大学化学理论与实践 III-论文篇

大学化学理论与实践

Theory and Practice of College Chemistry

(B150303110)

何荣桓

东北大学理学院化学系

It is smarter to say because than to accept randomness.

——《the black swan 》by N. N. Taleb

《大学化学理论与实践》

第三部分

文献调研、论文开题与撰写

创意源于热爱创意源于热爱

目录

§1. 文献调研与评述§2. 实验方案的设计

§3. 实验数据的处理、结果分析与讨论§4. 撰写报告/论文

Four golden lessons

Four golden lessons Nature, 426 (2003),389. /nature

Four golden lessons Four golden lessons

Four golden lessons

第一章

文献调研与评述

查阅文献的目的

文献的筛选

数据库：图书馆资源文献的筛选文献的筛选

文献的筛选文献的筛选文献的筛选文献的管理文献的管理

景，透过表象，认识到实质须记录的文献信息：

全部作者，题目，期刊名称，发表时间（卷，期，起止页码）

文献的学习

如何设计方案？

如何设计方案？

设计方案须如何考虑？须进行哪些实验条件的优化？普通狗还是巨型动物？钻石多大？是王冠？是戒指！

设计实验方案的一般步骤？专业知识的运用举例

专业知识的运用举例专业知识的运用举例

H =

实事求是，克服心里预期等主观干扰实事求是，克服心里预期等主观干扰

绘图软件介绍问题与思考

大胆想象，小心求证

问题与思考

羟基磷灰石的热失重曲线

从图中可以看出，在整个升温范围内，HA共失重20.0%。375℃以前，

HAP很稳定，几乎没有热量损失。在375℃~400 ℃温度范围内，大约有

10%,的重量损失，这主要是HA中吸附水的脱附引起的。500℃~675

范围内，大约有8.73%的重量损失，该失重可能失由于结晶水的逸失引起

的。很有可能发生以下反应：

Ca

10(PO

4

)

6

(OH)

2

→Ca

10

(PO

4

)

6

(OH)

2-2x

O

X

+XH

2

O

The conductivity values of the non-irradiated and γ-rays

irradiated (30 kGy) PVDFHFP/SFA/TriA membrane are constant

from 1 to 20 wt.% of TriA(left).

如何进行数据分析

如何进行数据分析

结果的分析讨论举例
学生的分析：
…… But the conductivity of Nafion/1.6PA membrane is around 1.5 mS/cm from 80oC to 100oC and decreased to 0.5 mS/cm from 110oC to 160oC as shown in Figure 9. The low conductivity of Nafion/1.6PA membrane was contributed to the low PA content in the Nafion membrane. In addition, it was reported that the incorporation of phosphoric acid within Nafion yielded a super acid under anhydrous conditions where the charged species are generated yielding excess H4PO4+ and an immobilized –SO3- anion. The self-ionization of the phosphoric acid is reduced, yielding a lower concentration of the H2PO4- ion16. Then the proton transport through structure diffusion is reduced.
[i]
结果的分析讨论举例
The Nafion/BMIm/PA membranes exhibit increased conductivities when the temperature is increased without humidifying (Fig. 8). However, the conductivity of Nafion/1.6PA membrane is decreased from 1.5 mS cm-1 to 0.5 mS cm-1 when the temperature is changed from 80 oC to 100 oC. This is mainly due to the water loss of the membrane by evaporation with the increased temperature. Although the conductivity of Nafion/1.6PA membrane is significantly higher than that of Nafion membrane above 100 oC without humidification, it is still low comparing with those of Nafion/BMIm/PA membranes. In addition, the different conductivity variation versus temperature, especially above 100 oC, indicates that the incorporated BMIm cations promote the conductivity of the Nafion/BMIm/PA membranes. Savinell et al [18] reported that the doped phosphoric acid within Nafion yielded a super acid under anhydrous conditions and the ionization of the super acid generated charged species H4PO4+ and immobilized –SO3-. The selfionization of the phosphoric acid is reduced due to the substantially lower concentration of the H2PO4- anion. Therefore the conductivity of the Nafion/1.6PA membrane is low. For Nafion/BMIm/PA membranes, the BMIm cation interacted with the immobilized –SO3-, which could restrain the generation of H2PO4- anion, and the self-ionization of the phosphoric acid could not been affected anymore. Moreover the membrane swelling by incorporated BMIm cation may also enhanced the proton transport in the membrane.
Gardner CL, Anantaraman AV. Studies on ion-exchange membranes. II: measurement of the anisotropic conductance of Nafion (R). J Electroanal Chem 1998;449(1–2):209–14.
我的分析（下一页）：
结果的分析讨论举例
结果的分析讨论举例
结果的分析讨论
同样的数据，采用不同的数据处理方式，将给 读者不同的表达方式；同时可能得到不一样的 信息量，进而影响结论的判断与推理。
第四章 撰写报告与论文
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