生物专业英语四
生物专业英语词汇必备
生物专业英语词汇-词素(词根)部分一、表示数量的词素1. haplo，mono,uni 单,一,独haploid 单倍体monoxide一氧化碳monoatomic单原子的2. bi，di，dipl，twi，du：二，双，两,偶biocolor 双色，dichromatic 双色的,diplobacillus 双杆菌dikaryon 双核体twin 孪生dual 双重的3。
tri 三,丙Triple 三倍的triangle三角triacylglycerol三酰甘油tricarboxylic acid cycle 三羧酸循环4. quadri，quadru，quart,tetr，tetra：四Quadruple 四倍的quadrilateral四边的quadrivalent四价的quadruped四足动物tetrode四极管tetracycline四环素5。
pent， penta， quique五pentose戊糖pentagon五角形pentane戊烷quintuple 五倍的pentose戊糖pentomer五邻粒6。
hex，hexa,sex 六hexose已糖hexapod六足动物hexapoda昆虫纲hexamer六聚体7。
hepta,sept（i）七heptane 庚烷heptose 庚糖heptoglobin七珠蛋白8。
oct八octpus 章鱼octagon八角形octane 辛烷octase 辛糖9。
enne, nona九nonapeptide 九肽enneahedron 九面体10。
deca， deka ：十decapod 十足目动物decahedron 十面体decagram 十克11。
hecto, 百hectometer百米hectoliter百升hectowatt 百瓦12。
kilo，千kilodalton （KD) 千道尔顿kilobase 千碱基kiloelectron volt 千电子伏特13. deci,十分之一，分decimeter 分米decigram 十分之一克14。
生物专业英语词汇
生物专业英语词汇——词素（词根）部分一、表示数量的词素1. haplo,mono,uni ：单，一，独haploid 单倍体monoxide一氧化碳monoatomic单原子的2. bi,di,dipl,twi,du：二，双，两，偶biocolor 双色,dichromatic 双色的,diplobacillus 双杆菌dikaryon 双核体twin ：孪生dual 双重的3. tri :三，丙triangle三角triacylglycerol三酰甘油tricarboxylic acid cycle 三羧酸循环4. quadri,quadru,quart,tetr,tetra：四quadrilateral四边的quadrivalent四价的quadruped四足动物tetrode四极管tetracycline四环素5. pent,penta,quique五pentose戊糖pentagon五角形pentane戊烷quintuple 五倍的pentose戊糖pentomer五邻粒6. hex,hexa,sex 六hexose已糖hexapod六足动物hexapoda昆虫纲hexamer六聚体7. hepta,sept(i) 七heptane 庚烷heptose 庚糖heptoglobin七珠蛋白8. oct八octpus 章鱼octagon八角形octane 辛烷octase 辛糖9. enne,nona九nonapeptide 九肽enneahedron 九面体10. deca,deka 十:decapod 十足目动物decahedron 十面体decagram 十克11. hecto, 百hectometer百米hectoliter百升hectowatt 百瓦12. kilo,千kilodalton (KD) 千道尔顿kilobase 千碱基kiloelectron volt 千电子伏特13. deci,十分之一，分decimeter 分米decigram 十分之一克14. centi,百分之一15. milli,千分之一，毫millimole 毫摩（尔）milliliter 毫升16. micro,百万分之一，微，微小，微量microgram微克microogranism微生物microecology 微生态学micropipet微量移液器17. nano十亿分之一，毫微，纳nanosecond十亿分之一秒nanometer纳米18. demi,hemi,semi半demibariel 半桶hemicerebrum 大脑半球semiopaque半透明semi-allel半等位基因semi-conductor半导体19. holo 全，整体，完全holoenzyme 全酶holoprotein全蛋白holocrine全（质分）泌20. mega巨大，兆，百万megaspore大孢子，megabasse兆碱基megakaryocyte巨核细胞megavolt兆伏megalopolitan特大城市21. macro 大，巨大，多macrophage巨噬细胞macrogamete大配子macroelement常量元素macromolecular大分子22. poly,multi,mult 多，复合polyacrylate聚丙烯酸酯polymerase 聚合酶multichain多链的multinucleate 多核的multicistronic mRNA多顺反子mRNA multicopy多拷贝二、表示颜色的词素1. chrom颜色chromophore生色团chromosome染色体chromatography色谱法2. melan,melano,nigr 黑melanoma黑素瘤melanin黑色素melanophore黑色素细胞3. xantho,flavo,fla,flavi,lute黄xanthophyl叶黄素xanthous黄色的，黄色人种xathine黄嘌呤flavin(e)黄素flavone黄酮letein黄体素，叶黄素flavin adenine dinucleotide(FAD)黄素腺嘌呤二核苷酸4. erythro, rub, rubrm, ruf,红erythrocyte红细胞erythromycin红霉素erythropoitin(EPO)促红细胞生成素5. chloro,chlor绿，氯chlorophyll叶绿素chloride氯化物chloramphenicol氯霉素6. cyan,cyano 蓝，青紫色，氰cyanophyceae 蓝藻纲cyanobacteria蓝细菌cyanide氰化物7 aur,glid,chrys金色aureomycin金霉素chrysose 金藻淀粉chrysanthemum菊花glidstone 金沙石glid 镀金8 leu,leuco,leuk,leuko,blan,alb无色，白色leucine亮氨酸leukaemia=leucosis白血病bleaching powder漂白粉albomycin白霉素三、表示摄食的词素1 -vore 食......动物，-vorous食......动物的algivore食藻动物carnivore 食肉动物herbivore 食草动物omnivore 杂食动物2-phage吃（食）食......生物（体）-phagous吃（食）......的phage噬菌体phagocyte 吞噬细胞zoophage食肉动物saprophage腐食者四、表示方位和程度的词素1 endo,ento,内，在内endocrine内分泌endocytosis胞吞作用endogamy近亲繁殖endolysin 内溶素entoderm内胚层2 ec, ect, exc, extra 外，外面，表面ectoblast外胚层ectoparasite 外寄生生物extract 抽取，浸出3 meso 中，中间mesosphere 中圈，中层mesoplast 中胚层质4 intra,intro,inter 在内，向内intra-allelic interaction 等位基因内相互作用intracellular（细）胞内的interurban城市之间5 centri,centro,medi,mid 中心，中央，中间centrifuge离心centriole 中心粒centrosome 中心体centrogeng着丝基因6 epi,peri 上，外，旁epidermal growth factor(EGF): 表皮生长因子epibranchial上鳃的perilune 近月点7 sub,suc,suf,sug 下，低，小suborder 亚目submucosa粘膜下层subclone亚克隆subcellular 亚细胞subsection小节，分部8 super,supra 上，高，超superconductor超导体superfluid 超流体superoxide 超氧化物supramolecular超分子的9 hyper 超过，过多hypersensitive 过敏的hyperelastic 超弹性的hypertension 高血压hyperploid 超倍体10 hypo下，低，次hypoglycaemia 低血糖hypotension低血压hypophysis脑下垂体11 iso 等，相同，同iso-osmotic等渗的isopod等足目动物isotope同位素12 oligo，olig少，低，寡，狭oligohaline 狭盐性oligogene寡基因oligomer寡聚体oligophagous寡食性oligarchy寡头政治13 eury 多，宽，广eurythermal 广温的euryhaline广盐性eurytopic species广幅种14 ultr 超ultra-acoustics 超声学ultra-structure超微结构ultroviolet紫外线15 infra 下，低，远infralittoral 潮下带，远岸的infrahuman类人生物infrared红外线的infrastructure基础结构，基本结构五、表示动物不同器官和组织的词素1 cephal,capit,cran 头，头颅2 cyte 细胞3 carn,my,mya,myo,肉，肌肉4 haem,haemat,hem,aem,sangul 血5 soma,corp 体，身体6 some,plast 体，颗粒7 hepa,hepat 肝heparin 肝素hepatopancreas肝胰腺hepatocyte 肝细胞hepatoma肝癌8 ren,nephr 肾adrnal肾上腺的nephridia肾管nephron肾单位9 card,cord 心cardiotoxin 心脏毒素cardiovascular center 心血管中枢electrocardiogram心电图concord一致，和谐10 ophthalm,ocell,ocul 眼ophthalmology眼科学ophthalmia眼炎ophthalmologist眼科专家11 branchi 鳃filibranch丝鳃lamellibrnch瓣鳃sencondary branchium次生鳃12 brac ,brachi 腕，手臂brachiolaria 短腕幼虫brachionectin臂粘连蛋白bracelet手镯13 dent,odont 牙齿dentin牙质odontphora 齿舌odontoblast成牙质细胞14 plum羽plumatus 羽状的plumule绒毛plumage （鸟的）羽毛15 foli,foil 叶follicle滤泡foiling叶形foliage 叶子foliose 多叶的常用的后缀后缀在缀合法中只起改变词性的作用，不改变词根的含意，这在第一章内已叙述。
生物工程专业英语四
Nondisjunction:不分离 The failure of separation of paired chromosomes at metaphase, resulting in one daughter receiving both and the other daughter cell none of the chromosomes in question. Nondisjunction can occur during a meiotic or mitotic division.
Law of independent assortment: 独立分配定律 Members of one gene pair will separate from each other independently of the members of other gene pairs.
Law of segregation:分离定律 When gametes are formed by a diploid organism, the alleles that control a trait(特征) separate from one another into different gametes, retaining their individuality(个性,个 体状态)
校担任自然科学代课教师。
与此同时，孟德尔从1856年起开始进行他的著名的植物育种实验。 1865年他推导出了著名的遗传学定律，他将定律用一篇论文表述出来， 并将论文呈交给布鲁恩自然历史学会。1866年他的成果被发表在该学会 学报上，题目是“植物杂交实验”。三年后又在同一杂志上发表了第二 篇论文。 1868年孟德尔被任命为牧师会会长，专职行政事务。 1900年，孟德尔的研究成果被发现。
2023年大学生物学四级真题试卷及答案
2023年大学生物学四级真题试卷及答案以下是2023年大学生物学四级真题试卷及答案的详细内容：试卷部分
第一部分：选择题
1. 以下哪个不是生物科学的分支？
A. 化学
B. 生态学
C. 遗传学
D. 生理学
答案：A
2. 线粒体的功能是什么？
A. 储存遗传信息
B. 负责蛋白质合成
C. 参与细胞呼吸
D. 调节细胞分裂
答案：C
...
第二部分：填空题（每题2分）
1. DNA中连接两个碱基的是（__1__）键。
答案：磷酸二酯
2. 植物细胞特有的细胞器是（__2__）。
答案：叶绿体
...
第三部分：简答题
1. 什么是DNA？简述其结构。
答案：DNA是脱氧核糖核酸，由磷酸基团、五碳糖（脱氧核糖）、四种碱基（腺嘌呤A、鸟嘌呤G、胸腺嘧啶T、胞嘧啶C）组成，通常为双链螺旋结构。
2. 请简述动物细胞的有丝分裂和减数分裂的区别。
答案：有丝分裂是指一种产生两个完全相同的细胞的细胞分裂方式；减数分裂是指一种产生四个具有基因多样性的细胞的细胞分裂方式。
...
答案部分
选择题部分答案：
1. 答案：A
2. 答案：C
...
填空题部分答案：
1. 答案：磷酸二酯
2. 答案：叶绿体
...
简答题部分答案：
1. 答案：DNA是一种脱氧核糖核酸，由磷酸基团、五碳糖、四种碱基组成，通常为双链螺旋结构。
2. 答案：有丝分裂产生两个完全相同的细胞，减数分裂产生四个具有基因多样性的细胞。
...。
大学生物专业英语lesson_four
的泛生说和奥古斯特 -魏斯曼(德国生物学家)的种质
理论。
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Based on experiments with mice, Weismann proposed
that hereditary information in gametes [gə'mi:t] transmitted traits to progeny ['prɔdʒini] . 基于小鼠实验，魏斯曼提出配子中的遗传信息可以将遗 传特性传递给后代。
Thus, the organism’s phenotype ['fi:nətaip] —its physical appearance and properties—differs from its genotype ['dʒenətaip] , which may include both a dominant and a recessive allele. 因此，生物的表型与基因型是不同的 , 表型是个体的物理特征和品 质, 而基因型包括一个显性基因和一个隐性基因。
个单元来自一个亲本时，实验结果才成立。
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The units Mendel hypothesized [hai'pɔθisaiz] are today known as alleles [ə'li:l] , alternative forms of genes. 孟德尔假设的遗传单元就是今天共识的等位基因,基因的 两种形式。 Genes are the basic units of heredity. 基因是遗传的基本单元.
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When an organism is heterozygous for a trait, the resulting phenotype for that trait expresses only the dominant allele. 对某一个特征而言 , 当个体是杂合时，它的表型仅由显性基因决定 。
生物专业英语单词, (浓缩)
Lesson One 细胞器的结构和功能Actin：肌动蛋白basal body:基体centriole：中心粒chemotaxis：趋化性chloroplast：叶绿体chromosome：染色体cilia：纤毛cytoplasm：胞质cytoskeleton：细胞骨架dynein：动力蛋白endoplasmic reticulum：内质网flagella：鞭毛Golgi complex：高尔基复合体lysosome：溶酶体microfilament：微丝microtubule：微管mitochondrion：线粒体myosin：肌球蛋白nuclear envelope：核膜nucleoid：拟核nucleoli：核仁nucleus：细胞核phagocytosis：吞噬作用pinocytosis：胞饮作用plastid：质体polysome：多核糖体ribosome：核糖体stroma：基质tubulin：微管蛋白vacuole：液泡Lesson Two 光合作用absorption：吸收光谱Calvin-Benson cycle：卡尔文-本森循环carotenoid：类胡萝卜素chlorophyll：叶绿素cyclic photophosphorylation：环形光合磷酸化（作用），又称循环式光和磷酸化C3 plant：三碳植物C4 plant：四碳植物light-dependent reactions：光反应light-independent reactions：暗反应noncyclic photophosphorylation：非环形光合磷酸化（作用）photon：光子photophosphrylation：光合磷酸化（作用）photorespiration：光呼吸photosynthesis：光合作用photosystem：光合系统ribulose biphosphate：核酮糖二磷酸thylakoid：类囊体Lesson Three 有丝分裂和减数分裂anaphase：（分裂）后期cell plate：细胞板centromere：着丝粒chalone：抑素，chromatid：染色单体chromatin：染色质cytokinesis：胞质分裂diploid：二倍体haploid：单倍体histone：组蛋白homologous pair：同源染色体对interphase（cycle）：分裂间期（周期）karyotype：核型meiosis：减数分裂mitosis：有丝分裂metaphase：（分裂）中期metaphase plate：赤道板nucleosome：核小体prophase：（分裂）前期spindle：纺锤体telophase：（分裂）末期Lesson Four 遗传学基本原理allele：等位基因dominant：显性recessive：隐性的dihybrid cross：双因子杂合子杂交gene：基因genotype：基因型phenotype：表现型germ plasm theory：种质学说heterozygous：杂合的homozygous：纯合的incomplete dominance：不完全显性law of independentassortment：独立分配定律law of segregation：分离定律nondisjunction：不分离pangenesis：泛生论Punnett square：庞纳特方格test cross：测交Lesson Five 基因的化学性质purine：嘌呤pyrimidine：嘧啶adenine：腺嘌呤guanine：鸟嘌呤cytosine：胞嘧啶thymine：胸腺嘧啶DNA polymerase：DNA聚合酶double helix：双螺旋nucleoside：核苷Okazaki fragment：冈崎片段one-gene-one-enzymehypothesis：一基因一酶假说one-gene-one-polypeptidehypothesis：一基因一多肽假说replication fork：复制叉semiconservativereplication：半保留复制X-ray diffraction：X射线衍射Lesson Six 生命的起源和多样性Big Bang：大爆炸binomial system ofnomenclature：双名法clade：进化枝taxon：分类群taxonomy：分类学coacervate：团聚体continental drift：大陆漂移core：核心mantle：地幔crust：地壳ozone layer：臭氧层kingdom：界division：门class：纲order：目family：科genus：属species：种liposome：脂质体proteinoid：类蛋白（质）Lesson Seven 最大的分解者—真菌ascus：子囊ascomycetes：子囊菌conidium：分生孢子子实体basidium：担子basidiocarp：担子果basidiomycetes：担子果菌纲FungiImperfecti(Decteromycetes)：半知菌门sporangium：孢子囊gametangium：配子囊haustorium：吸器heterokaryon：异核体hyphae：菌丝lichen：地衣mycelium：菌丝体rhizoid：假根saprobe：腐生菌septate：有隔膜的Lesson Eight 动物发育acrosome reaction：顶体反应fertilization：受精cleavage：卵裂blastomere：（卵）裂球blastula：囊胚gastrula：原肠胚primitive streak：原条gastrulation：原肠胚形成ectoderm：外胚层endoderm：内胚层mesoderm：中胚层compensatory hypertrophy：代偿性肥大dedifferentiation：脱分化differentiation：分化gene amplification：基因扩增metamorphosis：变态morphogenesis：形态发生neurulation：神经胚形成oogenesis：卵（子）发生organogenesis：器官发生ovaries：卵巢oviduct：输卵管ovum：卵yolk：卵黄sperm：精子spermatogenesis：精子发生zygote：受精卵parthenogenesis：孤雌生殖regeneration：再生Lesson Nine 物种的起源allopatric speciation：异域物种形成sympatric speciation：同域物种形成analogy：同功cline：梯度变异convergent evolution：趋同进化divergent evolution：趋异进化extinction：灭绝homology：同源性hybrid sterility：杂种不育性macroevolution：宏观进化microevolution：微进化parallel evolution：平行进化phylogeny：种系发生punctuated equilibrium：间断平衡，Lesson Ten 种群生态学age structure：年龄结构allelopathy：异种相克相成现象carrying capacity：容纳量character displacement：特征替换density-dependent factors：密度制约因子density-independent factors：非密度制约因子exponential growth curve：指数生长曲线logistic growth curve：逻辑生长曲线interspecific competition：种间竞争intraspecific competition：种内竞争mortality：死亡率natality：出生率population density：种群密度survivorship curve：存活曲线。
大学生物四级考试试题及答案
大学生物四级考试试题及答案以下是一份为大学生物四级考试整理的试题及答案。
试题一1. 什么是细胞？请简要描述细胞的结构和功能。
答案：细胞是构成生物体的基本单位。
它具有细胞壁、细胞膜、细胞质和细胞核等结构。
细胞的功能主要包括控制物质进出、合成和分解物质、能量转换等。
2. 生物体的遗传信息储存在哪里？请说明遗传信息的传递过程。
答案：生物体的遗传信息储存在细胞核的染色体中。
遗传信息的传递过程包括DNA复制、转录和翻译等步骤。
3. 请简要介绍细胞分裂的两种类型及其特点。
答案：细胞分裂包括有丝分裂和减数分裂两种类型。
有丝分裂适用于体细胞的分裂，经过一系列的分裂过程，产生两个具有相同遗传物质的细胞。
减数分裂适用于生殖细胞的分裂，经过两次分裂，产生四个具有不同遗传物质的细胞。
试题二1. 请简述细胞呼吸的过程以及产物。
答案：细胞呼吸是细胞利用有机物和氧气产生能量的过程。
它包括糖解和氧化过程，产物有二氧化碳、水和能量（ATP）。
2. 什么是光合作用？请简要描述光合作用的过程。
答案：光合作用是植物利用光能将二氧化碳和水转化为有机物和氧气的过程。
它分为光反应和暗反应两个过程，光反应在叶绿体的光合体内进行，暗反应在叶绿体的基质中进行。
3. 请简要介绍基因和基因突变的概念。
答案：基因是决定遗传性状的单位，由DNA分子组成。
基因突变是基因序列发生变异的现象，它可以导致遗传性状的变化。
以上所列试题及答案仅供参考，希望对大学生物四级考试的备考提供一些帮助。
生物专业英语试题附答案
生物专业英语试题及答案一、将下列英文术语或缩写译为合乎学术规范的中文术语：1、Odorant receptor气味受体（气味感受器、嗅觉受体、嗅觉感受器也得1分；仅答受体或感受器，则得0.5分）。
2、Differentially expressed gene差异化表达基因（答为“不同表达基因”，仅得0.5分）。
3、MOE主要嗅（觉）上皮［答为“嗅（觉）上皮”也得1分；若写出其英文术语全称“Main olfactory epithelium”，也得分］。
4、VNO4犁鼻器（答为“信息素外周感受器，，也得1分；若写出其英文术语全称“Vomeronasal organ”，也得分）。
5、Social behavior社会行为（答为“社群行为、社交行为”也得1分）。
6、Monogamy一夫一妻制（答为“一雄一雌制、单配制”也得1分）7、Vasopressin加压素（答为“抗利尿素”仅得0.5分）。
8、Oxytocin催产素。
9、Kin recognition亲属识别。
10、Autism自闭症/孤独症。
11、NIH （美国）国家（立）卫生研究院（所X若写出其英文术语全称NIH = National Institutes of Health也得分）。
12、HHMI霍华德•休斯医学研究所（若写出其英文术语全称HHMI = Howard Hughes Medical Institute也得分；或者译为Howard Hughes医学研究所，也得全分）。
13、Nanotechnology纳米技术（纳米科技、奈米技术、奈米科技）。
阳光大学生网14、Renewable energy可再生能源（量）（答为“可更新能源、再生能源”，或意思相近者，也得1分）。
15、Biomechanical energy生物机械能（答为“生物力能、生物力学能”也得1分，而“生物化学能、生物能”，则得0.5 分）16、Nanogenerator纳米发电机（答为“纳米发动机、纳米电机、纳米发生器、纳米生产器”，也得1分）。
生物技术专业英语第4课
Lesson 4 LIGATION, TRANSFORMATION AND ANALYSIS OF RECOMBINANTS DNA ligation: T4 DNA ligase repairs breaks in a dsDNA DNA backbone and can covalently rejoin annealed cohesive ends in the reverse of a restriction enzyme酶reaction, to create new DNA molecules. DNA 连接：T4 DNA连接酶在双链DNA的分水岭处修复破损的地方，然后在反向限制酶反应中，能共价地再加入退火的粘性末端，从而形成新的DNA分子。
Recombinant DNA molecules: The use of a restriction enzyme, followed by DNA ligase, can create recombinant plasmids, with a target DNA fragment inserted into a vector plasmid.重组DNA分子：限制性内切酶的应用，紧随DNA连接酶，能通过将目标片段插入一个人载体质粒形成重组质粒。
Alkaline phosphatase: Treatment of the linear vector molecule with alkaline phosphatase will remove the 5'-phosphates and render the vector unable to ligate into a circle without an inserted target, so reducing the proportion of recreated vector in the mixture.碱性磷酸酶：碱性磷酸酶对线状载体分子的处理是移除5’的磷酸键和会使没带出入目标基因的载体连接成一个环，从而混合物中减少重新形成的载体的比率。
生物专业英语第四版课文
生物专业英语第四版课文The Biological English Fourth Edition Textbook is a comprehensive and well-structured resource that provides students and professionals in the field of biology with a solid foundation in the English language. This textbook is designed to cater to the needs of individuals who are studying or working in the biological sciences and require proficiency in English to effectively communicate their research findings, participate in international conferences, and collaborate with colleagues from around the world.One of the standout features of this textbook is its focus on scientific terminology and vocabulary. The authors have carefully curated a wide range of biological terms and concepts, ensuring that readers are exposed to the language used in academic and professional settings. The textbook covers a diverse range of topics, including cell biology, genetics, ecology, and evolution, among others, providing students with the necessary vocabulary and language skills to engage with the subject matter at a deeper level.The organization of the textbook is another strength, as it follows alogical progression that allows learners to build their knowledge and skills gradually. Each chapter begins with an introduction to the topic, followed by a series of reading passages that delve into the subject in greater detail. The passages are accompanied by a range of exercises and activities designed to reinforce the vocabulary and grammar concepts introduced in the text.One of the unique aspects of this textbook is its emphasis on developing practical language skills. In addition to the traditional reading and comprehension exercises, the textbook includes sections on scientific writing, oral presentations, and professional communication. These sections provide learners with the tools and strategies they need to effectively communicate their ideas and findings in a variety of academic and professional settings.The textbook also includes a strong focus on cultural awareness and intercultural communication. The authors recognize that the field of biology is inherently global, with researchers and professionals from diverse cultural backgrounds collaborating on a regular basis. To this end, the textbook includes sections on cultural differences, etiquette, and strategies for effective cross-cultural communication.Another noteworthy feature of the Biological English Fourth Edition Textbook is its use of authentic materials. The reading passages and exercises are based on real-world scientific articles, research papers,and other relevant sources, ensuring that learners are exposed to the language and conventions used in the field. This approach not only enhances the relevance and applicability of the content but also helps students develop the critical thinking and analytical skills necessary for success in the biological sciences.The textbook also includes a comprehensive set of supplementary materials, such as audio recordings, interactive exercises, and online resources. These materials provide learners with additional opportunities to practice their language skills and reinforce their understanding of the course content.Overall, the Biological English Fourth Edition Textbook is an invaluable resource for students and professionals in the field of biology who are looking to improve their English language proficiency. The textbook's focus on scientific terminology, practical language skills, and cultural awareness makes it an essential tool for anyone seeking to excel in the global arena of biological research and communication.。
生物专业英语参考答案
生物专业英语参考答案一、词汇题1. 细胞膜的主要成分是______。
答案：lipids（脂质）2. 基因表达调控中，转录因子的作用是______。
答案：regulating gene expression（调控基因表达）3. 酶的催化作用是通过改变反应的______来实现的。
答案：activation energy（活化能）4. 克隆技术中，克隆羊多利是通过______技术实现的。
答案：nuclear transfer（核移植）5. 线粒体是细胞的“能量工厂”，其主要功能是进行______。
答案：cellular respiration（细胞呼吸）二、选择题1. 以下哪个不是细胞器？A. LysosomeB. MitochondrionC. VacuoleD. Cell wall答案：D2. DNA复制的方式是：A. Semi-conservativeB. ConservativeC. DispersiveD. Random答案：A3. 以下哪个是真核生物特有的结构？A. RibosomeB. NucleusC. Cell membraneD. Cytoplasm答案：B4. 以下哪个过程不涉及蛋白质合成？A. TranscriptionB. TranslationC. Post-translational modificationD. DNA replication答案：D5. 以下哪个不是细胞周期的阶段？A. G1 phaseB. S phaseC. M phaseD. R phase答案：D三、填空题1. 细胞周期包括______、S期、G2期和M期。
答案：G1期2. 蛋白质合成的第一步是______，第二步是翻译。
答案：转录3. 基因突变可以导致______的改变，从而影响蛋白质的功能。
答案：DNA序列4. 细胞凋亡是一种受控的细胞死亡过程，也被称为______。
答案：程序性细胞死亡5. 线粒体DNA主要编码与______相关的蛋白质。
生物专业英语试题及答案
生物专业英语试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. Which of the following is not a type of cell organelle?A. MitochondriaB. NucleusC. RibosomeD. Cell wall2. The process of DNA replication is catalyzed by:A. PolymeraseB. TransposaseC. LigaseD. Helicase3. In eukaryotic cells, where is the transcription of DNA primarily carried out?A. CytoplasmB. MitochondriaC. NucleusD. Ribosomes4. What is the basic unit of heredity in all living organisms?A. GeneB. ChromosomeC. DNA moleculeD. Protein5. The term "genome" refers to:A. The complete set of genes of an organismB. The entire DNA of an organismC. The sum of all the proteins in an organismD. The collection of all the cells in an organism6. Which of the following is a method of genetic engineering?A. CrossbreedingB. CloningC. CRISPR-Cas9D. Natural selection7. What is the role of tRNA in protein synthesis?A. To provide the energy for the processB. To carry specific amino acids to the ribosomeC. To serve as the template for protein synthesisD. To catalyze the formation of peptide bonds8. The Hardy-Weinberg principle states that the allele frequencies in a population will remain constant in the absence of:A. MigrationB. Genetic driftC. Natural selectionD. All of the above9. Which of the following is not a type of mutation?A. DeletionB. InsertionC. TranslocationD. Translation10. The process of photosynthesis primarily occurs in the:A. Cell wallB. CytoplasmC. ChloroplastsD. Nucleus二、填空题（每空1分，共10分）1. The chemical structure of DNA is a double ________ helix.2. The process by which a fertilized egg develops into a mature organism is called ________.3. In genetics, the term "dominant" refers to an allele that expresses its effect when ________.4. The scientific name for a species is composed of two parts: the genus name and the ________ name.5. The primary function of the Golgi apparatus is to ________, modify, and package proteins for secretion or delivery toother organelles.三、简答题（每题10分，共20分）1. Explain the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.2. Describe the process of mitosis and its significance incell division.四、翻译题（每题15分，共30分）1. Translate the following sentence into English:"基因编辑技术，如CRISPR-Cas9，为研究和治疗遗传性疾病提供了新的可能性。
生物工程生物技术专业英语翻译 四
第四章发酵技术发酵的本质发酵技术的起源是大量利用微生物生产食品和饮料，像奶酪、酸乳酪、酒精饮料、醋、泡菜、腌菜及sausages、酱油和许多其他Oriental fermentation（表）。
今天这些产品的大规模生产过程是过去家庭内部生产活动的放大版本。
与产品形成的发展齐头并进的是对微生物在除去不喜欢的废物过程中所扮演的角色的认识，这使得大规模世界范围服务业的出现，包括水的净化、污水处理及垃圾处理。
发酵技术新的扩展利用微生物（1）过量生产重要的特殊的代谢物像甘油、醋酸、乳酸、丙酮、butyl alcohol, butane diol,有机酸、氨基酸、维生素、多糖和黄原胶；（2）生产有用的次级代谢物（代谢物群体其在生产它们的微生物的生命中发挥的作用好像不能很快的被认识到）像青霉素、链霉素、土孢菌素、头孢菌素、赤霉素、生物碱、放线菌素；和（3）生产酶作为想要的工业产品像胞外酶淀粉酶、蛋白酶、果胶酶或者胞内酶像转化酶、天冬酰胺酶、尿酸氧化酶、限制性核酸内切酶和DNA连结酶。
最近，发酵技术开始利用高等植物和动物细胞进行我们所知道的细胞或组织培养。
植物细胞培养主要针对生产次级代谢物如生物碱、香水和调味品，而动物组织培养开始关注的是蛋白质分子形成如干扰素、单克隆抗体和许多其它的蛋白质。
大大肯定了发酵产品的未来市场，由于limited exception, 通过化学方法不能经济的生产这些产品。
而且，经济性也发生在基因工程有机体而具有独特的和更高的生产能力。
发酵技术产品的商业市场是无限的但是最终要取决于经济与安全性方面的考虑。
商业发酵过程是in essence非常相似的不管选择的是什么有机体、用的是什么培养基及形成什么产物。
在所有的情况下，大量的具有一致特征的细胞在限制的控制的条件下生长。
同一个装置经过微小改动就可以用来生产酶、抗生素、有机化学试剂或者单细胞蛋白。
发酵过程最简单的形式就是仅仅是with a nutrient broth微生物的混合，并使组分发生反应。
蒋悟生 生物学专业英语(第四版) 第1课-Inside the Living Cell
• Centriole ['sentrɪəʊl]细胞中心粒， 中心体; (see centre)
• Chemotaxis 趋化作用，趋向特征，指人 体细胞，细菌，单细胞或多细胞生物在他 们所处的环境中的某些化学物质的指令下， 进行定向运动的特征。 chemo- + Greek taxis "arrangement”
几个核糖体可能附着在一条mrna链上；这种组合被 称为多聚体。 大多数细胞蛋白质是在细胞质中的核糖体上制造（合 成）的。可输出蛋白和膜蛋白的合成通常（是核糖体） 与内质网联合（完成的）。
作者：momoTian
The endoplasmic reticulum, a lacy array of membranous sacs, tubules, and vesicles, may be either rough (RER) or smooth (SER). Both types play roles in the synthesis and transport of proteins. The RER, which is studded with polysomes, also seems to be the source of the nuclear envelope after a cell divides.
the genetic material(DNA) on chromosomes. (In prokaryotes the hereditary material is found in the nucleoid.)
The nucleus also contains one or two organelles-the nucleolithat play a role in cell division.
生物专业英语试题及答案
生物专业英语试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. Which of the following is not a characteristic of living organisms?A. Response to stimuliB. Growth and reproductionC. Cellular structureD. Inorganic composition2. The basic unit of life is the:A. OrganB. TissueC. CellD. Organism3. What is the term for the process by which organisms convert sunlight into chemical energy?A. PhotosynthesisB. RespirationC. FermentationD. Transpiration4. In genetics, the term "allele" refers to:A. A pair of genesB. A single geneC. A variant form of a geneD. A group of genes5. Which of the following is not a type of biomolecule?A. CarbohydratesB. LipidsC. ProteinsD. Metals6. The process by which a fertilized egg develops into a mature organism is called:A. GrowthB. DevelopmentC. DifferentiationD. Reproduction7. What is the function of the mitochondria in a cell?A. Protein synthesisB. DNA replicationC. Energy productionD. Cell wall synthesis8. The scientific method involves which of the following steps?A. Observation, hypothesis, experimentation, conclusionB. Hypothesis, experimentation, observation, conclusionC. Observation, experimentation, hypothesis, conclusionD. Hypothesis, observation, experimentation, conclusion9. Which of the following is a characteristic of eukaryotic cells?A. Lack of a nucleusB. Presence of a nucleusC. Circular DNAD. Absence of organelles10. The study of the relationships among living organisms is known as:A. AnatomyB. PhysiologyC. TaxonomyD. Ecology二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. The largest organ in the human body is the __________.2. The process by which plants absorb water and nutrients is called __________.3. The genetic material of all living organisms is composed of __________.4. In cellular respiration, glucose is broken down to produce __________ and water.5. The study of the structure of organisms is called__________.6. The basic unit of heredity is the __________.7. The process of cell division that produces genetically identical cells is called __________.8. The scientific name of humans is __________.9. The process by which an organism's traits are passed on to its offspring is called __________.10. The study of the interactions between organisms and their environment is called __________.三、简答题（每题10分，共40分）1. Explain the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.2. Describe the role of DNA in the inheritance of traits.3. What are the main stages of the cell cycle?4. Discuss the importance of biodiversity in an ecosystem.四、论述题（20分）Discuss the impact of genetic engineering on modern agriculture and its potential risks.答案：一、选择题1. D2. C3. A4. C5. D6. B7. C8. A9. B 10. C二、填空题1. Skin2. Absorption3. Nucleic acids4. ATP5. Anatomy6. Gene7. Mitosis8. Homo sapiens9. Inheritance 10. Ecology三、简答题1. Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles, while eukaryotic cells have a nucleus and various membrane-bound organelles.2. DNA carries the genetic information that determines an organism's traits and is passed from parents to offspring through reproduction.3. The main stages of the cell cycle include interphase (G1, S, and G2 phases) and the mitotic phase (mitosis and cytokinesis).4. Biodiversity is crucial for ecosystem stability, providinga variety of resources and services, and maintaining ecological balance.四、论述题Genetic engineering has revolutionized agriculture by increasing crop yields, improving resistance to pests and diseases, and enhancing nutritional content. However, it also poses potential risks such as the creation of superweeds, gene flow to wild relatives, and ethical concerns regarding the manipulation of life forms.。
生物专业英语第四章遗传学基础课后题答案
生物专业英语第四章遗传学基础课后题答案1、38．These workers ___________ this bridge since one year ago. [单选题] *A．buildB．are buildingC．have built (正确答案)D．built2、Kids will soon get tired of learning _____ more than they can. [单选题] *A. if they expect to learnB. if they are expected to learn(正确答案)C. if they learn to expectD. if they are learned to expect3、There was a time（）I wondered why I would like to do this boring job. [单选题] *A. whichB. whyC. whereD. when(正确答案)4、This is not our house. lt belongs to _____. [单选题] *A. the Turners'B. the Turners(正确答案)C. Turner'sD. Turners5、Many young people like to _______ at weekends. [单选题] *A. eat out(正确答案)B. eat upC. eat onD. eat with6、80．Thousands of ________ from other countries visit the village every year. [单选题] * A．robotsB．postcardsC．tourists(正确答案)D．bridges7、It was difficult to guess what her_____to the news would be. [单选题] *A.impressionC.reaction(正确答案)D.opinion8、He was very excited to read the news _____ Mo Yan had won the Nobel Prize for literature [单选题] *A. whichB. whatC. howD. that(正确答案)9、Jim will _______ New York at 12 o’clock. [单选题] *A. get onB. get outC. get offD. get to(正确答案)10、Whatever difficulties you have, you should not _______ your hope. [单选题] *A. give inB. give outC. give up(正确答案)11、—Judging from ____ number of bikes, there are not many people in the party.—I think so. People would rather stay at home in such _____ weather. [单选题] *A. the, aB. a, /C. the, /(正确答案)D. a, a12、We should _______ a hotel before we travel. [单选题] *A. book(正确答案)B. liveC. stayD. have13、Will you please say it again? I _______ you. [单选题] *A. didn’t hear(正确答案)B. don’t heardC. didn’t heardD. don’t hear14、This girl is my best friend, Wang Hui. ______ English name is Jane.（）[单选题] *A. HeB. HisC. SheD. Her(正确答案)15、My brother usually _______ his room after school. But now he _______ soccer. [单选题] *A. cleans; playsB. cleaning; playingC. cleans; is playing(正确答案)D. cleans; is playing the16、8．Turn right ________ Danba Road and walk ________ the road, then you will findMeilong Middle school. [单选题] *A．in...alongB．into...along (正确答案)C．in...onD．into...on17、76．—Could you tell me ________the bank?—Turn right and it's on your right. [单选题]*A．how get toB．how to getC．how getting toD．how to get to(正确答案)18、How beautiful the flowers are! Let’s take some _______. [单选题] *A. photos(正确答案)B. potatoesC. paintingsD. tomatoes19、Sometimes only（）10 out of 500 or more candidates succeed in passing all the tests. [单选题] *A. as many asB. as few as(正确答案)C. as much asD. as little as20、One thousand dollars a month is not a fortune but at least can help cover my living（）. [单选题] *A. billsB. expenses(正确答案)C. pricesD. charges21、______ pocket money did you get when you were a child? （）[单选题] *A. WhatB. HowC. How manyD. How much(正确答案)22、—______ is the concert ticket?—It’s only 160 yuan.（）[单选题] *A. How manyB How much(正确答案)C. How oftenD. How long23、Grandfather lives with us. We all _______ him when he gets ill. [单选题] *A. look after(正确答案)B. look atC. look forD. look like24、If it _______ tomorrow, I won’t go there. [单选题] *A. rains(正确答案)B. is rainingC. will rainD. would rain25、53．On your way home, you can buy some fruit, meat, vegetables and ________. [单选题] * A．something else(正确答案)B．else somethingC．everything elseD．else everything26、At nine yesterday morning, I ______ an English class while they ______ a PE class.（）[单选题] *A. was having; were having(正确答案)B. had; hadC. was having; hadD. had; were having27、Nick has always been good _______ finding cheap flights. [单选题] *B. forC. withD. to28、Many people believe that _________one has, _______ one is, but actually it is not true. [单选题] *A. the more money ; the happier(正确答案)B. the more money ; the more happyC. the less money ; the happierD. the less money ; the more happy29、_______ clever boy he is! [单选题] *A. What a(正确答案)B. WhatC. HowD. How a30、The boy’s mother always _______ him a story before he goes to bed. [单选题] *A. saysB. speaksD. talks。
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law of segregation [,segri'geiʃən] 分离定律
When gametes are formed by a diploid organism, the alleles that control a trait separate from one another into different gametes, retaining their individuality.
them have in the homozygous state. condition 情况，条件 heterozygote [hetərəu‘zaiɡəut] 杂合体 在同源染色体的某一特定基因位点上有不同的等位基因的有机体.
law of independent assortment
[ə'sɔ:tmənt] 独立分配定律, 自由组合定律
gamete [‘ɡæmi:t] 配子 trait 特性 individuality [,ində,vidʒu:‘æliti:] 个体性 孟德尔法则：格雷戈· 孟德尔所创的两个遗传定律之一，认为 一对异体同形的染色体的各部分在减数分裂期间会相互分离，
然后被分配到不同的配子体中。
nondisjunction [‘nɔndis’dʒʌŋkʃən] 不分离
Members of one gene pair will separate from each other
independently of the members of other gene pairs.
separate from 分开 independently of 独立于
孟德尔法则：两条定律的第二条，认为每对染色体的各部分在 减数分裂时都独立于其他染色体对的各部分而分离，以致于载 有不同染色体的等位基因被随便地分配到配子体中。
A cross between individuals that differ with respect to two specified gene pairs.
differ with 与...不一致 specified 指定的 respect 关系
dominant ['dɔminənt] 显性
The member of a pair of alleles that shows its effect in
incomplete dominance [, inkəm'pli:t 'dɔmənəns] 不完全显性
The condition in which two allelic genes have a different effect when
they are together as a heterozygote in a diploid cell than either of
能够理解课文中语句的意思，了解其生物
学含义。
Glossary
allele [ə'li:l] 等位基因
等位基因：位于同源染色体上同一位置，控制相对 性状的不同形态的基因。
earlobe [‘iə,ləʊb] 耳垂 alternative [ɔ:l‘tə:nətiv] 选择性的, 二中择一的
dihybrid cross [dai‘haibrid]双因子杂种杂交
heredity [hə‘redɪti:] 遗传 nucleotide ['nu:kli:ə,taɪd] 核苷酸
genotype ['dʒenətaip] 遗传型, 基因型
The catalog of genes of an organism, whether or not these genes are expressed.
catalog [‘kætəlɔɡ] 目录 whether or noty 种质学说
A substance thought to be transmitted in the gametes (germ cells) in an unchanged form from generation to generation. The germ plasm was believed to be unaffected by the environment and to give rise to the body cells.
the phenotype whatever other allele is present.
phenotype [‘fi:nətaip] 显型, 表现型
gene [dʒi:n] 基因
A unit of heredity located on a chromosome and composed a sequence of DNA nucleotides.
The answer for reading comprehension in Lesson three
1. C; 2. B; 3. D; 4. B; 5. A; 6. D
Lesson four Foundations of genetics
基本要求
掌握了解遗传学的发展历程，掌握孟德尔
遗传学的建立及经典实验。相关英语词汇 及主要用法；
gamete [‘ɡæmi:t] 配子 germ cell 生殖细胞 germ plasm 种质,生殖细胞的细胞质,遗传物质,基因 give rise to 产生
heterozygous [,hetərəu'zaiɡəs] 杂合的
A diploid organism that has two different allelic forms of a particular gene.
particular 特殊的, 特别的 allelic 等位基因的
homozygous [,hɔmə'zaiɡəus] 纯合的
A diploid organism that has two identical alleles for particular characteristic.
identical 同一的, 同样的
The failure of separation of paired chromosomes at metaphase, resulting in one daughter cell receiving both and the other daughter cell none of the chromosomes in question. Nondisjunction can occur during a meiotic or mitotic division.