嘧啶核苷；5、5’-NTP 5’-三磷酸核苷；1、ATP腺苷三磷酸；2、cAMP 3’,5’-环化腺苷酸；3、cGMP 3’,5’-环化鸟苷酸；4、UTR 非翻译区；5、甲基鸟苷三磷酸4851、cccDNA 共价闭环DNA；2、ocDNA 开环DNA；3、L 连环数；4、T 扭转数；5、W 超螺旋数；1、SRP 信号识别颗粒；2、HDV 丁型肝炎病毒；3、DNase 脱氧核糖核酸酶；4、RNase 核糖核酸酶；5、Tm 熔解温度或DNA的熔点；1、DNP 核蛋白；2、DEPC 焦磷酸二乙酯；3、TCA 三氯乙酸；4、DMS 硫酸二乙酯；5、PCR 聚合酶链式反应；1、DMT 二对甲氧三苯甲基；2、7-ACA 7-氨基头孢烷酸；3、TRH 促甲状腺释放激素；4、LPH 脂肪酸释放激素；5、LCSH 促间质细胞素；1、FSH 促卵泡激素；2、LTH催乳激素；3、ACTH 促肾上腺皮质激素；4、CLIP 肾上腺皮质激素样中间态；5、MSH 粗黑素细胞激素；1、MRF 粗黑素细胞激素释放激素；2、粗黑素细胞激素释放抑制激素；3、TRF 促甲状腺激素释放因子；4、LRF 促黄体生成激素释放激素；5、CRF 促肾上腺皮质激素释放因子；1、GRIF 生长激素释放因子；2、CG绒毛膜促性腺激素；3、CaM 钙调蛋白；4、EGF 表皮生长因子；5、NGF 神经生长因子；1、PDGF 血小板生长因子；2、IA或IAA 吲哚乙酸；3、NA 或NAA萘乙酸；4、GA 赤霉素；5、ABA 脱落酸；1、PE 磷脂酰乙醇胺；2、MGDG 单葡萄糖甘油二脂；3、MGalDG 单半乳糖甘油二脂；4、PC 磷脂酰胆碱；5、PS 磷脂酰丝氨酸；1、PG 磷脂酰甘油；2、GPI 糖基磷脂酰肌醇；3、FPR 光致漂白荧光恢复法；4、ADP 腺苷二磷酸；5、GTP UTP CTP1、PTS 磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸转磷酸化酶系统；2、6PG 6-磷酸葡糖酸；3、E4P 赤藓糖-4-磷酸；4、S7P 景天庚酮糖-7-磷酸；5、GAP甘油醛-3-磷酸；1、GAPDH 甘油醛-3-磷酸脱氢酶；2、BPG 二磷酸甘油酸；3、LDH 乳酸脱氢酶；4、TPP硫氨酸焦磷酸；5、PFK2 磷酸果糖激酶2；1、Q 泛醌、辅酶Q；2、复合体1 NADH-Q还原酶；3、复合体2 琥珀酸- Q还原酶；4、复合体3 细胞色素还原酶；5、复合体4 细胞色素氧化酶；1、DCCD 二环己基碳二亚胺；2、HMP 己糖单磷酸途径；3、PEPCK 磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶；4、GLUT 葡萄糖转运蛋白；5、UDP 尿苷二磷酸；1、GDP2、CMP 胞苷酸；3、VSV 1694、UDPG 尿苷二磷酸葡萄糖；5、PP1 蛋白磷酸酶1；1、cAPKs cAMP-依耐性蛋白激酶；2、PE 藻红蛋白；3、PC 藻胆蛋白；4、Q b H2还原醌；5、PS 光系统；1、PQ A质体醌；2、LHC 集光复合体；3、RuBP 核酮糖-1,5-二磷酸；4、OAA 草酰乙酸；5、SER 内质网；1、HMG b-羟-b-甲基戊二酰；2、DHAP 二羟丙酮磷酸；3、HPETEs 5-过氧化二十碳四烯酸；4、CM 乳糜微粒；5、UCDEN 泛肽-连接的降解酶；1、PMP 吡哆胺-5’-磷酸；2、THF 四氢叶酸；3、TMP 三甲氧苄二氨嘧啶；4、Ad 肾上腺素；5、NA 去甲肾上腺素；1、DA 多巴胺；2、GABA 3353、PKU 苯丙酮尿；4、APS 腺嘌呤-5’-磷酸硫酸；5、DAHP 3-脱氧-a-阿拉伯庚酮糖酸；1、NOS 氧化氮合酶；2、ALA 3663、PBG 胆色素原；4、Dna B 解旋酶；5、ORC 起点识别复合物；1、EMS 乙基甲烷磺酸；2、EES 乙基乙烷磺酸；3、NTG 亚硝基胍；4、MG 7-甲基鸟嘌呤；5、RSS 重组信号序列1、Ac-Ds 激活-解离系统；2、Spm 抑制-促进-增变系统；3、Dt 斑点系统；4、UCE 上游控制元件；5、GTF 通用转录因子；1、TBP TATA结合蛋白；2、TAF TBP联结因子；3、CTD C端结构域；4、SRF 血清效应分子；5、STAT 信号转导及转录活化蛋白；1、OCT 八聚体；2、PSE 邻近序列元件；3、cAMP 环腺苷酸；4、CRP 环腺苷酸受体蛋白；5、CAP 降解代谢基因激活蛋白；1、SF 紧密控制因子；2、HTH 螺旋-转角-螺旋3、T3R 甲状腺激素；4、VDR 维生素D；5、RAR 视黄醛；1、RXR 9-顺视黄醛；2、HLH 螺旋-突环-螺旋；3、ZIP 亮氨酸拉链；4、LCR 基因控制区；5、MAR 基质附着位点；1、hnRNA 核内不均一RNA；2、D-RNA 类似DNA的RNA；3、SAM S-腺苷蛋氨酸；4、rDNA rRNA的基因；5、IGS 指导序列；1、EBS 外显子结合位点；2、IBS 内含子结合位点；1、RNP 核糖核蛋白；2、SF 拼接因子；3、SL NA 给出35碱基签到序列的RNA；4、gRNA 指导RNA；5、TUTase 末端尿苷转移酶；1、M1 RNA RNase P 中的RNA ；2、oxyS RNA 氧应力诱导下产生的一种稳定的小RNA；3、RNAi RNA干扰；4、TGS 转录基因沉默；5、PTGS 转录后基因沉默1、A或A2 成熟蛋白；2、LTR 长末端重复序列；3、AZT 叠氮胸苷；4、DDI 双脱氧肌苷；5、RT 逆转录酶1、IN 整合酶；2、7SL-RNA 信号识别颗粒的RNA；3、TMV 烟草花叶病毒；4、SD序列核糖体识别位点；5、IF 起始因子；1、EF 延长因子；2、RF 释放因子；3、RRF核糖体释放因子；4、SRP 信号识别体；5、PCBs 多肽链结合位点；1、FGF 成纤维细胞生长因子；2、CDK 依赖于周期素的蛋白激酶；3、MPF 促M期因子；4、DBRP 销毁序列识别蛋白；5、MAPK 促分裂原活化的蛋白激酶；1、5-mC 5-甲基胞嘧啶；2、6-mA 6-甲基腺嘌呤；3、HAT 组蛋白乙酰基转移酶；4、CAF1 染色质装配因子；5、NAP1 核小体装配因子；1、MT 金属硫蛋白；2、HSTF 热激转录因子；3、CRER cAMP应答元件结合蛋白；4、Mob 牵引蛋白；5、cfu 菌落形成单位；1、AMV 禽成髓细胞性白血病病毒；2、M-MuLV 莫洛尼鼠白血病病毒；3、RAPD 随机扩增DNA多态性；4、CPG可控孔径玻璃微球；5、ARS 自主复制序列；1、YCP 含着丝粒（CEN）的质粒；2、YRP 酵母复制序列；3、YAC 酵母人工染色体；4、Ri 毛根质粒；5、。
生物化学重要术语中英语对照
供学生使用的《生物化学》重要术语中英语对照碳水化合物（carbohydrate）单糖（monosaccharide）寡糖（oligosaccharide）多糖（polysaccharide）醛糖（aldose）酮糖（ketose）蔗糖（sucrose）乳糖（lactose）麦芽糖（maltose）纤维二糖（cellobiose）多糖（polysaccharides）淀粉（starch）直链淀粉（amylose）支链淀粉（amylopectin）纤维素（cellulose）半纤维素（hemicellulose）糖原（glycogen）几丁质（chitin）糖胺聚糖（glycosaminolgycan）脂类（lipids）脂肪酸（fatty acid）甘油三酯（glycerol triester）亲水脂类（amphipathic lipids）蜡（wax）磷酸甘油脂（phosphoglyceride）甘油磷脂（glycerophospholipid）磷脂酰胆碱（phosphatidylcholine）磷脂酰乙醇胺（phosphatidylethanolamine）磷脂酰丝氨酸（phoshatidylserine）磷脂酰肌醇（phosphatidylinositol, PI）肌醇三磷酸（inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate，IP3）二脂酰甘油（diacylglycerol，DAG）磷脂酸（phosphatidic acid，PA）磷脂酶A2（phospholipase A2，PLA2）磷脂酶C（phospholipase C，PLC）磷脂酶D（phospholipase D，PLD）溶血磷脂(1ysophospholipid)鞘磷脂（sphingomyelin）神经酰胺（ceramide）类固醇（steroids）萜类（terpenes）胆固醇（cholesterol）麦角固醇（ergosterol）蛋白质protein简单蛋白质simple protein氨基酸amino acid结合蛋白质conjugated protein多肽polypeptide肽peptide肽键peptide bond介电常数dielectric constant范德华力van der waals force层析法chromatography吸附层析法adsorption chromatography分配系数partition or distribution confficient活性肽active peptide二硫键disulfide bond兼性离子zwitterion一级结构primary structure疏水效应hydrophobic effectSDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳SDS-PAGE毛细管电泳（capillary eletrophoresis, CE）离子交换层析ion exchange chromatography 同源蛋白homologous protein构象conformation构象角conformatiomal angle糖脂（glycolipid）糖基甘油酯（glycosylglyceride）鞘糖脂（glycosphingolipid）脑苷脂（cerebroside）N-乙酰神经氨酸（N-acetylneuraminic acid）神经节苷脂（ganglioside）硫酸脑苷脂（cerebroside sulfate）糖蛋白（glycoproteins）蛋白聚糖（proteoglycans）生物膜（biomembrane）膜脂（membrane lipids）膜蛋白（membrane proteins）脂质双层分子（lipid bilayers）外周蛋白（peripheral protein）外源性（extrinsic protein）内在蛋白（integral protein）内源性蛋白（intrinsic protein）跨膜蛋白（transmembrane proteins）流动镶嵌模型（fluid mosaic model）简单扩散（simple diffusion）协助扩散（facilitated diffusion）被动运输（passive transport）主动运输（active transport）介导性运输（mediated transport）非介导性运输（nonmediated transport）载体蛋白（carrier protein）通道蛋白（channel protein）离子通道（ionic channel）离子载体（ionophore）内吞作用（endocytosis）胞饮作用”（pinocytosis）外排作用（exocytosis）基团转移（group translocation）脂蛋白（lipoprotein）染色体（chromosome）染色质（chromatin）组蛋白（histone）核小体（nucleosome）病毒（virus）噬菌体（bacteriophage或简称phage）变性denaturation沉降系数（S）Svedberg(S)抗体antibody亲和层析法affinity chromatography盐溶salting in盐析salting out二级结构secondary structure三级结构tertiary structureα-螺旋α-helix超二级结构super-secondaery structure 结构域structure domain氢键hydrogen bond疏水相互作用hydrophoblic interaction 肌红蛋白myoglobin寡聚蛋白质oligomeric protein无规则卷曲randon coil复性renaturation镰刀状细胞贫血病sickle-cell anermia 酶（enzyme）酶的专一性（specificity）单体酶（monomeric enzyme）寡聚酶（oligomeric enzyme）多酶复合体系（multienzyme system）酶活性中心（active center of enzyme）催化基团（catalytic site）酶原（zymogen or proenzyme）诱导契合（induced-fit theory）抗体酶（abzyme）酸碱催化（acid-base catalysis）共价催化(covalent catalysis)激活剂（activator）抑制剂（inhibitor）可逆抑制（reversible inhibition）竞争性抑制作用（competitive inhibition）非竞争性抑制作用（noncompetitive inhibition）调节酶（modulator）别构酶（allosteric enzyme）同配位效应（isosteric effect）变构效应（allosteric effect）变构激活（allosteric activation ）正协同效应（positive cooperative effect）负协同效应（negative cooperative effect）效应物（effector）维生素（vitamin）维生素缺少症（avitaminosis）调节中心（regulatory center）催化亚基（catalytic subunit）调节亚基（regulatory subunit）诱导酶（induced enzyme）结构酶（structural enzyme）核酶（ribozyme）辅酶（coenzyme）比活力（specific activity）脱氧核酶（deoxyribozyme）酶工程（enzyme engineering）酶纯度（purity of enzyme）酶活力（enzyme activity）α-淀粉酶（α-amylase）β-淀粉酶（β-amylase）脱支酶（debranching enzyme）淀粉的磷酸化酶（amylophosphorylase）糖酵解（glycolysis）三羧酸循环（tricarboxylic acid cycle，TCA）磷酸戊糖途径（pentose phosphate pathway，PPP）生物氧化（biological oxidation）烟酰胺脱氢酶类（nicotinamide dehydrogenase）黄素脱氢酶类（flavin dehydrogenase）铁硫蛋白类（iron-sulfur protein）泛醌（ubiquinone）细胞色素类（cytochromes）细胞色素氧化酶（cytochromeoxidase）鱼藤酮（rotenone）安密妥（amytal）杀粉蝶菌素（piericidine）抗霉素A（antimycin A）底物水平磷酸化（substrate-level phosphorylation）氧化磷酸化（oxidative phosphorylation）化学渗透假说（chemiosmotic coupling hypothesis）化学偶联假说（chemical coupling hypothesis）构象偶联假说（conformational coupling hypothesis）甘油-磷酸穿梭途径（glycerophosphate shuttle）苹果酸-天冬氨酸穿梭途径（malate- aspartate shuttle）异柠檬酸穿梭途径（isocitrate shuttle）能荷（energy charge）肉碱（肉毒碱，carnitine）乙醛酸体（乙醛酸循环体，glyoxysome）乙醛酸循环（glyoxylate cycle）酮体（ketone bodies）饱和脂肪酸的从头合成（de novo synthesis）谷氨酸脱氢酶（glutamate dehydrogenase, GDH）转氨基作用（transamination）转氨酶（transaminase）磷酸吡哆醛（pyridoxal phosphate，PLP）谷丙转氨酶（glutamic pyruvic transaminase，GPT或alanine transaminase，ALT）谷草转氨酶（glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase，GOT或aspartate transaminase，AST）γ-谷氨酰-半胱氨酸合成酶（γ-glutamyl systeine synthetase，γ-ECS）谷胱甘肽（glutathione）谷胱甘肽合成酶（glutathione synthetase）生物固氮（biological nitrogen fixation）固氮酶（nitrogenase）自身固氮微生物（diazatrophs）共生固氮微生物（symbiotic microorganism）硝酸还原酶（nitrate reductase，NR）亚硝酸还原酶（nitrite reductase，NiR）谷氨酸合酶（glutamate: oxo-glutarate aminotransferase，GOGA T）谷氨酰胺合成酶（glutamine synthetase，GS）腺苷-5'-磷酸硫酸酐（adenosine-5'-phosphosulfate，APS）3'-磷酸腺酐-5'-磷酰硫酸（3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate，PAPS）5-磷酸核糖焦磷酸（phosphoribosyl pyrophosphaet，PRPP）天冬氨酸转氨甲酰酶（aspartate trsnscarbamoy lase）腺嘌呤磷酸核糖转移酶（adenine phosphoribosyl fransferase，APRT）黄嘌呤-鸟嘌呤磷酸核糖转移酶（hypoxanthineguanine phosphoribosyl transferase，HGPRT）谷胱甘肽还原酶（glutathione reductase，GR）谷氧还蛋白（glutaredoxin）谷氧还蛋白还原酶（glutaredoxin reductase）胸腺嘧啶核苷酸合酶（thymidylate synthase）DNA复制（DNA replication）中心法则（central dogma）冈崎片段（Okazaki fragement）前导链（leading strand）滞后链（lagging strand）引物（primer）复制叉（replication fork）半保留式复制（semiconservative replication）模板（template）反转录（reverse transcription）转换（transition）颠换（transversion）错配修复（mismatch repair）核苷酸切除修复（nucleotide excision repair）碱基切除修复（base excision repair）同源重组（homologous recombination）特异性重组（site-specific recombination）转座子（transposon）启动子（promoter）限制性内切酶（restriction endonuclease ）修饰（modification）单链结合蛋白（single stranded binding proteins, SSB）遗传密码（genetic code）读码框架（reading frame）移码突变（frame-shift mutation）简并性（degeneracy）同义密码子（synonymous codon）起始密码子（initiatlon codon）终止密码子（termination codon）摆动假说（wobble hypothesis)同功受体tRNA（isoaccepting tRNA）反密码子（anticodon）多核糖体（polyribisome）氨酰-tRNA合成酶（aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase）Shine –Dalgarno序列（Shine –Dalgarno sequence）起始因子（initiation factor）延伸因子（elongation factor）释放因子（release factor）转肽（transpeptidation）移位（translocation）分子伴侣（molecular chapeones）共翻译转移（co-translational translocation）翻译后转移（post-translational translocation）信号肽（signal sequence）信号识别颗粒（signal recognition particle SPR）代谢（metabolism）代谢调节（metabolic regulation）共价修饰（covalent modification）反馈抑制（feedback inhibition）操纵子模型（operon model）衰减作用（attenuation）级联放大作用（amplification cascade）变（别）构效应（allosteric effect）诱导和阻遏（induction and repression）蛋白激酶C （protein kinase C，PKC）第二信使（second messenger）受体（receptor）G 蛋白（guanosine triphosphate-binding protein）信号转导（signal transduction）钙调素（calmodulin，CaM）磷酯酶（phospholipase C，PLC）。
生物化学常用专业术语中英文对照汇编手册
生物化学常用专业术语中英文对照汇编手册1000字生物化学（Biochemistry）是研究生物体内化学反应的一门科学，生物化学所涉及的专业术语较为专业，往往需要一定的专业背景才能更好地理解。
以下是生物化学常用专业术语的中英文对照汇编手册：1. 蛋白质(Protein)2. 糖(Glucose)3. 赖氨酸(Lysine)4. 脂肪酸(Fatty Acid)5. 核苷酸(Nucleotide)6. 氨基酸(Amino acid)7. 磷酸(Phosphate)8. 酯化(Esterification)9. 质子化(Protonation)10. 非极性(Nonpolar)11. 极性(Polar)12. 激酶(Kinase)13. 烷基化(Alkylation)14. 脱氨反应(Deamination)15. 氧化还原反应(Redox Reaction)16. 立体化学(Stereochemistry)17. 亲水性(Hydrophilicity)18. 亲疏水性(Hydrophobicity)19. 复合物(Complex)20. 磷酸化(Phosphorylation)21. 氧化作用(Oxidation)22. 磷酸二酯酶(Phosphodiesterase)23. 沸点(Boiling Point)24. 极性溶剂(Polar Solvent)25. 亲水基(Hydrophilic Group)26. 缩合作用(Condensation Reaction)27. 慢性疾病(Chronic Disease)28. 氮循环(Nitrogen Cycle)29. 化学平衡(Chemical Equilibrium)30. 盐桥(Salt Bridge)31. 热力学(Thermodynamics)32. 分子生物学(Molecular Biology)33. 氧化酶(Oxidoreductase)34. 无机盐(Inorganic Salt)35. 线粒体(Mitochondria)36. 氨酸序列(Amino Acid Sequence)37. 细胞膜(Cell Membrane)38. 色素(Pigment)39. 光合作用(Photosynthesis)40. 反应机理(Reaction Mechanism)41. 伊那霉素(Inamycin)42. 席夫碱(Swainsonine)43. DNA聚合酶(DNA Polymerase)44. 谷氨酰胺合成酶(Glutamine Synthetase)45. C-末端(C-Terminus)46. 磷酸酶(Phosphatase)47. 糖原合成酶(Glycogen Synthase)48. 细胞应激(Cell Stress)49. 酪蛋白酶(Casein Kinase)50. 组蛋白甲基转移酶(Histone Methyltransferase)51. 酰化(Acetylation)52. 丙酰化(Acrolysation)53. 编码基因(Coding Gene)54. 非编码RNA(Non-Coding RNA)55. 外周蛋白(Peripheral Protein)56. 光度法(Spectrophotometry)57. 鞘糖脂(Sphingolipid)58. 胰高血糖素(Insulin)59. 聚合酶链式反应(PCR)60. 生物发酵(Biofermentation)61. 酶促反应(Enzymatic Reaction)62. 分子动力学(Molecular Dynamics)63. 免疫组化(Immunohistochemistry)64. 旋光度(Specific Rotation)65. 电泳法(Electrophoresis)66. 高压液相色谱法(HPLC)67. 螺旋卷曲(Helical Coiling)68. 光反应(Photoreaction)69. 疏水性交互作用(Hydrophobic Interaction)70. 粉碎(Homogenization)71. 光合体(Photosystem)72. 熟化(Aging)73. 磷酸酰胺合成酶(Phosphoramide Synthetase)74. 水解(Hydrolysis)75. 活体摄像(Live Imaging)76. 液态闪烁计数法(Liquid Scintillation Counting)77. 光合反应(Photosynthetic Reaction)78. 神经元(Neuron)79. 完整核醣体(Ribonucleoprotein)80. 转录因子(Transcription Factor)81. 基因修饰(Gene Modification)82. 核糖体(Ribosome)83. 线粒体DNA(Mitochondrial DNA)84. 生态学(Ecology)85. 分子毒理学(Molecular Toxicology)86. 光化学(Photophysics)87. 糖类代谢(Glycolysis)88. 线粒体膜(Mitochondrial Membrane)89. 运动蛋白(Motor Protein)90. 谷丙转氨酶(Alanine Transaminase)91. 细胞信号传导(Cell Signaling)92. 核酸(Nucleic Acid)93. 羟分子(Hydroxyl Radical)94. 有机溶剂(Organic Solvent)95. 基因表达(Gene Expression)96. DNA复制(DNA Replication)97. 线粒体病(Mitochondrial Disease)98. 同工酶(Isoenzyme)99. 解剖学(Anatomy)100. 脂类代谢(Lipid Metabolism)以上是部分生物化学常用专业术语的中英文对照汇编手册，生物化学涉及面广，其中还有许多其他的专业术语和概念。
生物化学常用专业术语中英文对照汇编手册
绪论（prelude）生物化学biochemistry 激素hormone无机离子inorganic 核苷酸nucleotide生物分子biomolecular 氨基酸amino acid糖carbohydrate 葡萄糖glucose脂lipid 单糖monosaccharide 核酸nucleic acid 双糖disaccharide蛋白质protein 脂肪酸fatty acid维生素vitamin 克隆技术cloning酶enzyme 克隆clone辅酶coenzyme糖类( carbohydrate )糖carbohydrate/saccharide 对映体enanthiomer糖生物学glycobiology 果糖fructose醛糖aldose 半乳糖galactose酮糖ketose 甘露糖mannose单糖monosaccharide 环状结构ring structure 寡/ 低聚糖oligosaccharide 异头物anomer二糖disaccharide不对称碳原子asymmetric三糖trisaccharide atom多糖polysaccharide 投影式Fischer 式复合糖compoud/complex saccharide 透视式Haworth 式链状结构chain structure 椅式构象chain form构型configuration 船式构象boat form构象conformation 旋光性optical activity异构isomerism 比旋光度specific rotationcarbon变旋性mutarotation 甜度sweetness半缩醛hemiacetal 醛糖酸aldonic acid 还原糖reducing sugar 醛糖二酸aldaric acid 糖醛酸uronic acid 糖苷glycoside 糖脎osazone/phenylosazone 糠醛furfural 蒽酮anthroneN-乙酰葡糖胺NAG N-乙酰-胞壁酸NAM 蔗糖sucrose麦芽糖maltose 乳糖lactose 淀粉starch 糖原glycogen 纤维素cellulose 壳多糖（几丁质）chitin 琼脂agar 支链淀粉amylopectin 直链淀粉amylose 肽聚糖peptidoglycan脂质单脂simple lipid 复脂compound lipid 衍生脂质derived lipid粘肽mucopeptide 氨基糖肽glycoaminopeptide 磷壁酸teichoic acid 软骨素4- 或6- 硫chondroitin 4-or 6-sulfate,CS 脂多糖lipopolysaccharide 糖蛋白glycoprotein 透明质酸hyaluronic acid,HA 肝素heparin,HP 蛋白聚糖proteoglycan 硫酸皮肤素dermatan sulfate,DS 硫酸角质素keratan suIfate,KS 核心蛋白core protein 连接蛋白link protein 糖胺聚糖/ 粘多糖glycosaminoglycan/mucopolysaccha ride 胞壁酸muramic acid 神经氨酸neuraminic acid 淀粉酶amylase 糊精odextrin 磷酸化酶phosphrylase 糖肽键glycopeptide linkaglipid ）脂肪酸fatty acid,FA 饱和脂肪酸saturated FA 不饱和脂肪unsaturated FA单不饱和脂肪酸monounsaturated FA 甘油磷酯glycerophospholipid多不饱和脂肪酸polyunsaturated FA 微囊vesicle乳化emulsification 磷脂酶phospholipase微团micelle 磷酸甘油脂phosphoglyceride离子型去污剂( 乳化剂)ionic 鞘氨醇sphingosinedetergent 鞘（氨醇）磷脂sphingomyelin 三脂triester 神经酰胺ceramide甘油glycerol 鞘磷脂sphingomyelinSn 命名法Stereospecific Numbering 糖脂glucolipid/glycolipin酰基甘油acylglycerol 鞘糖脂glycosphingolipid三酰甘油triacylglycerol,TG 必需脂肪酸essential fatty acid甘油三脂triglyceride 蜡wax命名法nomenclature 过氧化作用peroxidation乙酰（化）值/ 价acetylation value 磷脂酰胆碱/ 卵磷脂lecithin酸值/酸价acid value 磷脂酰乙醇胺/ 脑磷脂cephalin 加成反应addition reaction 双磷脂酰甘油/ 心磷脂cardiolipin 碘值/碘价iodine number or value 萜terpene皂化值saponification value 类固醇/ 甾醇steroid磷脂phospholipid 胆固醇cholesterol蛋白质( protein ) 化学蛋白质protein,pr 嗜热菌蛋白酶themolysin蛋白水解酶proteolytic enzyme 氨基酸amino acid,AA蛋白酶proteinase 等电点isoelectric point,pI胰蛋白酶trypsin 标准氨基酸standard amino acid 糜蛋白酶chymotrypsin 甘氨酸glycine,Gly,G胃蛋白酶pepsin 丙氨酸alanine,Ala,A缬氨酸valine,Val,V 亮氨酸lucine,Leu,L 异亮氨酸isoleucine,Ile,I 丝氨酸serine,Ser,S 苏氨酸threonine,Thr,T 半胱氨酸cysteine,Cys,C 甲硫/ 蛋氨酸methionine,Met,M 谷氨酸glutamic acid,Glu,E 谷氨酰胺glutamine,Gln,Q 天冬氨酸aspartic acid,Asp,D 天冬酰胺asparagine,Asn,N 赖氨酸lysine,Lys,K 精氨酸arginine,Arg,R 组氨酸histidine,His,H 脯氨酸proline,Pro,P 苯丙氨酸phenylalanine,Phe,F 色氨酸tryptophan,Trp,W 酪氨酸tyrosine,Tyr,Y 2,4 一二硝基氟苯DNFB 苯异硫氰酸酯PITC 苯硫乙内酰脲AA PTH-AA 坂口反应Sakaguchi 反应乙醛酸反应Hopking-Cole 反应肽键peptide bond 二硫硝基苯甲酸DTNB （Ellman 试剂）谷胱甘肽（GSH ,Glu-Cys-Gly ）肽（链）peptide chain 酚试剂反应Folin-Cioculteu 反应氨肽酶amino peptidase 羧肽酶carboxypeptidase 真正单键pure single bond 二面角dihedral angle 帽化capping 部分双键的性质partial double-bond character一级结构primary structure 二级结构secondary structure 三级结构tertiary structure 四级结构quaternary structure 二级结构元件secondary structrue element 螺旋helixa -螺旋a -Helix疏水作用hydrophobic interaction 范德华力van der Waals forceB -折叠B -pleated sheet亚基/ 亚单位subunit 自由回转/ 无规卷曲random coil 结构域structural domain 次级键（非共价键）noncovalent bond 肌红蛋白myoglobin,Mb 对称性symmetry 超二级结构（花式）Super-secondary structure肽链peptide chain 多肽polypeptide 活性肽active peptide a -角蛋白a -苯氨基硫甲酰AA PTC-AA氢键hydrogen bondkeratin 丝心蛋白fibroin 胶原蛋白collagen 血红蛋白hemoglobin,Hb 别构作用allosteric interaction 别构效应allosteric effect 别构蛋白allostericprotein二磷酸甘油酸BPG 核糖核酸酶ribonuclease, RNaseB -转角B -turn（B -弯曲B -bend, B- 回折或发夹结构hairpin structure）纸层析filter-paper chromatography 离子交换层析ion-exchange columnchromatography简单/纯蛋白质simple protein 缀合蛋白质conjugated protein 纤维状蛋白质fibrous protein 球状蛋白质globularprotein 二硫键disulfide bond 对角线电泳diagonal electrophoresis 氨基酸残基amino acid residues 同源蛋白质homology protein 二面角dihedral angle螺旋帽化helix capping 肌球蛋白myosin 膜周边蛋白peripheral protein 膜内在蛋白antegral protein 脂锚定蛋白Lipid-anchored protein协同效应cooperative effect 变性denaturation十二烷基硫酸钠SDS复性renaturation珠蛋白globin血红素heme紧张态tense state弛态relaxed state镰刀状细胞贫血病sickle-cell anemia免疫球蛋白IgG渗透压osmotic pressure沉降系数sedimentation coefficient 沉降系数单位Svedberg unit,S 凝胶过滤gel filtration 聚丙烯酰胺凝胶ployacrylamide gel酶(er 生物催化剂biocatalyst底物substrate单纯酶simple erzyme 结合酶corjugated erzyme亲水胶体hydrophilic colloid 双电层electric double layer 纯化purificatior 分离isolatior 透析dialysis 密度梯度dersity gradiert 盐溶saltirg ir 盐析saltirg out 电泳electrophoresis 聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳ployacrylamide gel electrophoresis 毛细管电泳capillary electrophoresis 等电聚焦isoelectric focusirg 亲和层析affiritychromatography e) 化学辅因子cofactor 辅酶coerzyme 辅基prostheticgroup 金属离子metal ior变性剂denaturation agent 水化层hydration mantle全酶holierzyme 多酶复合体multierzyme system寡聚酶oligomeric enzyme 单体酶monomeric enzyme 习惯命名法recommended name 国际系统命名法systematic name 酶的专一性/ 特异性enzyme specificity 诱导契合学说induced-fit hypothesis 氧化还原酶oxidoreductases 转移酶transferases 水解酶hydrolases裂合酶lyase异构酶isomerases 合成/ 连接酶ligases 酶促反应enzymatic reaction 酶活力enzyme activity 比活力specific activity 核酶ribozyme 抗体酶abzyme 酶工程enzyme engineering 固体化酶immobilized enzyme 酶促反应动力学kinetics of enzyme-catalyzed reactions 双倒数作图法Lineweaver-Burk 作图法最适温度optimum temperature,Tm 最适pHoptimum pH 活性部位active site 必需基团essential group 抑制剂inhibitor 激活剂activator 效应物effector 别构酶allosteric enzyme 别构调节allosteric regulation 同促效应homotropic effect 异促效应heterotropic effect 天冬氨酸转氨甲酰酶ATCase 酶原zymogen 酶单位enzyme unit 同工酶isoenzyme 共价调节（修饰）酶covalent regulatory enzyme 乳酸脱氢酶LDH 可逆的共价修饰reversible covalent modification维生素（ vitamin ）与辅酶（ coenzyme）视紫红质visual purple视黄醇retinolB -胡萝卜素B -carotine夜盲症nyctalopia视黄醛retinene胆钙化醇（VitaminD3）cholecalciferolV E（生育酚/ 抗不育维生素）tocopherol 麦角钙化醇（Vitamin D2）ergotcalciferol凝血维生素Vitamin K抗神经炎/ 脚气病维生素, 硫胺（素）Vitamin B 1抗癞皮病维生素Vitamin PP硫胺素焦磷酸thiamine pyrophosphate,TPP尼克酸（烟酸）nicotinic acid尼克酰胺（烟酰胺） nicotinamide 转钙化蛋白DBP维生素B2（ VB 2）/ 核黄素riboflavin黄素单核苷酸FMN ,flavin mononucleotide 黄素腺嘌呤二核苷酸FAD,flavinadenine dinucleotid泛酸,VB3（遍多酸）pa ntothe nic acid 辅酶A CoA-SH,coenzyme A酰基载体蛋白ACP, acyl carrier protein维生素B6 （吡哆素）Vitamin B 6吡哆醇pyridoxine吡哆醛pyridoxal吡哆胺pyridoxamine磷酸吡哆醛PLP,pyridoxal-5-phosphate醛亚胺Schiff 碱维生素B12 （钴胺素） cobalamine维生素B7/H（生物素）biotin叶酸folic acid四氢叶酸（辅酶F）FH4/CoF/THF,tetrahydrofolate硫辛酸lipoic acid维生素 C （抗坏血酸） ascorbic acid 尼克酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸（辅酶I ）ni coti namide ade nine)nicotinamideadeninedinucleotide phosphate ，NADP+核酸( nucleic acid ) 化学DNA序列分析DNA Seque ncing 脱氧核糖核酸Deoxyribonucleic acid,DNA核糖核酸Ribonucleic acid, RNA 信使RNA (mRNA) messenger RNA 转运RNA( tRNA) transfer RNA 核糖体RNA (rRNA) ribosome RNA 小RNA sRNA 反义RNA asRNA 胞质小RNA sc RNA 核不均一RNA hnRNA 核内小RNA snRNA 原核生物prokaryote 真核生物eukaryote 人类基因组计划Human Gene Project 质粒plasmid一磷酸腺苷( 腺一磷)AMP,adenosine monophosphate二磷酸腺苷( 腺二磷)ADP, adenosine diphosphate三磷酸腺苷( 腺三磷)ATP,adenosine triphosphate复制replication转录transcription翻译translation逆转录reserve transcription 核苷酸nucleotide核苷nucleoside磷酸phosphate碱基base嘌呤碱purine base嘧啶碱pyrimidine base戊糖amyl sugardinucleotide ，NAD+尼克酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸磷酸( 辅酶染色体chromosome核糖ribose染色质chromatin脱氧核糖deoxyribose腺嘌呤adenine,A鸟嘌呤guanine,G胞嘧cytosine,C胸腺嘧啶thymine,T尿嘧啶uracil,U二氢尿嘧啶DHU3',5 '—环化鸟苷酸cGMP3',5 '—环化腺苷酸cAMP 顺反子cistron 假尿嘧啶核苷pseudouridine DNA双螺旋结构DNA double-helical structure碱基对base pair, bp氢键hydrogen bond碱基堆积base stacking牛胰脱氧核糖核酸酶DNaseI牛脾脱氧核糖核酸酶DNase n熔解温度melting temperature, Tm 变性denaturation 组蛋白histone核小体nucleosome纤维fiber突环loop玫瑰花结rosette染色单体chromatid螺管/ 螺线圈coil氨基酸臂amino acid armD 环（二氢尿嘧啶环） diphydrouracil loop反密码子环anticodon loop可变环（额外环） extra loop核糖核酸酶ribonuclease, RNase牛胰核糖核酸酶RNaseI 脱氧核糖核酸酶deoxyribonuclease,DNase复性reassociation杂交hybridization原位杂交hybridization in situ 促甲状腺激素hormone 激素（ hormone）生长激素growth hormone激素thyrotropic hormone 催乳激素luteotropic 促黄体生长激素luteinizing hormone 促卵泡激素follicle stimulating bormone脂肪酸释放激素lipotropin 催产素oxytocin 加压素vasopressin 促黑素细胞激素malanophore-stimulating hormone 胸腺素thymosin 甲状腺激素thyroxine 三碘甲状腺原氨酸triiodothyronine 降钙素calcitonin 甲状旁腺激素parathormone 肾上腺素adrenaline 去甲肾上腺素noradrenaline 胰高血糖素glucagon 胰岛素insulin 促肠液激素enterocrinin 肠促胰液素secretin 肠抑胃素enterogastrone adrenocorticotropic hormone 促甲酸激素gastrin 绒毛膜粗性腺激素chorionic gonadoreopin 耻骨松弛激素relaxin 瘦素leptin 皮质酮corticosterone 肾上腺雄酮androstenedione 孕酮progesterone 原激素prohormone甲状腺过氧化物酶thyroid peroxidase抗利尿激素antidiuretic hormone 睾酮testosterone 雄酮androsterone 钙调蛋白calmodulin 钙传感器calcium sensors 磷脂酰肌醇phophatidyl inositol 靶蛋白质target protein 癌基因oncogenes 植物生长素auxin 赤霉素gibberellin促肾上腺皮质激素细胞分裂素cytokinin生物膜 ( biomembrane) 的组成与结构间体 mesosome区域化 compartmentation 鞘氨醇 sphingosine 鞘磷脂 sphingomyelin 神经酰胺 ceramide磷脂酸 phosphatidic acid, PA 多态性 polymorphism 双层 bilayer溶血磷脂 lysophospholipid两亲性分子 amphipathic molecule 核磁共振 NMR 脂质体 liposome半乳糖脑苷脂 galactocerebroside 去垢剂 detergent 微团 micelle非双层脂 non-bilayer lipid 非 双 层 脂 结 构 non-bilayer lipid 磷脂酰乙醇胺 phosphatidylethanolamine, PE 磷脂酰胆碱 phosphatidylcholine, PC 磷脂酰甘油 phosphatidylglycerol, PG磷脂酰丝氨酸 phosphatidylserine, PS膜骨架 membrane skeleton 血影蛋白 spectrin 糖蛋白 glycoprotein 豆蔻酸 myristic acid乙酰胆碱酯酶 acetylcholinesterase 蛋白质复合物 glycocalyx 细胞外壳 cell coat 单葡萄糖甘油二脂 monoglucsyldiglyceride,MGDG 运动性 mobility胞吞/ 内吞 endocytosisstructure保幼激素 juvenile hormone 激动素 kinetin 脱落酸 abscisic acid性外激素 sexpheromone 蜕皮激素 molting hormone偏转gauche 单位膜unit membrance全反式all trans 微区domain糖基磷脂酰肌醇分相phase separation荧光素fluorescein glycosylphosphatidylinositol,GPI心磷脂( 双磷脂酰甘油) cardiolipin(diphosphatidylglycerol) 光致漂白荧光恢复法Fluorescence Photobleaching Recovery , FPR 生物氧化( Biological Oxidation)肌酸激酶Creatine kinase 安密妥amytal磷酸肌酸Creati ne phosphofate 解偶联剂uncouplers生物氧化Biological Oxidation 超氧化物歧化酶superoxidedismutase氧化磷酸化oxidativephosphorylation 过氧化氢酶catalase呼吸链respiratory chain 过氧化物酶peroxidaseNADH-QS 原酶NADH-Q reductase 高能键high-energy bond琥珀酸-Q 还原酶succinate-Q 乙酰磷酸acetyl phosphatereductase1,3-2 磷酸甘油细胞还原酶cytochrome reductase 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate细胞色素氧化酶cytochrome oxidase 氨甲酰磷酸carbamyl phosphate鱼藤酮rotenone 酰基腺苷酸acyl adenylateATP合酶ATPsynthase 氨酰腺苷酸aminoacyl adenylate电动势electromotive force 焦磷酸Pyrophosphate二磷酸腺苷adenosine diphosphate 辅酶Qcoenzyme-Q磷酸烯醇式丙酮phosphoenolpyruvate酰基辅酶 A acyl coenzyme A 果糖-6- 磷酸fructose 6-phosphate 腺苷三磷酸adenosine triphosphate 磷酸精氨酸phosphoarginine 甘油-3 磷酸glycerol 3-Phosphate 腺苷酸激酶adenylate kinase糖代谢( glycometabolism )糖酵解glycolysis/Embden Meyerhof Parnas葡糖-6- 磷酸glucosamine-6-phosphate葡糖-6- 磷酸内酯6-phosphogluconolactone内酯酶lactonase核酮糖-5- 磷酸ribulose-5-diphophate葡糖-6- 磷酸脱氢酶6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase 葡糖酸-6- 磷酸6-phosphogluconate 脱支酶debranching enzyme 糖原合酶glycogen synthase 糖原引物primer 己糖激酶hexokinase醛缩酶aldolase尿苷二磷酸葡萄糖( uridine diphosphate glucose , UDPG ) 磷酸葡萄糖异构酶glucosephosphate isomerase 磷酸果糖激酶phosphofructokinase 磷酸丙糖异构酶triosephosphofructokinase 磷酸甘油酸激酶phosphoglycerate kinase磷酸甘油酸变位酶phosphoglyceromutase烯醇化酶enolase丙酮酸激酶pyruvate kinase乳酸脱氢酶lactate dehydrogenase发酵fermentation 丙酮酸脱羧酶pyruvate decaboxylase乙醇脱氢酶alcohol dehydrogenase二羟丙酮磷酸dihydroxyacetone phosphate甘油醛-3- 磷酸glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate3- 磷酸甘油酸3-phosphoglycerate 丙酮酸pyruvate果糖-2 ，6- 二磷酸fructose2,6-bisphosphate 五碳糖磷酸途径pentose phosphate pathway果糖激酶fructokinase果糖-1- 磷酸醛缩酶fructose-1-phosphate aldolase 甘油醛激酶glyceraldehyde kinase 甘油激酶glycerol kinase 半乳糖galactose 半乳糖激酶galactolinase 半乳糖出醇galactitol 丙酮酸脱氢酶复合体pyruvatedehydrogenase complex 磷酸甘露糖异构酶phosphomannose isomerase硫胺素焦磷酸thiamine pyrophosphate硫辛酰胺lipoamide 黄素腺嘌呤二核苷酸flavin adenine dinucleotide 二氢硫辛酰转乙酰基酶dihydrolipoyl transacetylase 二氢硫辛酸脱氢酶dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase柠檬酸合酶citrate synthase 乌头酸酶aconitase 异柠檬酸脱氢酶isocitrate dehydrogenase琥珀酰-CoA 合成酶succinyl-CoA synthetase琥珀酸脱氢酶succinate dehydrogenase延胡索酸酶fumarase苹果酸脱氢酶malate dehydrogenase 草酰乙酸oxaloacetate 异柠檬酸裂解酶isocitate lyase 丙酮酸羧化酶pyruvate carboxylase 戊糖磷酸途径pentose phosphate pathway己糖单磷酸途径hexosemonophosphate pathway pyrophosphorylase戊糖磷酸循环pentose phosphate cycle磷酸戊糖酸phosphopentonic acid磷酸己糖酸phosphohexonic acid景天庚酮糖sedoheptulose核糖ribose脱氧核糖deoxyribose核酮糖ribulose磷酸葡糖酸氧化途径phosphogluconate oxidative pathway核酮糖-5- 磷酸ribulose-5-phosphate核糖-5- 磷酸ribose-5-phosphate 木酮糖-5- 磷酸xylulose-5-phosphate 转醛酶transaldolase 葡糖异生gluconeogenesisUDP-葡糖焦磷酸化酶UDP-glucose 乙醛酸途径glyoxylate pathway 异柠檬酸裂合酶isocitrate lyase 苹果酸合酶malate synthase 糖原的降解glycogen breakdown 糖原磷酸化酶glycogen phosphorylase糖原脱支酶glycogen debranching enzyme磷酸葡萄糖变位酶phosphoglucomutase糖原合酶glycogen synthase糖原分支酶glycogen branching enzyme丙酮酸脱氢酶组分pyruvate dehydrogenase component 磷酸甘油醛脱氢酶glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenasea -酮戊二酸脱氢酶复合体a -ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex脂代谢( lipometabolism )硫酯键thioester link 脂酰辅酶 A 合酶acyl-CoA脂肪酸硫激酶 1 fatty acidthiokinase脂酰腺苷酸混合酸酐acyladenylate mixed andydride无机焦磷酸酶inorganicpyrophosphatase肉碱carnitine肉碱- 脂酰转移酶I caunitine acyltransferase I肉碱移位酶carnitine translocaseN-苯乙酰甘氨酸phenylaceturic acidN-苯甲酰甘氨酸hippuric acidB - 羟酰-ACP 脱水酶B -hydrdoxyacyl-ACP dehydraseB - 氧化B -oxidation活化activation氧化oxidation水合hydration断裂cleavage硫激酶thiokinase脂酰-CoA 合酶acyl CoA synthase烯酰-CoA水合酶enoyl CoAhydratase B - 酮硫解酶B -keto-thiolase电子传递黄素蛋白electron-transfer flavoprotein 泛醌氧化还原酶ubiquinone oxidoreductase烯酰-CoA异构酶isomerase甲基丙二酰-CoA 消旋酶methylmalonyl-CoA racemase甲基丙二酰-CoA 变位酶methylmalonyl-CoA mutase 单加氧酶monooxygenase 酮体ketone body乙酰乙酸acetoacetateHMG-Co裂解酶HMG-CoA lyase 丙二酰-CoA malonyl-CoA 生物素羧化酶biotin carboxylase 转羧酶trans carboxylase 生物胞素biocytin 酰基载体蛋白acyl carrier protein 磷酸泛醌巯基乙胺phosphopantetheine硫辛酰赖氨酸臂lipoyl lysine arm 软脂酰-ACP硫脂酶palmitoy-ACP thioesteraseB - 酮酰-ACP 合酶B -ACP-ketoacyl-ACP synthase缩合condensation还原reductionB - 酮酰ACP 还原酶B -toacylACPreductase脱水dehydration烯酰-ACP还原酶enyl-ACP reductase 软脂酰-ACP 硫酯酶palmitoyl thioesterase脂肪酰-CoA去饱和酶fatty acyl-CoA desaturase亚油酸linoleic acid亚麻酸linoleuic acid必需脂肪酸essential fatty acid混合功能氧化酶mixed-function oxidase脂酰甘油acyl glycerols甘油-3- 磷酸glucerol 3-phosphate 磷脂酸phosphatidic 甘油磷脂glycerophospholipids 磷脂酰乙醇胺phosphatidylethanolamine 磷脂酰甘油phosphatidyl glycerol二磷脂酰甘油diphosphatidyl glycerolCDP二脂酰甘油CDP-diacylglycerol5'- 胞苷二磷酸cytidine diphosphate 尿苷二磷酸uridine diphosphate 共底物cosubstrate二羟丙酮磷酸dihydroxyacetone phosphate鞘磷脂sphingolipids鞘糖脂glycosphingolipid 缩醛磷脂plasmalogen 胆固醇cholesterol 类固醇steroids类固醇激素steroid hormines 胆汁酸bile acids 麦角固醇ergosterol 甲羟戊酸mevalonic acid 蛋白磷酸酶proteinphosphatases三羧酸转运体系tricarboxylate transport systemD-B - 羟丁酸脱氢酶D-B -hudoxybutyrate dehydogenase丙二酸单酰-CoA-ACP 转酰酶malonyl-CoA-ACP transacetylase 蛋白质代谢 ( protein metabolism )细胞溶胶cytosolically组织蛋白酶cathepsins抗蛋白酶antipain泛肽ubiguitin泛肽- 蛋白连接酶ubiquitin-protein ligase多胺polyamine鸟氨酸脱羧酶ornithine decarboxylase丝氨酸脱氢酶serine dehydrogenase 色氨酸氧化酶tryptophan oxygenase 酪氨酸氨基转移酶tyrosin aminotransferase氨基转移酶aminotrandferase氧化脱氨基作用oxidative deamination吡哆醛-5' - 磷酸pyridoxal- 5' -phosphate吡哆醇pyridoxine 吡哆胺磷酸pyridoxamine phosphate 醛亚胺aldimine腺苷代琥珀酸adenylosuccinate转氨酶transaminase联合脱氨基作用transdeamination 神经递质neurotransmitter 酪胺tyramine 谷氨酰胺合成酶glutamine synthetase尿素循环urea cycle鸟氨酸ornithine瓜氨酸citrulline精氨酸酶arginase氨甲酰磷酸合成酶carbamoyl phosphate synthetase鸟氨酸转氨甲酰酶prnithine transcarbamoylase精氨琥珀酸酶argininosuccinase 精氨琥珀酸合成酶argininosuccinate Synthetase吡哆醛磷酸pyridoxal phosphate N- 乙酰谷氨酸合酶N-acetylglutamate synthase glutamate丝氨酸转羟甲基酶serine transhydroxymethylase丝氨酸- 苏氨酸脱水酶serine-threonine dehydratase 苏氨酸醛缩酶threonine aldolase 乙醛acetaldehyde 氨基丙酮aminoacetone半光氨酸脱巯基酶cysteine desulfhydrase苯丙氨酸氢化酶phenylalanine hydoxylase酵母氨酸sacharopine 组氨酸氨裂合酶higtidine ammonia lyase尿苷酸水合酶urocanate hydratase 谷氨酸转甲亚氨酶glutamate transformiminase天冬酰胺酶asparaginase 天冬氨酸氨裂解酶aspartate ammonia lyase生酮氨基酸ketogenic amino acids 生糖氨基酸glucogenic amino acids 亚氨甲酰谷氨酸N-formimino 酪氨酸酶tyrosinase 多巴胺dopamine 核糖体ribosome 遗传密码genetic code 三联体triplet 染色体外基因extrachromosomal gene 转录初产物primary transcript 添加appending 修饰modification 异构化isomerization 拼接splicing 编辑editing 再编码recoding断裂基因interrupted gene 选择性拼接alternative splicing 同源体isoform错义突变missense mutation 无义突变mimsense mutation 核糖体移码ribosomal frame shifting移码突变frame-shift mutation重叠基因overlapping genes 同义密码子syninymous codon 反密码子anticodon 密码子coden 简并性degeneracy 变偶性wobble 蛋白质生物合成protein biosynthesis 无细胞体系cell-free system 多聚核糖体polysome 读码框架reading frame 起始密码start codon 终止密码stop codon 核糖体结合位点ribosome-binding site 核糖体进入部位ribosome entry site 胸腺嘧啶核糖核苷ribothymidine 假尿嘧啶核苷pseudouridine 校正基因suppressor gene 回复突变reverse mutation 起始因子initiation factor肽酰转移酶peptidyl transferse 转肽transpeptidation 移位translocation 释放因子release factors 核糖体释放因子ribosome releasing factor位移translational frameshifting 翻译跳跃translational jumping 信号肽序列signal or leader sequence信号肽signal sequence 信号肽酶signal peptidase 信号识别体signa recognition particle,SRP 停泊蛋白docking protein 翻译后运输posttranslationlal transport 多肽链结合蛋白polypeptide binding proteins 终止因子termination factor 磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸所激酶phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase延长因子dlongation factor核酸代谢 ( nucleic acid metabolism核酸内切酶endonuclease核酸外切酶exonuclease核苷酶nucleosidase核苷磷酸化酶nucleoside phosphorylase核苷水解酶nucleoside hydrolase 腺嘌呤脱氨酶adenine deaminase 腺嘌呤核苷脱氨酶adenosine deaminase 鸟嘌呤脱氨酶guanine deaminase 尿酸氧化酶utate oxidase5- 磷酸核糖焦磷酸5-phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate磷酸核糖焦磷激酶phosphoribosyl pyrophosphokinase5- 磷酸核糖胺5-phosphoribosylamine5- 氨基咪唑核苷酸5-aminoimidazole ribotide磷酸核糖焦磷酸转酰氨酶phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate transamidase甘氨酰胺核苷酸glycinamide ribotide 甘氨酰胺核苷酸合成酶glycinamide rihotide synthetase甘氨酰胺核苷酸转甲酰基酶glycinamide ribotide transformylas甲酰甘氨脒核苷酸合成酶formylglycinamidine ribotide synthetase 氨基咪唑核苷酸合成酶aminoimidazole ribotide synthetase腺苷酸琥珀酸裂解酶adenylosuccinate lyase氨基咪唑核苷酸羧化酶aminoinidazole ribotide carboixylase腺苷酸琥珀酸合成酶adenylosuccinate synthetase次黄嘌呤核苷酸脱氢酶inosine-5-phosphate dehydrogenase 鸟嘌呤核苷酸合成酶guanylate synthetase磷酸核糖转移酶phosphoribosyl transferase乳清苷酸orotidine- 5' -phoshate氨甲酰磷酸合成酶carbamyl phosphate synthetase全酶holoenzyme天冬氨酸转氨甲酰酶aspartate carbamyl transferase二氢乳清酸酶dihydroorotase 二氢乳清酸脱氢酶dihydroorotate dehydrogenase乳清苷酸焦磷酸化酶orotidylic acid pyrophosphorylase乳清苷酸脱羧酶orotidylic acid decarboxylase尿嘧啶核苷酸激酶uridine- 5' -phosphate kinase核苷二磷酸激酶mucleoside diphosphokinase复制replication转录transcription翻译translation三联体密码triplet code 逆转录reverse transcription 逆转录酶reverse transcriptase 逆转录病毒retrovirus 自我复制self-replication 半保留复制semiconservative replication拓扑学topology复制子replicon起点origin终点terminus转化子transformant反向重复inverted repeatsDNA聚合酶DNA polymerase取代环displacement loop核小体nucleosome信息大分子informational macromolecule指令instruction促突变因子mutator抗突变因子antimutator修复机制reair mechanism 复制酶replicaseDNA连接酶DNA ligase模板template核心酶core enzyme冈崎片断Okazaki fragment 顺反子cistron半不连续复制semidisontinuous replication前导链leading strand滞后链lagging strand引物合成酶primase拓扑异构体topological isomers拓扑异构酶topoisomerase切口封闭酶nick-closing enzyme 旋转酶gyrase连锁体catenane解螺旋酶helicase解链蛋白unwinding protein复制体replisome引发体primosome前引发体preprimosome终止区terminus region自主复制序列autonomously replicating sequence起点识别复合物origin recognition complex端粒telomere 端粒酶telomerase复制许可因子replication licensing factor错配修复mismatch repair直接修复direct repair切除修复excision repair易错修复error-prone repair光复活修复photoreactivation repair暗修复dark repair光复活修复酶photoreactivating enzyme碱基切除修复base-excision repair 核苷酸切除修复mucleotide-excision repair 切除酶excinuclease辅蛋白酶coprotease性导sexduction转导transduction接合conjugation转化transformation细胞融合cell fusion附加体episome转座因子transposable element转座子transposon转座酶transposase解离酶resolvaseRNA聚合酶RNA polymerase全保留方式conservative mode时序调控temporal regulation适应调控adaptive regulation 操纵子结构模型operon structuralmodel 操纵基因operator阻遏蛋白repressor protein内含子intron外显子extron调节子regulon协同调节cooperative regulation激活蛋白activator整合酶integrase增强子enhanser终止子terminator 多聚腺苷酸聚合酶polyadenylation细胞代谢调节和基因表达调控( cellular metabolism regulation and gene expression regulation and control )构造单元buliding block前馈feedforward反馈feedback一价/ 单价反馈抑制monovalent feedback inhibition二价或多价反馈抑制divalent or multivalent feedback inhibition 管家基因housekeeping genes 组成型表达constitutive expression 可调型表达regulated expression 乳糖操纵子模型lac operon model 启动子premotor操纵基因operator酶诱导enzyme induction 酶阻遏enzyme repression 辅阻遏物corepressor 阻遏物蛋白aporepressor 降解物基因活化蛋白catabolite gene受体细胞recipient cell 调节基因regulatory geneactivation protein 衰减子attenuator 上游控制元件upstream control 静默子silencer 锌指zinc finger 亮氨酸拉链leucine zipper 重组体recombinant 分子克隆molecular cloning 蛋白质工程protein engineering 限制性核酸内切酶restricton endonuclease 同尾酶isocaudamers 同裂酶isoschizomers 回文结构palindrome质粒plasmid载体vector分子重排rearrangement 基因文库genomic library 多联体concatemer 脂质体liposome 可调基因regulated genes 基因枪gene gun 菌落形成单位colony forming unit 筛选screening原位杂交in situ bybridization 基因组测序genomic sequencing 基因定位诱变site-directed mutagenesis包涵体inclusion body 整合质粒yeast integrating plasmid 基因治疗gene therapy 聚合酶链式反应polymerase chain reaction, PCR。
生物化学中英文名词解释汇总全解
生物化学中英文名词解释汇总全解生物化学上册中英文名词解释汇总第一部分：糖类1.糖（Saccharide）：糖是多羟醛或多羟酮及其缩聚物和某些衍生物的总称。
2.单糖（monosaccharide）：也称简单糖，不能被水解成更小分子的糖类，是多羟醛或多羟酮。
常见的单糖有葡萄糖（Glucose）、果糖（Fructose）、半乳糖（galactose）。
3.寡糖（oligosaccharide）：又称低聚糖，是由2~20个单糖通过糖苷键连接而成的糖类物质。
可分为二糖、三糖、四糖、五糖等。
4.二糖（disaccharide）：又称双糖，是最简单的寡糖，由2个分子单糖缩合而成。
常见的二糖有蔗糖（sucrose）、乳糖（lactose）、麦芽糖（maltose）。
5.多糖（polysaccharide）：由多分子单糖或单糖的衍生物聚合而成。
6.同多糖（homopolysaccharide）由同一种单糖聚合而成，如淀粉（starch）、糖原（glycogen）、纤维素（cellulose）。
7.杂多糖（heteropolysaccharide）有不同种单糖或单糖衍生物聚合而成，如透明质酸（hyaluronic acid,HA）、肝素（heparin,Hp）等。
8.糖胺聚糖（glycosaminoglycan,GAG）又称粘多糖，氨基多糖和酸性多糖。
是动植物特别是高等动物的结缔组织中的一类结构多糖。
例如透明质酸.硫酸软骨素.硫酸角质素等。
9.蛋白聚糖（proteoglycan）：由一条或多条糖胺聚糖和一个核心蛋白共价连接而成，糖含量可超过95%。
主要存在于软骨、腱等结缔组织，构成细胞间质。
由于糖胺聚糖有密集的负电荷，在组织中可吸收大量的水而赋予粘性和弹性，具有稳定、支持和保护细胞的作用。
10.糖蛋白(glycoprotein)：短链寡糖与蛋白质以共价键连接而形成的复合物，其总体性质更接近蛋白质。
糖蛋白的寡糖链参与分子识别和细胞识别。
生物化学_专业英语单词
常用生化中英文对照表第一章Prokaryote 原核生物Eukaryote 真核生物fractionation 分级、分馏biomolecule 生物分子organism 生物体、有机体membrane 膜nucleus 细胞核cocci 球菌bacilli 杆菌spirilla 螺旋菌Eubacteria 真细菌Archaebacteria 原细菌Cyanobacteria 蓝细菌Plasma 细胞浆Mesosome 间体Nuleoid 拟核Sytosol 细胞质、原生质Bilayer 双分子层（膜）Protein 蛋白质Lipid 脂类Carbohydrate 糖类、碳水化合物osmotic pressure 渗透压Peptidoglycan 肽聚糖Subcellular 亚细胞的Ganelle 细胞器Genetic 遗传的Chromosome 染色体ribosomal ribonucleic acid rRNAEndoplasmic reticulum 内质网Phospholipid 磷脂Detoxification 解毒Golgi apparatus 高尔基体Refresh 更新Mitochondria 线粒体oxidative phosphorylation 氧化磷酸化 fatty acid脂肪酸 degradation降解 Chloroplasts 叶绿体thylakoid vesicles类囊体 photosynthesis光合作用Lysosomes 溶酶体Macromolecule 大分子Enzyme 酶Cytoskeleton 细胞支架Metabolic 新陈代谢的Centrifugation 离心Isolate 分离Equilibrium 平衡Density 密度Friction 摩擦力Velocity 速率Supernatant 上清夜Pellet 沉淀 第二章Amino acid 氨基酸Enantiomers 对映体Tetrahedral 正四面体的Hydrophobic 疏水的、憎水的Aliphatic 脂肪族的Aromatic 芳香族的Polar 极性的Charged 带电荷的Glycine Gly,甘氨酸alanine Ala,丙氨酸valine Val,缬氨酸leucine Leu,亮氨酸isoleucine Ile,异亮氨酸methionine Met,甲硫氨酸proline Pro,脯氨酸cystine Cys,半胱氨酸Phenylalanine Phe,苯丙氨酸Tyrosine Tyr,酪氨酸Tryptophan Trp,色氨酸Asparagines Asn, 天冬酰胺Glutamine Gln,谷氨酰胺Serine Ser,丝氨酸Threonine Thr,苏氨酸Varginine Arg, 精氨酸Lysine Lys,赖氨酸Histidine His,组氨酸aspartic acid Asp,天冬氨酸glutamic acid Glu,谷氨酸base 碱carboxyl 羧基isoelectric point 等电点positive 正的、阳性的negative 负的、阴性的buffering 缓冲physiological 生理的Primary structure 一级结构 Secondary structure 二级结构 Tertiary structure 三级结构 Quaternary structure 四级结构peptide bond 肽键sequence 顺序、序列covalent Bond 共价键polypeptide 多肽terminal 末端carbonyl 羰基resonance structures 共振结构rigid 刚性的rotate旋转trans configuration顺式构象disulfide bonds二硫键α-helix α-落选hydrogen bond 氢键β-pleated sheet β-折叠片parallel 平行的antiparallel 反平行的random coil 无规卷曲unique 唯一的spatial 空间的arrangement 排列、安排linear sequence 线性序列residue 残基Hydrophobic interaction 疏水相互作用Interior 内部的Electrostatic force静电力salt bridge盐桥、盐键van der Waals force 范德华力subunit 亚基allosteric effect 变构效应Noncovalent interactions 非共价相互作用protein stability 蛋白质的稳定dimensional 空间的、维的proton 质子donor 供体、赠与者lone pair of electrons 孤对电子collinear 在同一直线上 Hydrophobic force 疏水力Nonpolar 非极性Minimize 最小化protein folding 蛋白质折叠Accessory protein 辅助蛋白质molecular chaperones 分子伴侣Myoglobin 肌红蛋白Hemoglobin 血红蛋白prosthetic group 辅基essential 必需的heme 血红素crevice缝隙protoporphyrin 原卟啉porphyrin 卟啉ferrous 含铁的proximal 最接近的cooperative 协同的noncooperative 非协同的dissociation curve 解离曲线sigmoidal S 形曲线hyperbolic 双曲线affinity 亲和性blood capillaries 血管Bohr effect 波尔效应2,3-biphosphoglycerate 2,3-二磷酸甘油酸Mechanism 机制Relaxed state 松弛状态tense state 紧张状态hemoglobinopathies 血红蛋白分子病Sickle-cell anemia 镰刀形细胞贫血症Erythrocyte 红血球sticky patch 粘性小区therapeutic治疗的Collagen胶原蛋白Skin皮肤Bone骨骼Tendon腱Cartilage软骨blood vessel血管mammal哺乳动物fibrous纤维状的tripeptide 三肽的triple-helical 三股螺旋的cross-linke 交联Allysine 醛基赖氨酸Antibodie 抗体immune system 免疫系统pathogen 病原体trigger 引发、触发response 响应、应答antigen 抗原antigenic determine 抗原决定簇epitope 抗原决定簇Immunolocalization 免疫定位Antibody 抗体Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assayELISA 酶联免疫吸附测定 purification 提纯、纯化Homogenization 匀浆solubilization 溶解Ammonium sulfate 硫酸铵Precipitation 沉淀Dialysis 透析Chromatographic techniques 层析技术gel filtration 凝胶过滤affinity chromatography 亲和层析 Electrophoretic techniques 电泳技术isoelectric focusing 等电聚焦SDS polyacrylamide gel eletrophoresisSDS 聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳semi-permeable 半透性ligand 配基inert 惰性的matrix 基质elute 洗出、流出lectin 外源凝集素glycoprotein 糖蛋白molecular sieve 分子筛polyampholytes 聚两性电解质gradient 梯度migrate 迁移、移动chymotrypsin 胰凝乳蛋白酶sequencing 测序2-mercaptoethanol ２－巯基乙醇ninhydrin 茚三酮fluorescamine 荧光胺fluorodinitrobenzene 二硝基氟苯dansyl chloride 丹磺酰氯phenyl isothiocyanate PITC 苯异硫氰酸酯fragment 片断、碎片encoding 编码decipher 解读、破译anchor 锚定 第三章biocatalyst 生物催化剂active site 活性中心substrate 底物The induced –fit model 诱导契合学说Stereospecificity 立体异构专一性Specificity 专一性Trypsin 胰蛋白酶Elastase 弹性蛋白酶Oxidoreductase 氧化还原酶Transferase 转移酶Hydrolase水解酶 Lyase裂合酶 Isomerase异构酶 Ligase连接酶 Ribozyme 核酶Abzyme 抗体酶catalytic antibody 抗体酶analog 类似物assay 化验、测定 optimal 最佳的Coenzyme 辅酶Cofactor 辅因子apoenzyme 脱辅酶holoenzyme 全酶acetylcholinesterase 乙酰胆碱酯酶Nicotinamide 烟酰胺Adenine 腺嘌呤Dinucleotide 二核苷酸Phosphate 磷酸Oxidation 氧化reduction 还原Flavin 黄素Mononucleotide 单核苷酸Acyl 酰基thiamine pyrophosphate 焦磷酸硫胺素decarboxylase 脱羧酶Pyridoxal 吡哆醛Pyridoxamine 吡哆胺Pyridoxine 吡哆醇Ubiquinone 泛醌Isoenzymes 同功酶Kinetic 动力学lactate dehydrogenase 乳酸脱氢酶proportional 成比例的saturate 使饱和thermal 热的denaturation 变性optimum 最适宜的diversity 多样性Michaelis-Menten equation 米氏方程double-reciprocal plot 双倒数作图法inhibition 抑制Inhibitor 抑制剂Metabolite 代谢物Irreversible 不可逆的Reversible 可逆的Competitive 竞争性的Noncompetitive 非竞争性的Probe 探测Clinically 临床上Regulation 调节committed step 关键步骤activator 激活剂Adjust 调节Feedback 反馈Sequential 连续的Branched 分支的Conformational 构象的homotropic effect 同促效应heterotropic effect 异促效应Phosphofructokinase 磷酸果糖激酶Citrate 柠檬酸盐Fructose 2,6 bisphosphate 2,6-二磷酸果糖phosphorylation 磷酸化dephosphorylation 去磷酸化hydroxyl 羟基hormone 激素Glycogen phosphorylase 糖原磷酸化酶Phosphorylate 使磷酸化glycogen synthase 糖原合酶unphosphorylate 使去磷酸化proteolytic 蛋白质水解的proenzymes 酶原zymogen 酶原hydrolysis 水解pancreatic 胰腺的pancreas 胰腺small intestine 小肠blood clotting 血液凝固amplification 扩大cascade 级联 第四章boundary 边界compartments 小室Mechanical 机械的signaling 发信号insoluble 不可溶的glycerophospholipids 甘油磷脂类sphingolipids 鞘脂类sterols 固醇类glycerol 甘油sphingosine 鞘氨醇sphingomyelins 鞘磷脂cholesterol 胆固醇steroid 类固醇Amphipathic 两性的Hydrophilic 亲水的Bulky 体积大的self-assemble 自组装的fluidity 流动性rotational 转动的lateral 侧向的Fluid mosaic model 流体镶嵌模型Integral 整体的、内在的Flip 翻跟头integral membrane proteins 内在膜蛋白peripheral membrane proteins外周膜蛋白asymmetry 不对称asymmetrically 不对称地membrane-spaning protein 跨膜蛋白Multiple 多重的Lipid-anchored proteins 脂锚定蛋白Heterokaryon 异核体Fusion 融合Reconstitution 重建Reincorporated 重新合并Extracellular 细胞外的Intercellular 细胞内的Passive transport 被动运输active transport 主动运输concentration 浓度diffusion 扩散saturable 可饱和的facilitated 协助的、推动的symport 同向运送antiport 逆向运送epithelial cells 上皮细胞exocytosis 分泌作用endocytosis 内吞作用phagocytosis 吞噬作用pinocytosis 胞饮作用Receptor mediated endocytosis fusion受体介导的内吞作用debris 碎片transduction 转导Lipophilic 亲脂性的Receptors 受体second messengers 第二信使第五章Nucleic acid 核酸Replication 复制Nucleotide 核苷酸Pyrimidine 嘧啶Guanine 鸟嘌呤Thymine 胸腺嘧啶Cytosine 胞嘧啶Nucleoside 核苷Deoxyribonucleoside 脱氧核糖核苷ribonucleoside 核糖核苷deoxyribonucleotide 脱氧核糖核苷酸genes 基因complementarily 互补地nucleosome 核小体loop 突环rosette 玫瑰花结semi-conservative 半保留的polymerase 聚合酶template 模板primer 引物fork 叉Bidirectional 双向的Okazaki fragments 冈崎片段semi-discontinuous 半不连续的strand 链、一股hybridization 杂交melting temperature 熔融温度renaturation 复性labeled 标记的fluorescent 荧光的tag 标记、标签annealing 退火amplify 增强、扩大The central dogma 中心法则Transcription 转录initiation 起始Elongation 延伸termination 终止promoters 启动子palindrome 回文结构processing 加工splicing 拼接reverse transcription 逆转录第六章genetic code 遗传密码intermediate 中间的、媒介codons 密码子unambiguous 明确的correspond 相应、符合degenerate 简并的mutation 变异incorporation 合并nonoverlapping 不相重叠的reading frames 阅读框aminoacyl-tRNA 氨酰-tRNApeptidyl-tRNA 肽酰-tRNAstem 茎、干、臂anticodon 反密码子translocation 移位第七章metabolism 代谢Saccharides 糖类monosaccharides 单糖aldehyde group 醛基ketone group 酮基Stereoisomers 立体异构体Oligosaccharides 寡糖Glycosidic bond 糖苷键Polysaccharides 多糖Starch 淀粉Cellulose 纤维素Dextran 葡聚糖Amylose 直链淀粉amylopectin 支链淀粉Glycolysis 糖酵解Cytoplasm 细胞质Glucose 葡萄糖Galactose 半乳糖Mannose 甘露糖Sucrose 蔗糖Trehalose 海藻糖Lactose 乳糖Hexokinase 己糖激酶Fructose 果糖Phosphoglucoisomerase 磷酸葡萄糖变位酶Bisphosphate 二磷酸glyceraldehydes 甘油醛dihydroxyacetone 二羟丙酮aldolase 醛缩酶triose 丙糖1,3-bisphosphoglycerate 1,3 二磷酸甘油酸dehydrogenase 脱氢酶3-phosphoglycerate 3-磷酸甘油酸kinase 激酶mutase 变位酶phosphoenolpyruvate 磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸enolase 烯醇化酶pyruvate 丙酮酸Gluconeogenesis 糖异生Noncarbhydrate 非糖的Liver 肝脏skeletal muscle 骨骼肌phosphorylase 磷酸化酶Phosphorolysis 磷酸化pyrophosphorylase 焦磷酸化酶glucosyl 葡萄糖基nonreducing end 非还原端Epinephrine 肾上腺素glucagon 胰高血糖素Insulin 胰岛素第八章fatty acid 脂肪酸hydrocarbon 烃、碳氢化合物carboxylic acid 羧酸Unsaturated 不饱和的Triacylglycerol 三酰甘油Acetyl 乙酰基Thioester 硫酯Carnitine 肉(毒)碱Hydration 水合作用Thiolysis 硫解Consume 消耗ketone bodies 酮体acetoacetate 乙酰乙酸D-3-hydroxybutyrate D-3-羟基丁酸Acetone 丙酮diabetes 糖尿病toxic 有毒的lethal 致命的multifunctional 多功能的malonyl 丙二酰基carboxylation 羧化condensation 缩合acetoacetyl 乙酰乙酰基hydroxybutyryl 羟丁酰基crotonyl 丁烯酰基butyryl 丁酰基hydrolyzation 水解作用palmitoyl 软脂酰基palmitate 软脂酸lipoproteins 脂蛋白globular 球状的micelle 胶束、微囊第九章Respiration 呼吸作用citric acid cycle 柠檬酸循环、三羧酸循环concomitant 伴随的isocitrate 异柠檬酸酸盐α-ketoglutarate α-酮戊二酸succinate 琥珀酸盐succinyl 琥珀酰基fumarate 延胡索酸盐malate 苹果酸盐oxaloacetate 草酰乙酸盐cytochrome 细胞色素oxidase 氧化酶reductase 还原酶Rotatory 旋转的engine 发动机第十章Nitrogen 氮Diet 常吃的食物Erythrose 赤藓糖Ribose 核糖Transamination 转氨基作用Deamination 脱氨基作用Transdeamination 联合脱氨基作用Ammonia 氨Excrete 排泄Aquatic 水生uric acid 尿酸terrestrial 陆生的reptile 爬行动物urea 尿素vertebrates 脊椎动物ornithine 鸟氨酸arginine 精氨酸citrullin 瓜氨酸permanently 不变地。
生物化学专业术语英文解释
Active center. 活性中心A specialized region of an enzyme where the enzyme interacts with the substrate and catalyzes its conversion to products. Many aminoacyl residues contribute to the active center.Adenylyl cyclase. 腺苷酸环化酶An enzyme that catalyzes the synthetic reaction of cyclic AMP from ATP in response to hormones such as epinephrine and glucagon.Alanine-glucose cycle. 丙氨酸-葡萄糖循环A cooperative pathway between liver and muscle in which the ammonia and carbon from amino acid metabolism are removed from the muscle as alanine, taken up by the liver, transaminated to pyruvate, converted into glucose, and shipped out back to the muscle.albumin. 清蛋白Albumin makes up 50% to 55% of the proteins of plasma and is thought to be the main contributor to osmotic pressure of blood. Another important function is that albumin has very broad and non-specific binding properties.Allosteric enzyme. 变构酶Allosteric enzymes are enzymes whose activity at the catalytic site may be modulated by the presence of allosteric effectors at an allosteric site. Allosteric means “occupy another space”, so an allosteric effector occupy another space, giving an eff ect on enzymes.Allosteric regulation. 变构调节A type of enzyme regulation in which an effector binds to one site on the enzyme and increase or decreases the activity at another site. Allosteric regulation provides a rapid means for regulation of their activity.Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase. 氨基酰tRNA合成酶The enzymes are responsible for the recognition and attachment of the 20 amino acids to specific tRNA.Anticodon. 反密码子The template-recognition site on tRNA is a sequence of three bases called the anticodon, which recognizes a complementary sequence of three bases on mRNA.Apoprotein. 载脂蛋白The protein moiety of a lipoprotein. They mediate the interaction between lipoproteins and tissues.Apoptosis. 细胞凋亡Programmed cell death. The programmed cell death is tightly regulated, which plays important roles in physiologic processes. Typical morphologic changes can be observed in apoptosis. One or more endonucleases degrade DNA, leading to characteristic ladder of discrete DNA fragment on electrophoresis.Bile salts. 胆汁酸盐Salt form of bile acids and their conjugates. Since bile contains significant quantities of sodium and potassium and the pH is alkaline, it is assumed that the bile acids and their conjugates are in a salt form, so called “bile salts.”Biotin. 生物素A cofactor involved in carboxylation reactions. Most enzymes that catalyze the ATP-dependent addition of CO2 to a substrate (like acetyl-CoA carboxylase) requires the cofactor biotin.Calcitonin. 降钙素A 32-amino-acid peptide secreted by the parathyroid. The dominant biological action of calcitonin is to mediate a lowering of serum calcium levels. The hypocalcemic and hypophosphatemic effects of calcitonin are believed to be due to an inhibition of PTH-mediated calcium resorption.Calcium-binding protein. 钙结合蛋白1,25(OH)2-D3 stimulates gene transcription and formation of specific mRNA that codes for “calcium-binding protein”, also called “Calbindin”. Three distinct vitamin D-induced “Calbindin” have been isolated. Two of them are found exclusively inside the intestinal and kidney cells, which are actively involved in calcium translocation.Calmodulin. 钙调蛋白A ubiquitous calcium sensor in eukaryotes, regulates the activities of many intracellular proteins. The binding of Ca2+ tomultiple sites in calmodulin induces a major conformational change that converts it from an inactive to an active form. Activated calmodulin binds to many enzymes and modifies their activities.cAMP. 环化腺苷一磷酸Second messenger for increased demand for energy and glucose. cAMP activates cAMP-dependent protein kinase. Increased cAMP levels are associated with increased protein phosphorylation. Increases in the cAMP concentration cause activation of glycogen degradation, increased fatty acid breakdown, stimulation of glycolysis in muscle, and stimulation of gluconeogenesis in the liver.cAMP-dependent protein kinase，PKA. 依赖cAMP的蛋白激酶Most effects of cyclic AMP in eukaryotic cells are mediated by the activation of a single protein kinase. This key enzyme is called protein kinase A or cAMP-dependent protein kinase, which alters the activities of target proteins by phosphorylating specific serine or threonine residues.Capping. 帽子生成Putting a 7-meth ylguanosine triphosphate on the 5’ end of an mRNA molecule. Capping is involved in the recognition of mRNA and may increase the stability of the RNA by preventing the attack of 5’exonucleases.Carnitine shuttle. 肉碱穿梭Gets fatty acyl groups into mitochondria. Fatty acyl-CoA in the cytosol is transferred to carnitine to make fatty acyl carnitine, which is transported into mitochondria. Once inside, the fatty acyl group is transferred to CoA and the carnitine is returned to the mitochondrial membrane.Catabolic pathway.分解代谢途径Degradative metabolism. Catabolic pathways involve oxidative processes that release free energy.Catabolic repression. 分解代谢阻遏Catabolic repression means that an intermediate in a sequence of catabolic enzyme-catalyzed reactions has ability to repress synthesis of catabolic enzymes.Catabolite gene activator protein, CAP. 分解（代谢）物基因激活蛋白A cAMP-binding protein that is capable of stimulating transcription by binding to certain promoter sites. It consists of two subunits, each of which contains a DNA-binding domain and a cAMP binding domain.cDNA library. cDNA文库A library is a collection of recombinant clones. cDNA library represents the population of mRNA in a tissue. See also cDNA. cDNA. 互补DNAComplementary DNA. cDNA copies from a population of cytoplasmic mRNA using enzyme reverse transcriptase, converting the cDNA single strands to double-stranded DNA. The reverse transcriptase copies RNA templates into DNA-RNA hybrids. After the RNA in these hybrids is specifically destroyed, double-stranded DNA may be produced by DNA polymerase. cDNA is a copy of an mRNA so that it contains only the exon sequences.cis-acting element. 顺式作用元件This word described the regulatory interactions between two DNA sequences on the same gene. An enhancer or repressor sequence in the DNA is a cis-acting element or factor that affects the transcription of the gene.cistron. 顺反子A stretch of DNA that carries the information for a polypeptide chain is called cistron.Clone. 克隆Group of cells or sequences of DNA that are identical with a single parental cell or molecule.Coding strand. 编码链The coding strand of DNA has the same sequence as that of the RNA transcript except for T in place of U. It is so-called because it matches the RNA transcript that encodes the protein. The coding strand is also known as the sense strand.codon. 密码子Each amino acid in a protein is specified by an mRNA sequence of three nucleotides, which is called a codon.Coenzyme. 辅酶A molecule bound to an enzyme and is essential for its activity. The coenzymes allow the enzyme to have functional groupsthat are not available from the side chains of the amino acids.Competitive inhibition. 竞争性抑制Substrate and inhibitor combine at the same site and result in raising the apparent Km for the substrate.. In competitive inhibition, inhibitor can be completely displaced by a high concentration of the substrate.Configuration. 构型The stereochemical arrangement of atoms in a molecule. Configuration cannot be changed without breaking and reforming covalent bonds.Conformation. 构象Differences in rotation around bonds. The conformation of a molecular can be changed by simply rotating groups around single bonds.Conjugated bilirubin. 结合胆红素Adding glucuronic acid molecules to bilirubin. Hepatocytes perform the process and convert bilirubin to a water-soluble form.Cosmid vector. 柯斯质粒载体A special class o f artificially constructed E.coli plasmids that carry the λ cos site, which allows them to be packaged intoλphage particles for efficient introduction into bacteria.Creatine kinase. 肌酸激酶Kinases incorporate phosphate from ATP into the substrate. Creatine kinase converts creatine to creatine phosphate, a major energy reserves in muscle.de novo synthesis. 从头合成Biosynthesis of nucleotides with simple materials. Purine and pyrimidine ribonucleotides are synthesized via two pathways, in which the purines are built as nucleotides via phosphoribosyl intermediates, whereas the pyrimidine ring is completed to the stage of orotate before coupling to ribose.degenerate. 简并More than one codon can specify the same amino acid and all codons are unambiguous in that each specifies no more than one amino acid.Denaturation. 变性Destroy the secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure of a protein, DNA, or RNA molecule.DNA damage. DNA损伤DNA damage is that changes in the DNA sequence resulted from copying errors and the effects of various physical and chemical agents or carcinogens，which alters one or more nucleotides in DNA.DNA polymerase. DNA聚合酶The principal synthetic enzyme, DNA polymerase, extends the primers in the 5’ to 3’ direction by catalyzing add ition of deoxyribonucleoside 5’-phosphates to the primer 3’ends. Synthesis proceeds in the 5’ to 3’ direction as the template strand is read in the 3’ to 5’ direction.DNA Replication. DNA复制Generation of a new copy of double-stranded DNA from a parental DNA molecule.Domain. 结构域Some polypeptide chains fold into two or more compact supersecondary structures. These compact globular supersecondary structures are called domains, which is one level of protein’s structures between secondary structure and tertiary structure.Effector. 效应剂A class of small molecules capable of binding at a regulatory site. The binding of an effector changes the conformation of the enzyme so as to alter the kinetic properties of the catalytic site.Enhancer. 增强子The sequence elements that can increase the rate of transcription initiation of eukaryotic genes. Enhancers have no promoter activity of their own but they can exert their stimulatory actions over distances of several thousand base pairs.Enterohepatic circulation. 肠肝循环The primary bile acids are synthesized in the liver and the secondary bile acids are formed in the intestine. The secondary bile acids are absorbed in the intestine, returning to the liver then recycle between intestine and liver, which is known as the entero-hepatic circulation.Epidermal growth factor (EGF) . 表皮生长因子Epidermal growth factor can stimulates growth of many epidermal and epithelial cells. Also see “growth factor”.Essential amino acid. 必需氨基酸The amino acids that humans can not synthesize. The human diet must contain these amino acids to support growth or maintain health.exon. 外显子Regions that are retained in the mature RNA.FAD. 黄素腺嘌呤二核苷酸Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide. FAD is derived from vitamin riboflavin, which serves as cofactor for oxidation and reduction reactions.Fat. 脂肪Mainly stored as triglyceride in adipose tissue. The adipose tissue releases fatty acids by the activation a hormone-sensitive lipase that catalyzes the hydrolysis of the triglyceride. The fatty acids are then transported through the serum and oxidized via b oxidation in the tissues to yield energy.Feedback inhibition . 反馈抑制Feedback inhibition refers to the inhibition of the activity of an enzyme in a biosynthetic pathway by an end product of that pathway.Ferritin. 铁蛋白Intracellular form of iron storage. It stores iron that can be used as condition requires.FH4. 四氢叶酸Tetrahydrofolate. A reduced form of folic acid involved intimately in one-carbon transfer reactions.Gene. 基因A stretch of DNA that carries the information for a polypeptide chain is called gene or cistron. Also see cistron.Genome. 基因组Total information of gene contained in a cell, an organism or a virus.Genomic DNA library. 基因组DNA文库Fragments of DNA from the genome of some organism. They are prepared from the total DNA of a cell line or tissue by performing partial digestion of total DNA with a restriction enzyme that cuts DNA frequently. It contains exons, introns, untranslated regions that can occur in DNA.Glucogenic amino acid. 生糖氨基酸The amino acid that yield pyruvate or citric cycle intermediates.Gluconeogenesis. 糖异生Making glucose or glycogen from noncarbohydrate. The term used to include all mechanisms and pathways responsible for converting noncarbohydrate to glucose or glycogen.Glycerol-a-phosphate shuttle. a-磷酸甘油穿梭Get electron from cytoplasmic NADH into the mitochondria so that 2 ATPs can be made by oxidation of the NADH. The enzymes of the shuttle in mitochondria is linked to the respiratory chain via a flavoprotein.Glycolysis. 酵解Metabolic pathway that provides pyruvate as fuel to the citric cycle or for fat synthesis. In the absence of oxygen, lactate is produced from the pyruvate to regenerate NAD+ so that the pathway can continue to work in the absence of oxygen.Gout. 痛风It is an inherited metabolic disease that affects the joints and kidneys caused by hyperuricemia. Though some patients have a partial deficiency of hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (HGPRT), it is not sole cause of the disease.Growth factor. 生长因子Small polypeptides (more properly called cytokines) that stimulate the growth of particular classes of cells. The factors have a variety of effects, including changes in the uptake of small molecules, initiation or stimulation of the cell cycle, and ultimately cell division. Examples of secreted cytokines are EGF (epidermal growth factor), PDGF (platelet-derived growth factor), and insulin.Guide RNA. 指导RNAGuide RNA is a sequence that is complementary to the correctly edited mRNA.Hairpin structure. 发夹结构A double-helical stretch formed by base paring between neighboring complementary sequences of a single strand of DNA or RNA.Helicase. 解链酶An enzyme whose activity involved in DNA replication that relieves the strain associated with unwinding the DNA double helix during replication.Heme. 血红素A cofactor consisting of a porphyrin ring containing an iron atom. Heme has different functions depending on the protein that used them as a cofactor. Heme are used to carry oxygen without oxidizing it in hemoglobin and myoglobin, but in other proteins, like cytochrome P450, the heme iron produces a very reactive iron-oxygen species at the active site. Hemoglobin. 血红蛋白Hemoglobin is the oxygen-carrying system found in erythrocytes, which transports oxygen from the lungs to all tissues of the body. The quaternary structure of hemoglobin confers its allosteric properties that adapt it to its biologic roles and permit its precise regulation.Hexokinase. 己糖激酶Responsible for the phosphorylation of glucose for entry into glycolysis, glycogen synthesis, or the pentose phosphate pathway.hnRNA. 不均一核内RNAHeterogeneous nuclear RNA. They are formed in the nucleus that is a precursor to mRNA, which has both the intron and exon sequences.Hormone response element, HRE. 激素反应元件A specific DNA sequences capable of binding activated receptors. These elements regulate the gene expression. Both steroids and peptide hormones exert their effects on transcription through HREs, but the initial reactions are different.Housekeeping gene. 管家基因The genes that are expressed at a reasonably constant rate and not known to be subject to regulation.Induction. 诱导Synthesis of a particular protein in response to a signal stimulation in cellular metabolism. For example, the synthesis of an enzyme can be induced by its substrate.Intron. 内含子The mosaic nature of eukaryotic genes is discontinuous. The primary transcript of a gene contains the regions that are not present in the mRNA. Regions that are removed from the primary transcript are called introns.Isoelectric point. 等电点The pH at which a molecule has a net zero charge.Isomerase. 异构酶An enzyme that catalyzes an intramolecular rearrangement.Isozyme. 同工酶Distinct physical forms of an enzyme with the same catalytic activity. Separation and identification of isozymes is of diagnostic value.Jaundice. 黄疸When bilirubin in the blood reaches a certain concentration, hyperbilirubinemia exists and bilirubin diffuses into the tissues,which then became yellow. The condition is called jaundice.Ketogenic amino acid. 生酮氨基酸An amino acid that yields only acetyl-CoA. They can not yield pyruvate or tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates.Ketone bodies. 酮体Acetoacetate, hydroxybutyrate and acetone. At high rate of fatty acid oxidation, the liver produces considerable quantities of acetoacetate and hydroxybutyrate. The former continually undergoes spontaneous decarboxylation to yield acetone. Ketone bodies are metabolized in muscle and brain as an energy source.Km. 米氏常数If an enzyme follows hyperbolic kinetics, the Km is equal to the substrate concentration at which the reaction rate is half its maximal value.Ligase. 连接酶A ligase catalyzes the joining of two pieces of DNA covalently. DNA ligase joins the backbone phosphates in a phosphodiester bond.Lipids. 脂类Lipids consist of a diverse set of hydrophobic molecules including triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids, and so forth. It is soluble in organic solvents like chloroform or ether.Malate-Aspartate shuttle. 苹果酸-天冬氨酸穿梭Gets electrons from cytoplasmic NADH into the mitochondria so that 3 ATPs can be produced by oxidation of the NADH.Mitogen-activited-protein kinase ( MAPK). 有丝分裂原激活蛋白激酶Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) is one of the most ancient signaling molecules and is involved in multiple cellular processes, including cell proliferation, cell growth, and cell death.Messenger RNA (mRNA). 信使RNAThe RNA in cytoplasm that serve as templates for protein synthesis. The primary RNA transcript is processed to mRNA by adding a cap and a tail and removing introns.NAD+-NADH. 辅酶INicotinamide adenine dinucleotide. NADH is an electron carrier. NAD+ accepts two electrons and a proton from substrates and ultimately transfers them to the electron transport chain to make three ATPs and H2O.Nicotinic acid. 尼克酸A vitamin that serves as a source of the pyridine ring of NAD+ and NADP+. Dietary deficiency of nicotinic acid can lead to pellagra. Humans can synthesize nicotinic acid that derived from tryptophan. Non-competitive inhibition. 非竞争性抑制In non-competitive inhibition, inhibitor bind to a different domain of an enzyme, lowering the maximum velocity but with normal Km.Nucleosides. 核苷A nucleoside consists of a purine or pyrimidine base linked to a pentose. Nucleotides. 核苷酸A nucleotide is a phosphate ester of a nucleoside on 3’- or 5’-carbon of ribose. Phosphorylation on 5’-carbon of ribose is the one most commonly esterified forms.Okazaki fragment. 冈崎片段The short discontinuous segments, which later are joined by DNA ligase, are called Okazaki fragment after their discoverer. Oncogene. 癌基因Oncogenes are the genes capable of changing a normal cell into a transformed cells. Many oncogenes encode abnormal signal transduction proteins involved in imitating the action of polypeptide growth factor.Operator. 操纵序列The operator is a DNA segment adjacent to the structural genes. The binding of the repressor to the operator prevents the transcription of these genes.Operon. 操纵子A collection of prokaryotic structural genes that are present in a linear array and whose expression is controlled by the same regulatory region of the DNA. This arrangement allows simple control over the expression of proteins that are all needed fora common job. It should be noted that an operon includes both operator and its associated structural genes.Osteomalacia. 软骨病Osteomalacia is caused by vitamin D deficiency in the adult, which leads to softening and weakening of bones.Oxidation. 氧化When something is oxidized, something else must become reduced. With removal of an electron, ferrous is oxidized to ferric ion. So oxidation is a process with the loss of electrons.Oxidative phosphorylation. 氧化磷酸化The process in which ATP is formed as a result of the transfer of electrons from NADH or FADH2 to oxygen by a series of electron carriers.Parathyroid hormone (PTH) . 甲状旁腺素Parathyroid hormone, an 84-amino acid-containing protein, is secreted by the chief cells of the parathyroid gland. The biological actions of PTH are related to regulate calcium metabolism.Pentose phosphate pathway. 磷酸戊糖途径An alternative route for the metabolism of glucose. The pathway generates both NADPH for reductive syntheses and ribose residues for nucleotide biosynthesis.Peptide bond. 肽键The bond that the a-carboxyl group of one amino acid is joined to the a-amino group of another amino acid by an amide bond in a polypeptide.Phospholipase C. 磷脂酶CThe activation of the phospholipase C is mediated by G protein. The active form of the enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of a membrane-bounded substrate to form two second messengers, diacylglyceride and inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate. Diacylglyceride is capable of activating protein kinase C. Inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate is effective for the release of calcium from intracellular calcium pool.Plasmid. 质粒Independently replicating circular pieces of DNA whose natural function is to confer antibiotic resistance to the host cell.Platelet-derived growth factor. 血小板源生长因子Platelet-derived growth factor can stimulates growth of messenchymal and glial cells. Also see “growth factor”.Point mutation. 点突变It is cause by a single base change of DNA gemone, which in turn results in a change in the messenger RNA, a structural abnormality of gene expression.Polycistronic mRNA. 多顺反子mRNAA single mRNA that encodes more than one separately translated protein is referred to as a polycistronic mRNA, which contains multiple independent translation start and stop codons for each cistron.Polypeptide chain. 多肽链Many amino acids joined by peptide bonds form a polypeptide chain, which has two different ends, i.e. N-terminal and C-terminal respectively.Polyribosome. 多核糖体An mRNA molecule with many ribosomes bound to it. Many ribosomes can translate the same mRNA simultaneously.Primary transcript. 初级转录本Primary transcript is the original unmodified RNA product corresponding to a transcription unit.Primase. 引物酶Primase catalyzes polymerization of ribonucleoside 5’-triphosphates to form RNA primers. The sequence of monomer addition is dictated by a template strand of DNA and the chain lengths of primers are usually 10-50 nucleotides.Promoter. 启动子Promoter is a region of DNA involved in binding of RNA polymerase to initiate transcription.Prosthetic group. 辅基Many proteins require tightly bound, specific nonpolypeptide units for their biological activities. Such a unit is called aprosthetic group.Protease. 蛋白酶An enzyme that hydrolyzes the amide bonds in a protein. Most proteases recognize a specific type of amino acid side chain and cleave the protein at specific points.Proto-oncogene. 原癌基因Normal cellular genes with the potential to become oncogenes are called proto-oncogenes or cellular oncogenes. These genes were conserved in a wide range of eukaryotic cells. The conserved sequences were important components of normal cells and their products are believed to play important roles in normal differentiation and other cellular process.Pyridoxal phosphate. 磷酸吡多醛All transamination reactions require the coenzyme pyridoxal phosphate. The important functional groups of the coenzyme are the aldehyde group, which can form a Schiff base with the a-amino group of an amino acid and facilitate transamination. Rate-limiting enzyme. 限速酶Enzymes catalyzing committed steps in unidirectional anabolic and catabolic pathways, which act as natural governors of metabolic flow and represent the most efficient regulatory intervention.Receptor. 受体All of receptors are proteins that can selectively bind specific molecule and initiate their biologic effects.Recombinant DNA. 重组DNAInformation exchanging by breaking and joining chromosomal DNA. Recombination can occur between genes with similar sequences or between genes with different sequences.Reduction. 还原Chemically, reduction is defined as the gain of electrons. NAD+ is reduced to NADH. It follows that reduction is accompanied by oxidation of an electron donor.Replication. 复制Generation of a new copy of double-stranded DNA from a parental DNA molecule.Residue. 残基In a polypeptide chain, an amino acid unit is called a residue.Respiratory chain. 呼吸链Exists in the mitochondria, consists of a number of redox carriers. The respiratory chain provides most of the energy captured in metabolism.Restriction endonuclease. 限制性内切核酸酶The classes of endonucleases cut DNA at specific DNA sequences within the molecule.Reverse transcriptase. 反转录酶An RNA-directed DNA polymerase in retroviruses; capable of making DNA complementary to an RNA.Reverse transcription. 反转录RNA-directed synthesis of DNA, catalyzed by reverse transcriptase.Ribosomes. 核糖体Complex cytoplasmic particles each consisting of two ribonucleoprotein subunits. Translation of mRNA occurs on it.Ribozyme. 核酶A class of RNAs that meet all the classic criteria for definition as enzymes. These catalytic RNAs catalyze highly specific hydrolysis of phosphodiester bonds in RNAs and are important in the processing events involved in maturation of pre-mRNA. Rickets. 佝偻病Vitamin D deficiency in childhood produces rickets characterized by low plasma calcium and phosphorus levels and by poorly mineralized bone with associated skeletal deformities.RNA editing. RNA 编辑The information content of some mRNA is altered following transcription by process other than RNA splicing.RNA Polymerase. RNA聚合酶RNA Polymerase is an enzyme that synthesizes RNA using a DNA template.rRNA. 核蛋白体rRNARibosomal RNA. Structural components of ribosomes. There are several discrete size classes of rRNA, usually referred to by their sedimentation coefficients as 5S, 5.8S, 18S, and28S in eucaryotic cells.S-adenosyl methionine, SAM. S腺苷蛋氨酸SAM is a major donor of one-carbon unit at the methyl oxidation state, which is formed from methyl-THF and homocysteine by a vitamin B12-dependent reaction.Salting out. 盐析The solubility of the proteins is lowered at high salt concentrations, so-called the “salting out”. It can be used to fractionate proteins because the dependence of solubility on salt concentration differs from one protein to another.Salvage pathway. 补救合成途径The pathways that purines and pyrimidines derived from nucleic acid catabolism react with PRPP and form the corresponding ribonucleotides. Corresponding deoxyribonucleotides are produced by reduction of the ribonucleoside diphosphates, using NADPH as the reducing agent.Semiconservative replication. 半保留复制DNA replication follows a law called semiconservative replication, i.e., one of the strands of each daughter DNA molecule is newly synthesized, whereas the other is passed on unchanged from the parent DNA molecule.Sigma factor. σ因子Sigma factor is the subunit of bacterial RNA polymerase needed for initiation. It is the major influence on selection of binding sites (promoters).Signal transduction. 信号转导The process by which an extracellular signal is amplified and converted to a cellular response. For example, growth factors act on the cell cycle and mitosis via transmembrane signal transduction.snRNA. 小核RNASmall nuclear RNA. They have roles in RNA processing but are not directly involved in protein synthesis.Splicing. 剪接Splicing describes the removal of introns and joining of exons in RNA; thus introns are spliced out, while exons are spliced together.Substrate. 底物Reagent in a catalytic reaction by an enzyme.Synthase. 合酶A synthase is an enzyme that makes somet hing but doesn’t directly require the hydrolysis of ATP to do it.Synthetase. 合成酶A synthetase requires the hydrolysis of ATP to make the reaction go.Telomere. 端粒Specialized structure at the ends of chromosomes that allows replication of the extreme 5’ ends of the DNA without loss of genetic information.Template strand. 模板链The template strand, also known as the antisense strand, is one strand that the genetic information resides in the sequence of nucleotides in the double-stranded DNA molecules. This is the strand of DNA that is copied during nucleic acid synthesis. Terminator. 终止子Terminator is a sequence of DNA , represented at the end of the transcript, that causes RNA polymerase to terminate transcription.Thiamine pyrophosphate, TPP. 焦磷酸硫胺素It is derived from the vitamin thiamine, which is required for decarboxylation of a-keto acids and also involved in some transfer reactions of aldehyde derivatives.Topoisomerase. 拓扑异构酶Enzymes that catalyze topologic changes of DNA are called topoisomerases, which can relax or insert supercoils.。
生物化学专业术语英文解释
Active center. 活性中心A specialized region of an enzyme where the enzyme interacts with the substrate and catalyzes its conversion to products. Many aminoacyl residues contribute to the active center.Adenylyl cyclase. 腺苷酸环化酶An enzyme that catalyzes the synthetic reaction of cyclic AMP from ATP in response to hormones such as epinephrine and glucagon.Alanine-glucose cycle. 丙氨酸-葡萄糖循环A cooperative pathway between liver and muscle in which the ammonia and carbon from amino acid metabolism are removed from the muscle as alanine, taken up by the liver, transaminated to pyruvate, converted into glucose, and shipped out back to the muscle.albumin. 清蛋白Albumin makes up 50% to 55% of the proteins of plasma and is thought to be the main contributor to osmotic pressure of blood. Another important function is that albumin has very broad and non-specific binding properties.Allosteric enzyme. 变构酶Allosteric enzymes are enzymes whose activity at the catalytic site may be modulated by the presence of all osteric effectors at an allosteric site. Allosteric means “occupy another space”, so an allosteric effector occupy another space, giving an effect on enzymes.Allosteric regulation. 变构调节A type of enzyme regulation in which an effector binds to one site on the enzyme and increase or decreases the activity at another site. Allosteric regulation provides a rapid means for regulation of their activity.Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase. 氨基酰tRNA合成酶The enzymes are responsible for the recognition and attachment of the 20 amino acids to specific tRNA.Anticodon. 反密码子The template-recognition site on tRNA is a sequence of three bases called the anticodon, which recognizes a complementary sequence of three bases on mRNA.Apoprotein. 载脂蛋白The protein moiety of a lipoprotein. They mediate the interaction between lipoproteins and tissues.Apoptosis. 细胞凋亡Programmed cell death. The programmed cell death is tightly regulated, which plays important roles in physiologic processes. Typical morphologic changes can be observed in apoptosis. One or more endonucleases degrade DNA, leading to characteristic ladder of discrete DNA fragment on electrophoresis.Bile salts. 胆汁酸盐Salt form of bile acids and their conjugates. Since bile contains significant quantities of sodium and potassium and the pH is alkaline, it is assumed that the bile acids and their conjugates are in a salt form, so called “bile salts.”Biotin. 生物素A cofactor involved in carboxylation reactions. Most enzymes that catalyze the ATP-dependent addition of CO2 to a substrate (like acetyl-CoA carboxylase) requires the cofactor biotin.Calcitonin. 降钙素A 32-amino-acid peptide secreted by the parathyroid. The dominant biological action of calcitonin is to mediate a lowering of serum calcium levels. The hypocalcemic and hypophosphatemic effects of calcitonin are believed to be due to an inhibition of PTH-mediated calcium resorption.Calcium-binding protein. 钙结合蛋白1,25(OH)2-D3 stimulates gene transcription and formation of specific mRNA that codes for “calcium-binding protein”, also called “Calbindin”. Three distinct vitamin D-induced “Calbindin” have been isolated. Two of them are found exclusively inside the intestinal and kidney cells, which are actively involved in calcium translocation.Calmodulin. 钙调蛋白A ubiquitous calcium sensor in eukaryotes, regulates the activities of many intracellular proteins. The binding of Ca2+ to multiple sites in calmodulin induces a major conformational change that converts it from an inactive to an active form. Activated calmodulin binds to many enzymes and modifies their activities.cAMP. 环化腺苷一磷酸Second messenger for increased demand for energy and glucose. cAMP activates cAMP-dependent protein kinase. Increased cAMP levels are associated with increased protein phosphorylation. Increases in the cAMP concentration cause activation of glycogen degradation, increased fatty acid breakdown, stimulation of glycolysis in muscle, and stimulation of gluconeogenesis in the liver.cAMP-dependent protein kinase，PKA. 依赖cAMP的蛋白激酶Most effects of cyclic AMP in eukaryotic cells are mediated by the activation of a single protein kinase. This key enzyme is called protein kinase A or cAMP-dependent protein kinase, which alters the activities of target proteins by phosphorylating specific serine or threonine residues.Capping. 帽子生成Putting a 7-methylguanosine triphosphate on the 5’ end of an mRNA molecule. Capping is involved in the recognition of mRNA and may increase the stability of the RNA by preventing the attack of 5’exonuc leases.Carnitine shuttle. 肉碱穿梭Gets fatty acyl groups into mitochondria. Fatty acyl-CoA in the cytosol is transferred to carnitine to makefatty acyl carnitine, which is transported into mitochondria. Once inside, the fatty acyl group is transferred to CoA and the carnitine is returned to the mitochondrial membrane.Catabolic pathway.分解代谢途径Degradative metabolism. Catabolic pathways involve oxidative processes that release free energy.Catabolic repression. 分解代谢阻遏Catabolic repression means that an intermediate in a sequence of catabolic enzyme-catalyzed reactions has ability to repress synthesis of catabolic enzymes.Catabolite gene activator protein, CAP. 分解（代谢）物基因激活蛋白A cAMP-binding protein that is capable of stimulating transcription by binding to certain promoter sites. It consists of two subunits, each of which contains a DNA-binding domain and a cAMP binding domain.cDNA library. cDNA文库A library is a collection of recombinant clones. cDNA library represents the population of mRNA in a tissue. See also cDNA.cDNA. 互补DNAComplementary DNA. cDNA copies from a population of cytoplasmic mRNA using enzyme reverse transcriptase, converting the cDNA single strands to double-stranded DNA. The reverse transcriptase copies RNA templates into DNA-RNA hybrids. After the RNA in these hybrids is specifically destroyed, double-stranded DNA may be produced by DNA polymerase. cDNA is a copy of an mRNA so that it contains only the exon sequences.cis-acting element. 顺式作用元件This word described the regulatory interactions between two DNA sequences on the same gene. An enhancer or repressor sequence in the DNA is a cis-acting element or factor that affects the transcription of the gene.cistron. 顺反子A stretch of DNA that carries the information for a polypeptide chain is called cistron.Clone. 克隆Group of cells or sequences of DNA that are identical with a single parental cell or molecule.Coding strand. 编码链The coding strand of DNA has the same sequence as that of the RNA transcript except for T in place of U. It is so-called because it matches the RNA transcript that encodes the protein. The coding strand is also known as the sense strand.codon. 密码子Each amino acid in a protein is specified by an mRNA sequence of three nucleotides, which is called a codon.Coenzyme. 辅酶A molecule bound to an enzyme and is essential for its activity. The coenzymes allow the enzyme to have functional groups that are not available from the side chains of the amino acids.Competitive inhibition. 竞争性抑制Substrate and inhibitor combine at the same site and result in raising the apparent Km for the substrate.. In competitive inhibition, inhibitor can be completely displaced by a high concentration of the substrate.Configuration. 构型The stereochemical arrangement of atoms in a molecule. Configuration cannot be changed without breaking and reforming covalent bonds.Conformation. 构象Differences in rotation around bonds. The conformation of a molecular can be changed by simply rotating groups around single bonds.Conjugated bilirubin. 结合胆红素Adding glucuronic acid molecules to bilirubin. Hepatocytes perform the process and convert bilirubin to a water-soluble form.Cosmid vector. 柯斯质粒载体A special class of artificially constructed E.coli plasmids that carry the λ cos site, which allows them to be packaged intoλphage particles for efficient introduction into bacteria.Creatine kinase. 肌酸激酶Kinases incorporate phosphate from ATP into the substrate. Creatine kinase converts creatine to creatine phosphate, a major energy reserves in muscle.de novo synthesis. 从头合成Biosynthesis of nucleotides with simple materials. Purine and pyrimidine ribonucleotides are synthesized via two pathways, in which the purines are built as nucleotides via phosphoribosyl intermediates, whereas the pyrimidine ring is completed to the stage of orotate before coupling to ribose.degenerate. 简并More than one codon can specify the same amino acid and all codons are unambiguous in that each specifies no more than one amino acid.Denaturation. 变性Destroy the secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure of a protein, DNA, or RNA molecule.DNA damage. DNA损伤DNA damage is that changes in the DNA sequence resulted from copying errors and the effects of various physical and chemical agents or carcinogens，which alters one or more nucleotides in DNA.DNA polymerase. DNA聚合酶The principal synthetic enzyme, DNA polymerase, extends the primers in the 5’ to 3’ direction by catalyzing addition of deoxyribonucleoside 5’-phos phates to the primer 3’ends. Synthesis proceeds in the 5’ to 3’ direction as the template strand is read in the 3’ to 5’ direction.DNA Replication. DNA复制Generation of a new copy of double-stranded DNA from a parental DNA molecule.Domain. 结构域Some polypeptide chains fold into two or more compact supersecondary structures. These compact globular supersecondary structures are called domains, which is one level of protein’s structures between secondary structure and tertiary structure.Effector. 效应剂A class of small molecules capable of binding at a regulatory site. The binding of an effector changes the conformation of the enzyme so as to alter the kinetic properties of the catalytic site.Enhancer. 增强子The sequence elements that can increase the rate of transcription initiation of eukaryotic genes. Enhancers have no promoter activity of their own but they can exert their stimulatory actions over distances of several thousand base pairs.Enterohepatic circulation. 肠肝循环The primary bile acids are synthesized in the liver and the secondary bile acids are formed in the intestine. The secondary bile acids are absorbed in the intestine, returning to the liver then recycle between intestine and liver, which is known as the entero-hepatic circulation.Epidermal growth factor (EGF) . 表皮生长因子Epidermal growth factor can stimulates growth of many epidermal and epithelial cells. Also see “growth factor”.Essential amino acid. 必需氨基酸The amino acids that humans can not synthesize. The human diet must contain these amino acids to support growth or maintain health.exon. 外显子Regions that are retained in the mature RNA.FAD. 黄素腺嘌呤二核苷酸Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide. FAD is derived from vitamin riboflavin, which serves as cofactor for oxidation and reduction reactions.Fat. 脂肪Mainly stored as triglyceride in adipose tissue. The adipose tissue releases fatty acids by the activation a hormone-sensitive lipase that catalyzes the hydrolysis of the triglyceride. The fatty acids are thentransported through the serum and oxidized via b oxidation in the tissues to yield energy.Feedback inhibition . 反馈抑制Feedback inhibition refers to the inhibition of the activity of an enzyme in a biosynthetic pathway by an end product of that pathway.Ferritin. 铁蛋白Intracellular form of iron storage. It stores iron that can be used as condition requires.FH4. 四氢叶酸Tetrahydrofolate. A reduced form of folic acid involved intimately in one-carbon transfer reactions.Gene. 基因A stretch of DNA that carries the information for a polypeptide chain is called gene or cistron. Also see cistron.Genome. 基因组Total information of gene contained in a cell, an organism or a virus.Genomic DNA library. 基因组DNA文库Fragments of DNA from the genome of some organism. They are prepared from the total DNA of a cell line or tissue by performing partial digestion of total DNA with a restriction enzyme that cuts DNA frequently. It contains exons, introns, untranslated regions that can occur in DNA.Glucogenic amino acid. 生糖氨基酸The amino acid that yield pyruvate or citric cycle intermediates.Gluconeogenesis. 糖异生Making glucose or glycogen from noncarbohydrate. The term used to include all mechanisms and pathways responsible for converting noncarbohydrate to glucose or glycogen.Glycerol-a-phosphate shuttle. a-磷酸甘油穿梭Get electron from cytoplasmic NADH into the mitochondria so that 2 ATPs can be made by oxidation of the NADH. The enzymes of the shuttle in mitochondria is linked to the respiratory chain via a flavoprotein.Glycolysis. 酵解Metabolic pathway that provides pyruvate as fuel to the citric cycle or for fat synthesis. In the absence of oxygen, lactate is produced from the pyruvate to regenerate NAD+ so that the pathway can continue to work in the absence of oxygen.Gout. 痛风It is an inherited metabolic disease that affects the joints and kidneys caused by hyperuricemia. Though some patients have a partial deficiency of hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (HGPRT), it is not sole cause of the disease.Growth factor. 生长因子Small polypeptides (more properly called cytokines) that stimulate the growth of particular classes of cells. The factors have a variety of effects, including changes in the uptake of small molecules, initiation or stimulation of the cell cycle, and ultimately cell division. Examples of secreted cytokines are EGF (epidermal growth factor), PDGF (platelet-derived growth factor), and insulin.Guide RNA. 指导RNAGuide RNA is a sequence that is complementary to the correctly edited mRNA.Hairpin structure. 发夹结构A double-helical stretch formed by base paring between neighboring complementary sequences of a single strand of DNA or RNA.Helicase. 解链酶An enzyme whose activity involved in DNA replication that relieves the strain associated with unwinding the DNA double helix during replication.Heme. 血红素A cofactor consisting of a porphyrin ring containing an iron atom. Heme has different functions depending on the protein that used them as a cofactor. Heme are used to carry oxygen without oxidizing it in hemoglobin and myoglobin, but in other proteins, like cytochrome P450, the heme iron produces a very reactive iron-oxygen species at the active site.Hemoglobin. 血红蛋白Hemoglobin is the oxygen-carrying system found in erythrocytes, which transports oxygen from the lungs to all tissues of the body. The quaternary structure of hemoglobin confers its allosteric properties that adapt it to its biologic roles and permit its precise regulation.Hexokinase. 己糖激酶Responsible for the phosphorylation of glucose for entry into glycolysis, glycogen synthesis, or the pentose phosphate pathway.hnRNA. 不均一核内RNAHeterogeneous nuclear RNA. They are formed in the nucleus that is a precursor to mRNA, which has both the intron and exon sequences.Hormone response element, HRE. 激素反应元件A specific DNA sequences capable of binding activated receptors. These elements regulate the gene expression. Both steroids and peptide hormones exert their effects on transcription through HREs, but the initial reactions are different.Housekeeping gene. 管家基因The genes that are expressed at a reasonably constant rate and not known to be subject to regulation.Induction. 诱导Synthesis of a particular protein in response to a signal stimulation in cellular metabolism. For example, the synthesis of an enzyme can be induced by its substrate.Intron. 内含子The mosaic nature of eukaryotic genes is discontinuous. The primary transcript of a gene contains the regions that are not present in the mRNA. Regions that are removed from the primary transcript are called introns.Isoelectric point. 等电点The pH at which a molecule has a net zero charge.Isomerase. 异构酶An enzyme that catalyzes an intramolecular rearrangement.Isozyme. 同工酶Distinct physical forms of an enzyme with the same catalytic activity. Separation and identification of isozymes is of diagnostic value.Jaundice. 黄疸When bilirubin in the blood reaches a certain concentration, hyperbilirubinemia exists and bilirubin diffuses into the tissues, which then became yellow. The condition is called jaundice.Ketogenic amino acid. 生酮氨基酸An amino acid that yields only acetyl-CoA. They can not yield pyruvate or tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates.Ketone bodies. 酮体Acetoacetate, hydroxybutyrate and acetone. At high rate of fatty acid oxidation, the liver produces considerable quantities of acetoacetate and hydroxybutyrate. The former continually undergoes spontaneous decarboxylation to yield acetone. Ketone bodies are metabolized in muscle and brain as an energy source.Km. 米氏常数If an enzyme follows hyperbolic kinetics, the Km is equal to the substrate concentration at which the reaction rate is half its maximal value.Ligase. 连接酶A ligase catalyzes the joining of two pieces of DNA covalently. DNA ligase joins the backbone phosphates in a phosphodiester bond.Lipids. 脂类Lipids consist of a diverse set of hydrophobic molecules including triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids, and so forth. It is soluble in organic solvents like chloroform or ether.Malate-Aspartate shuttle. 苹果酸-天冬氨酸穿梭Gets electrons from cytoplasmic NADH into the mitochondria so that 3 ATPs can be produced by oxidation of the NADH.Mitogen-activited-protein kinase ( MAPK). 有丝分裂原激活蛋白激酶Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) is one of the most ancient signaling molecules and is involved in multiple cellular processes, including cell proliferation, cell growth, and cell death.Messenger RNA (mRNA). 信使RNAThe RNA in cytoplasm that serve as templates for protein synthesis. The primary RNA transcript is processed to mRNA by adding a cap and a tail and removing introns.NAD+-NADH. 辅酶INicotinamide adenine dinucleotide. NADH is an electron carrier. NAD+ accepts two electrons and a proton from substrates and ultimately transfers them to the electron transport chain to make three ATPs and H2O.Nicotinic acid. 尼克酸A vitamin that serves as a source of the pyridine ring of NAD+ and NADP+. Dietary deficiency of nicotinic acid can lead to pellagra. Humans can synthesize nicotinic acid that derived from tryptophan.Non-competitive inhibition. 非竞争性抑制In non-competitive inhibition, inhibitor bind to a different domain of an enzyme, lowering the maximum velocity but with normal Km.Nucleosides. 核苷A nucleoside consists of a purine or pyrimidine base linked to a pentose.Nucleotides. 核苷酸A nucleotide is a phosphate ester of a nucleoside on 3’- or 5’-carbon of ribose. Phosphorylation on 5’-carbon of ribose is the one most commonly esterified forms.Okazaki fragment. 冈崎片段The short discontinuous segments, which later are joined by DNA ligase, are called Okazaki fragment after their discoverer.Oncogene. 癌基因Oncogenes are the genes capable of changing a normal cell into a transformed cells. Many oncogenes encode abnormal signal transduction proteins involved in imitating the action of polypeptide growth factor.Operator. 操纵序列The operator is a DNA segment adjacent to the structural genes. The binding of the repressor to the operator prevents the transcription of these genes.Operon. 操纵子A collection of prokaryotic structural genes that are present in a linear array and whose expression is controlled by the same regulatory region of the DNA. This arrangement allows simple control over the expression of proteins that are all needed for a common job. It should be noted that an operon includes both operator and its associated structural genes.Osteomalacia. 软骨病Osteomalacia is caused by vitamin D deficiency in the adult, which leads to softening and weakening of bones.Oxidation. 氧化When something is oxidized, something else must become reduced. With removal of an electron, ferrous is oxidized to ferric ion. So oxidation is a process with the loss of electrons.Oxidative phosphorylation. 氧化磷酸化The process in which ATP is formed as a result of the transfer of electrons from NADH or FADH2 to oxygen by a series of electron carriers.Parathyroid hormone (PTH) . 甲状旁腺素Parathyroid hormone, an 84-amino acid-containing protein, is secreted by the chief cells of the parathyroid gland. The biological actions of PTH are related to regulate calcium metabolism.Pentose phosphate pathway. 磷酸戊糖途径An alternative route for the metabolism of glucose. The pathway generates both NADPH for reductive syntheses and ribose residues for nucleotide biosynthesis.Peptide bond. 肽键The bond that the a-carboxyl group of one amino acid is joined to the a-amino group of another amino acid by an amide bond in a polypeptide.Phospholipase C. 磷脂酶CThe activation of the phospholipase C is mediated by G protein. The active form of the enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of a membrane-bounded substrate to form two second messengers, diacylglyceride and inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate. Diacylglyceride is capable of activating protein kinase C. Inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate is effective for the release of calcium from intracellular calcium pool.Plasmid. 质粒Independently replicating circular pieces of DNA whose natural function is to confer antibiotic resistance to the host cell.Platelet-derived growth factor. 血小板源生长因子Platelet-derived growth factor can stimulates growth of messenchymal and glial cells. Also see “growth factor”.Point mutation. 点突变It is cause by a single base change of DNA gemone, which in turn results in a change in the messenger RNA, a structural abnormality of gene expression.Polycistronic mRNA. 多顺反子mRNAA single mRNA that encodes more than one separately translated protein is referred to as a polycistronic mRNA, which contains multiple independent translation start and stop codons for each cistron.Polypeptide chain. 多肽链Many amino acids joined by peptide bonds form a polypeptide chain, which has two different ends, i.e. N-terminal and C-terminal respectively.Polyribosome. 多核糖体An mRNA molecule with many ribosomes bound to it. Many ribosomes can translate the same mRNA simultaneously.Primary transcript.初级转录本Primary transcript is the original unmodified RNA product corresponding to a transcription unit.Primase. 引物酶Primase catalyzes polymerization of ribonucleoside 5’-triphosphates to form RNA primers. The sequence of monomer addition is dictated by a template strand of DNA and the chain lengths of primers are usually 10-50 nucleotides.Promoter. 启动子Promoter is a region of DNA involved in binding of RNA polymerase to initiate transcription.Prosthetic group. 辅基Many proteins require tightly bound, specific nonpolypeptide units for their biological activities. Such a unit is called a prosthetic group.Protease. 蛋白酶An enzyme that hydrolyzes the amide bonds in a protein. Most proteases recognize a specific type of amino acid side chain and cleave the protein at specific points.Proto-oncogene. 原癌基因Normal cellular genes with the potential to become oncogenes are called proto-oncogenes or cellular oncogenes. These genes were conserved in a wide range of eukaryotic cells. The conserved sequences were important components of normal cells and their products are believed to play important roles in normal differentiation and other cellular process.Pyridoxal phosphate. 磷酸吡多醛All transamination reactions require the coenzyme pyridoxal phosphate. The important functional groupsof the coenzyme are the aldehyde group, which can form a Schiff base with the a-amino group of an amino acid and facilitate transamination.Rate-limiting enzyme. 限速酶Enzymes catalyzing committed steps in unidirectional anabolic and catabolic pathways, which act as natural governors of metabolic flow and represent the most efficient regulatory intervention.Receptor. 受体All of receptors are proteins that can selectively bind specific molecule and initiate their biologic effects.Recombinant DNA. 重组DNAInformation exchanging by breaking and joining chromosomal DNA. Recombination can occur between genes with similar sequences or between genes with different sequences.Reduction. 还原Chemically, reduction is defined as the gain of electrons. NAD+ is reduced to NADH. It follows that reduction is accompanied by oxidation of an electron donor.Replication. 复制Generation of a new copy of double-stranded DNA from a parental DNA molecule.Residue. 残基In a polypeptide chain, an amino acid unit is called a residue.Respiratory chain. 呼吸链Exists in the mitochondria, consists of a number of redox carriers. The respiratory chain provides most of the energy captured in metabolism.Restriction endonuclease. 限制性内切核酸酶The classes of endonucleases cut DNA at specific DNA sequences within the molecule.Reverse transcriptase. 反转录酶An RNA-directed DNA polymerase in retroviruses; capable of making DNA complementary to an RNA.Reverse transcription. 反转录RNA-directed synthesis of DNA, catalyzed by reverse transcriptase.Ribosomes. 核糖体Complex cytoplasmic particles each consisting of two ribonucleoprotein subunits. Translation of mRNA occurs on it.Ribozyme. 核酶A class of RNAs that meet all the classic criteria for definition as enzymes. These catalytic RNAs catalyze highly specific hydrolysis of phosphodiester bonds in RNAs and are important in the processing events involved in maturation of pre-mRNA.Rickets. 佝偻病Vitamin D deficiency in childhood produces rickets characterized by low plasma calcium and phosphorus levels and by poorly mineralized bone with associated skeletal deformities.RNA editing. RNA 编辑The information content of some mRNA is altered following transcription by process other than RNA splicing.RNA Polymerase. RNA聚合酶RNA Polymerase is an enzyme that synthesizes RNA using a DNA template.rRNA. 核蛋白体rRNARibosomal RNA. Structural components of ribosomes. There are several discrete size classes of rRNA, usually referred to by their sedimentation coefficients as 5S, 5.8S, 18S, and28S in eucaryotic cells.S-adenosyl methionine, SAM. S腺苷蛋氨酸SAM is a major donor of one-carbon unit at the methyl oxidation state, which is formed from methyl-THF and homocysteine by a vitamin B12-dependent reaction.Salting out. 盐析The solubility of the proteins is lowered at high salt concentrations, so-called the “salting out”. It can be used to fractionate proteins because the dependence of solubility on salt concentration differs from one protein to another.Salvage pathway. 补救合成途径The pathways that purines and pyrimidines derived from nucleic acid catabolism react with PRPP and form the corresponding ribonucleotides. Corresponding deoxyribonucleotides are produced by reduction of the ribonucleoside diphosphates, using NADPH as the reducing agent.Semiconservative replication. 半保留复制DNA replication follows a law called semiconservative replication, i.e., one of the strands of each daughter DNA molecule is newly synthesized, whereas the other is passed on unchanged from the parent DNA molecule.Sigma factor. σ因子Sigma factor is the subunit of bacterial RNA polymerase needed for initiation. It is the major influence on selection of binding sites (promoters).Signal transduction. 信号转导The process by which an extracellular signal is amplified and converted to a cellular response. For example, growth factors act on the cell cycle and mitosis via transmembrane signal transduction.snRNA. 小核RNASmall nuclear RNA. They have roles in RNA processing but are not directly involved in protein synthesis.。
生物化学名词解释英汉完整
生物化学名词解释英汉完整.txt12思念是一首诗，让你在普通的日子里读出韵律来；思念是一阵雨，让你在枯燥的日子里湿润起来；思念是一片阳光，让你的阴郁的日子里明朗起来。
生物化学名词解释（英汉）第一章1,氨基酸（amino acid）：是含有一个碱性氨基和一个酸性羧基的有机化合物，氨基一般连在α-碳上。
2，必需氨基酸（essential amino acid）：指人（或其它脊椎动物）（赖氨酸，苏氨酸等）自己不能合成，需要从食物中获得的氨基酸。
3，非必需氨基酸（nonessential amino acid）：指人（或其它脊椎动物）自己能由简单的前体合成，不需要从食物中获得的氨基酸。
4，等电点（pI，isoelectric point）：使分子处于兼性分子状态，所带净电荷为零，在电场中不迁移（分子的静电荷为零）的pH值。
5，茚三酮反应（ninhydrin reaction）：在加热条件下，α－氨基酸或肽与茚三酮反应生成紫色（与脯氨酸反应生成黄色）化合物的反应。
6，肽键（peptide bond）:一个氨基酸的羧基与另一个的氨基的氨基缩合，除去一分子水形成的酰氨键。
7，肽（peptide）:两个或两个以上氨基酸通过肽键共价连接形成的聚合物。
8，蛋白质一级结构（primary structure）：指蛋白质中共价连接的氨基酸残基的排列顺序。
9，层析（chromatography）:按照在移动相和固定相（可以是气体或液体）之间的分配比例将混合成分分开的技术。
10，离子交换层析（ion-exchange column chromatography）使用带有固定的带电基团的聚合树脂或凝胶层析柱。
一种利用离子交换树脂作支持剂的层析法。
（沈同生化P152）11，透析（dialysis）：通过小分子经过半透膜扩散到水（或缓冲液）的原理，将小分子与生物大分子分开的一种分离纯化技术。
利用蛋白质分子不能通过半透膜的性质，使蛋白质和其他小分子物质如无机盐、单糖等分开。
生物化学中英文名词解释汇总
生物化学中英文名词解释汇总生化不是危机。
就看你怎么复习啦第一部分：糖类1.糖（Saccharide）：糖是多羟醛或多羟酮及其缩聚物和某些衍生物的总称。
2.单糖（monoaccharide）：也称简单糖，不能被水解成更小分子的糖类，是多羟醛或多羟酮。
常见的单糖有葡萄糖（Glucoe）、果糖（Fructoe）、半乳糖（galactoe）。
3.寡糖（oligoaccharide）：又称低聚糖，是由2~20个单糖通过糖苷键连接而成的糖类物质。
可分为二糖、三糖、四糖、五糖等。
4.二糖（diaccharide）：又称双糖，是最简单的寡糖，由2个分子单糖缩合而成。
常见的二糖有蔗糖（ucroe）、乳糖（lactoe）、麦芽糖（maltoe）。
5.多糖（polyaccharide）：由多分子单糖或单糖的衍生物聚合而成。
6.同多糖（homopolyaccharide）由同一种单糖聚合而成，如淀粉（tarch）、糖原（glycogen）、纤维素（celluloe）。
7.杂多糖（heteropolyaccharide）有不同种单糖或单糖衍生物聚合而成，如透明质酸（hyaluronicacid,HA）、肝素（heparin,Hp）等。
8.糖胺聚糖（glycoaminoglycan,GAG）又称粘多糖，氨基多糖和酸性多糖。
是动植物特别是高等动物的结缔组织中的一类结构多糖。
例如透明质酸.硫酸软骨素.硫酸角质素等。
9.蛋白聚糖（proteoglycan）：由一条或多条糖胺聚糖和一个核心蛋白共价连接而成，糖含量可超过95%。
主要存在于软骨、腱等结缔组织，构成细胞间质。
由于糖胺聚糖有密集的负电荷，在组织中可吸收大量的水而赋予粘性和弹性，具有稳定、支持和保护细胞的作用。
10.糖蛋白(glycoprotein)：短链寡糖与蛋白质以共价键连接而形成的复合物，其总体性质更接近蛋白质。
糖蛋白的寡糖链参与分子识别和细胞识别。
11.糖脂（glycolipid）12.脂多糖（lipopolyaccharide）第二部分脂质1.脂质：lipid是一类低溶于水而高溶于非极性溶剂的生物有机分子。
生物化学专业名词中英对照-终稿(1)
生物化学专业名词中英对照蛋白质allosteric effect别构效应：又称为变构效应，是寡聚蛋白与配基结合改变蛋白质的构象，从而影Bohr effect波尔效应：CO2浓度的增加降低细胞内的pH，引起红细胞内血红蛋白氧亲和力chaperone伴娘蛋白：亦称分子伴侣，它与一种新合成的多肽链形成复合物并协助它正确折collagen胶原（蛋白）：是动物结缔组织最丰富的一种蛋白质，它是由原configuration构型：有机分子中各个原子特有的固定的空间排列。
这种排列不经过共价键的断conformation构象：指一个分子中，不改变共价键结构，仅单键周围的原子放置所产生的空间disulfide bond二硫键：通过两个（半胱氨酸）巯基的氧化形成的共价键。
二硫键在稳定某些蛋domain结构域：在蛋白质的三级结构内的独立折叠单元。
结构域通常都是几个超二级结fibrous protein纤维蛋白：一类主要不溶于水的蛋白质，通常都含有呈现相同二globular protein球蛋白：紧凑的，近似球形的，含有折叠紧密的多肽链的一类蛋白质，许多都溶hemoglobin血红蛋白：是由含有血红素辅基的4个亚基组成的结合蛋白。
血红蛋白负责将氧hydrophobic interaction疏水相互作用：非极性分子之间的一种弱的非共价的相互作用。
这些非极性的分keratin角蛋白：由处于α-螺旋或β-折叠构象的平行的多肽链组成不溶于水的起着保护myoglobin肌红蛋白：是由一条肽链和一个血红素辅基组成的结合蛋白，是肌肉内储存氧的peptide unit肽单位：又称为肽基（peptide group），是肽键主链上的重复结构。
由参于肽protein denaturation蛋白质变性：生物大分子的天然构象遭到破坏导致其生物活性丧失的现象。
蛋白protein quaternary structure蛋白质四级结构：多亚基蛋白质的三维结构。
生物化学中英文名词解释汇总
生物化学上册中英文名词解释汇总第一部分：糖类1.糖（Saccharide）：糖是多羟醛或多羟酮及其缩聚物和某些衍生物的总称。
2.单糖（monosaccharide）：也称简单糖，不能被水解成更小分子的糖类，是多羟醛或多羟酮。
常见的单糖有葡萄糖（Glucose）、果糖（Fructose）、半乳糖（galactose）。
3.寡糖（oligosaccharide）：又称低聚糖，是由2~20个单糖通过糖苷键连接而成的糖类物质。
可分为二糖、三糖、四糖、五糖等。
4.二糖（disaccharide）：又称双糖，是最简单的寡糖，由2个分子单糖缩合而成。
常见的二糖有蔗糖（sucrose）、乳糖（lactose）、麦芽糖（maltose）。
5.多糖（polysaccharide）：由多分子单糖或单糖的衍生物聚合而成。
6.同多糖（homopolysaccharide）由同一种单糖聚合而成，如淀粉（starch）、糖原（glycogen）、纤维素（cellulose）。
7.杂多糖（heteropolysaccharide）有不同种单糖或单糖衍生物聚合而成，如透明质酸（hyaluronic acid,HA）、肝素（heparin,Hp）等。
8.糖胺聚糖（glycosaminoglycan,GAG）又称粘多糖，氨基多糖和酸性多糖。
是动植物特别是高等动物的结缔组织中的一类结构多糖。
例如透明质酸.硫酸软骨素.硫酸角质素等。
9.蛋白聚糖（proteoglycan）：由一条或多条糖胺聚糖和一个核心蛋白共价连接而成，糖含量可超过95%。
主要存在于软骨、腱等结缔组织，构成细胞间质。
由于糖胺聚糖有密集的负电荷，在组织中可吸收大量的水而赋予粘性和弹性，具有稳定、支持和保护细胞的作用。
10.糖蛋白(glycoprotein)：短链寡糖与蛋白质以共价键连接而形成的复合物，其总体性质更接近蛋白质。
糖蛋白的寡糖链参与分子识别和细胞识别。
11.糖脂（glycolipid）12.脂多糖（lipopolysaccharide）第二部分脂质1.脂质：lipid是一类低溶于水而高溶于非极性溶剂的生物有机分子。
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绪论（prelude）生物化学biochemistry 无机离子inorganic生物分子biomolecular 糖carbohydrate脂lipid核酸nucleic acid蛋白质protein维生素vitamin酶enzyme辅酶coenzyme 激素hormone核苷酸nucleotide氨基酸amino acid 葡萄糖glucose单糖monosaccharide 双糖disaccharide脂肪酸fatty acid克隆技术cloning克隆clone糖类（carbohydrate）糖carbohydrate/saccharide糖生物学glycobiology醛糖aldose酮糖ketose单糖monosaccharide寡/低聚糖oligosaccharide二糖disaccharide三糖trisaccharide多糖polysaccharide复合糖compoud/complex saccharide 链状结构chain structure构型configuration构象conformation异构isomerism 对映体enanthiomer果糖fructose半乳糖galactose甘露糖mannose环状结构ring structure异头物anomer不对称碳原子asymmetric carbon atom 投影式Fischer式透视式Haworth式椅式构象chain form船式构象boat form旋光性optical activity比旋光度specific rotation变旋性mutarotation甜度sweetness半缩醛hemiacetal醛糖酸aldonic acid还原糖reducing sugar醛糖二酸aldaric acid糖醛酸uronic acid糖苷glycoside糖脎osazone/phenylosazone 糠醛furfural蒽酮anthroneN-乙酰葡糖胺NAGN-乙酰-胞壁酸NAM蔗糖sucrose麦芽糖maltose乳糖lactose淀粉starch糖原glycogen纤维素cellulose壳多糖(几丁质)chitin琼脂agar支链淀粉amylopectin直链淀粉amylose肽聚糖peptidoglycan 粘肽mucopeptide氨基糖肽glycoaminopeptide磷壁酸teichoic acid软骨素4-或6-硫chondroitin 4-or 6-sulfate,CS脂多糖lipopolysaccharide糖蛋白glycoprotein透明质酸hyaluronic acid,HA肝素heparin,HP蛋白聚糖proteoglycan硫酸皮肤素dermatan sulfate,DS硫酸角质素keratan suIfate,KS核心蛋白core protein连接蛋白link protein糖胺聚糖/粘多糖glycosaminoglycan/mucopolysaccharide 胞壁酸muramic acid神经氨酸neuraminic acid淀粉酶amylase糊精odextrin磷酸化酶phosphrylase糖肽键glycopeptide linkag脂质（lipid）单脂simple lipid复脂compound lipid 衍生脂质derived lipid 脂肪酸fatty acid,FA 饱和脂肪酸saturated FA不饱和脂肪unsaturated FA单不饱和脂肪酸monounsaturated FA 多不饱和脂肪酸polyunsaturated FA乳化emulsification微团micelle离子型去污剂(乳化剂)ionic detergent 三脂triester甘油glycerolSn命名法Stereospecific Numbering 酰基甘油acylglycerol三酰甘油triacylglycerol,TG甘油三脂triglyceride命名法nomenclature乙酰（化）值/价acetylation value酸值/酸价acid value加成反应addition reaction碘值/碘价iodine number or value皂化值saponification value磷脂phospholipid甘油磷酯glycerophospholipid微囊vesicle 磷脂酶phospholipase磷酸甘油脂phosphoglyceride鞘氨醇sphingosine鞘(氨醇)磷脂sphingomyelin神经酰胺ceramide鞘磷脂sphingomyelin糖脂glucolipid/glycolipin鞘糖脂glycosphingolipid必需脂肪酸essential fatty acid蜡wax过氧化作用peroxidation磷脂酰胆碱/卵磷脂lecithin磷脂酰乙醇胺/脑磷脂cephalin 双磷脂酰甘油/心磷脂cardiolipin 萜terpene类固醇/甾醇steroid胆固醇cholesterol蛋白质(protein)化学蛋白质protein,pr蛋白水解酶proteolytic enzyme 蛋白酶proteinase胰蛋白酶trypsin糜蛋白酶chymotrypsin胃蛋白酶pepsin嗜热菌蛋白酶themolysin 氨基酸amino acid,AA等电点isoelectric point,pI标准氨基酸standard amino acid 甘氨酸glycine,Gly,G丙氨酸alanine,Ala,A缬氨酸valine,Val,V亮氨酸lucine,Leu,L异亮氨酸isoleucine,Ile,I丝氨酸serine,Ser,S苏氨酸threonine,Thr,T半胱氨酸cysteine,Cys,C甲硫/蛋氨酸methionine,Met,M 谷氨酸glutamic acid,Glu,E谷氨酰胺glutamine,Gln,Q天冬氨酸aspartic acid,Asp,D 天冬酰胺asparagine,Asn,N赖氨酸lysine,Lys,K精氨酸arginine,Arg,R组氨酸histidine,His,H脯氨酸proline,Pro,P苯丙氨酸phenylalanine,Phe,F 色氨酸tryptophan,Trp,W酪氨酸tyrosine,Tyr,Y2,4一二硝基氟苯DNFB苯异硫氰酸酯PITC苯硫乙内酰脲AA PTH-AA苯氨基硫甲酰AA PTC-AA坂口反应Sakaguchi反应乙醛酸反应Hopking-Cole反应肽键peptide bond二硫硝基苯甲酸DTNB (Ellman试剂) 谷胱甘肽(GSH ,Glu-Cys-Gly）肽（链）peptide chain酚试剂反应Folin-Cioculteu反应氨肽酶amino peptidase羧肽酶carboxypeptidase真正单键pure single bond二面角dihedral angle帽化capping部分双键的性质partial double-bond character一级结构primary structure二级结构secondary structure三级结构tertiary structure四级结构quaternary structure二级结构元件secondary structrue element螺旋helixα-螺旋α-Helix氢键hydrogen bond疏水作用hydrophobic interaction范德华力van der Waals forceβ-折叠β-pleated sheet亚基/亚单位subunit自由回转/无规卷曲random coil结构域structural domain次级键(非共价键)noncovalent bond肌红蛋白myoglobin,Mb对称性symmetry超二级结构(花式)Super-secondary structure肽链peptide chain多肽polypeptide活性肽active peptideα-角蛋白α-keratin丝心蛋白fibroin胶原蛋白collagen血红蛋白hemoglobin,Hb别构作用allosteric interaction别构效应allosteric effect别构蛋白allosteric protein协同效应cooperative effect二磷酸甘油酸BPG核糖核酸酶ribonuclease, RNaseβ-转角β-turn(β-弯曲β-bend,β-回折或发夹结构hairpin structure)纸层析filter-paper chromatography离子交换层析ion-exchange column chromatography简单/纯蛋白质simple protein缀合蛋白质conjugated protein纤维状蛋白质fibrous protein球状蛋白质globular protein二硫键disulfide bond对角线电泳diagonal electrophoresis氨基酸残基amino acid residues同源蛋白质homology protein二面角dihedral angle螺旋帽化helix capping肌球蛋白myosin膜周边蛋白peripheral protein膜内在蛋白antegral protein脂锚定蛋白Lipid-anchored protein变性denaturation变性剂denaturation agent十二烷基硫酸钠SDS复性renaturation珠蛋白globin血红素heme紧张态tense state弛态relaxed state镰刀状细胞贫血病sickle-cell anemia 免疫球蛋白IgG渗透压osmotic pressure沉降系数sedimentation coefficient沉降系数单位Svedberg unit,S凝胶过滤gel filtration聚丙烯酰胺凝胶ployacrylamide gel 水化层hydration mantle亲水胶体hydrophilic colloid 双电层electric double layer纯化purification分离isolation透析dialysis密度梯度density gradient盐溶salting in盐析salting out电泳electrophoresis聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳ployacrylamide gel electrophoresis毛细管电泳capillary electrophoresis等电聚焦isoelectric focusing亲和层析affinity chromatography酶(enzyme)化学生物催化剂biocatalyst底物substrate单纯酶simple enzyme结合酶conjugated enzyme 全酶holienzyme辅因子cofactor辅酶coenzyme辅基prosthetic group 金属离子metal ion多酶复合体multienzyme system寡聚酶oligomeric enzyme单体酶monomeric enzyme习惯命名法recommended name国际系统命名法systematic name酶的专一性/特异性enzyme specificity 诱导契合学说induced-fit hypothesis氧化还原酶oxidoreductases转移酶transferases水解酶hydrolases裂合酶lyase异构酶isomerases合成/连接酶ligases酶促反应enzymatic reaction酶活力enzyme activity比活力specific activity核酶ribozyme抗体酶abzyme酶工程enzyme engineering固体化酶immobilized enzyme酶促反应动力学kinetics of enzyme-catalyzed reactions双倒数作图法Lineweaver-Burk作图法最适温度optimum temperature,Tm最适pHoptimum pH 活性部位active site必需基团essential group抑制剂inhibitor激活剂activator效应物effector别构酶allosteric enzyme别构调节allosteric regulation同促效应homotropic effect异促效应heterotropic effect天冬氨酸转氨甲酰酶ATCase酶原zymogen酶单位enzyme unit同工酶isoenzyme共价调节（修饰）酶covalent regulatory enzyme乳酸脱氢酶LDH可逆的共价修饰reversible covalent modification维生素(vitamin)与辅酶(coenzyme)视紫红质visual purple 视黄醇retinolβ-胡萝卜素β-carotine 夜盲症nyctalopia视黄醛retinene胆钙化醇(Vitamin D3)cholecalciferolV E(生育酚/抗不育维生素)tocopherol 麦角钙化醇(Vitamin D2)ergotcalciferol 凝血维生素Vitamin K抗神经炎/脚气病维生素,硫胺(素)Vitamin B1抗癞皮病维生素Vitamin PP硫胺素焦磷酸thiamine pyrophosphate,TPP尼克酸(烟酸)nicotinic acid尼克酰胺(烟酰胺) nicotinamide转钙化蛋白DBP维生素B2( VB2)/核黄素riboflavin黄素单核苷酸FMN ,flavin mononucleotide黄素腺嘌呤二核苷酸FAD,flavin adenine dinucleotid泛酸,VB3(遍多酸)pantothenic acid辅酶A CoA-SH,coenzyme A酰基载体蛋白ACP, acyl carrier protein 维生素B6 (吡哆素)Vitamin B6吡哆醇pyridoxine吡哆醛pyridoxal吡哆胺pyridoxamine磷酸吡哆醛PLP, pyridoxal-5-phosphate 醛亚胺Schiff碱维生素B12 (钴胺素) cobalamine维生素B7/H(生物素)biotin叶酸folic acid四氢叶酸(辅酶F)FH4/CoF/THF, tetrahydrofolate硫辛酸lipoic acid维生素C (抗坏血酸) ascorbic acid尼克酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸(辅酶Ⅰ)nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide，NAD+尼克酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸磷酸(辅酶Ⅱ)nicotinamide adeninedinucleotide phosphate，NADP+核酸(nucleic acid)化学DNA序列分析DNA Sequencing脱氧核糖核酸Deoxyribonucleic acid, DNA 核糖核酸Ribonucleic acid, RNA信使RNA (mRNA) messenger RNA 转运RNA( tRNA) transfer RNA核糖体RNA (rRNA) ribosome RNA小RNA sRNA反义RNA asRNA胞质小RNA sc RNA核不均一RNA hnRNA核内小RNA snRNA原核生物prokaryote真核生物eukaryote人类基因组计划Human Gene Project 质粒plasmid染色体chromosome染色质chromatin一磷酸腺苷(腺一磷)AMP,adenosine monophosphate二磷酸腺苷(腺二磷)ADP, adenosine diphosphate三磷酸腺苷(腺三磷)ATP,adenosine triphosphate复制replication转录transcription翻译translation逆转录reserve transcription核苷酸nucleotide 核苷nucleoside磷酸phosphate碱基base嘌呤碱purine base嘧啶碱pyrimidine base戊糖amyl sugar核糖ribose脱氧核糖deoxyribose腺嘌呤adenine,A鸟嘌呤guanine,G胞嘧cytosine,C胸腺嘧啶thymine,T尿嘧啶uracil,U二氢尿嘧啶DHU3’,5’—环化鸟苷酸cGMP3’,5’—环化腺苷酸cAMP顺反子cistron假尿嘧啶核苷pseudouridineDNA双螺旋结构DNA double-helical structure碱基对base pair, bp氢键hydrogen bond碱基堆积base stacking 组蛋白histone核小体nucleosome纤维fiber突环loop玫瑰花结rosette染色单体chromatid螺管/螺线圈coil 氨基酸臂amino acid armD环(二氢尿嘧啶环) diphydrouracil loop反密码子环anticodon loop可变环(额外环) extra loop核糖核酸酶ribonuclease, RNase牛胰核糖核酸酶RNaseI脱氧核糖核酸酶deoxyribonuclease, DNase牛胰脱氧核糖核酸酶DNaseI牛脾脱氧核糖核酸酶DNaseⅡ熔解温度melting temperature, Tm 变性denaturation 复性reassociation杂交hybridization原位杂交hybridization in situ激素(hormone)激素hormone生长激素growth hormone促甲状腺激素thyrotropic hormone催乳激素luteotropic促黄体生长激素luteinizing hormone 促卵泡激素follicle stimulating bormone脂肪酸释放激素lipotropin 催产素oxytocin加压素vasopressin促黑素细胞激素malanophore-stimulating hormone胸腺素thymosin甲状腺激素thyroxine三碘甲状腺原氨酸triiodothyronine降钙素calcitonin甲状旁腺激素parathormone肾上腺素adrenaline去甲肾上腺素noradrenaline胰高血糖素glucagon胰岛素insulin促肠液激素enterocrinin肠促胰液素secretin肠抑胃素enterogastrone促肾上腺皮质激素adrenocorticotropic hormone促甲酸激素gastrin绒毛膜粗性腺激素chorionic gonadoreopin耻骨松弛激素relaxin瘦素leptin皮质酮corticosterone肾上腺雄酮androstenedione孕酮progesterone 原激素prohormone甲状腺过氧化物酶thyroid peroxidase 抗利尿激素antidiuretic hormone睾酮testosterone雄酮androsterone钙调蛋白calmodulin钙传感器calcium sensors磷脂酰肌醇phophatidyl inositol靶蛋白质target protein癌基因oncogenes植物生长素auxin赤霉素gibberellin细胞分裂素cytokinin保幼激素juvenile hormone激动素kinetin脱落酸abscisic acid性外激素sexpheromone蜕皮激素molting hormone生物膜(biomembrane)的组成与结构间体mesosome区域化compartmentation 鞘氨醇sphingosine 鞘磷脂sphingomyelin神经酰胺ceramide磷脂酸phosphatidic acid, PA多态性polymorphism双层bilayer溶血磷脂lysophospholipid两亲性分子amphipathic molecule核磁共振NMR脂质体liposome半乳糖脑苷脂galactocerebroside去垢剂detergent微团micelle非双层脂non-bilayer lipid非双层脂结构non-bilayer lipid structure磷脂酰乙醇胺phosphatidylethanolamine, PE磷脂酰胆碱phosphatidylcholine, PC磷脂酰甘油phosphatidylglycerol, PG 磷脂酰丝氨酸phosphatidylserine, PS 膜骨架membrane skeleton 血影蛋白spectrin糖蛋白glycoprotein豆蔻酸myristic acid乙酰胆碱酯酶acetylcholinesterase蛋白质复合物glycocalyx细胞外壳cell coat单葡萄糖甘油二脂monoglucsyldiglyceride,MGDG运动性mobility胞吞/内吞endocytosis胞吐exocytosis偏转gauche全反式all trans分相phase separation荧光素fluorescein肌动蛋白actin单位膜unit membrance微区domain糖基磷脂酰肌醇glycosylphosphatidylinositol,GPI心磷脂(双磷脂酰甘油) cardiolipin(diphosphatidylglycerol)光致漂白荧光恢复法Fluorescence Photobleaching Recovery , FPR生物氧化(Biological Oxidation)肌酸激酶Creatine kinase磷酸肌酸Creatine phosphofat e生物氧化Biological Oxidation氧化磷酸化oxidative phosphorylation 呼吸链respiratory chainNADH-Q还原酶NADH-Q reductase 琥珀酸-Q还原酶succinate-Q reductase 细胞还原酶cytochrome reductase细胞色素氧化酶cytochrome oxidase 鱼藤酮rotenoneATP合酶ATPsynthase电动势electromotive force安密妥amytal解偶联剂uncouplers超氧化物歧化酶superoxide dismutase 过氧化氢酶catalase过氧化物酶peroxidase 高能键high-energy bond乙酰磷酸acetyl phosphate1,3-2磷酸甘油1,3-bisphosphoglycerate 氨甲酰磷酸carbamyl phosphate酰基腺苷酸acyl adenylate氨酰腺苷酸aminoacyl adenylate焦磷酸Pyrophosphate二磷酸腺苷adenosine diphosphate磷酸烯醇式丙酮phosphoenolpyruvate 酰基辅酶A acyl coenzyme A果糖-6-磷酸fructose 6-phosphate辅酶Qcoenzyme-Q腺苷三磷酸adenosine triphosphate磷酸精氨酸phosphoarginine甘油-3磷酸glycerol 3-Phosphate腺苷酸激酶adenylate kinase糖代谢（glycometabolism）糖酵解glycolysis/Embden MeyerhofParnas葡糖-6-磷酸glucosamine-6-phosphate葡糖-6-磷酸内酯6-phosphogluconolactone内酯酶lactonase核酮糖-5-磷酸ribulose-5-diphophate葡糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase葡糖酸-6-磷酸6-phosphogluconate脱支酶debranching enzyme糖原合酶glycogen synthase糖原引物primer发酵fermentation己糖激酶hexokinase醛缩酶aldolase尿苷二磷酸葡萄糖( uridine diphosphate glucose , UDPG )磷酸葡萄糖异构酶glucosephosphate isomerase磷酸果糖激酶phosphofructokinase磷酸丙糖异构酶triosephosphofructokinase磷酸甘油酸激酶phosphoglycerate kinase磷酸甘油酸变位酶phosphoglyceromutase 烯醇化酶enolase丙酮酸激酶pyruvate kinase乳酸脱氢酶lactate dehydrogenase丙酮酸脱羧酶pyruvate decaboxylase 乙醇脱氢酶alcohol dehydrogenase二羟丙酮磷酸dihydroxyacetone phosphate甘油醛-3-磷酸glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate3-磷酸甘油酸3-phosphoglycerate丙酮酸pyruvate果糖-2，6-二磷酸fructose2,6-bisphosphate五碳糖磷酸途径pentose phosphate pathway果糖激酶fructokinase果糖-1-磷酸醛缩酶fructose-1-phosphate aldolase甘油醛激酶glyceraldehyde kinase甘油激酶glycerol kinase半乳糖galactose半乳糖激酶galactolinase半乳糖出醇galactitol丙酮酸脱氢酶复合体pyruvatedehydrogenase complex磷酸甘露糖异构酶phosphomannose isomerase硫胺素焦磷酸thiamine pyrophosphate 硫辛酰胺lipoamide黄素腺嘌呤二核苷酸flavin adenine dinucleotide二氢硫辛酰转乙酰基酶dihydrolipoyl transacetylase二氢硫辛酸脱氢酶dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase柠檬酸合酶citrate synthase乌头酸酶aconitase异柠檬酸脱氢酶isocitrate dehydrogenase琥珀酰-CoA合成酶succinyl-CoA synthetase琥珀酸脱氢酶succinate dehydrogenase 延胡索酸酶fumarase苹果酸脱氢酶malate dehydrogenase草酰乙酸oxaloacetate异柠檬酸裂解酶isocitate lyase丙酮酸羧化酶pyruvate carboxylase 戊糖磷酸途径pentose phosphate pathway己糖单磷酸途径hexose monophosphate pathway戊糖磷酸循环pentose phosphate cycle 磷酸戊糖酸phosphopentonic acid磷酸己糖酸phosphohexonic acid景天庚酮糖sedoheptulose核糖ribose脱氧核糖deoxyribose核酮糖ribulose磷酸葡糖酸氧化途径phosphogluconate oxidative pathway核酮糖-5-磷酸ribulose-5-phosphate核糖-5-磷酸ribose-5-phosphate木酮糖-5-磷酸xylulose-5-phosphate转醛酶transaldolase葡糖异生gluconeogenesisUDP-葡糖焦磷酸化酶UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase乙醛酸途径glyoxylate pathway异柠檬酸裂合酶isocitrate lyase苹果酸合酶malate synthase糖原的降解glycogen breakdown糖原磷酸化酶glycogen phosphorylase 糖原脱支酶glycogen debranching enzyme磷酸葡萄糖变位酶phosphoglucomutase糖原合酶glycogen synthase 糖原分支酶glycogen branching enzyme 丙酮酸脱氢酶组分pyruvate dehydrogenase component磷酸甘油醛脱氢酶glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenaseα-酮戊二酸脱氢酶复合体α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex脂代谢（lipometabolism）硫酯键thioester link脂酰辅酶A合酶acyl-CoA脂肪酸硫激酶1 fatty acid thiokinase脂酰腺苷酸混合酸酐acyladenylate mixed andydride无机焦磷酸酶inorganic pyrophosphatase肉碱carnitine肉碱-脂酰转移酶Ιcaunitine acyltransferaseΙ肉碱移位酶carnitine translocaseN-苯乙酰甘氨酸phenylaceturic acidN-苯甲酰甘氨酸hippuric acidβ-羟酰-ACP脱水酶β-hydrdoxyacyl-ACP dehydrase β-氧化β-oxidation活化activation氧化oxidation水合hydration断裂cleavage硫激酶thiokinase脂酰-CoA合酶acyl CoA synthase烯酰-CoA水合酶enoyl CoA hydratase β-酮硫解酶β-keto-thiolase电子传递黄素蛋白electron-transfer flavoprotein泛醌氧化还原酶ubiquinone oxidoreductase烯酰-CoA异构酶isomerase甲基丙二酰-CoA消旋酶methylmalonyl-CoA racemase甲基丙二酰-CoA变位酶methylmalonyl-CoA mutase单加氧酶monooxygenase酮体ketone body乙酰乙酸acetoacetateHMG-CoA裂解酶HMG-CoA lyase丙二酰-CoA malonyl-CoA生物素羧化酶biotin carboxylase转羧酶trans carboxylase生物胞素biocytin酰基载体蛋白acyl carrier protein磷酸泛醌巯基乙胺phosphopantetheine 硫辛酰赖氨酸臂lipoyl lysine arm软脂酰-ACP硫脂酶palmitoy-ACP thioesteraseβ-酮酰-ACP合酶β-ACP-ketoacyl-ACP synthase缩合condensation还原reductionβ-酮酰ACP还原酶β-toacylACP reductase脱水dehydration 烯酰-ACP还原酶enyl-ACP reductase 软脂酰-ACP硫酯酶palmitoyl thioesterase脂肪酰-CoA去饱和酶fatty acyl-CoA desaturase亚油酸linoleic acid亚麻酸linoleuic acid必需脂肪酸essential fatty acid混合功能氧化酶mixed-function oxidase脂酰甘油acyl glycerols甘油-3-磷酸glucerol 3-phosphate磷脂酸phosphatidic甘油磷脂glycerophospholipids磷脂酰乙醇胺phosphatidylethanolamine磷脂酰甘油phosphatidyl glycerol二磷脂酰甘油diphosphatidyl glycerol CDP-二脂酰甘油CDP-diacylglycerol 5’-胞苷二磷酸cytidine diphosphate尿苷二磷酸uridine diphosphate共底物cosubstrate二羟丙酮磷酸dihydroxyacetone phosphate鞘磷脂sphingolipids鞘糖脂glycosphingolipid缩醛磷脂plasmalogen胆固醇cholesterol类固醇steroids类固醇激素steroid hormines 胆汁酸bile acids麦角固醇ergosterol 甲羟戊酸mevalonic acid蛋白磷酸酶proteinphosphatases三羧酸转运体系tricarboxylate transport systemD-β-羟丁酸脱氢酶D-β-hudoxybutyrate dehydogenase丙二酸单酰-CoA-ACP转酰酶malonyl-CoA-ACP transacetylase蛋白质代谢（protein metabolism）细胞溶胶cytosolically组织蛋白酶cathepsins抗蛋白酶antipain泛肽ubiguitin泛肽-蛋白连接酶ubiquitin-protein ligase多胺polyamine鸟氨酸脱羧酶ornithine decarboxylase丝氨酸脱氢酶serine dehydrogenase色氨酸氧化酶tryptophan oxygenase 酪氨酸氨基转移酶tyrosin aminotransferase 氨基转移酶aminotrandferase氧化脱氨基作用oxidative deamination 吡哆醛-5’-磷酸pyridoxal-5’-phosphate 吡哆醇pyridoxine吡哆醛磷酸pyridoxal phosphate吡哆胺磷酸pyridoxamine phosphate 醛亚胺aldimine腺苷代琥珀酸adenylosuccinate转氨酶transaminase联合脱氨基作用transdeamination神经递质neurotransmitter酪胺tyramine谷氨酰胺合成酶glutamine synthetase 尿素循环urea cycle鸟氨酸ornithine瓜氨酸citrulline精氨酸酶arginase氨甲酰磷酸合成酶carbamoyl phosphate synthetase鸟氨酸转氨甲酰酶prnithine transcarbamoylase精氨琥珀酸酶argininosuccinase精氨琥珀酸合成酶argininosuccinate SynthetaseN-乙酰谷氨酸合酶N-acetylglutamate synthase丝氨酸转羟甲基酶serine transhydroxymethylase丝氨酸-苏氨酸脱水酶serine-threonine dehydratase苏氨酸醛缩酶threonine aldolase乙醛acetaldehyde氨基丙酮aminoacetone半光氨酸脱巯基酶cysteine desulfhydrase苯丙氨酸氢化酶phenylalanine hydoxylase酵母氨酸sacharopine组氨酸氨裂合酶higtidine ammonia lyase尿苷酸水合酶urocanate hydratase谷氨酸转甲亚氨酶glutamate transformiminase天冬酰胺酶asparaginase天冬氨酸氨裂解酶aspartate ammonia lyase生酮氨基酸ketogenic amino acids生糖氨基酸glucogenic amino acids亚氨甲酰谷氨酸N-formimino glutamate酪氨酸酶tyrosinase多巴胺dopamine核糖体ribosome遗传密码genetic code三联体triplet染色体外基因extrachromosomal gene转录初产物primary transcript添加appending修饰modification异构化isomerization拼接splicing编辑editing再编码recoding断裂基因interrupted gene选择性拼接alternative splicing同源体isoform错义突变missense mutation无义突变mimsense mutation核糖体移码ribosomal frame shifting 移码突变frame-shift mutation重叠基因overlapping genes同义密码子syninymous codon反密码子anticodon密码子coden简并性degeneracy变偶性wobble蛋白质生物合成protein biosynthesis 无细胞体系cell-free system多聚核糖体polysome读码框架reading frame 起始密码start codon终止密码stop codon核糖体结合位点ribosome-binding site 核糖体进入部位ribosome entry site胸腺嘧啶核糖核苷ribothymidine假尿嘧啶核苷pseudouridine校正基因suppressor gene回复突变reverse mutation起始因子initiation factor延长因子dlongation factor肽酰转移酶peptidyl transferse转肽transpeptidation移位translocation释放因子release factors核糖体释放因子ribosome releasing factor位移translational frameshifting翻译跳跃translational jumping信号肽序列signal or leader sequence 信号肽signal sequence信号肽酶signal peptidase信号识别体signa recognition particle,SRP停泊蛋白docking protein翻译后运输posttranslationlal transport 多肽链结合蛋白polypeptide binding proteins 终止因子termination factor磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸所激酶phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase核酸代谢（nucleic acid metabolism）核酸内切酶endonuclease核酸外切酶exonuclease核苷酶nucleosidase核苷磷酸化酶nucleoside phosphorylase核苷水解酶nucleoside hydrolase腺嘌呤脱氨酶adenine deaminase腺嘌呤核苷脱氨酶adenosine deaminase鸟嘌呤脱氨酶guanine deaminase尿酸氧化酶utate oxidase5-磷酸核糖焦磷酸5-phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate磷酸核糖焦磷激酶phosphoribosyl pyrophosphokinase5-磷酸核糖胺5-phosphoribosylamine 5-氨基咪唑核苷酸5-aminoimidazole ribotide 磷酸核糖焦磷酸转酰氨酶phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate transamidase甘氨酰胺核苷酸glycinamide ribotide 甘氨酰胺核苷酸合成酶glycinamide rihotide synthetase甘氨酰胺核苷酸转甲酰基酶glycinamide ribotide transformylas甲酰甘氨脒核苷酸合成酶formylglycinamidine ribotide synthetase 氨基咪唑核苷酸合成酶aminoimidazole ribotide synthetase腺苷酸琥珀酸裂解酶adenylosuccinate lyase氨基咪唑核苷酸羧化酶aminoinidazole ribotide carboixylase腺苷酸琥珀酸合成酶adenylosuccinate synthetase次黄嘌呤核苷酸脱氢酶inosine-5-phosphate dehydrogenase鸟嘌呤核苷酸合成酶guanylate synthetase磷酸核糖转移酶phosphoribosyl transferase乳清苷酸orotidine-5’-phoshate氨甲酰磷酸合成酶carbamyl phosphate synthetase全酶holoenzyme天冬氨酸转氨甲酰酶aspartate carbamyl transferase二氢乳清酸酶dihydroorotase二氢乳清酸脱氢酶dihydroorotate dehydrogenase乳清苷酸焦磷酸化酶orotidylic acid pyrophosphorylase乳清苷酸脱羧酶orotidylic acid decarboxylase尿嘧啶核苷酸激酶uridine-5’-phosphate kinase核苷二磷酸激酶mucleoside diphosphokinase复制replication转录transcription 翻译translation三联体密码triplet code模板template逆转录reverse transcription逆转录酶reverse transcriptase逆转录病毒retrovirus自我复制self-replication半保留复制semiconservative replication拓扑学topology复制子replicon起点origin终点terminus转化子transformant反向重复inverted repeatsDNA聚合酶DNA polymerase取代环displacement loop核小体nucleosome信息大分子informational macromolecule指令instruction促突变因子mutator抗突变因子antimutator修复机制reair mechanism复制酶replicase核心酶core enzymeDNA连接酶DNA ligase冈崎片断Okazaki fragment顺反子cistron半不连续复制semidisontinuous replication前导链leading strand滞后链lagging strand引物合成酶primase拓扑异构体topological isomers拓扑异构酶topoisomerase切口封闭酶nick-closing enzyme旋转酶gyrase连锁体catenane解螺旋酶helicase解链蛋白unwinding protein复制体replisome引发体primosome前引发体preprimosome终止区terminus region 自主复制序列autonomously replicating sequence起点识别复合物origin recognition complex端粒telomere端粒酶telomerase复制许可因子replication licensing factor错配修复mismatch repair直接修复direct repair切除修复excision repair易错修复error-prone repair光复活修复photoreactivation repair暗修复dark repair光复活修复酶photoreactivating enzyme碱基切除修复base-excision repair核苷酸切除修复mucleotide-excision repair切除酶excinuclease辅蛋白酶coprotease性导sexduction转导transduction接合conjugation转化transformation细胞融合cell fusion受体细胞recipient cell附加体episome转座因子transposable element 转座子transposon转座酶transposase解离酶resolvaseRNA聚合酶RNA polymerase 全保留方式conservative mode 时序调控temporal regulation 适应调控adaptive regulation 操纵子结构模型operon structural model调节基因regulatory gene操纵基因operator阻遏蛋白repressor protein内含子intron外显子extron调节子regulon协同调节cooperative regulation激活蛋白activator整合酶integrase增强子enhanser终止子terminator多聚腺苷酸聚合酶polyadenylation细胞代谢调节和基因表达调控(cellular metabolism regulation and gene expression regulation and control)构造单元buliding block前馈feedforward反馈feedback一价/单价反馈抑制monovalent feedback inhibition 二价或多价反馈抑制divalent or multivalent feedback inhibition管家基因housekeeping genes组成型表达constitutive expression可调型表达regulated expression乳糖操纵子模型lac operon model启动子premotor操纵基因operator酶诱导enzyme induction酶阻遏enzyme repression辅阻遏物corepressor阻遏物蛋白aporepressor降解物基因活化蛋白catabolite gene activation protein衰减子attenuator上游控制元件upstream control静默子silencer锌指zinc finger亮氨酸拉链leucine zipper重组体recombinant分子克隆molecular cloning蛋白质工程protein engineering限制性核酸内切酶restricton endonuclease同尾酶isocaudamers 同裂酶isoschizomers回文结构palindrome质粒plasmid载体vector分子重排rearrangement基因文库genomic library多联体concatemer脂质体liposome可调基因regulated genes基因枪gene gun菌落形成单位colony forming unit筛选screening原位杂交in situ bybridization基因组测序genomic sequencing基因定位诱变site-directed mutagenesis 包涵体inclusion body整合质粒yeast integrating plasmid基因治疗gene therapy聚合酶链式反应polymerase chain reaction, PCR。