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七英语短文带翻译英语翻译

七英语短文带翻译英语翻译The Importance of Learning English in Today's World。

English has become the most widely spoken language in the world. It is the official language in over 50 countries and is spoken by over 1.5 billion people worldwide. In today's globalized world, the ability to speak English has become essential for communication, education, and career advancement.Communication。

English has become the language of international communication. It is the language used in international business, science, technology, and diplomacy. The ability to speak English allows individuals to communicate with people from all over the world, breaking down language barriers and facilitating global connections.Education。

English is the language of instruction in many universities and academic institutions worldwide. Students who are proficient in English have access to a wider range of educational opportunities, including studying abroad and pursuing higher education in English-speaking countries. Additionally, many academic papers and research studies are written in English, making it essential for researchers to have a strong command of the language.Career Advancement。

英汉互译原文

Wall Street Take a DiveRonald Reagan’s 1985 budget took a thunderous shelling last week. Day after day, jittery Wall Street investors fired sell orders, hitting stock prices with their heaviest declines since 1982. Testifying in Washington, Federal Reserve Chairman Paul V olcker fired the single most damaging salvo by warning that the deficits envisaged in the budget pose a “clear and present danger”, threatening to keep interest rates high and tip the economy into a new recession.The size of the deficits is staggering. Rudolph Penner, director of the Congressional Budget Office, predicted that if policy is not changed, the flow of red ink will swell from $190 billion this year to $326 billion by 1989.In testimony on Capitol Hill, the President’s men acknowledged that the economy was in danger. Chief Economic Adviser Martin Feldstein, known as the Administration’s “Dr.Gloom,”agreed with Penner’s warning that the deficit could reach the $300 billion range by the evd of the decade. If that happened, said Feldstein, federal borrowing would be swallowing 75% of American savings and putting powerful upward pressure on interest rates. Even Treasury Secretary Donald Regan, usually an optimist and a critic of Feldstein’s dour outlook, admitted that “without proper fiscal and monetary policies, there is a possibility of our slipping back into a recession in the U.S.”Unless the Federal Reserve speeds up growth of the U.S money supply , warned Treasury Under Secretary Beryl Sprinkel, a recession could start this year.译文：华尔街股价下跌罗纳德里根1985财政年度的财政预算，上周遭到了猛烈的抨击。

外文翻译原文

外文翻译原文“Translation”Translation is the process of converting written text or speech from one language to another. It is a complex task that requires not only fluent proficiency in both languages, but also a deep understanding of the cultural nuances and linguistic intricacies of each language.Translation has been practiced for centuries and has played a crucial role in facilitating communication and fostering cultural exchange between different societies. It allows people who speak different languages to communicate and interact with each other, breaking down barriers and expanding possibilities.There are various types of translation, including literary translation, technical translation, legal translation, and medical translation, among others. Each type requires specific knowledge and skills to accurately convey the meaning and intent of the original text.In addition to linguistic accuracy, a good translator should also strive to capture the style, tone, and nuances of the original text. This involves understanding the cultural and historical context of the text, as well as the intended audience. Often, a translator needs to make decisions about how to adapt the text to the target language while still preserving its essence.Translation can be a challenging and time-consuming process, especially when dealing with complex or specialized subjects. Translators often need to conduct thorough research to ensure accuracy and maintain the integrity of the original text.With the advancement of technology, machine translation has become increasingly popular in recent years. However, while machine translation can provide quick and convenient translations, it often lacks the accuracy and nuance that human translators can offer. Human translators are able to understand the subtleties of language and idiomatic expressions that are often lost in machine translations. Therefore, it is important to rely on human translators, especially for important or sensitive documents.In conclusion, translation is a vital tool in facilitating communication and promoting cultural understanding. It requires not only language proficiency but also a deep understanding of cultural nuances. While machine translation can offer convenience, human translators are essential for accurate and nuanced translations.。

英语课文翻译

Unit 1 A Brush with the Law一个青年发现，在大街上毫无明显目的地游逛会招致警方的责罚。

误会一个接一个发生，最终他只得出庭受审……与警察的一场小冲突我平生只有一次跟警方发生纠葛。

被捕和出庭的整个过程在当时是一件非常不愉快的事，但现在倒成了一篇很好的故事。

这次经历令人可恼之处在于围绕着我的被捕以及随后庭上审讯而出现的种种武断专横的情况。

事情发生在大约12年前，其时正是2月。

几个月前我中学毕业了，但上大学要等到10月。

当时我还在家中居住。

一天早晨，我来到里士满。

这里是伦敦的一个郊区，离我住的地方不远。

我在寻找一份临时工作，以便积些钱去旅游。

由于天气晴朗，当时又无急事，我便慢悠悠看看橱窗，逛逛公园。

有时干脆停下脚步，四处张望。

现在看来，一定是这种明显的毫无目的的游逛，使我倒了霉。

事情发生在11点半钟光景。

我在当地图书馆谋职未成，刚刚走出来，便看到一个人穿越马路，显然是要来跟我说话。

我以为他要问我时间，不料他说他是警官，要逮捕我。

起先我还以为这是在开玩笑，但又一个警察出现在我的面前，这次是位身着警服的，这一下使我确信无疑了。

“为什么要抓我?”我问道。

“到处游荡，企图作案，”他说。

“作什么案?”我又问。

“偷窃，”他说。

“偷什么?”我追问。

“牛奶瓶，”他板着面孔说道。

“噢，”我说。

事情原来是这样的，在这一地区多次发生小的扒窃案，特别是从门前台阶上偷走牛奶瓶。

接着，我犯了一个大错误。

其时我年方19，留一头蓬乱的长发，自认为是60年代“青年反主流文化”的一员。

所以我想装出一副冷漠的、对这一事件满不在乎的样子。

于是我尽量用一种漫不经心的极其随便的腔调说，“你们跟踪我多久啦?”这样一来，在他们眼里，我就像是非常熟悉这一套的了，也使他们更加确信我是一个地地道道的坏蛋。

几分钟后，开来了一辆警车。

“坐到后面去，”他们说。

“把手放到前排座位的靠背上，不准挪动。

”他们分别坐在我的两边。

这可再也不是闹着玩的了。

(完整word版)英语短文中英文翻译

1.Today my friend and I are taking a walk。

suddenly，we are seeing a boy sit on the chair,he is crying，we go and ask him。

“what’s the matter with you” he tell us“I can’t find my dog can you help me”.“yes,I can”.And we help him find his dong .oh it stay underthe big tree!今天我和我的朋友一起去散步。

突然我们看见一个男孩坐在椅子上，他哭的很伤心。

我们走过去问他：“你怎么了”。

他告诉我们：“我的狗不见了，你们能帮我找到它吗”.“是的，我们能帮你找到你的狗”然后我们帮助他找到了他的狗，原来是它呆在一棵大树下。

2。

One day an old man siselling a big elephant.A young man comes to the elephant and begins to look at it slowly。

The old man goes up to him and says inhis ear，“Don't say anything about the elephant before I sell it，then i'll give you some money."“All right，”says the young man.After the old man slles the elephant，he gives the young man some money and says，“Now,can you tell me how you find the bad ears of theelephant？”“I don’t find the bad ears，”says the young man.“Then why do you look at the elephant slowly?”asks the old man。

出师表英文版全文英汉互译原文及英文对照完整版

出师表英文版全文英汉互译原文及英文对照完整版出师表英文版全文英汉互译完整版。

今日，新版诸葛亮扮演着王洛勇朗，一段诵英文版出师表的视频在网上爆红，小伙伴们能想象到英文版出师表是什么样的吗?赶快随小编一起来看看下面的相关介绍吧!英文版出师表是什么样的英文版出师表文字版《出师表》原文及英文对照版臣亮言：先帝创业未半而中道崩殂，今天下三分，益州疲弊，此诚危急存亡之秋也。

Permit me to observe: the late emperor was taken from us before he couldfinish his life's work, the restoration of the Han. Today, the empire is stilldivided in three, and our very survival is threatened.然侍卫之臣不懈于内，忠志之士忘身于外者，盖追先帝之殊遇，欲报之于陛下也。

Yet still the officials at court and the soldiers throughout the realmremain loyal to you, your majesty. Because they remember the late emperor, allof them, and they wish to repay his kindness in service to you.诚宜开张圣听，以光先帝遗德，恢弘志士之气，不宜妄自菲薄，引喻失义，以塞忠谏之路也。

This is the moment to extend your divine influence, to honor the memory ofthe late Emperor and strengthen the morale of your officers. It is not the timeto listen to bad advice, or close your ears to the suggestions of loyal men.亲贤臣，远小人，此先汉所以兴隆也;亲小人，远贤臣，此后汉所以倾颓也。

英文翻译原文

Process variability in honing of cylinder liner with vitri ﬁed bonded diamond toolsL.Sabri a ,b ,M.El Mansori a ,⁎a Arts et Métiers ParisTech,LMPF-EA 4106,Rue Saint Dominique,BP 508,51006,Châlons-en-Champagne,Cedex,France bRenault s.a.s,Direction de l'Ingénierie Mécanique,67rue des bons raisins,92500Rueil Malmaison,Francea b s t r a c ta r t i c l e i n f o Available online 19May 2009Keywords:Honing variability Cylinder liner wear Surface ﬁnishVitri ﬁed bonded diamond stoneWith the increasing use of ultra-hard abrasives and the introduction of more powerful and rigid machines,honing process is spreading its performances.In industrial honing of cylinder liners for internal combustion engines,the degree of penetration that Metallic Bonded Diamond (MBD)abrasive stones have experienced compared to conventional Vitri ﬁed Bonded Silicon Carbide (VBSC)tools is obvious.The long tool life of metal bonded diamond sticks is however balanced by its main role in producing torn and folded metal without cutting-effect ﬁnish.To simultaneously reduce folding and remove the stock with improved stone life,an experimental investigation is reported on the process variability in ﬁnish honing behavior due to stone inconsistency and nature of its properties.We consider the achievable performances by ﬁnish honing of cast iron liners with a new abrasive stone.This superabrasive consists of micro-sized diamond abrasives which are bonded with vitri ﬁed bond (VBD).By selection of ﬁner grit abrasive while honing with VBD tool,conditions could be created that gave a cutting-effect ﬁnish to the diamond honing and minimized the folding over.©2009Elsevier B.V.All rights reserved.1.IntroductionHoning is a demanding operation,often involving a great deal of interrupted multistage surface formation which is decisively in ﬂuenced by the abrasive grain types [1–3].When honing technology was developed 50years ago,it was primary used as a ﬁnishing operation.But now,honing is responding towards the challenge of higher productivity and also making progress as a stock removal process [2,3].Such developments lie in a new generation of abrasives,honing centers,and process improvements.Abrasive stones used have to be also selected appropriately,according to applications.For automotive crankcases,two types of abrasive can mainly be differentiated when cylinder liners are being honed.These are superabrasives –Metal Bonded Diamond (MBD)and conventional abrasives –Vitri ﬁed Bonded Silicon Carbide (VBSC)[2].The use of Metal Bonded Diamond sticks ful ﬁls the tool life requirement.However,the main impediments of these sticks are the turn and folding of the material spread which leads to seizure.Indeed,MBD stones have higher bonding strength between the diamond grits and the bonding matrix and consequently longer tool life.Therefore,this structure retards the exposure of new cutting edges when the diamond grits become dull during honing process [3].Severe friction between the metal bond and the workpiece is thus induced.Accordingly,the honing ef ﬁciency is reduced by creating the so-called “Blechmantel ”phenomenon.It consists of the presence of cold work material smeared out on cylinder liners which is undesirable as it seals the oil-bearing honing grooves and closes the graphite inclusions [4].Besides,even vitri ﬁed bonds also have higher bond strength in comparison with others types of bonds,the high elasticmodulus and low fracture toughness of the glass bonding materials facilitate a self-dressing capability of the stone [5].The stick becomes then excellent in discharge capability of honing chips due to the formation of numerous pores between the grains.Hence,high surface quality is produced to the detriment of a lower tool life [6,7].On this basis,new abrasive stone with vitri ﬁed bonded diamond (VBD)has been developed in order to combine the excellent properties of vitri ﬁed bond to those of diamond grains.It consists of micro-sized diamonds embedded in a SiC matrix and it is investigated in regard to its ﬁnish and wearing performance while honing car iron liners.Also,the involved cutting effect with these new superabrasive hones is considered to evaluate the inherent process variability.2.ExperimentalIn this work,honing experiments were carried out on a vertical honing machine with an expansible tool (NAGEL no.28-8470)(Fig.1).The workpiece consists of cylinder liner of lamellar gray cast iron engine crankcase after boring and rough honing operations.Two sets of instrumented ﬁnish honing tests were performed with two types of abrasive stones,namely:1.Vitri ﬁed Bonded Silicon Carbide (VBSC)with an average grit size of 110µm (Fig.2-a).It is a IAS65/100I8S conventional stone with an initial mixture of 65vol.%of aluminum oxide and 35vol.%of green silicon carbide which corresponds to a soft grade,a large openness of the structure (8)and having a vitri ﬁed bond resulting from a special treatment by impregnation with sulfur.2.Vitri ﬁed Bonded Diamond (VBD)with an average grit size of 107µm (Fig.2-b).This superabrasive hone is new type of compositeSurface &Coatings Technology 204(2009)1046–1050⁎Corresponding author.Tel.:+33326699181;fax:+33326699176.E-mail address:mohamed.elmansori@chalons.ensam.fr (M.ElMansori).0257-8972/$–see front matter ©2009Elsevier B.V.All rights reserved.doi:10.1016/j.surfcoat.2009.05.013Contents lists available at ScienceDirectSurface &Coatings Technologyj o u r n a l h om e p a g e :w w w.e l s ev i e r.c o m /l o c a t e /s u r fc o a tconsisting of micro-sized diamonds of 107µm and green silicon carbide in the size of 60µm which are bonded with vitreous C7glass material.The concentration of 150which is used corresponds to 5.5carats of diamond.This new stone possesses hence simulta-neously higher concentration (i.e.the volume percentage of diamond abrasive is about 37.5%)that a priori will enable a higher removal rate with a longer life and a mixture of abrasive grains to hold good ﬁnish quality.The selected average grit size is the commonly used in ﬁnish honing operation on the automotive industry.For each experimental set,three expansion velocities (1.5µm/s;4µm/s,8µm/s)are considered while the other working variables were kept constant.Table 1shows the most important working variables applied for these tests.To quantify the stock removal,the difference between the liner diameter before and after honing is measured.The form variations and the microtopogra-phical features of the honed liners were quanti ﬁed.Optical (Fax-ﬁlm)and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)observations were also performed to describe the obtained textured surface by honing.3.Results3.1.Production honing variability in terms of ﬁnish performance In a production environment of cylinder liners,honing process must produce liner with roundness less than 5µm and cylindricity of 10µm and ﬁnish requirements of less than 2µm in R k .Fig.3shows the form performance of the VBD and VBSC stones operating under ﬁnish honing conditions,where three expansionspeeds of honing stone surface against the liner wall are applied to carry out ﬁnishing operations.This graph demonstrates clearly that the surface form achieved with vitri ﬁed diamond hones in machining cast iron is almost the same as that obtained by conventional abrasive stones.At higher expansion speed of honing stone,the cylindricity seems to be however improved when honing with VBD stone in comparison with VBSC one.Note that,as these results were reproduced at three different levels of the cylinder liner,we can state that the VBD stone have the same robustness as VBSC conventional stone.Roughness parameters of honed surfaces which are most important for quality assessment are plotted in Fig.4.The ﬁrst set of parameters represents roughness criteria based on the ISO 13565-2[8].The second one represents the same parameters of the Abbott curve but expressed from the CNOMO standard [9].This one entails the parameter Cr:Running-in criterion calculated between the bearing ratios 33%and 1%;Cf:operating criterion calculated between the bearing ratios 75%and 15%;and Cl:lubrication criterion calculated between the bearing ratios 99%and 45%.As expected,honed surfaces produced by the VBSC stones are ﬁner than those issued with vitri ﬁed diamond hones (VBD).Moreover,another interesting variation is the sensitivity of the ﬁnish perfor-mance to the feed system.With an increase in the expansion velocity,the ultra-hard abrasive grains (VBD stone)are pressed deep into the workpiece surface so as to re-sharpen the grit.This makes it possible to carry out quite-similar ﬁnish performance with superabrasive production honing (see Fig.4-a).The resulting surface aspect that concerns the lateral geometric properties of the diamond honing texture shows however,the presence of material smearing with grooves interrupts (see Fig.5).3.2.Process reliability in terms of honing productivityThe curves in Fig.6show the evolution of stone wear and honing ratio which is a convenient measure of stone life (H =volume of metal removed/volume of stone wear)from conventional (VBSC stone)toFig.1.Schematic representation of the honing head in continuous balancedmovement.Fig.2.(a)SEM micrograph of VBSC grits showing a random growth pattern similar to that of fractured glass;(b)The same magni ﬁcation as (a)but for VBD grits which reveals the openness of the structure where sharp edges are evident.Table 1Working conditions.Honing parameters Rough honing Finish honing 12Axial speed (m/min)282828Rotation speed (rpm)230230230Expansion type Mechanical Mechanical Mechanical Number of stones 666Abrasive grit type Diamond VBD VBSC Grain size (µm)125107110Bond typeMetal Vitri ﬁed Vitri ﬁed Abrasive stone dimensions (mm ×mm ×mm)2×5×706×6×706×6×701047L.Sabri,M.El Mansori /Surface &Coatings Technology 204(2009)1046–1050superabrasive honing (VBD stone).The wear behavior observed while honing with VBSC stone appears to be similar to that of single-point cutting tools.High initial wear is recorded for the ﬁrst 12honed liners.It was approximated by a mean value of 135.53mm 3(ﬁrst horizontal segment in Fig.6).It was then followed by steady-state wear estimated by a mean value of 103.61mm 3(second horizontal segment in Fig.6).On the other hand,VBD stones are characterized by ex-ceptional ability to reduce the variations in performance caused by “wear regime transition ”to a mean value of 118.69mm 3.The superabrasive crystals indeed do not wear or break down as rapidly as conventional abrasives.This result is established by the variations of honing ratio,or H -ratio,which clearly shows the higher superhone life with lower process variability than conventional hone (VBSC stone).It is besides well known that wear of abrasive tools can be broadly classi ﬁed as either attritious or fracture wear as shown by Fig.7[10].Since the bond is same for both VBD and VBSC stones and the abrasive is in continuous balanced contact (±V a )with the work while honing,their wear behavior is more sensitive to the abrasive type and the bond energy destruction.This debonding energy depends consider-ably on pressure and speed.Indeed,the weakest link in thehoningFig. parison between the VBSC and VBD sticks performances in terms of cylindricity for various expansion velocities V1,V2andV3.Fig.4.(a)ISO and (b)CNOMO roughness parameters for honed surfaces by VBSC and VBD stones at various expansionvelocities.Fig.5.Honing texture of cylinder liners honed by (a)VBSC and (b)VBD with V2expansion velocity.1048L.Sabri,M.El Mansori /Surface &Coatings Technology 204(2009)1046–1050process is the bond strength which is challenged more by deep crystal penetration of the work (pressure)than by high surface speed.In the superabrasive hone,each crystal takes hence a cut because all the force behind the hone is concentrated on a few cutting points.More-over,the specially designed vitri ﬁed bonds permit to hold the grits in position and to accommodate a high volume of chips.This allows the VBD hone to operate in cutting mode (see Fig.7-b).However,abrasive particles in conventional hones rub or plow through the work rather than cut.Thus,heat increasing is generated from friction and fracture wear due to removal of silicon carbide particles from the stone either by partial fracture of grits (at “b ”in Fig.7-b or by fracturing away of the bond post as at “c ”).Hence,in attempting to ﬁnd the conditions that will increase productivity,changes in cutting rate and hone life must be seen together.Fig.8shows the relationship between hone life and removal rate when honing cast iron liners respectively with a conventional VBSC stone and a new vitreous bonded diamondproduct.Each location on the curve could be considered as “per-formance point ”,i.e.a measure of production ef ﬁciency at the given honing conditions.In both cases,the location of the “performance point ”of the curves appears to be related to the abrasive.The new superabrasive stone used in the ﬁnish honing operation yields low removal rate and low variations on honing ratio.A signi ﬁcant drop in life is however experienced by conventional hone with high pro-ductivity (large removal rate).By extrapolating this trend to higher material removal rate,it can be expected that the Honing ratio will decrease rapidly for VBSC stone than VBD which will have longer useful life.This implies that for VBD stone,to increase productivity without generating undue tool wear,speed should be increased instead of contact pressure [11].Fig.6.Evolution of stones wear and honing ratio from VBSC to VBD abrasivestones.Fig.7.Honing stone wear:(a)attritious wear which occurs at the grit-workpiece surface;(b)partial fracture of grit;(c)fracture of bondpost.Fig.8.The variation of hone life (H )with metal-cutting rate for ﬁnish honing with VBD and VBSC stones.1049L.Sabri,M.El Mansori /Surface &Coatings Technology 204(2009)1046–10504.ConclusionsSuperabrasive hones lend themselves to trends in manufacturing.To simultaneously reduce folding and remove a stock with improved hone life,a new superabrasive stone made from diamond abrasive with vitriﬁed bond(VBD)is developed.The vitriﬁcation of superabrasive diamond hones leads to a signiﬁcant consistency in their performance.It is evident that the vitreous bond in which the diamond particles are impregnated allows higher crystal penetration without generation fracture wear.This enables the vitriﬁed diamond hones to operate in cutting mode,consequently they will last longer than conventional vitriﬁed hones.Indeed,conventional vitriﬁed SiC hones tend to fracture at the bond bridge rather than at the interface between diamond and its bonding bridge.This implies that conventional hones,especially vitriﬁed ones,have a high wear level as compare to VBD stone,which is difﬁcult to control,often resulting in variable performance.Thus,by selection of ﬁner grit abrasive of VBD stone and appropriate honing parameters as cutting speed and pressure,new or revised design of superabrasive production honing which involve holeﬁnishing can be made productive.References[1]H.Weule,Improved Honing Through Process Control,Annals of the CIRP Vol.37/1/1998.[2]M.C.Shaw,Principles of abrasive processing,Oxford University Press,USA,1996,p.385.[3]H.O.Juchem,Honing:time to take stock of advances,Mach.Prod.Eng.,1979,pp.33–35.[4]Z.Dimkovski,C.Anderberg,B.G.Rosén,R.Ohlsson,T.Thomas,Quantiﬁcation ofBlechmantel effect on wear of cylinder bore microtopography,Proceedings of the 13th Nordic Simposium on Tribology,Nordtrib,2008.[5]M.J.Jackson,ls,Microscale wear of vitriﬁed abrasive materials,J.Mater.Sci.39(2004)2131.[6]John H.Taylor,Superabrasive Production Honing Greater Quality,Cost Efﬁciency,Cutting tool engineering,April1986,p.38.[7]Kuan-Hong Lin,Shih-Feng Peng,Shun-Tian Lin,Sintering parameters and wearperformance of vitriﬁed bond diamond grinding wheels,Int.J.Refract.Met.Hard Mater.25(2007)25.[8]J.Abbott,F.A.Firestone,Specifying surface quality,Mech.Eng.55(1933)569.[9]M.Harvier,G.Chaumond,CNOMO,Fascicule de formation Etats de surface,GE40-082N,Novembre2003.[10]M.J.Jackson,N.Barlow,ls,The effect of bond composition on the strengthof partially-bonded vitriﬁed ceramic abrasives,J.Mater.Sci.Lett.13(1994)1287.[11]W.H.Cubberly,ASM handbook committee,metals handbook,Properties andSelection:Irons and Steels,Machining,vol.16,1989,p.453.1050L.Sabri,M.El Mansori/Surface&Coatings Technology204(2009)1046–1050。

大学英语四级英语课文翻译

Unit 3 在麦当劳的第一天第一天，我早早地便来上班了。

有人给我拿来工作帽和围裙，接着一位热心的麦当劳员工向我解释如何操作收银机。

收银机上有各种色彩和名称的按钮，对于不熟悉它的人来说有点想是飞机的控制面板。

每个按钮都代表了不同食物，如巨无霸、水果派、麦香鱼、等等。

除了这些，还有各式套餐和其他特价品种。

如果有人点了一份套餐但同时还需要一份特价食品，那么你就需要按另一个按钮。

对于一个新手而言，总还会有一些事不容易搞清楚。

按要求你要在顾客点餐之后询问他/她是否需要甜点或饮料。

当然，你不能做一个过于主动的推销员，而是要间接地表达你的意思。

向孩子和上了年纪的妇女强行推销食品是不允许的。

我了解到，将带有“麦当劳”字样的薯条盒正对顾客摆放很重要，因为那样顾客能很准确无误地接受到广告信息。

将饮料放在顾客托盘的右方位置也很重要，原因是绝大多数顾客惯于使用右手，因此托重物时右手更有力。

第一位顾客站在了我的面前。

“我想要一个吉士汉堡、一包薯条、一杯浓奶昔。

”她说。

“需要再来点甜点吗？”我尽可能地按麦当劳的方式来促销。

“不用了，谢谢。

”就这样，我的第一次推销以失败告终。

如果我在收银机上找不到正确的按钮，一位总是对“临时工”特别关照的麦当劳工作人员会前来帮我。

这样的帮助非常重要，特别是在怒找不到套餐按钮的时候，或是当你按下了计算需付总金额的按钮却发觉总额与找零显示已经从收银机的小小屏幕上彻底消失了的时候。

接着，我得适应如何将薯条倒进包装盒，适应如何正确地按饮料的按钮。

每当顾客点了巨无霸或其他汉堡之后，我得大声提醒生产间人员多做些这类食品。

我还得检查包装盒上的日期看看是否过了保质期，如果过了食物就得让掉……这就是我在麦当劳工作的第一天，也是我工作经历中最为难忘的一天。

Unit 4 购物的乐趣每周去购物是我的乐趣之一。

我喜欢想象手推着购物车在超市里闲逛，喜欢什么酒拿什么。

然而，这个过程并不总是如此激动人心。

首先，要取辆手推车并不容易。

英语课文翻译.doc

v1.0可编辑可修改Unit1 TextAWinston chnrchiee-His other life 温斯顿丘吉尔――他的另一种生活Mary ? soames 玛丽索姆斯father, Winston Churchill, began his love affair with painting in his 40s, amiddisastrous circumstances. As First Lord of the Admiralty i in 1915, he had been deeply involved in a campaign in the Dardanelles that could have shortened the course ofa bloody world war. But when the mission failed, with great loss of life, Churchill paid the price, both publicly and privately: He was removed from the Admiraltyand lost his position of political influence.. 我的父亲温斯顿丘吉尔是在40 几岁开始迷恋上绘画的，当时他正身处逆境。

1915 年，作为海军大臣，他深深地卷入了达达尼尔海峡的一场战役。

原本那次战役是能够缩短一场血腥的世界大战的，但它却失败了，人员伤亡惨重，为此丘吉尔作为公务员和个人都付出了代价：他被免去了海军部的职务，失去了显赫的政治地位。

2.Overwhelmed by the disaster wife, Clementine he retired—“ I thought he would die of grief，，，said his with his family to Hoe Farm, a country retreat in Surrey.There, as Churchill later recalled,“ The muse of painting came to my rescue! ” “我本以为他会因忧伤而死的。

大学英语课文原文及翻译

大学英语课文原文及翻译大学英语课文原文一 Section A:Choose to Be Alone on PurposeHere we are, all by ourselves, all 22 million of us by recent count, alone in our rooms, some of us liking it that way and some of us not. Some of us divorced, some widowed, some never yet committed. Loneliness may be a sort of national disease here, and it s more embarrassing for us to admit than any other sin. On the other hand, to be alone on purpose, having rejected company rather than been cast out by it, is one characteristic of an American hero. The solitary hunter or explorer needs no one as they venture out among the deer and wolves to tame the great wild areas. Thoreau, alone in his cabin on the pond, his back deliberately turned to the town. Now, that s character for you.Inspiration in solitude is a major commodity for poets and philosophers. They re all for it. They all speak highly of themselves for seeking it out, at least for an hour or even two before they hurry home for tea.Consider Dorothy Wordsworth, for instance, helping her brother William put on his coat, finding his notebook and pencil for him, and waving as he sets forth into the early spring sunlight to look at flowers all by himself. “How graceful, how benign, is solitude,” he wrote.No doubt about it, solitude is improved by being voluntary.Look at Milton s daughters arranging his cushions and blankets before they silently creep away, so he can create poetry. Then,rather than trouble to put it in his own handwriting, he calls thegirls to come back and write it down while he dictates.You may have noticed that most of these artistic types went outdoors to be alone. The indoors was full of loved ones keeping the kettle warm till they came home.The American high priest of solitude was Thoreau. We admire him, not for his self-reliance, but because he was all by himself out there at Walden Pond, and he wanted to be. All alone in the woods. Actually, he lived a mile, or 20 minutes walk, from his nearest neighbor; half a mile from the railroad; three hundred yards from a busy road. He had company in and out of the hut all day, asking him how he could possibly be so noble. Apparently the main point of his nobility was that he had neither wife nor servants, used his own axe to chop his own wood, and washed his own cups and saucers. I don t know who did his laundry; he doesn t say, but he certainly doesn t mention doing his own, either. Listen to him: “I never found the companion that was so companionable as solitude.”Thoreau had his own self-importance for company. Perhaps there s a message here. The larger the ego, the less the need for other egos around. The more modest and humble we feel, the more we suffer from solitude, feeling ourselves inadequate company.If you live with other people, their temporary absence can be refreshing. Solitude will end on Thursday. If today I use a singular personal pronoun to refer to myself, next week I will use the plural form. While the others are absent you can stretch out your soul until it fills up the whole room, and use your freedom, coming and going as you please without apology, staying up late to read, soaking in the bath, eating a whole pint of ice cream at one sitting, moving at your own pace. Those absent will be back. Their waterproof winter coatsare in the closet and the dog keeps watching for them at the window. But when you live alone, the temporary absence of your friends and acquaintances leaves a vacuum; they may never come back.The condition of loneliness rises and falls, but the need to talk goes on forever. It s more basic than needing to listen. Oh, we all have friends we can tell important things to, people we can call to say we lost our job or fell on a slippery floor and broke our arm. It s the daily succession of small complaints and observations and opinions that backs up and chokes us. We can t really call a friend to say we got a parcel from our sister, or it s getting dark earlier now, or we don t trust that new Supreme Court justice.Scientific surveys show that we who live alone talk at length to ourselves and our pets and the television. We ask the cat whether we should wear the blue suit or the yellow dress. We ask the parrot if we should prepare steak, or noodles for dinner. We argue with ourselves over who is the greater sportsman: that figure skater or this skier. There s nothing wrong with this. It s good for us, and a lot less embarrassing than the woman in front of us in line at the market who s telling the cashier that her niece Melissa may be coming to visit on Saturday, and Melissa is very fond of hot chocolate, which is why she bought the powdered hot chocolate mix, though she never drinks it herself.It s important to stay rational.It s important to stop waiting and settle down and make ourselves comfortable, at least temporarily, and find some grace and pleasure in our condition, not like a self-centered British poet but like a patient princess sealed up in a tower, waiting for the happy ending to our fairy tale.After all, here we are. It may not be where we expected to be, but for the time being we might as well call it home. Anyway, there is no place like home.大学英语课文原文二 Section A：Does Mickey Mouse have a beardNo.Does this mean that French men seeking work with the Disney organization must shave off their moustaches tooIt depends.A labor inspector took the Disney organization to court this week, contending that the company s dress and appearance code — which bans moustaches, beards, excess weight, short skirts and fancy stockings — offends individual liberty and violates French labor law.The case is an illustration of some of the delicate cultural issues the company faces as it gets ready to open its theme park 20 miles (32 kilometers) east of Paris in five months time.The Disney management, which is assembling what it calls a cast of 12,000 to run the theme park, argues that all employees, from bottle washers to the president, are similar to actors who have to obey rules about appearance. Anyway, a company spokesman says, no one has yet put his moustache before a job. As one new cast member put it: You must believe in what you are doing, or you would have a terrible time here.But what do people think of Euro Disney People everywhere are wondering whether Europeans would like the American recreation.For all its concern about foreign cultural invasion and its defense against the pollution of the French language by English words, France s Socialist government has been untroubled aboutputting such a huge American symbol on the doorstep of the capital and has been more concerned about its social effect. It made an extraordinary series of tax and financial concessions to attract the theme park here rather than let it go to sunny Spain.The theme park itself will be only part of a giant complex of housing, office, and resort developments stretching far into the next century, including movie and television production facilities. As part of its deal with the Disney organization, the government is laying on and paying for new highways, an extension of Paris s regional express railway and even a direct connection for the high speed TGV railway to the Channel Tunnel. The TGV station is being built in front of the main entrance of Euro Disneyland, and is scheduled to come into service in 1994.If Euro Disneyland succeeds — where theme parks already in France have so far failed — a second and even a third park is likely to be built by the end of the century. Financial experts say that Euro Disneyland, the first phase of which is costing an estimated $3.6 billion, is essential to Disney s overall fortunes, which have been hit by competition and declining attendance in the United States.French intellectuals have not found many kind things to say about the project. The kids, however, will probably never notice. Sleeping Beauty, Snow White, Peter Pan, and Pinocchio all come from European fairy tales or stories and are as familiar to children here as they are in the United States. To a French child Mickey is French. To an Italian kid he is Italian.The Disney management is stressing this tradition in an apparent response to suggestions that it is culturally insensitive. Although the concept of the theme park is closely based on the original MagicKingdom in California and Walt Disney World in Florida, Euro Disneyland will be unique in a manner appropriate to its European home, the company says. The legends and fairy tales which come from Europe figure prominently in the creative development of the theme park. Officials point out, for example, that Sleeping Beauty s castle, the central feature of the theme park, is based not on Hollywood, as some might think, but on the illustrations in a medieval European book. Also, a 360-degree movie, based on the adventures of Jules Verne, features well-known European actors.Asked to describe other aspects of the effort to make the park more European, a spokesman mentioned that direction signs in the theme park will be in French as well as English, and that some performers will chat in French, Spanish and English. The challenge is telling things people already know — and at the same time making it different, the spokesman said.On the other hand, this effort is not being taken too far. Another Disney spokesman said earlier that the aim of the theme park is to provide a basically American experience for those who seek it. Inthis way, he said, people who might otherwise have contemplated a vacation in the United States will be happy to stay on this side of the Atlantic.The Disney organization does seem to focus a bit too much on hair. Main Street, USA , the heart of Euro Disneyland, it promises, will feature an old time Harmony Barber Shop to deal with messy hair and hairy chins — and perhaps even offending mustaches. One difference from California or Florida: Parts of Main Street and waiting areas to get into the attractions will be covered over as a concession to Paris s rainy weather.Euro Disneyland s short distance to Paris is a definite attraction. Anyone tiring of American or fake European culture can reach the Louvre art museum by express railway in less than an hour — from Minnie Mouse to Mona Lisa in a flash.Communications figured largely in the Disney organization s decision to site its fourth theme park near Paris. The site is within a two-hour flight of 320 million Europeans. The opening of Eastern Europe is another prize for the company, which thinks that millions of people will put Disneyland at the top of a list of places to visit on their first trip to Western Europe.PREVIOUS HOME NEXT大学英语课文原文三 Section A：Slavery Gave Me Nothing to LoseI remember the very day that I became black. Up to my thirteenth year I lived in the little Negro town of Eatonville, Florida. It is exclusively a black town. The only white people I knew passed through the town going to or coming from Orlando, Florida. The native whites rode dusty horses, and the northern tourists traveled down the sandy village road in automobiles. The town knew the Southerners and never stopped chewing sugar cane when they passed. But the Northerners were something else again. They were peered at cautiously from behind curtains by the timid. The bold would come outside to watch them go past and got just as much pleasure out of the tourists as thetourists got out of the village.The front deck might seem a frightening place for the rest of the town, but it was a front row seat for me. My favorite place was on top of the gatepost. Not only did I enjoy the show, but I didn t mind the actors knowing that I liked it. I usually spoke to them inpassing. I d wave at them and when they returned my wave, I would say a few words of greeting. Usually the automobile or the horse paused at this, and after a strange exchange of greetings, I would probably go a piece of the way with them, as we say in farthest Florida, and follow them down the road a bit. If one of my family happened to come to the front of the house in time to see me, of course the conversation would be rudely broken off.During this period, white people differed from black to me only in that they rode through town and never lived there. They liked to hear me speak pieces and sing and wanted to see me dance, and gave me generously of their small silver for doing these things, which seemed strange to me for I wanted to do them so much that I needed bribing to stop. Only they didn t know it. The colored people gave no coins. They disapproved of any joyful tendencies in me, but I was their Zora nevertheless. I belonged to them, to the nearby hotels, to the country — everybody s Zora.But changes came to the family when I was thirteen, and I was sent to school in Jacksonville. I left Eatonville as Zora. When I got off the riverboat at Jacksonville, she was no more. It seemed that I had suffered a huge change. I was not Zora of Eatonville any more; I was now a little black girl. I found it out in certain ways. In my heart as well as in the mirror, I became a permanent brown — like the best shoe polish, guaranteed not to rub nor run.Someone is always at my elbow reminding me that I am the granddaughter of slaves. It fails to register depression with me. Slavery is something sixty years in the past. The operation was successful and the patient is doing well, thank you. The terrible war that made me an American instead of a slave said On the line! Theperiod following the Civil War said Get set! and the generation before me said Go! Like a foot race, I am off to a flying start and I must not halt in the middle to look behind and weep. Slavery is the price I paid for civilization, and the choice was not with me. No one on earth ever had a greater chance for glory. The world to be won and nothing to be lost. It is thrilling to think, to know, that for any act of mine, I shall get twice as much praise or twice as much blame. It is quite exciting to hold the center of the national stage, with the audience not knowing whether to laugh or to weep.I do not always feel colored. Even now I often achieve the unconscious Zora of that small village, Eatonville. For instance, I can sit in a restaurant with a white person. We enter chatting about any little things that we have in common and the white man would sit calmly in his seat, listening to me with interest.At certain times I have no race, I am me. But in the main, I feel like a brown bag of mixed items propped up against a wall. Against a wall in company with other bags, white, red and yellow. Pour out the contents, and there is discovered a pile of small things both valuable and worthless. Bits of broken glass, lengths of string, a key to a door long since decayed away, a rusty knife-blade, old shoes saved for a road that never was and never will be, a nail bent under the weight of things too heavy for any nail, a dried flower or two still with a little smell. In your hand is the brown bag. On the ground before you is the pile it held — so much like the piles in the other bags, could they be emptied, that all might be combined and mixed in a single heap and the bags refilled without altering the content of any greatly. A bit of colored glass more or less would not matter. Perhaps that is how the Great Stuffer of Bags filled them inthe first place — who knows。

课文翻译完整版综合英语

课文翻译完整版综合英语文件编码（008-TTIG-UTITD-GKBTT-PUUTI-WYTUI-8256）T h e p e a r l 吉纳，一位穷渔夫，刚发现了一颗非常大而且非常珍贵的珍珠，准备去最近的城镇把它卖掉。

他急切需要钱给刚给蝎子螫伤的孩子看病。

吉纳发现珍珠前，他---一位可以看病的医生拒绝给孩子治病，因为吉纳付不起治疗费。

一个小镇就像个集群动物，有神经系统头肩膀和肢。

它与其他城镇不想连。

因此没有两座城镇是相似的。

城镇里还有完整的感情。

要知道消息是怎样传遍整个小镇的可是个难解之谜。

消息传得似乎比小男孩冲出去告诉别人的速度还快，比女人隔着篱笆大声说消息的速度还要快。

在吉纳胡安纳和其他渔夫回到吉纳的茅草屋前，小镇的神经正随着消息--吉纳发现了世界上最大的珍珠--传播而奔腾，跳动。

跑得气喘吁吁的小男孩还没说出这个消息，母亲们早已知晓了。

消息席卷而过茅草屋，激起波浪泡沫，然后冲进镇里的石头灰泥瓦房里。

消息传到正在花园里散步的牧师，他的眼中露出若有所思的表情，他想起教堂的有些地方该维修了，他纳闷珍珠值多少钱。

他想知道是否为吉纳的婴儿施过洗礼，或是否主持过他的结婚仪式。

消息传到零售商那儿的时候，他们看着卖的不太好的男式衣服。

消息传到医生那儿的时候，他正在给一位妇人看病，这位夫人的疾病其实就是“年龄太老的问题”，尽管他们两人都不承认这点。

弄清楚谁是吉纳后，医生变得严肃认真而又明智起来。

医生说，“他是我的一个病人，我在给他的孩子治疗被蝎子螫伤的伤口。

”眼珠在肿眼泡的眼眶内转来转去，医生想起巴黎，想起那他住过的既宽敞又豪华的房间。

越过他的老年病人，医生仿佛看见自己坐在巴黎的一家餐馆，男侍者正在打开酒瓶。

消息早早地传到了教堂前乞讨者，他们咯咯地高兴地笑着，因为他们知道没有比突然变富的穷人更慷慨的慈善家了。

吉纳发现了世界上最大的珍珠。

城镇里，在小办公室里，坐着那些从渔夫手中购买珍珠的人，他们坐在椅子上等珍珠送上门，然后他们高声争论，争吵不休，高声喊叫，恐吓威胁，直到达成渔夫可以承受的最低价格。

英文翻译原文(汉语)

Vol. 15 Special 1 Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China Mar. 2005 Three-dimensional geodetic deformation surveying for Naner area in Daqing oilfieldLIU Xing-quan[1] , LIU Shao-xuan[2] , ZHANG Zh-iwen[3] , XU Hai[4 ], LIUJian-jun[5]( 1. Department of Earth Science, Zhe jiang University, Hang zhou 310027, China;2. The Second Oil Recovery Plant of Daqing Oilfields CoLtd, Daqing 163414, China;3. Da qing Log ging and Testing Services Company, Daqing 163411, China;4. Long nan Telephone Station of Da qing Communications Center, Da qing 163410, China;5. Department of Civil Engineering, Wu han Polytechnic University, Wu han 430023, China)Abstract: Geodetic deformation severely affects the development of the oilfield and probably causes casing damage or abandonment of injection wells and producers. Therefore, it is meaningful to survey and study three dimensional geodetic deformation in the process of the oilfield development. In order to study t his issue, 11- year long term surveying of three dimensional geodetic deformation has been carried out while developing Naner area in Daqing oilfield. Basic rules of 3-D geodetic deformation have been obtained through surveying . Results show that production and injection under high pressure may cause the changes of surface elevation, and geodetic deformation correlates with simultaneous formation pressure. Precautions and relative technological measurements have been put forward in the water flood development in Naner region and provide theoretical guidelines for the production and casing preservation of the oilfield. Finally, surveying results are interpreted by porous elastic theory . Mathematical model to calculate 3-D geodetic deformation is put forward in the course of the oilfield development.Key words: Da qing oilfield; geodetic deformation; producer; water injector ; mathematical model1 INTORDUCTIONWestern Naner area is situated on the structural high of Saertu anticline in Daqing oilfield. Faults well develop in the Naner area in the development of the water flood. The formation is prone to deform, and it is the region where casing damage easily occurs in No . 2 oil production factory in Da qing oilfield. The types of casing damage are mainly tensile deformation and breakage. The depths of casing damage are mainly 500 -800m. In order to monitor geodetic deformation to reflect stratigraphic characteristics, 14 km2 monitoring network of three-dimensional geodetic deformation was established in the region in 1991. 15 reference columns were buried underground near the injectors. Vertical and horizontal displacements are measured annually . The results mainly affect dynamic condition under the ground. Surveying results are adopted to guide the modification of the water flood in the Naner area, and play very important role in the prevent ion of casing damage.2 INFLUENCE OF DYNAMIC CONDITION ON GEODETIC DEFORMATIONIn accordance with the analysis of surveying results for 3-D geodeticdeformation in the western Naner area, while formation pressure varies, the ground descends and uplifts to the different extents. Pore matrix in high-pressure region swells and peripheral rock body uplifts under the pressure; while pore matrix shrinks in low-pressure region and neighboring rock subsides under the tension.2. 1 Surveying data correlated with underground performanceIn the process of the oil field development, when injection-production ratio changes, formation pressure will vary , pressure in some well blocks increases rapidly or suddenly decreases, and may cause vertical or horizontal position variation of the formation. Results show that when injection-production ratio increases, formation pressure increases, then the ground will uplift vertically. Before December 1995, because of severe underground voidage , accumulative injection-production ratio is only 0. 98, total pressure difference of the formation is - 2. 53 MPa, and accumulated change of ground elevation is - 1. 28 mm, which is lower than that of elevation change before June 1992. After 1996, accumulative injection-production ratios are all higher than 1. 0; and the change of ground elevation exceeds that in June 1992. The curves show that the changes o f ground elevation are consistent with those of formation pressures.Figs. 1, 2 are as follows.2. 2 Geodetic deformation correlated with numbers of newly found casing damage wellsIn the period of casing damage, ground elevation changes considerably .For example, accumulated elevation in December 1996 increased by 10. 61 mm than that in June 1992 , which is the largest incremental distance in recent years. 11 casing damage wells were found in the first half year of 1997.Fig.1 Relationship curve of vertical deformation and timeFig. 2 Relationship of total pressure draw down and timeCasing damage ratio was 1.47% in 1997,which was the highest value since1987.Formation pressure lowers, ground elevation also decreases and the numbers of casing damage wells obviously reduce with the modification of production performance. The formation wriggles in the period of the ground elevation changes. The amount of deformation is 15 -15mm, and is 0 -10 mm if the amount of vertical or horizontal deformation is excess 8 mm, that may cause casing damage.2. 3 Changes of ground elevation while drilling is identical with those of pressure within drilling blockIn March 2000, secondary infill wells and polymer-flooded wells were drilled in the western Naner area. In order to avoid casing damage in new and old wells caused by uneven pressure draw down while drilling, fault slippage and soon, as for shut-in, over flow drainage, reducing pressure of injectors and operating strategy of drilling rig, favorable technological measures are adopted, that is, on the top of the structure, shut-in injector, stop injecting , drain over flow and decrease pressure ,then ground elevation lowers. First of al l, drilling carried out advances horizontally , from the north to the south, and good results have been achieved. No newly found casing damage wells were found during the drilling . Geodetic elevation deformation was surveyed twice during drilling, which are consistent with the changes of formation pressure. Because the range of the pressure is small, and the geodetic deformation changes slowly(Table 1) , creep slippage to the southern formation with large dip angle did not occur . There were no casing damages while drilling.3 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FORMATION PRESSURE ANDVERTICAL DEFORMATION3. 1 Balance equation of deformable rock bodyFamous Hookeps law was introduced into pore fluid mechanics by Biot in 1941.Under pore fluid pressure, Hookeps law should be represented as thefollowing :2()12x x G e p νεσαν=+-- 2()12y y G e p υεσαυ=+-- 2()12z z G e p υεσαυ=+-- x x G τκ=y y G τκ=z z G τκ=where ,,x y z σσσ—x , y , z direction stress, MPa; ex , ey , ez —x , y , z direction deformation; G —modulus of shearing; κ— poisson ’ sratio; ε—strain; α—Biot’s smodulus; p — hydrodynamic pressure, MPa; Sx , Sy , Sz —x , y , z direction stress of shearing, MPa; ,,x y z τττ— x , y , z direction strain of shearing.MPa; ,,zx y κκκ— x , y , z direction strain of shearing.Above equation is substituted into balance equation of stress field, and the balance equation can be represented by the displacementVol1 15 Special 1 Three-dimensional geodetic deformation surveying for Naner area in Daqing oilfield # 105 #-20(12)G P G x xεαμν∂∂+-=-∂∂ 20(12)G P G y yεανν∂∂+-=-∂∂ 20(12)G P G w z z εαν∂∂+-=-∂∂ where u, v , w —x , y , z direction displacements.Eqn. ( 2) for controlling slid balance consists of fluid parameters, representing the effect of fluidon force equilibrium of solid medium.In accordance with mass conservation law , hydrodynamic continuity equation can be obtained, and with relationship of porosity and volumetric deformation, numerical modulus of vadose fluid can be established:002(1)0(1)f K p K p K p p C q x u x y u y z u z t tρϕρρρενϕρευ⎛⎫-∂∂∂∂∂∂∂∂⎛⎫⎛⎫+++++= ⎪ ⎪ ⎪∂∂∂∂∂∂∂+∂⎝⎭⎝⎭⎝⎭ where ρ —hydrodynamic density; u —hydrodynamic viscidity; K —hydrodynamic permeability; ϕ_porosity; Cf —hydrodynamic compressibity; q — injection or production ，x y z ενεεε=++ is volumetric deformation.Solve the equations together all above, then solid and fluid coupling problems for underground water percolation can be solved. According to this kind of solution method, in order to guarantee solution precision, two methods can be adopted: firstly , sub-divide time intervals, and properly select time increment ; secondly, in the same time intervals, two sets of equation were solved iteratively several times, then calculate next increment o f time interval. These methods can be determinedbased on calculation precision. Coupling block diagram is show n in Fig. 4.3. 2 Calculation, contrast and analysis of surveyingIn accordance with actual pressure variation in Nan 1-6-jian 29 well blocks from 1995 to 1997, vertical geodetic deformation was calculated. The contrast of calculated geodetic deformation and surveyed deformation is listed inTable 2.Table 2 Pressure variation of Nan 1-6-jian29 well block and verticalIn order to determine rational pressure for the prevent ion of casing damage in individual well in different areas, the relationship of formation pressure,flowing pressure and casing damage of individual well can be got according to surveyed data and simulation calculation.In the area with more than 7︒dip angle,320(0.0360.464 2.0079.037)/9.53K c c c P P P P P =-++432(0.0170.391 1.76614.38499.036c k k k k P P P P P =-++-As for well blocks with densely distributed faults, where faults throw lower than 600 m,20(0.035 1.2147.722)/9.75K c c P P P P =-++2(0.0360.21 3.757c k k P P P =+-In the well block with dip angle lower than 7︒ :320(0.0590.897 4.968 2.158)/9.02K c c c P P P P P =-++32(0.041 1.1068.80024.572c k k k P P P P =-+-where PK — Allowable formation pressure, MPa; P C — Allowable formation flowing pressure, MPa; P 0 — Initial formation pressure, MPa.The maximum value of formation pressure in individual well in Naner area is determined as 10.2MPa on average according to above equations, and the lowing pressure is 2.1 MPa. Formation pressure and flowing pressure were controlled within8.5 and 2.8 MPa, respectively in recent years. The numbers of casing damage wells relatively reduce consequently. The ratio of casing damage wells was controlled0.4% or so in 1990. The average annual casing damage ratio was 6.7% between 1980 and 1990, decreasing by 6.3. Annual uplifting and descending distances of vertical surface deformation are controlled within 4.5 mm.4 CONCLUSIONS1) On the basis of the data of tested pressure and vertical deformation, the relationship between underground behavior and geodetic uplift descend significantly , and calculation methods for rational formation pressure to control casing damage have been achieved.2) The geodetic deformation is caused by the stacking of pore expanding in highpressure layer and pore shrinkage in low-pressure layer, relatively .Small vertical geodetic deformation shows severe tension in under ground high- pressure layer. At the same time, in the case of increasing vertical in-situ stress, casings in oil and water wells are prone to deforming .3) Vertical deformation on the surface is reflected by underground dynamic changes on the basis of measured results of vertical deformation on the surface, and underground performance can be # 106 # Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China Mar. 2005 analyzed so as to determine high-pressure well blocks and low-pressure well blocks. Modification of injection and production can be adopted timely to prevent from casing damage.4) 3-D geodetic deformation surveying provides powerful venue for monitoring casing damage. Survey results can predict the occurrence of casing damage.REFERENCES[ 1] Fu xing Mining Institute. Mining Ro ck Body M echanics. 1990. 43 —56.[ 2] LO Huan- yan, CH ENG Yu- sui. Numerical Simulation for the Movement of Ground Water. Beijing: China Architecture Industry Press, 1993. 21—38.[ 3] LIU Jian- jun. Fluid and So lid Coupling Theory for Fractured Reservoir with low Permeability and Engineering application. Theses of doctoral degree and postgraduate degree in China Science Institute, 2001. 78—90.[ 4] HU bo- zhong . Oil Production Technology for Stabilizing Oil and Controlling Water in High Water Cut Period in Daqing Oilfield. Beijing: Petroleum IndustryPress, 1997. 201213.。

英语翻译原文

Bearing Load Measurement in a Hydropower Unit Using Strain Gauges Installed Inside Pivot PinM.Nässelqvist&R.Gustavsson&J.-O.AidanpääReceived:2November2010/Accepted:28March2011#Society for Experimental Mechanics2011Abstract To determine a machine’s mechanical condition it is of importance to know the radial bearing forces in the machine.Radial forces are caused by magnetic pull forces in the generator,clamped shafts,mass unbalance and flow properties around the turbine.Measuring the shaft displace-ment in the bearing or the bearing housing acceleration is not sufficient for status determination of a vertical hydro-power unit.It is the magnitude and frequencies of the radial forces in combination with structure properties which give information as to whether a measured value is harmful or not.This paper presents an alternative method for mea-surement of radial bearing load in a hydropower unit.The method presented in this paper is based on strain measure-ments on pivot pins.The pivot pins are placed behind the bearing pad and the radial loads acting on the pad propagate through the pivot pin.New pivot pins were purchased and equipped with strain gauges.The new pivot pins were calibrated and a transfer function between applied load and measured output voltage was identified for each pivot pin. After calibration the pivot pins were installed in a vertical hydropower unit.Measurements were performed for several different operating modes of the hydropower unit.To verify that the measured load levels were of right order of magnitude,the radial bearing loads were calculated from numerical simulations of bearing properties and shaft eccentricity measurements.The two methods for determin-ing bearing load showed almost the same results.This indicates that either method can be used to determine bearing load.Keywords Bearing load.Hydropower.Strain gauge.Shaft displacement.Pivot pinIntroductionAlmost40%of failures in electrical machines can be related to bearing failures[1,2].High radial forces are likely to cause bearing damage or machine failures,with economical losses as a consequence.Knowing the radial forces that act on the machine provides a good means of determining the machine’s condition and can provide reliable condition monitoring.In a machine,it is the magnitude and frequency of the forces acting on the rotor and surrounding structure, not the shaft and housing displacement amplitudes,which degenerate the machine[3].Unfortunately,condition monitoring on hydropower units(HPU)is often focused on absolute levels of shaft displacement and housing acceleration,excluding its relation to load[4,5].Radial bearing loads acting on a vertical HPU are both static and dynamic.Static loads are mainly caused by unbalance magnetic pull due to eccentric rotor position in the stator [6],clamped shaft due to poor bearing alignment and unsymmetrical flow properties in the turbine.Dynamic loads are generated from rotor unbalance,shape deviations in generator[7],and turbulent flow in the turbine[8,9].Figure1 presents a schematic description of the hydropowerunit. M.Nässelqvist(*)Vattenfall Research&Development AB,Civil&Materials Engineering,SE-81426Älvklarleby,Swedene-mail:Mattias.Nasselqvist@R.GustavssonVattenfall Power Consultant ABMechanical&Process Engineering,Kyrkogatan4,80320Gävle,SwedenJ.-O.AidanpääDivision of Solid Mechanics,LuleåUniversity of Technology,SE-97187Luleå,SwedenExperimental MechanicsDOI10.1007/s11340-011-9495-yIf the machine is equipped with a vibration monitoring system that only monitors bearing housing acceleration,it is not possible to monitor the static loads acting on the machine,and estimation of the amplitudes of the dynamic loads from the measured acceleration entails knowing the stiffness of the bearing brackets and its interconnections.Condition monitoring systems using only shaft displace-ment sensors also have their difficulties.It is possible to estimate both static and dynamic loads if the stiffness and damping are known as a function of shaft eccentricity,at the current bearing clearance [10].The bearing bracket in HPUs often consist of large steel beam constructions,the geometry changes with temperature,as the generator temperature varies from between 15and 80°C.The thermal expansion of the beams influences the bearing clearances,which changes the relation between bearing properties and radial displacement.Measurement of bearing loads in industrial applica-tions has been performed previously.In marine applica-tions Grant [11]used load cells installed behind the bearing pad to determine radial loads.This method is also being used in an ongoing project involving measurements on a vertical hydropower unit [12].Bearing loads in hydropower units have also been measured using strain gauges installed on the structure supporting the bearing housing [13].The choice of which method is most appropriate depends on the scope and prerequisites of the measurement being undertaken.The advantage of using commercial load cells placed behind bearing pads is that it is possible to select a suitable load range for the sensor.The disadvantage of this method is that a load cell placed behind a bearing pad generally causes a reduction in total radial stiffness.Measurements performed with strain gauges installed on the pedestal generally show high temperature sensitivity and low strains at normal bearing loads and may also be affected by electrical noise.The structures are,in general,stiff structures built for high radial rge steel beams are commonly used as construction parts in the pedestals,see Fig.1.The thermal expansion is therefore high in relation to the strains that the radial loads cause.The advantage with the method using strain gauges installed on the pedestal is that no operations inside the bearing are needed and the properties of the machine are not changed.This method is therefore well suited to measurements performed on machines that are still under warranty from the manufacturer,i.e.no operations inside the machine are allowed.The cross section surface area of the pivot pin is approximately ten times less than the area of the pedestals cross section.For a given radial bearing load the strain will be higher in the pivot pin than in the pedestal.Higher measured strains give a better resolution on the measured loads and reduce the influence of electrical noise.The reason why the method presented in this paper has been developed is the need for a method that measures radial bearing loads with high accuracy,given the high strain from applied load during normal operation in relation to the strain caused by thermal expansion.However,the total stiffness of the structure needs to be unaffected to avoid changes in the machine ’s dynamic properties.Measuring the radial bearing loads in combination with measured shaft displacement and the phase between load and displacement provides opportunities for calculating bearing parameters such as stiffness and damping [14,15].Bearing ConfigurationThe machine on which the measurements were performed is equipped with three hydrodynamic radial tilting pad bearings in the form of a upper generator guide bearing (UGB),a lower generator guide bearing (LGB)and a turbine guide bearing (TGB),see Fig.1.Load measure-ments were performed in all three bearings simultaneously.The pads of the generator guide bearings (GGB),upper and lower,have a total arc length close to 350°,i.e.there is a small circumferential gap between the pads.The pads in the GGBs have also almost the same pad length as arc length.Bearings with pads with these properties are frequently used in Swedish hydropower units.The TGB is a new type of tilting pad bearing design only used in a few HPUs in Sweden.The TGB has a large circumferen-tial gap between the pads and a significantly smaller arc -pad length relationship than the GGBs.In Table 1theFig.1Schematic depiction of a hydropower unitExpMechbearing properties are presented and Fig.2show the components of the bearings.MethodRadial bearings of tilting pad type in hydropower units consist of bearing pads,pivot pins (PP)and shims or wedges,see Fig.2.When the machine rotates,a pressure is built up between the pad and the journal,the function of the pivot pins being to allow the pad to tilt into an equilibrium position caused by the pressure distribution on the pad.To change the clearance in bearings of the type used for the GGBs,the shims are replaced by a different shim thickness.The shims are placed between the pad and the pivot pin.To change shims,the pad must be removed from the bearing housing.In most of the newer types of bearings,including the bearing in the TGB,a wedge is placed between the pivot pin and the housing.To adjust the clearance,the vertical position of the wedge is adjusted,a procedure that can be performed without removing the pad.The majority of the radial guide bearings installed in Swedish HPU are of the GGB type.Recently,some bearings more like the TGB have been installed in Swedish HPUs.Bearing Load MeasurementBy installing strain gauges (SGs)inside or on the side of the pivot pins it is possible to measure the strains in the pivot pins caused by the radial load acting on the bearing.From the measured strain it is possible to determine the radial load acting in the pivot pin,i.e.the load acting on the bearing pad.PrototypesTo develop a method that determines the load acting on the pivot pin,prototypes equipped with strain gauges were made.The purpose of the prototypes was to find a SG installation in the PP that gave the highest possible measured strain in relation to the applied load,but still had low hysteresis.Figure 3shows a schematic depiction of a modified PP and one of the prototypes.Different installation positions for different strain gauges were evaluated on the prototype pivot pins.Installations were performed with strain gauges on the side,position SG 1in Fig.3,and underneath the pivot pin,position SG 2in Fig.3.Finally,the installation of a strain gauge inside the pivot pin,position SG 3in Fig.3,was tested.For installations with the SGs on the side and underneath the pivot pin,a regular XY strain gauge from HBM (HBM K-XY31-3/350)was used in different bridge configurations.For the method using a strain gauge installed inside the PP,a small hole was drilled from underneath the PP and through two-thirds of its thickness.The gauge was inserted into the hole and bonded in place using adhesive EP-18.To determine the behavior of the installed SG the prototype PPs were loaded axially from 0kN to 100kN and back to 0kN,in steps of 10kN.The strain was measured during the on and off loading.The last method,SG installed inside the PP,gave the lowest hysteresis and the highest measured strain in relation to applied load.The SG used in the last method is made by Kyowa and is type KFG-3-120.KFG-3-120Parameter UGB LGB TGB Units Number of pads 8248[−]Bearing clearance 0.50.60.55[mm]Journal diameter 5501700950[mm]Pad offset 0.60.60.6[−]Pad preload 000.2[−]Pad length 240200150[mm]Pad arc length 4414.530[degrees]Pivot type Rocker Rocker Ball[−]Oil typeISO VG 68ISO VG 68ISO VG 68[−]Table 1Properties for genera-tor guide bearings and turbine guidebearingFig.2Components in turbine guide bearing and generator guide bearingExpMechis normally used for bolt pre-load measurements [16].Table 2presents properties of the SGs.For the load measurements on the HPU,the last method using SG 3was chosen.In the prototype measure-ments and in the measurements on the HPU the SG 3was configured in a Wheatstone quarter-bridge configuration using a single active strain gauge,see Fig.4.The supply voltage,V +and V −to the bridge was 4.2V and −4.2V respectively.To determine the strain the voltage difference between S +and S −was measured and amplified in the amplifier.The amplification factor of the amplifier was set at 200μStrain/V and the output voltage from the amplifier was acquired in the data acquisition unit (DAQ).The amplifiers used for the measurements were made by Vattenfall Research and Development and the DAQs usedwere 8x NI SCXI-1140.The measured data were sampled at 640Hz simultaneously on all channels and 4th order anti-aliasing filters with a cut off frequency of 200Hz were used.Applying the Method on the MachineTo install the load measurement system in the HPU all the pivot pins had to be replaced.For all three guide bearings,a total of 40new pivot pins were purchased and modified by the manufacturers of the bearings.A hole was drilled in the centre of each pivot pin and small tracks were milled for the wire installation,see Fig.5.To determine the relationship between applied load and measured strain each PP was calibrated individually.CalibrationEach pivot pin was loaded to 100kN and back to 0kN in steps of 10kN.During loading the measured output voltage from the amplifier,V PPi ,and applied load were registered for each PP.From the measured voltage and the applied load a second order calibration polynomial wasdeterminedFig.3Schematic depiction of a modified pivot pin (a )and one of the prototype pivot pins (b )Table 2Properties off Kyowa KFG-3-120and HBM K-XY31-3/350Parameter KFG-3-120-C20-11HBM K-XY31-3/350Gauge length 3mm3mmResistance 120.4±0.4Ω350±0.35ΩGauge factor 2.0±1% 2.07±1%Diameter2mm–Fig.4Schematic diagram of the measurementsetupFig.5Modified pivot pins for turbine guide bearing (a )and generator guide bearing (b )ExpMechfor each PP.Equation (1)presents the relationship deter-mined between applied load and measured voltage.f i ¼k 3i ÁV PPi 2þk 2i ÁV PPi þk 1ið1Þwhere f i is the load acting on pivot pin i and k 1i ::::k 3i are constants.Figure 6presents the applied load as a function of measured voltage for the PPs in the LGB.The PPs used in the TGB are of more rigid construction and showed a lower strain in relation to applied load.InstallationAfter the pivot pins had been modified and calibrated,the pivot pins were installed in the HPU.Installing the pivot pins in the LGB was time consuming.The LGB consists of 24bearing pads,the space between the generator and the thrust bearing is small and the bearing clearance adjustment procedure was elaborate,see Fig.7.Between the strain gauge and the amplifier there is a wire which will break if the pivot pin rotates.There for all PPs must be locked from rotation.The PPs were also exposed to heat and oil inside the bearing necessitating the use of wires and adhesive suited for these conditions.The strain gauge installation was covered with a protective coating (HBM NG 150).Total time for installation and measurements was approximately 10working days for 5persons.Sensors for measurement of shaft displacement,bearing housing acceleration,rotational speed and generated power were also installed.The displacement sensors were installed in all three bearings and measured the shaft displacement relative to the bearing housing in directions +X,+Y,-X,-Y in Fig.1.Calculation of Total Radial Load in BearingThe loads acting on the bearings were determined from the measured voltage output from the strain gauge amplifiers and the calibration polynomials.The load acting on each pivot pin was determined.From the measured loads in the PPs,the total force in X and Y directions are determined by adding up the calculated force from each PP with respect to the installation angle.See equation (2),f x ¼X n i ¼1f i Ásin ð8i Þf y ¼X n i ¼1f i Ácos ð8i Þð2Þwhere f x and f y are the forces acting in the X and Y directions,φi is the installation angle of pivot pin i related to upstream river direction (+Y)and n is the number of bearing pads,i.e.number of pivot pins.All three bearings that these measurements were performed on are symmetrical with respect to the pad layout.In the calculation of the total bearing force it was assumed that the thermal influence was equal for all PPs.Symmetrical bearing layout and equal thermal influence on the PPs lead to elimination of the thermal effect on the total bearingload.Fig.6Calibration of pivot pins.The line represents the averagevoltage of the 24pivot pins during loading and the dashed line corresponds to off-loading.The box-and-whisker diagrams illustrate the spread of the measured data in the pivotpinsFig.7Installation of modified pivot pin in lower generator bearing (a )and turbine guide bearing (b )ExpMechSimulation of Radial Load in BearingTo get an indicator of whether the measured load levels are of the right order of magnitude,the results were compared with the radial bearing loads calculated from measured radial shaft displacement and bearing parameters.Bearing load can be estimated from measured shaft eccentricity multiplied by bearing stiffness calculated from simulations in commercial software.In bearing dynamics software it is possible to calculate radial bearing load at a prescribed bearing clearance and journal eccentricity.After installation of the new pivot pins the bearing clearances were measured since current bearing clearance had to be known to achievethe correct relation between shaft eccentricity and bearing stiffness.Eccentricity is defined as the radial displacement divided by the radial bearing clearance.The results from the bearing load simulations are approximated to an exponen-tial load-eccentricity function,equation(3).The radial loads are calculated by inserting the eccentricity vector in the equation.F"ðtÞ¼kÁe k eÁ"ðtÞð3Þwhere k and k e are constants,εis the time dependent radial deccentricity vector and Fεis the calculated radial force vector.How well the approximated function corresponds to the simulated values is determined by the mean square value,the R2value.A value of R2=1corresponds to a perfect match between the simulated values and the approximated function.In the above calculation the damping and cross-coupled stiffness terms are excluded.In tilting pad bearings the cross coupling terms are significantly smaller than the direct terms[9].Results from Load MeasurementMeasurements were performed for several different operat-ing modes.Figures8,9and10below present the results from the measurements performed on the unit during start-up and power ramp-up.Figure8presents the power output and the rotation speed.From time0to time60s the power is zero and the rotation speed of the machine increases.At approximately80%of nominal speed,at time40s,the generator is magnetized,still with0MW power output and not connected to the grid.At approximately66s the machine is connected to the grid.From time66s to time 170s the power increases to38MW.Figure9presents the displacements and loads in the LGB during start up and power ramp-up of the machine. Figure9(a)presents the magnitude of the radial displace-ment of the shaft in the LGB and Fig.9(b)presents the measured radial load acting on the LGB.The figures only cover the dynamic part of the radial displacement and load. Figure9show that the displacement and the load have the same characteristics during start-up and power ramp-up. The radial load and displacement increase when the generator is magnetized.Figure10(a,c,e)presents the loads in all three radial bearings when the machine is operating at a good efficiency rate,the measurement being performed at a constant30MW power output.The radial loads in the turbine are low.At0MW power output the radial loads in the turbine are significantly higher,see Fig.10(b,d,f).The loads in the other two bearings are slightly lower at0MW Fig.9Dynamic radial displacement(a)and bearing load(b)in lower generatorbearingFig.8Power output(solid line)and rotational speed(dashed line)ExpMechpower output than at30MW.Stator ovality and rotor eccentricity causes an oval shape of the load orbits measured at the generator bearings.To verify that the measured load levels in the LGB were of right order of magnitude,the radial bearing loads were calculated from numerical simulations of bearing properties and shaft eccentricity measurements.Figure11presents the results from the bearing simulations and the relationship between prescribed eccentricity and bearing load for the LGB.The coefficients for equation(3)were determined for the eccentricity range of15to73%,k=3.98,k e=13.93and R2= 0.99.Measured eccentricities during start up and power ramp-up were inserted in equation(3).Figure12presents the load calculated from bearing simulation and measureddisplacement. ExpMechInstallation CostsInstalling strain gauges in pivot pins and then installing the pivot pins in a HPU is expensive unless a change of bearing pads is already planned.The time needed for installation depends on the construction of the bearing.Also the disassembly of the bearing housing and the modification of components to allow wiring between PPs and amplifier are time consuming.The component costs for the load measurement method are low,except for the amplifiers and the DAQ,although these can be reused.Kyowa ’s KFG-3-120costs approxi-mately 10USD each and making a PP costs between 100and 500USD.Depending on how complicated the bearing construction is,the installation time for this bearing load measurement method should be between 5and 10working days for 2–5mechanics.The largest cost for this measurement method is therefore the man-hours and possible production losses.DiscussionDetermining the bearing load from journal eccentricity and bearing simulations involves calculations of bearing prop-erties and knowledge of current bearing clearance.Thebearing clearance changes with thermal changes in the housing and surrounding structure,which complicates the use of this method to determine bearing load.In the LGB in this HPU the bearing clearance decreased almost 20%between cold and warm machine when the thermal expansion of the pedestal causes a compression of the bearing housing.Measuring the shaft displacement in all four directions (+X,+Y,−X,−Y)makes it possible to compensate for changes in the bearing clearance.However,it is only possible to achieve approximate results with this method,due to simplifications in the representation of bearing parameters.Accuracy in radial load measuring methods is of great ing reliable load measurement methods makes it possible to determine if machine status and behavior are critical for the machine ’s operation.Reliable measurement methods also give better opportunities to plan maintenance and to perform better consequence grading of detected defects.Depending on the consequence grading,decisions can be made regarding if a problem has to be taken care of immediately or can be postponed to a more suitable production situation.The cost of measuring loads directly with strain gauges in pivot pins is higher than calculating loads from bearing simulation and eccentricity measurements.Low uncertainty in the pivot pin method leads to this method being preferable,and if the bearings in the machine are equipped with wedges it should be quite easy to install new pivot pins equipped with strain gauges.ConclusionThis paper presents a method for measuring bearing load by using strain gauges installed in pivot pins.To verify this method,bearing loads were also estimated from measured shaft displacement in bearing and calculated bearing stiffness.The two methods for determining bearing load showed almost the same results,see Figs.9(b)and 12.This indicates that either method can be used to determine bearing load.From time 0to time 60s the rotational speed of the machine is below synchronous speed,see Fig.8.The coefficient used in equation (3)to calculate the bearing load is based on bearing data calculated at synchronous speed.Calculated bearing load can therefore deviate from mea-sured load for time 0to time 60s.When comparing Figs.9(b)and 12form time 60to time 150s the calculate load is more noisy than measured load,which is possibly caused by vibrations in the carriers of the displacement sensors.The method using strain gauges installed inside pivot pins is more reliable than the method using bearing properties and eccentricity to calculate bearing load.Thermal influ-ence on the structure and bearing parameters does notaffectFig.12Load calculated from shaft displacement and the load-eccentricityfunctionFig.11Radial bearing load as a function of eccentricity,in lower generator bearingExpMechthe load measuring method using strain gauges installed inside pivot pins.An important feature with the pivot pins load measuring method is that it has no influence on the structure’s total stiffnessAcknowledgement The research presented was carried out as a part of“Swedish Hydropower Centre-SVC”.SVC has been established by the Swedish Energy Agency,Elforsk and Svenska Kraftnät together with LuleåUniversity of Technology,the Royal Institute of Technology,Chalmers University of Technology and Uppsala Uni-versity.www.svc.nu.We would like to thank VG-Power and Waplans Mekaniska Verkstads AB for manufacturing the modified pivot pins. We would also like to express our appreciation to staff at Vattenfall R&D who helped us in this project and at Vattenfall Service Nord who performed an excellent installation of the modified pivot pins in the hydropower unit.References1.Ong R,Dymond JH,Findlay RD,Szabados B(2001)Shaftcurrent in ac induction machine-An online monitoring system and prediction rules.IEEE Trans Ind Appl37(4):1189–11962.Bonnett AH,Soukup GC(1992)Cause and analysis of stator androtor failures in three-phase squirrel-cage induction motors.IEEE Trans Ind Appl28(4):921–9373.Anderson TL(2005)Fracture mechanics:fundamentals andapplications.Taylor&Francis Inc,Boca Raton Chap,104.International Organization for Standardization(2000)ISO10816–5:mechanical vibration–Evaluation of machine vibration by measurements on non-rotating parts–Part5:machine sets in hydraulic power generating and pumping plants.Geneva5.International Organization for Standardization(2005)ISO7919–5:mechanical vibration–Evaluation of machine vibration by measurements on rotating shafts–Part5: machine sets in hydraulic power generating and pumping plants.Geneva6.Gustavsson R,K.,AndanpääJ-O(2004)The influence ofmagnetic pull on the stability of generator rotors.Paper presented at the The10th international symposium on transport phenomena and dynamics of rotating machinery,Honolulu,Hawaii7.Lundström NLP,AidanpääJO(2008)Whirling frequencies andamplitudes due to deviations of generator shape.Int J Non Linear Mech43(9):933–9408.Wang Z,Zhou L(2006)Simulations and measurements ofpressure oscillations caused by vortex ropes.Journal of Fluids Engineering,Transactions of the ASME128(4):649–6559.Peng G,Qin L,Wang Z,Tian H,Luo Y(2009)Structure vibrationof hydropower house induced by Francis turbine based on CFD.In:2008Proceedings of the ASME Fluids Engineering Division Summer Conference,FEDSM2008,Jacksonville,FL,2008 ASME Fluids Engineering Division Summer Conference, FEDSM2008,pp1173–117810.Someya T(1989)Journal-bearing databook.Springer,Berlin11.Grant R(1980)Shaft alignment methods with strain gauges andload cells.SNAME Marine Technology17:8–1512.Cervantes M,Jansson I,Jourak A,Glavatskih S,AidanpääJ-O(2008)Porjus U9A full-scale hydropower research facility.In: Proceedings of the24th Symposium on Hydraulic Machinery and Systems,Foz do Iguassu,Brazil,p913.Gustavsson R,AidanpääJ-O(2003)Using strain gauges tomeasure load on hydro generator guide bearings.Hydro Review Worldwide14.San Andrés L,De Santiago O(2005)Identification of bearingforce coefficients in flexible rotors-extensions to a field method.In:Proceedings of the World Tribology Congress III-2005,Washington, D.C.,2005World Tribology Con-gress III.pp47–4815.Gustavsson RK,Lundström ML,AidanpääJO(2005)Determi-nation of journal bearing stiffness and damping at hydropower generators using strain gauges.In:Proceedings of the ASME Power Conference,2005,Chicago,IL,2005ASME Power Conference,pp933–94016.Crocombe AD,Wang R,Richardson G,Underwood CI(2006)Estimating the energy dissipated in a bolted spacecraft at put Struct84(5–6):340–350ExpMech。

(完整版)英语美文翻译

The Aim of a University Education大学教育的目的By John Henry Newman约翰·亨利·纽曼If then a practical end must be assigned to a University course, I say it is that of training good members of society. Its art is the art of social life, and its end is fitness for the world. It neither confines its views to particular professions on the one hand, nor creates heroes or inspires genius on the other. Works, indeed, of genius fall under no art; heroic minds come under no rule.大学教育的目的大学教育的目的大学教育的目的如果一定要赋予大学教育一个切实的目的，我的主张是培养社会的好公民。

大学教育的艺术就是社会生活的艺术，其目的就是使人适应这个世界。

大学教育一方面既不应把着眼点局限于某些特定的职业上，另一方面也不应是造就英雄，培养天才。

事实上，天才伟业无法人为造就，英雄的思想亦如天马行空。

A University is not a birthplace of poets or of immortal authors, of founders of schools, leaders of colonies, or conquerors of nations. It does not promise a generation of Aristotles or Newtons, of Napoleons or Washingtons, of Raphaels or Shakespeares, though such miracles of nature it has before now contained within its precincts. Nor is it content on the other hand with forming the critic or the experimentalist, the economist or the engineer, though such too it includes within its scope.大学不是诗人、不朽作家和学派创立者的诞生地，也不是殖民地头领或外族征服者的培训所。

高英课文翻译Word版

1、The one I am thinking of particularly is entered by a Gothic - arched gateway of aged brickand stone. You pass from the heat and glare of a big, open square into a cool, dark cavern which extends as far as the eye can see, losing itself in the shadowy distance.中东的集市仿佛把你带回到了几百年、甚至几千年前的时代。

此时此刻显现在我脑海中的这个中东集市，其入口处是一座古老的砖石结构的哥特式拱门。

你首先要穿过一个赤日耀眼、灼热逼人的大型露天广场，然后走进一个凉爽、幽暗的洞穴。

这市场一直向前延伸，一眼望不到尽头，消失在远处的阴影里。

2、2、It is a point of honour with the customer not to let the shopkeeper guess what it is she reallylikes and wants until the last moment.对于顾客来说，至关重要的一点是，不到最后一刻是不能让店主猜到她心里究竟中意哪样东西、想买哪样东西的。

3、The seller, on the other hand, makes a point of protesting that the price he is charging isdepriving him of all profit, and that he is sacrificing this because of his personal regard for the customer.而在卖主那一方来说，他必须竭尽全力地声称，他开出的价钱使他根本无利可图，而他之所以愿意这样做完全是出于他本人对顾客的敬重。

英语课文翻译（共5则范文）

英语课文翻译（共5则范文）第一篇：英语课文翻译（共）Unit 1 The Hidden Side of Happiness 1 Hurricanes, house fires, cancer, whitewater rafting accidents, plane crashes, vicious attacks in dark alleyways.Nobody asks for any of it.But to their surprise, many people find that enduring such a harrowing ordeal ultimately changes them for the better.Their refrain might go something like this: “I wish it hadn't happened, but I'm a better person for it.” 1飓风、房屋失火、癌症、激流漂筏失事、坠机、昏暗小巷遭歹徒袭击，没人想找上这些事儿。

但出人意料的是，很多人发现遭受这样一次痛苦的磨难最终会使他们向好的方面转变。

他们可能都会这样说:“我希望这事没发生，但因为它我变得更完美了。

” We love to hear the stories of people who have been transformed by their tribulations, perhaps because they testify to a bona fide type of psychological truth, one that sometimes gets lost amid endless reports of disaster: There seems to be a built-in human capacity to flourish under the most difficult circumstances.Positive responses to profoundly disturbing experiences are not limited to the toughest or the bravest.In fact, roughly half the people who struggle with adversity say that their lives subsequently in some ways improved.2我们都爱听人们经历苦难后发生转变的故事，可能是因为这些故事证实了一条真正的心理学上的真理，这条真理有时会湮没在无数关于灾难的报道中:在最困难的境况中，人所具有的一种内在的奋发向上的能力会进发出来。

（完整word版）英语翻译

（完整word版）英语翻译1、今天，很多中国的大学非常重视培养学生的创新意识和创业精神（entrepreneurship）。

很多知名大学与多家公司建立长期的合作关系。

这些公司会定期从大学中录用合格的毕业生。

此外，有些校友还创建启动资金，支持学生创办自己的企业。

一些大学的校长表示，创业与学习并不矛盾，鼓励学生创业可以帮助他们将专业知识应用于实践，提升自身的竞争力（competitiveness）。

Today, many Chinese universities attach great importance to cultivating innovation awareness and entrepreneurship. Many prestigious universities establish long-term relationships with a lot of companies. These companies recruit qualified graduates from th e universities on a regular basis. What’s more, some alumni even create start-up funds to support students in starting their own business. The presidents of some universities say that doing business and studying are not in conflict and that encouraging students to set up businesses can help them put their specialized knowledge into practice and raise their competitiveness.2、中国药膳（Chinese medicated diet）源远流长，是中国宝贵的文化遗产，也是中医养生学的重要内容。

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本科生毕业设计（论文）外文翻译毕业设计（论文）题目：企业物流计划与控制的研究外文题目：Application of Collaborative Transportation Management to Global Logistics: An Interview Case Study译文题目：全球物流应用协同运输管理：面试为例学生姓名：林巧智专业：物流工程0801班指导教师姓名：冯欣评阅日期：International Journal of Management Vol. 24 No. 4 December 2007 623Application of Collaborative Transportation Managementto Global Logistics: An Interview Case StudyChcng-Min FengNational Chiao Tung University, TaiwanCliien-Vun YuanNational Chiao Tung University, TaiwanGlobal logistics in business operation is playing a critical role in responding to the changing market demand in a world of globalization and mass customization. The efficiency of global distribution holds the key to success in international trade. Not only is collaborative transportation management (CTM) a new collaboration strategy between the shipper and carrier, it is also a new business model. This paper presents a descriptive case study on the application of CTM to business global logistics. In-depth interviews were conducted with respondents from multinational electronic manufacturing service (EMS) corporations and transportation logistics ser\'ice providers. Our analysis reveals that third-part- logistics (3PL) service providers play an important role in global sourcing of multinational corporations. Integrating CTM with enterprise resource planning (ERP) via information technology (IT) can facilitate transportation capacity planning and achieve prompt delivery within the shortest time possible. The positiveimpact of CTM on business logistics enables enterprises to gain competitive advantage in the global business arena.1. IntroductionThe rise of regional economies around the world as well as the development of globalization has caused the supply chain to face problems such as global sourcing, cross-country production, diverse needs of customers, short product life cycle, demand for rapid delivery, frequent order placement, reduced procurement quantity, high logistics cost and diminished revenues. Hence, efficiency in global distribution is the key to survival and success under the intensely competitive business environment, which demands adequate product supply, rapid delivery and low inventory. Growing trend of mass customization and e-commerce are forcing manufacturers and retailers to shorten their planning cycles and delivery time. With smaller planning windows and the universal objective to minimize inventory in the value chain, transportation has become a critical opportunity in the process (Browning and White, 2000; Sutherland, 2003). Transportation consumes 5.5% of the U.S. gross domestic product (GDP), and approximately the same proportion of a company's sales revenue (Wilson and Delaney, 2(X)3). Transportation service represents a major component of order lead time. Much of the variability in order lead time is attributed to variation in transit times (CTM While Paper. 2004). Huge capital in terms of sunk cost is a unique feature of transportation industry,making it difficulty, if not impossible, to increase supply capacity or find substitutes within a short time. The success in supply chain management lies in whether the replenishment can be in the right place when it needs to be there. The supply chain is a624 International Journal of Management Vol. 24 No. 4 December 2007complex system made up of many parties. Insufficient or unavailable carrier capacity provided in time for the shipper will cause disruption in the supply chain when the delivery will be in process but its status is unknown or delayed. Such uncertainty will cause both the buyers and sellers to maintain a larger inventory just in case. Hence, suppliers either have to face the pressure of excess inventory or run the risk of inadequate stock. This jeopardizes the whole supply chain, posing problems of increased cost, time delay and negative impact on business.A single member of the supply chain alone cannot do much to resolve supply chain problems. This is why collaboration among partners in a supply chain has become a topic of great interest for many and an essential element of company strategy for others (CTM While Paper, 2004). Previous studies on supply chain collaboration has focused mainly on the collaboration among supply chain parties including, the suppliers, manufacturers, wholesalers/distributors and retailers (Armistead and Overton, 1994; Bowersox ct al., 1999; Holmberg. 2000; Hoyt and Hug,2000; Stank et al,, 1999; Tage et al., 2003; Thomas and Griffin, 1996; Holweg et al., 2005). As a matter of fact, the supply chain consists of not only customers in downstream flows, hut also third-party organizations, such as logistics and transportation providers (Mentzer et al., 2001; Espcr and Williams, 2003). Researchers including Sutherland (2003). Browning and White (2000), Esper and Williams (2003) and Bishop (2004) have all pointed out the need to incorporate Collaborative Transportation Management (CTM) with Collaborative Planning, Forecasting and Replenishment (CPFR) among trading partners in the supply chain. While CPFR is primarily buyer- and seller-based, CTM involves the transportation service providers including carriers and 3PLs to ensure efficient and effective shipment delivery.Nevertheless, in order to reap the abovementioned benefits, CTM should be adopted and implemented to avoid logistics bottlenecks, to overcome inefficiencies due to the lack of interaction between the shipper and the transportation component, and to foster closer collaboration. Collaborative commerce among enterprises is a relatively recent concept of business operation (Harris, 2002). Hence, enterprises that have developed CTM strategies are rare including only the few global 3PL service providers such as UPS, DHL and FedEx, large logistics and transportation management services provider such as Transplace, and well-know retailers such as Wal-Mart, Procter & Gamble. Although the relevant literature and casestudies on CTM are scarce, the operation, applications and impacts of CTM are topics worthy of further investigation.The purpose of this study is to explore the application of CTM to business global logistics and discusses the roles played by third-party logistics providers (3PLs) and information technology (IT) in the CTM model. Finally, the value of CTM is assessed from the perspective of the shipper. The rest of the paper is organized as follows. Section 2 reviews previous work. Section 3 describes the research method. The business mode and content of CTM are analyzed in Section 4. A case study is detailed in Section 5, followed by the conclusion presented in Section 6. International Journal of Management Vol. 24 No. 4 December 2007 6252. Literature ReviewCollaboration has been defined as an attempt lo fully satisfy the concerns of the parties involved in exchange, in order to achieve an integrative settlement (Esper et al., 2003). Collaboration is a process of decision making among interdependent parties. It involves joint ownership of decisions and collective responsibility for outcomes (Stank et al., 2(X}|). As pointed out by Thomas and Griffn (1996), collaboration is creating significant value in the relationships along the value chain. Many studies have also discovered positive impact of strategic alliance between enterprises on their market performance (Park and Cho, l997;Sarkar,Echamhadi and Harrison, 2001; George, Zahra,Wheatley and Khan, 2001; Li and Gima, 2002; Kale, Dyer and Singh, 2002).Kordal (2002) indicated that collaborative commerce is a strategy for gaining competitive advantage. Not only is CTM a new partner strategy between the shipper and carrier, it is also a new business model. This model includes the c as a strategic partner for information sharing and collaboration in the supply chain. The application of CTM promises to reduce transit times and total costs for the retailer and its suppliers while increasing asset utilization for the carriers. The programs benefits all three parties involved: the retailer, the supplier and the carrier. (Tyan et al., 2003)CTM has been referred to as the 'missing link' in collaborative supply chain execution that adds value to the entire collaboration process in terms of reduced transportation costs, increased asset utilization, improved service, enhanced customer satisfaction and greater revenues (Sutherland, 2003). Esper and Williams (2003) regarded CTM as a relatively new extension of CPFR: and just as in the early development stages, value measures for CTM have been difficult to find in the extant literature. Information technology (IT) has a significant impact on collaborative effort formation playing a dual role as 'supporter' and 'enabler'. A descriptive case study of a third-party CTM systems provider is employed to investigate the processes and benefits of CTM. They found that CTM implemented throughinformation systems could save transportation cost by 8.4%-20% through advance planning, optimization, and continual updates of shipment status, improve on-time performance ranging from 5% to 30%, increase regional fleet utilization by 10%-42% because of complementary backhaul opportunities in an extended planning horizon to the carriers, lessen the chance of shipment damage, reduce administrative cost, and minimize financial risk. Feng, Yuan and Lin (2005) developed a supply chain simulation model with CTM. Using the modified simulation model of 'Beer Game", they applied CTM to the manufacturer, distributor and carrier and obtained a significant decrease in total supply chain costs, including inventory cost and backlog cost, an improvement in bullwhip effect, and enhanced utilization of transportation capacity. Tyan et al. (2003) analyzed the application of CTM by a 3PL provider in a notebook computer global supply chain in Taiwan using the case study approach. The implementation results show that the delivery cycle time and the total cost are simultaneously reduced.In sum, previous research has emphasized the value of CTM while little attention has been paid to exploring the impact of CTM integrated into business global logistics.626 International Journal of Management Vol. 24 No. 4 December 20073. Research MethodAs mentioned above. CTM is a relatively new concept and related studies are thus scarce. In this work, the application of CTM to business global logistics is examined using a descriptive case study. In-depth interviews are conducted to obtain relevant data for analysis. The company selected as a case study was recommended by one worldwide computer corporation of Taiwan (FIC Global Inc) and one global integrated logistics service provider (UPS International Inc., Taiwan branch) as an outstanding example of global logistics and transportation collaborative management. The respondents are senior managers of the production, import/export and Customs operations departments.Questions asked during the interview covered the following issues. (1) What is the purpose of implementing CTM'.' (2) What kinds of problems are resolved by CTM? (3) What does tbe CTM process involve? (4) What are the roles of 3PL service provider and IT in CTM? (5) What are the items contained in the CTM shipment agreements between the carrier (including 3PL service provider) and shipper? (6) What kind of information is exchanged between the carrier and shipper? (7) What are the exception events often seen during actual implementation and how are they handled?(8) Which party undertakes the investment on establishing IT facilities for CTM? (9) What benefits obtained.4. Collaborative Transportation ManagementThis section provides an overview of CTM, lists the objectives of the studyand illustrates he process of collaboration.4.1 CTM definitionAccording to the CTM Sub-Committee of the Voluntary Inter-Industry Commerce Standards (VlCS) Logistics Committee, CTM is a holistic process that brings together supply chain trading partners and service providers to drive inefficiencies out of the transport planning and execution process.CTM focuses on enhancing the interaction and collaboration between three principle parties (a seller, a carrier, and a buyer) in their logistics roles of shipper, carrier and receiver, as well as, secondary participants including 3PL service providers (see Fig. I). Participants collaborate by sharing key information about demand and supply.全球物流应用协同运输管理：面试为例冯成民台湾，国立交通大学袁晨云台湾，国立交通大学在应对世界全球化和大规模制定以及时刻变化的市场需求时，全球物流企业的经营发挥了重要的作用。