英文版浅谈中英文化差异

The cultural differences between Chinese and western etiquette probing [Abstract]Etiquette is a nation in the specific historical conditions and geographical environment development and heritage down etiquette civilizations standard, is a symbol of the cultural morphology and reflect. Differences between Chinese and western culture in appellation and call, meet, diners five aspects, ladies first show different etiquette form. The different nationality's thinking style and concept of value difference between Chinese and western etiquette difference is the cultural roots. Use "and different" the attitude of treating the cultural differences between Chinese and western etiquette, recognition and respect for differences, exploring etiquette culture interoperability, it helps improve the sensitivity and of cultural differences on his culture, thereby improving communication efficiency resilience.[Key words]Chinese and western etiquette; Cultural difference; ValuesFirst, Chinese and western etiquette culture difference"Etiquette" is the product of civilized society, it is an artificial construct in social interaction to specified in the manners people behavior such as communication norms. As long as the human existence contacts and communication activities, human needs through etiquette to express their emotions and respect each other. Spain's queen Elizabeth once said, "courtesy but a letter of recommendation." traffic sifang China since ancient times, boasts a formal state, hospitable persons with courtesy is the traditional virtues of the Chinese nation, which formed a rich culture etiquette, eliminate one untimely feudal dross, combining the development practice of The Times change and enrich the content of the civilization and progress, still very important. Especially in after China's entry into WTO, with the UK and the western countries represented frequently communicating. If you don't understand western etiquette customs and traditions, he is likely to cause misunderstanding, causing communication cannot. Some we don't mind words, manners, in foreign guests may look like is disrespectful or offend or offensive, thus forming interpersonal and communication obstacles. To ensure that foreign relations and reception services running smoothly, avoid brusque and discourteous, it is necessary to understand and know countriesetiquette habits and characteristics. Only in this way can we truly respect guests, embody China's people's enthusiasm, hospitable formal state demeanor. Etiquette evident national features, is a kind of culture form symbol and reflect, people in the raising of the foot, raised rhetoric between often reflects in different cultural characteristics. Different cultures, social communication standard also vary. The cultural differences between Chinese and western etiquette is mainly manifested in competitive with name, title and western taboo custom and ladies first five aspects:1、cultural appellation and call etiquette difference. Both Chinese and English culture differences on this problem is obvious. In Chinese culture, appellation is analytical, and in English culture, appellation is fuzzy general. An English word cousin, aunt and UN - cle can corresponding eight different Chinese appellation. In the call, han culture always think small, young must respect the old, older. We often say that Lao zhang, Lao li, old man, woman, old man, zhang sister-in-law, LiDaMa wait, it is to show respect titles. And in English culture, in addition to formal occasions, "Mr And Mrs. Outside, met miss between size, no matter the age can all use first names, and that is a kind of close says even if the gap between age so called also not brusque or impolite feeling, with Chinese etiquette habits completely opposite. Chinese children if parents, grandparents, for students in teacher use first names, it must be considered rude. In the west, "old" is weak, old, weak, say others as synonymous with "old" is a kind of contempt rude performance.2、the difference, meet etiquette. The Chinese body be tiny to meet before handshake for ritual, particularly with sloping supervisor or VIP shake hands when to respectfully underload upper body, and respect in the west thought this action appear too despised. The Chinese often like to use both hands clenched, left hand was severe or catch or slap each other's shoulder or back, even hug someone else's neck says attitude enthusiasm and respect each other, people from english-speaking countries grew disgust, think he too close, showed obvious hypocrisy and not true. Chinese often asked "meet you eat? Go? Stem what?" This very confused, westerners, sometimes even anger, think interference in their affairs.3、different etiquette diners. Chinese on the table to good or not advised dishes for courtesy, advised guests eat more drik, party show host hospitality, westerners never reluctantly others, the guest with the hostess action often. Master general enquire if the guest are like to drink something, the guest should truthfully answer, the guest, the host will no longer if declined reluctantly. The Chinese will actively pour tea or a drink, andcontinue to add tea. Westerners to drink the for courtesy, facing the master constantly add tea. Often disoriented. But Chinese habit is not let the cup is vacant, guest host does not with an empty cup that called good guests.4、taboo custom differences. In the west, to ask about people's age, wages, marriage, love is big, privacy is considered sacred, and in China, these are often topic of conversation, people won't feel unhappy, or disgust. Visiting a general is first should an appointment, made a surprise visit to be social taboos. Guests invited to dinner, English countries on time or a few minutes late for courtesy, arrive early is not only to lose Zagreb would also allow the hostess flat-footed, Chinese habit a few minutes early reach to show respect. Westerners particularly irked by "13" this number, because their savior Jesus in 13 be crucified in which people produce from the fear and taboo 13, so in daily life and work trying to avoid 13, diners avoided 13 people, with a table, building, room number addresses to avoid label 13. But in Chinese culture, "13" is set in a "evil" beauty, it is said "caress, intimacy," and said "despised, contempt". The most taboo digital is "four", because it and "dead" homophones.5、ladies first etiquette. Lady first in the west and international communication occasions is still widely principle. In cross-cultural communication ignore the principle is serious faux pas. On formal communication occasions, male and female first met by woman decides whether handshake position (unless men age or great), high in indoor shake hands, in addition to the hostess outside, other lady generally does not stand up. Modern communication occasions "lady first" etiquette and advance such as into out let the women, fluctuation elevators, car or into go out, man initiative to open doors for women. The ladies first for westerners, Chinese are not used to etiquette is the priority principle of two Chinese old, weak, disease, remnants, yun priority and superior, the elder, VIP is preferred. The Chinese do not have between the conventions of ladies first, whether to meet by the superior or elder shook hands in indoor decision, boos, ladies also must stand up.Second, the Chinese and western cultural roots etiquette difference Generally speaking, interpersonal, essentially culture. In the process of socialization who formed his own values system, which is in the long-term national society formed under specific historical conditions, is all sorts of geographical climate, political ecology, economy of intangible condensed, factors such as already into traditional, relatively strong. It is a kind of thinking habits, is a way of life and behavior patterns with as alien, a carrier of culture - the interactions, and foreigners inevitablywill occur the value orientation, comparative, collision or fusion. Though seeing values system touch, in intangible, but everywhere, the ever-present of cultural groups, with the role of regulation and guidance, is the culture group unconscious national character of the foundation. Each kind of traditional etiquette principles reflect what he represents culture, reflects a national thinking style and concept of value, therefore, it can be said that the different nationality's thinking style and concept of value difference between Chinese and western etiquette difference is the cultural roots.1、the "nature and humanity" and "nature two" thought system of influence. Confucianism in China had long dominant, it advocates that the "class and, heaven and a" (dong zhongshu) thoughts. Chinese traditionally put "days" as natural, advocates the "nature and humanity", i.e., the belief that one should obey nature, pursue and the natural harmonious unification. Chinese philosophy has been put the "nature and humanity" as all the starting point and end-result of ideological system. People think in nature, there is a mysterious force in the universe, and control the people don't think conquer nature but to let nature take its course, through the change itself to adapt to natural obeys natural law, pursue and the natural harmonious unification. Because of the natural law of nature obedient and superstition and fear and worship, make people have to strive to form a harmonious and stable2、group socialist and the influence of the value orientation of individualism. Chinese culture to think that everyone is not isolated individuals on the network, but a member of the group. In order to maintain the harmonious community not decomposition, in order to maintain consolidate discrete, good interpersonal relationship between groups formed some moral norms and values to restrain the behavior of people. For example: the heavy righteousness light and self-control, level, introspection, collectivism and the honour low values of group dependence. In groups of feminism to orientation of Chinese society, people must conform to the society and what a group of expectations, humility or its derivatives "humble yourself honour people" courtesy behavior is respected by everyone. "The ritual" culture teaching people to be revered and who have status, maintenance and know how to comity and the honour low social order. Such as saw old man should say "hello old man", "an old teacher to", "granny", "the old man" etc, saw a position to greet people will call their positions to show respect. The idea for characteristics in groups of Chinese culture, with attention handle interpersonal relationships, mutual concern and modesty, mutual understanding and honest with its characteristics, in the communicative for private, orlike fanfiction unreservedly disclose its own affairs, Chinese people like to flaunt "gentleman being naked, SIMS, often full", "not and human" thing. According to China's polite because private affairs is traditional, understanding to each other, care for each other's friendly greeting, said so in involving personal privacy is often used in the problem. These communicative language in western eye is related to the topic, and in the privacy of the eyes of the Chinese people is the embodiment of the harmonious interpersonal relationships. Entrenched group consciousness make everyone habits of transparent life, also formed the habit of requiring others also transparent. Such personal behavior and will often should be independent, tangible around countless about intangible things restriction, makes no difference "privacy" viable, independent consciousness of the individual just - an empty concept. Westerners is the most recommended personal independence of individualism. They give freedom, equality, democracy and rights as the premise, the survival of such values training its equity consciousness, democratic consciousness and rights consciousness. Westerners respect personal power, yearning freedom (freedom), advocating equality (withyour company), the "equality" idea embodied in greeting, appellation behavior patterns, still seem to be strangers even too polite and courteous family, treat family members even younger generation is also "thank you" in noises. The individual-centered individual culture is individual independence, interests balance, mutual non-aggression, avoid conflict, and will communication rules as handle interpersonal relationships of a kind of strategy. For orientation of individualism for the western society, individual freedom was as sacrosanct, people must comply. Privacy has been people's attention, because it can protect individual autonomy, from others control and disposal. Westerners privacy consciousness very strong, such as talking to people in the age of the people avoid talking about personal or disease, it is in order to keep a community health, young, perfect image. As a kind of privacy, people avoid personal property or income such topics, is doing to protect themselves, be helpful for personal existence and competition.3、the influence of religious faith. After 2000 years of Chinese feudal despotism, imperial than theocratic, not a religious dominant, our overall, is a secular country, so Chinese etiquette. No religious color However in the west. Christianity has been the dominant religion, in the 4th century, Christianity was the Roman empire as Anglican, become the west the spiritual pillar of the feudal system. Now, in euramerican and other western countries most people in the United States alone Christianity, as many as40,000 many Christian church. In western history also has repeatedly outbreaks of influential religious war, so the etiquette of western strong religious color. Western ladies first by Christian civilization etiquette to admire women, worship the influence of women for noble sentiment. Christians (Catholic and orthodox several) speaking. The blessed virgin Mary set up the honourable chaste image, received widespread respect. Christian civilization for virgin, to exalt maria beloved women like god, even if western countries worship in the feudal autocratic social medieval times, knight to protect women traditional also mission. Knight is to choose a lady love, respect and obedience as a set of idols, learn to woo, loyalty, protect women's abilities, stint as her suffering, gave his life, this kind "knights of manners" made a profound impact on social fashion.Third, the enlightenment for Chinese and western cultural communicationConfucius said, "a gentleman, and different" mean. To admit "difference", in "different" formed on the basis of "and", namely harmonious and fusion, can make things to development. Today's era of globalization, cultural exchanges have become increasingly frequent, and different "with" the attitude of treating exchanges between Chinese and western cultures, in recognition and respect for differences of different cultures based on other outstanding cultural achievements absorbed update their traditional culture, i.e. foreign things serve, innovation, make oneself of the cultural keep up with The Times, into the advanced level, is a positive desirable attitude. First of all, the etiquette is to achieve interpersonal harmonious prerequisite and guarantee. Modern social interpersonal form more, more complex, but as the content of a harmonious relationship between binds us did not change, basic factors is to establish a harmonious relationship between the people in certain social behaviour and above. Harmonious relationship between the people need certain social etiquette, as binder and lubricant, in cross-cultural communication is even more so. Etiquette embody a nation's civilization and personal qualities, is the ^ cross-cultural communication between the premise and guarantee effectively. Secondly, the etiquette difference from different cultural connotations in its history deduce process are all more or less with the characteristics of local culture in the cross-cultural communication, therefore we should not only acknowledge the differences existed, but also to understand and respect of these differences. Intercultural communication is crucial to the success of the cultural differences and treat correctly to the understanding and heterogeneous culture respect isto avoid cultural conflict, realizing the equality associates, the necessary conditions for the successful cooperation. Consciously study and compare the differences of different cultures etiquette, a deep understanding of the cultural connotation of cultural differences, enhance the sensitivity and cultural resilience, can help us predict each other's communicative behavior, do some psychological preparation, thus improve communication efficiency. Finally, in cross-cultural communication must seek out the interoperability, excavate the cultural existed in different cultures of similar or similar ideas, to modern interpretation, achieve mutual recognition, so as to establish a harmonious relationship with each other. Everyone has to love and be love's psychological needs, "love" throughout different cultural idea, is the traditional Chinese and western culture are acceptable general principle. In cross-cultural communication, in the face of life of the various conditions and various relations, the concept of equality friendly throughout the whole process of communicative behavior should be. For ritual culture such generality, we should be fully discover, to make it a multicultural launched dialogues, discussion, thus achieve the harmonious development of seeking common ground while reserving the solid foundation. Face differences, seek common ground while reserving differences, maintain a positive attitude, realize the communication's cultural identity. In an effort to inherit and carry forward the fine tradition of the Chinese culture at the same time, pay attention to the cultural achievement of absorption of western excellent, rich update their traditional culture, right, right on to you, mutual respect, equal contact, only in this way can we succeeded in intercultural communication.。