西方文化导论Unit1
西方文化导论_课后习题答案
西方文化导论_课后习题答案(1) Give a brief account of the major achievements of Greek culture, such as those in religion, philosophy, literature and science.Greek religion really took shape during the Homeric Age and featured polytheism with gods taking human form and feeling. Greek religion made a great contribution to Greek literature, philosophy and art. It is an important origin of Greek mythology which was fully developed by the religious tales of the Homeric epic and thus affected the later development of all kinds of Greek culture.Greek philosophy started with Thales (640 BC–547 BC) who believed that the material world originated in water. His philosophy was materialism. He was followed by Pythagoras who assumed that the key to the understanding of the world is numbers, on the opposition of the spokesman for idealism.The core Greek philosophers are Socrates, Plato and Aristotle. Socrates had scant regard for material wealth, but was keen on probing into the definition of some ethical and behavioral issues, such as “friendship”and “courage”.Plato established the Academy －the first Greek institution of higher learning. His contributions included his theory of ideas and his arguments on “republic”which was supposed to embrace his ideals about a future state where humans could enjoy a happy life. Aristotle is also a learned man and his work covers wide-ranging areas. His reputation as a philosopher largely depends on his argument on metaphysics which he tried to achieve a compromise between matter and divinity.Literary representation centred round the two epic poems ofthe Iliad and the Odyssey, lyrical poetry by Sappho and Pindar and drama by Aeschylus, Euripides andAristophanes. Their works combined Greek myths and social life and won much appreciation and enthusiasm from the public.In science the mathematician Euclid established plane geometry and Archimedes discovered the ratio of radius of a circle and the relationship between the volume and surface of a sphere.(2) What do you think of the influence Greek culture has exerted on Western civilization as a whole? Give examples.Greek culture is often termed the cradle of the Western civilization and has had an enormous impact on Western culture. The specific contributions are found in the areas of philosophy, politics, literature, art, science and architecture.Greek politics was one of the greatest influences on the Western civilization. The Greeks were the first to successfully create a government based on the consensus of the people and thus provided a foundation for Western democracy.The second significant influence was that of philosophy. The Socratic idea about ethics and knowledge helped the Westerners care more for the effect of knowledge and value of morality, both of which give sound guidance to people in the later years to improve and change the world outside themselves, i.e., human society and the natural world. Later generations of Westerners have benefited a lot from Greek culture, such as those in painting, sculpture, architecture, drama, poetry and historical works. Classicism had Greek culture as one of the crucial sources, and this has helped Westerners so much that they ascribed the origin of the Renaissance to it. This changed the intellectual conditions of the later medieval period and opened the way to the modernera in the West.Chapter 21. Tell briefly the major characteristics and contributions of Roman culture, as are demonstrated in religion, poetry, history and architecture.In the early period, Roman culture often depended heavily on the introduction and imitation of other cultures, particularly, Greek culture. Thus Romans created their own powerful culture, laying the foundation for subsequent Western culture in many fields. According to Greek culture and others’ culture; they created their own gods and myth, In poetry, ancient Rome made brilliant achievements,Livy was responsible for the great History of Rome in 142 volumes. His work has always been cited by later statesmen, writers or scholars,The architecture of Ancient Rome adopted the Greek style for its own purposes, but the Romans also developeda new kind.2. In what sense do you think Roman culture owed its accomplishments to the benefits obtained from Greek culture? Give examples.Roman culture learned and inherited a lot from Greek culture.,religion, philosophy and literature.In religion, Rome had its own system of beliefs which had been simple and could hardly compare with the plurality of Greek religion. The same is true of Roman philosophy where we could find examples ,In literature, Roman men of letters also borrowed a All in all, the two cultures are closely linkedgreat deal from Greek culture.Chapter 31. How was the Jewish civilization developed after a tortuoushistory of split and unification?The major explanation for the development of the Jewish civilization is its strong cohesiveness and vitality,they put into effect their Judaist beliefs and what they read of Judaist scriptures.From then on Jews have begun to become aware of the necessicity to liberate themselves from the restrictive laws and acquire new knowledge and modern ideas from the Europeans, Most of Jews thus received a good education, fully armed with cultural and scientific knowledge and did well in their own position they could quickly turn it into a well developed nation in spite of its small size and small population .2．Say something about Judaism and The Old Testament.The Old Testament is the Judaist Bible. It was written in Hebrew, including the three parts：Pentateuch, Prophets and Hagiographa and Apocrypha. After The Old Testament was translated into Greek by Jewish scholars，many westerners began to understand Judaism by reading this book. It is not only of religious value but also of literatry value. Chapter 41. What are the main components of Christianity and why could it be accepted as the official religion first by the Roman Empire and then by the following kingdoms or empires in Europe?(1)The main components of Christianity are ：1) The Bible as the only Christian scripture;Major Christian doctrines about Trinity and Redemption;3) Other doctrines or events of Christianity:(2 )Christianity is accepted and popular in Europe because of these factors:1).For the common people in the empire ,they needed something to fill up their spiritual vacuum. Christianity could playsuch a role.2). It could work together with any secular regimes to offer necessary assistance.3). The name and influence of Christiaity would be a symbol of sacredness and justification,4) Christianity is also a kind of culture, it could be tolerated because their life and property could thus be secured in the changed circumstances.2. What are the basic differences between Christianity and Judaism?In spite of the fact that the two religions derived from Jewish culture, there are some basic differences between them.First is the different image of God.Second is different view of God. Jehovah is viewed He is like fire or wind .God is kinder and more helpful, Third is the different position each religion is located in and hence would make different contribution. Fourth is Jehovah was important to Jews only in theory and affect them in spirit occasionally while Christianity moved into secular life for the Westerner as Pope and churches became very powerful .Chapter 61.Tell simply the background and development of the Renaissance.It was no accident that it first occurred in Florence and Italy where the early signs ofcapitalism had appeared at the same time as social chaos, political disputes and military clashes , more and more people began to suspect the justification for those who held the power,Painting and sculpture were the first area to reflect the change of subjects and tastes.(2) What are the major features and achievements of theRenaissance? Give examples.The Renaissance is characterised by seeking ideological emancipation, intellectual freedom and political awareness, based on cultural production and religious reformation. All these were undertaken or unfolded gradually but widely, extending its influences to every corner of Europe, with more and more people getting involved.The achievements were seen principally in six areas, namely, painting, sculpture, poetry, fiction, drama and religious reformation as well as the change in the cultural and intellectual climate. Instances could be located in these areas, such as the huge change of subjects and styles in painting. The medieval painting used to centre on depicting Jesus Christ and other Christian subjects, not only effecting similar and the limited subject matter, but also depicting stylistically facial expressions and manners. The great artists in the Renaissance started to focus on the images with individualistic temperament, highlighting humanity instead of divinity, thus breaking away from the medieval frozen models and linking classicalism with human nature as the centre of their representational work.。
西方文化导论
Western Culture: An Introduction（西方文化导论）Chapter 1 Culture in Ancient Greece （古希腊文化）1.Cradle of western civilization （西方文明的摇篮）---Ancient Greek“We are all Greeks.”------Percy Bysshe Shelley (珀西·比希·雪莱)When Shelley said “We are all Greeks”, he is expressing his buy-in（认同）to the then current belief that European culture could trace its roots back （追根溯源于）to the Greek ideals and customs. This would include everything: architecture, education, medicine, our basic myths and memes, government, etc.2.Phases of development )（发展阶段）Delphi 特尔斐(希腊古都)Three Ages:ca.3000-1200 BC, the Heroic Age（英雄时代）(ca. 1200-750 BC), the Greek City-State （希腊城邦）and the Persian Wars（波斯战争）(ca. 750-480 BC), the Golden Age （黄金时代）(Ca. 480-430 BC).Bronze Age Civilizations of the Aegean (ca. 3000-1200 BC):1.1Minoan[miˈnəuən] civilization 克里特文明flourished between 2000-1400 BC, when itseems to be absorbed or destroyed by the Mycenaeans.The most famous of the leg ends of Minoan culture is Minotaur [ˈmaɪnətɔ:(r)] 人身牛头怪/弥诺陶洛斯, a being “part man and part bull”.Where did the Renaissance start with the flowering of paintings, sculpture and architecture?In Florence 佛罗伦萨（意大利都市名）and Venice()意大利港市.1.2Mycenae[maiˈsi:ni:]迈锡尼/Mycenaean [maisiˈni:ən] culture (ca. 1600-1200).By 1600 BC, the Mycenaeans had established themselves in the Aegean（爱琴海）.Around 1200 BC, the Mycenaeans attacked Troy, a commercial stronghold on the northwest coast of Asia Minor小亚细亚半岛. The ten-year-long war between Mycenae and Troy would provide the historical context for the Iliad [ˈɪliəd] （伊利亚特）and the Odyssey [ˈɒdəsi]（奥赛德）. ------ Homer（荷马）, the blind Greek poetTrojan war (特洛伊战争)------ Penelope’s web 珀涅罗珀的织物；故意拖延的策略；永远做不完的工作1.2.1The Heroic Age (ca. 1200-750 BC): after 1200 BC, more powerful, iron-bearing tribes of Dorians (多利亚人约于前1200-1000年间从巴尔干半岛北部迁入希腊，后来建立了斯巴达（Sparta）、科林斯（Corinth）、阿尔戈斯（Argos）等城邦，更多时候是作为入侵者和征服者被看待，荷马认为其野蛮黑暗), a Greek-speaking people from the north, destroyed Mycenaean civilization.Peloponnesian Wars 伯罗奔尼撒战争(431-404 BC)between Athens(雅典) and Sparta(斯巴达)；Years of internal wars weakened the once powerful Greek city-states of Sparta, Athens, Thebes（底比斯）, and Corinth（科林斯）. Philip II of Macedonia （马其顿）(northern Greece) rose to power and, in 338 BC, he rode south and conquered the cities of Thebes and Athens, uniting most of Greece under his rule. Upon Philip II ‘s death, his son, Alexander the Great（亚历山大大帝）, took control and proceeded to conquer all of the lands between Greece and India including Egypt.After the death of Alexander in 323 BC, Macedonia was defeated by Roma（罗马）at the Battleof Cynoscephalae（基诺斯山战役）in 197 BC and then again at the Battle of Pydna（皮德纳战役）in 168 BC. The Greeks were finally defeated at the Battle of Corinth in 146 BC. Rome completely destroyed and plundered（掠夺）the city of Corinth as an example to other Greek cities.1.2.2The Greek City-State and the Persian Wars (ca. 750-480 BC)In 490 BC, Battle of Marathon 马拉松战役In 480 BC, Battle of the Hot Gates and Battle of Salamis 萨拉米斯海战Persian Wars(希波战争): Herodotus 希罗多德(ca. 485-425 BC), the father of history 历史之父。
西方文化导论Unit1PPT精品文档
Comprehension Exercises
Multiple choice. (4) The Trojan War broke out at the end of ____.
Text Study
Comprehension Exercises
A. the Heroic Age B. the Golden Age C. the Cretan Civilization D. the Mycenaean Civilization
(1) Draco (2) Cleisthenes (3) Peisistratus (4) Solon (5) Pericles
a. supreme council check the behavior of leaders
b. punish trivial crimes with the death sentence
Text Study
Comprehension Exercises
_F_ (1) The play Oedipus at Colonus was written by Aristophanes. _F_ (2) Greek philosophy started with Aristotle. _T_ (3) The famous bronze sculpture of athletes, Discus Thrower,
Aristotle.
Comprehension Exercises
Multiple choice.
Text Study
Comprehension Exercises
(5) The first Olympiad began in the ____ period of the Golden Age.
西方文化导论1
Text Study
Supplementary Resources
Get Started
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1. A General Introduction 2. Focus In
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Greek culture dates back to the Neolithic Age (about 4000 BC). By its Bronze Age (about 2800 BC), Greek culture had come to a stage of substantial development in view of its ability to produce useful tools and articles and weapons in bronze, as were evidenced by the unearthed artifacts in the neighborhood of the Aegean Sea. The Aegean Civilization or the Stone and Bronze Age Civilization was thus shaped and included Cretan Civilization and Mycenaean Civilization, which appeared subsequently, with a high level of cultural development, as was demonstrated in its architecture, art and crafts as well as the pictographic script which had been used widely.
西方文化导论
西方文化导论一、概述西方文化是指欧洲及其后裔国家的文化，是世界上最为重要和广泛影响的文化之一。
本文将介绍西方文化的起源、特点、发展以及对全球文化的影响。
二、起源与发展1. 古希腊文化的影响古希腊文化是西方文化的重要起源之一。
古希腊在哲学、政治、艺术、体育等方面取得了重大成就，对后世产生了深远影响。
2. 罗马帝国的传承罗马帝国继承并发展了古希腊文化，形成了独特的罗马文化。
罗马法律、建筑、工程、道德观念等对西方文化产生了重要影响。
3. 基督教的兴起基督教的兴起标志着西方文化的新阶段。
基督教的价值观念、道德准则对西方社会产生了深远影响，并成为西方文化的重要组成部分。
4. 文艺复兴与启蒙运动文艺复兴和启蒙运动是西方文化发展的重要阶段。
文艺复兴时期，人们对古希腊和罗马文化进行了重新学习和研究，推动了艺术、文学、科学等领域的进步。
启蒙运动则强调理性、自由和人权，对政治和社会产生了重要影响。
三、西方文化的特点1. 个人主义西方文化强调个体的独立性和自由意志，鼓励个人追求幸福和成功。
2. 科学与技术的重视西方文化崇尚科学与技术的发展，注重实证主义和理性思维，推动了现代科学的进步。
3. 民主与法治西方文化倡导民主政治和法治社会，注重个人权利和平等，推动了现代民主制度的发展。
4. 艺术与文学的创新西方文化在艺术与文学领域具有创新精神，不断探索新的表达形式和艺术风格。
四、西方文化对全球的影响1. 语言和文学英语作为西方文化的代表语言，成为国际交流和商务的重要工具。
西方文学作品如莎士比亚的戏剧、浪漫主义文学等对全球文学产生了深远影响。
2. 科学与技术西方文化的科学与技术成果对全球产生了广泛影响，如工业革命、电子技术、计算机科学等。
3. 政治与法律西方文化的民主制度和法治观念对全球政治和法律体系的发展产生了重要影响。
4. 艺术与娱乐西方音乐、电影、时尚等艺术与娱乐形式在全球范围内受到广泛欢迎，成为全球流行文化的一部分。
五、结论西方文化作为世界上最重要和广泛影响的文化之一，其起源、发展、特点以及对全球的影响都具有重要意义。
西方文化导论Unit
5. _P_o_p_a_r_t_ intends to set up a style of impersonality by employing the imagery of commercialized art or other art forms of the mass media.
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Comprehension Exercises
Multiple choice.
(1) Impressionism got its name from ________famous painting Impression: Sunrise.
A. Pissarro’s B. Monet’s C. van Gogh’s D. Paul Gauguin’s
_T_ 5. Jazz was initially influenced by two kinds of Negro music: ragtime and blues.
Comprehension Exercises
Text Study
Comprehension Exercises
Fill in the blanks.
_T_ 3. The role of TV is an important link between the individual
and the public or social side of life.
_F_ 4. The major four Western agencies are: Associated Press, BBC, Reuters and Press de France Nouvelle.
_fa_u_v_i_s_m_ and expressionism.
《西方文化导论》复习综合题库
《西方文化导论》综合复习第一章西方文化的起源一、填空1 、希腊历史的第一页是 ___非洲_____ 文明的历史。
爱琴海文明指的是爱琴海地区的青铜文化，先后形成了两大中心： ________ 和 ________ ，因此又通称克里特岛—迈锡尼文化。
2 、公元前 ________ 年期间，是克里特文化最为繁盛的时代。
克里特文化的中心是 ________ ，传说中的 ________ 国王建立了海上霸权，控制了整个爱琴海地区。
克里特的文字经历了象形文字和线形文字两大发展阶段，在它的繁盛期，线形文字全岛通用，这种文字又称 ________ ，以区别迈锡尼的 ________ 。
3 、迈锡尼文化以 ________ 而得名，但它实际上是希腊本土文化青铜文化的通称，是 ________ 的继续，只不过又加上了希腊民族文化的一些要素。
4 、荷马时代的艺术主要表现为 ________ ，陶器表面多用 ________ 来装饰，所以荷马时代的考古文化通称为 ________ 风格文化。
5 、爱琴海文明经历了一个盛极而衰的过程。
随着希腊文化中心的北移，希腊文化也越来越摆脱了 ________ 和 ________ 文明的巨大影响，形成了具有特色的希腊民族文化。
奠定了日后 ________ 的根基。
二、名词解释1 、迈锡尼文化2 、荷马史诗三、问答题：1 、荷马史诗的成就是什么？第二章希腊古典时代的文化一、填空1 、在古希腊史上，通常把公元前 8 世纪—前 6 世纪称为 ________ ，这是古希腊文化发展和形成的重要时期；公元前 6 世纪以后直至马其顿征服希腊，称为 ________ ，是上古希腊文化发展的鼎盛时期；古典时代以后到奥古斯都打败安东尼这一时期，为 ________ ，是上古希腊文化广泛传播于 _______ 、________ 、 ________ 三大洲许多地区的时代，同时也是希腊文化没落的时代。
西方文化导论Unit1
populaLeabharlann entertainmentsComprehension Exercise
True of false question.
Aristotle.
Comprehension Exercises
Text Study
_F_ (1) The play Oedipus at Colonus was written by Aristophanes. _F_ (2) Greek philosophy started with Aristotle. _T_ (3) The famous bronze sculpture of athletes, Discus Thrower,
Comprehension Exercises
Multiple choice.
Comprehension Exercises
Text Study
(5) The first Olympiad began in the ____ period of the Golden Age.
A. archaic
B. central
A. the Neolithic Age B. the Bronze Age C. the Stone and Bronze Age D. the Old Stone Age
Comprehension Exercises
Text Study
Comprehension Exercises
Multiple choice.
西方文化UNIT1
西方文化UNIT12. The effects of its imperial past1) The days of empire ended after World War II. But there are close relationships which exist with the 50 or more colonies of that empire, and which maintain links through Commonwealth of Nations (二战后，帝国主义时代过去了。
但是大英帝国的50多个殖民地之间仍然有着紧密的联系，这种联系主要通过英联邦这个组织来维系).2) It has great effects on the makeup of the British population:对英国的人口构成有着很大的影响Because of the immigration from India, Pakistan, or Caribbean countries in the 1950s and1960s, 1 in 20 are non-European ethnicity (由于在20世纪50、60年代，来自印度、巴基斯坦或位于西印度群岛与中南美洲海域的加勒比国家大量涌入英国，现在1/20的英国人是非欧洲血统的人).3. Racial, gender, class, regional and economic differences in the society1) a multi-racial society: most are Christians and because ofimmigration, many are Muslims;2) gender difference: male and female live different lives3) class difference: the class structure of UK society isRelatively obvious (A white-collar worker’s lives are verydiffere nt from a blue collar worker’s.)●Economic and regional difference within each of the 4countries:1) difference between highland and lowland Scots2) difference between north and south England (South is onaverage more wealthy than the north4. A significant role of London1) capital city2) in the south; largest city in the country; 1/7 of the nation’s population3) culture center4) business center5) financial center, one of the 3 major international financial centers in the world (another two are New York and Hong Kong )6) long-standing historical role in the UKEngland1.A cultural and economic dominance of England1）London dominant in the UK in government, financeand culture2) England’s dominance in size --- largest of the 4nations with largest population is reflected in aculturaland economic dominanceResult: people in foreign countries and English peoplesometimes mistake England for U.K in their talks.2. The conquest of Britain (Before AD. 1st C., made up of many tribal kingdoms of Celtic people)British history has been a history of invasions:1).Before the 1st century AD British was made up ofmany tribal kingdoms of Celtic people;2). In 43 AD British was invaded by the Roman Empire,and became part of the Roman Empire for nearly 400years;3). Then it came under threat from Germanic peoples ---the Angles, and the Saxon;4). From the late 8th century on, raiders from Scandinavia,the ferocious Vikings threatened Britain’s shores; KingAlfred the great turned in the tide in the south against the Vikings;5). The next invaders were the French-speaking Normans,from northern France, who were descendants of Vikings;William the Conquerorin 1066 crossed the English Channel,and became William the First of England; the Tower ofLondon;3. Legends1). King Arthur and his Round Table, giving knights equalprecedence (优越) and showing knights’ demand for amore democratic system (During Anglo-Saxon’s invasion)2). Robin Hood hid in the forest, rebelled against Normansand robbed from the rich to give to the poor (During the period of Norman rule)--- a clue to the English Character: a richly unconventional interior life hidden by an external conformity(体现英国人个性的迹象: 表面上似乎一致, 但实际上保持着一种强烈的独特的生活方式)4. Parliament’s dominance over the throne1）The next few hundred years following the Normaninvasion: join together the various parts of the BritishIsle under English Rule, unite the kingdom internally andexternally2) Power gradually transferred from the monarch to theparliament① Charles the First’s attempt to overrule parliamentin the 1640s led to a civil war in which parliamentaryforces were victorious, and the king was executed in1649.② England was ruled by parliament’s leader, Oliver Cromwell for11 years. In 1660, the son of Charles I restored the monarchy andwas called Charles II (ruled 1660-1685, that is “Restoration” )??③ Further conflicts between parliament and the king led toremoval of the Scottish house of Stuart and the finalestablishment of parliament’s dominance over the throne in 1689.James II (1685-1689) was the younger brother of Charles II.After James II was overthrown, his daughter and daughter’s husband Mary and William were imported from Holland to take thethrone. (1688, the “Bloodless Revolution” or “Glorious Revolution.”),thus finally establishing parliament’s dominance over the throne.ScotlandBasic facts about Scotland1. Scotland is the most confident of its own identity becauseithas previously spent a substantial period of history as a unifiedstate independent of the UK.2. The largest city is Glasgow, and its capital is Edinburgh.Both cities have ancient and internationally respected universitiesdating from the 15th century.3. Hadrian’s Wall（哈德良长城）: a stone wallwhich the Roman emperor Hadrian ordered tobe built across the north of England in 122 ADfrom the east coast to the west, in order todefend Roman Britain from attack by northerntribes such as Picts, the original Scottish Celts.1. Physical features of Scotland1) the 2nd largest of the 4 nations2) most rugged (崎岖不平) part of UK, the most confidentof its own identity;3) in the north --- the Highlands --- mountains and lakesin the south --- the Southern Uplands?in the middle --- the lowland zone with 3/4 of the population4) Capital: Edinburgh --- east coast, famous for its beauty,dominatedby its great castle on a high rock largest city:Glasgow --- in the west of Lowland zone2. Cultural division between highland and lowland1) Scotland was neither conquered by the Romans nor bythe Anglo-Saxons2) Around the AD 6th C, people from Northern Irelandinvaded the South-west --- the lowland zone. ?3) They were called Scots and gave the modern country ofScotland its name4) The original Scottish Celts, called the Picts (皮克特人) were left with the non-productive highland zone,where in addition to English, some people speak the oldCeltic language — Gaelic (盖尔语).The division between highland and lowland Scotlandremains a cultural divide today, in much the same way asnorth and south England see themselves as differentfrom each other.3. the Battle of Bannockburn (班诺克本战役)Time: 24th June, 1314Who: Scots under the leadership of Robert Bruce and English armyResult: Scots were victorious, leading to 300 years of full independence4. Union with England in 17071). In 1603, Queen Elizabeth I of England died. James the 6th ofScotland took the throne, called James the First of England; unitingthe two thrones2). Scotland maintained its separate political identity.3). In 1707, Scotland joined the Union by agreement of the Englishand Scottish Parliaments4). Scotland sends 72 representatives to the London Parliament. In1922, only 3 were from the Scottish Nationalist Party, wanting anindependent Scotland; 49 was from the Labor Party, wanting to setup a regional parliament for Scotland to manage its own internalaffairs within the UK.?5. Strong Scottish identityScotland has a great tradition of innovation inthe arts, philosophy and science.Robert Louis Stevenson’s famous novel DrJekyll and Mr Hyde 《吉基尔医生与海德先生》shows that: Scotland was superficially fullyintegrated into the UK, but concealed beneaththis is a still-strong Scottish identity.Wales1. A brief introduction of Wales1) capital: Cardiff, on the south coast2) rich coal deposits attract foreign investment from Japanand U.S, etc.--- new industries to replace coal and steel3) smallest on the British mainland; close to central England;hilly and rugged4) retains a powerful sense of difference from England5) retains its own language; 19% population speaking2. Campaigns for independence of UK --- resist the English1）1267, Llywelyn ap Gruffudd (卢埃林·阿普·格鲁菲德), forced the English to acknowledge him as Prince of Wales by a militarycampaign, and unified Wales as an independent nation.2) 1282, he was killed. The English King Edward I named his sonthe Prince of Wales, trying to bring Wales into the Britishnation.3) 1400, Owain Glyndwr (欧文·格林道瓦尔) led an unsuccessfulrising against the English.4) 1536, Wales was brought legally into the UK by an act of theBritish Parliament.5) Wales sends 38 representatives to the London Parliament.4are from the Nationalist Party.。
西方文化UNIT1
1) The days of empire ended after World War II. But there are close relationships which exist with the 50 or more colonies of that empire, and which maintain links through Commonwealth of Nations (二战后，帝国主义时代过去了。但是大英帝国的50多个殖民地之间仍然有着紧密的联系，这种联系主要通过英联邦这个组织来维系).
2) It has great effects on the makeup of the British population:
对英国的人口构成有着很大的影响 ???
Because of the immigration from India, Pakistan, or Caribbean countries in the 1950s and1960s, 1 in 20 are non-European ethnicity (由于在20世纪50、60年代，来自印度、巴基斯坦或位于西印度群岛与中南美洲海域的加勒比国家大量涌入英国，现在1/20的英国人是非欧洲血统的人).
and culture
2) England’s dominance in size --- largest of the 4
nations with largest population is reflected in acultural
and economic dominance
Result: people in foreign countries and English people
西方文化导论-课后习题答案(新)
(1) Give a brief account of the major achievements of Greek culture, such as those in religion, philosophy, literature and science.Greek religion really took shape during the Homeric Age and featured polytheism with gods taking human form and feeling. Greek religion made a great contribution to Greek literature, philosophy and art. It is an important origin of Greek mythology which was fully developed by the religious tales of the Homeric epic and thus affected the later development of all kinds of Greek culture.Greek philosophy started with Thales (640 BC–547 BC) who believed that the material world originated in water. His philosophy was materialism. He was followed by Pythagoras who assumed that the key to the understanding of the world is numbers, on the opposition of the spokesman for idealism.The core Greek philosophers are Socrates, Plato and Aristotle. Socrates had scant regard for material wealth, but was keen on probing into the definition of some ethical and behavioral issues, such as “friendship”and “courage”.Plato established the Academy －the first Greek institution of higher learning. His contributions included his theory of ideas and his arguments on “republic”which was supposed to embrace his ideals about a future state where humans could enjoy a happy life. Aristotle is also a learned man and his work covers wide-ranging areas. His reputation as a philosopher largely depends on his argument on metaphysics which he tried to achieve a compromise between matter and divinity. Literary representation centred round the two epic poems of the Iliad and the Odyssey, lyrical poetry by Sappho and Pindar and drama by Aeschylus, Euripides and Aristophanes. Their works combined Greek myths and social life and won much appreciation and enthusiasm from the public.In science the mathematician Euclid established plane geometry and Archimedes discovered the ratio of radius of a circle and the relationship between the volume and surface of a sphere.(2) What do you think of the influence Greek culture has exerted on Western civilization as a whole? Give examples.Greek culture is often termed the cradle of the Western civilization and has had an enormous impact on Western culture. The specific contributions are found in the areas of philosophy, politics, literature, art, science and architecture.Greek politics was one of the greatest influences on the Western civilization. The Greeks were the first to successfully create a government based on the consensus of the people and thus provided a foundation for Western democracy.The second significant influence was that of philosophy. The Socratic idea about ethics and knowledge helped the Westerners care more for the effect of knowledge and value of morality, both of which give sound guidance to people in the later years to improve and change the world outside themselves, i.e., human society and the natural world.Later generations of Westerners have benefited a lot from Greek culture, such as those in painting, sculpture, architecture, drama, poetry and historical works. Classicism had Greek culture as one of the crucial sources, and this has helped Westerners so much that they ascribed the origin of the Renaissance to it. This changed the intellectual conditions of the later medieval period and opened the way to the modern era in the West.Chapter 21. Tell briefly the major characteristics and contributions of Roman culture, as are demonstrated in religion, poetry, history and architecture.In the early period, Roman culture often depended heavily on the introduction and imitation of other cultures, particularly, Greek culture. Thus Romans created their own powerful culture, laying the foundation for subsequent Western culture in many fields. According to Greek culture and others’ culture; they created their own gods and myth, In poetry, ancient Rome made brilliant achievements,Livy was responsible for the great History of Rome in 142 volumes. His work has always been cited by later statesmen, writers or scholars,The architecture of Ancient Rome adopted the Greek style for its own purposes, but the Romans also developed a new kind.2. In what sense do you think Roman culture owed its accomplishments to the benefits obtained from Greek culture? Give examples.Roman culture learned and inherited a lot from Greek culture.,religion, philosophy and literature. In religion, Rome had its own system of beliefs which had been simple and could hardly compare with the plurality of Greek religion. The same is true of Roman philosophy where we could find examples ,In literature, Roman men of letters also borrowed a All in all, the two cultures are closely linkedgreat deal from Greek culture.Chapter 31. How was the Jewish civilization developed after a tortuous history of split and unification? The major explanation for the development of the Jewish civilization is its strong cohesiveness and vitality,they put into effect their Judaist beliefs and what they read of Judaist scriptures.From then on Jews have begun to become aware of the necessicity to liberate themselves from the restrictive laws and acquire new knowledge and modern ideas from the Europeans, Most of Jews thus received a good education, fully armed with cultural and scientific knowledge and did well in their own position they could quickly turn it into a well developed nation in spite of its small size and small population .2．Say something about Judaism and The Old Testament.The Old Testament is the Judaist Bible. It was written in Hebrew, including the three parts：Pentateuch, Prophets and Hagiographa and Apocrypha. After The Old Testament was translated into Greek by Jewish scholars，many westerners began to understand Judaism by reading this book. It is not only of religious value but also of literatry value.Chapter 41. What are the main components of Christianity and why could it be accepted as the official religion first by the Roman Empire and then by the following kingdoms or empires in Europe?(1)The main components of Christianity are ：1) The Bible as the only Christian scripture;Major Christian doctrines about Trinity and Redemption;3) Other doctrines or events of Christianity:(2 )Christianity is accepted and popular in Europe because of these factors:1).For the common people in the empire ,they needed something to fill up their spiritual vacuum. Christianity could play such a role.2). It could work together with any secular regimes to offer necessary assistance.3). The name and influence of Christiaity would be a symbol of sacredness and justification,4) Christianity is also a kind of culture, it could be tolerated because their life and propertycould thus be secured in the changed circumstances.2. What are the basic differences between Christianity and Judaism?In spite of the fact that the two religions derived from Jewish culture, there are some basic differences between them.First is the different image of God.Second is different view of God. Jehovah is viewed He is like fire or wind .God is kinder and more helpful, Third is the different position each religion is located in and hence would make different contribution. Fourth is Jehovah was important to Jews only in theory and affect them in spirit occasionally while Christianity moved into secular life for the Westerner as Pope and churches became very powerful .Chapter 61.Tell simply the background and development of the Renaissance.It was no accident that it first occurred in Florence and Italy where the early signs of capitalism had appeared at the same time as social chaos, political disputes and military clashes , more and more people began to suspect the justification for those who held the power,Painting and sculpture were the first area to reflect the change of subjects and tastes.(2) What are the major features and achievements of the Renaissance? Give examples.The Renaissance is characterised by seeking ideological emancipation, intellectual freedom and political awareness, based on cultural production and religious reformation. All these were undertaken or unfolded gradually but widely, extending its influences to every corner of Europe, with more and more people getting involved.The achievements were seen principally in six areas, namely, painting, sculpture, poetry, fiction, drama and religious reformation as well as the change in the cultural and intellectual climate. Instances could be located in these areas, such as the huge change of subjects and styles in painting. The medieval painting used to centre on depicting Jesus Christ and other Christian subjects, not only effecting similar and the limited subject matter, but also depicting stylistically facial expressions and manners. The great artists in the Renaissance started to focus on the images with individualistic temperament, highlighting humanity instead of divinity, thus breaking away from the medieval frozen models and linking classicalism with human nature as the centre of their representational work.。
西方文化导论课件Unit
(1) Italy’s prosperous trade and production of handicraft, which furnished a material basis for cultural development
Main Ideas
Main Ideas
Text Study
(2) its rich variety of urban social life coinciding with the emergence of more cities where manufacturing and commercial activities called for the vigorous development of cultural life
中世纪（Middle Ages）（约公元476年~公元1453年），是欧洲历史
上的一个时代（主要是西欧），自西罗马帝国灭亡（公元476年）到 东罗马帝国灭亡（公元1453年）的这段时期。这个时期的欧洲没有一 个强有力的政权来统治。封建割据带来频繁的战争，造成科技和生产 力发展停滞，人民生活在毫无希望的痛苦中，所以中世纪或者中世纪 早期在欧美普遍被称作“黑暗时代”，传统上认为这是欧洲文明史上 发展比较缓慢的时期。
Interpretation of Cultural Terms
Interpretation of Cultural Terms
Text Study
monastic chapter 教会或修道院管理处: a Christian administrative office within the church
Main Ideas
Main Ideas
Text Study
Factors that contributed to the emergence of the Renaissance:
西方文化导论(英文)
Comments on Leaves of Grass
• 1). Nature’s beauty uplifts the human spirit(line
•
•
15, 23,24 specially refer to this theme).The nature stimulate the mind of human and give them relaxing and satifatory feeling. 2). People sometimes fail to appreciate nature’s wonders as they go about their routines(17 &18) 3). Nature thrives unattended. The daffodils proliferate in splendor along the shore of the lake without the need of the human attention
2. What does “wander” mean?
Questions about the theme
3. Why do you think the poet chooses to personify daffodils in the poem?
4. What is the relation between the poet and daffodils as described in the poem? 5. What’s the function of nature?
The theme
• The poem was about nature and
describing the great power of nature which may influence our life deeply as revealed in the poem. There is not only the visual effect but also the emotional response . • The choose of the word “lonely” in “I wandered lonely as a cloud” instead of other words like carefree, leisure or jolly convey to us the poet’s depression and disconsolateness悲伤 at the very beginning.
西方文化导论-复习题1-7章
Greek CultureI. Fill in the blanks:1.European culture is made up of many elements, two of these elements are considered to be more enduring and they are the Greco-Roman（希腊罗马的）element and the Judeo-Christian （犹太教与基督教的）element.2.Greek culture reached a high point of development in the 5th century.3.In the second half of the 4th century B. C., all Greece was brought under the rule of Alexander, king of Macedon.4.In 146 B. C. the Romans conquered Greece.5.Revived in 1896, the Olympic Games have become the world’s foremost amateur sports competition.6.Ancient Greeks considered Homer to be the author of their epics.7.The Homer's epics consisted of_ Iliad and Odyssey .8.The Iliad deals with the alliance of the states of the southern mainland of Greece, led by Agamemnon in their war against the city of Troy.9.The Odyssey deals with the return of Odysseus after the Trojan war to his home, island of Ithaca.10.The representation form of Greek Democracy is __ citizen-assembly._（公民大会）11.Of the many lyric poets of ancient Greece, two are still admired by readers today: Sappho and Pindar.12.Sappho was considered the most important lyric poet of ancient Greece.13.Pindar is best known for his odes celebrating the victories at the athletic games, such as the 14 Olympic odes.14.The three great tragic dramatists of ancient Greece are Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides.15.Aeschylus wrote such plays as Prometheus Bound, Persians and Agamemnon.16.Sophocles wrote such tragic plays as Oedipus the King（俄狄浦斯王）, Electra（伊莱克特拉(谋杀其母及其情人者), and Antigone.Oedipus complex（恋母情结）and Electra complex(恋父情结) derived from Sophocles’ plays.17.Euripides（欧里庇得斯）wrote mainly about women in such plays as Andromache, Media, and Trojan Women.edy also flourished in the 5th century B. C.. Its best writer was Aristophanes, who has left eleven plays, including Frogs, Clouds,Wasps and Birds.19.Euripides _ is the first writer of "problem plays".20.Herodotus（希罗多德）is often called “Father of History”. He wrote about the wars between Greeks and Persians.21.Thucydides（修西得底斯）described the war between Athens and Sparta and between Athens and Syracuse, a Greek state on the Island ofSicily.22.Pythagoras（毕达哥拉斯）was a bold thinker who had the idea that all things were numbers.23.Pythagoras was the founder of scientific mathematics.24.Heracleitus(赫拉克利特) believed fire to the primary element of the universe, out of which everything else had arisen.25.The greatest names in European philosophy are Socrates, Plato and Aristotle.26.In the 4th century B. C., four schools of philosophers often argued with each other, they are the Cynics（犬儒学派）, the Sceptics（怀疑论学派）, the Epicureans（伊壁鸠鲁学派）, and the Stoics（斯多葛学派）.27.Euclid(欧几里得) is well-known for his Elements《几何原本》, a textbook of geometry.28.To illustrate the principle of the level, Archimedes is said to have told the king: “Give me a place to stand, and I will move the world.”29.Greek architecture can be grouped into three styles: the Doric（多利安式）style which is also called the masculine style; the Ionic（爱奥尼亚式）style which is also called the feminine style; and a later style that is called the Corinthian（科林斯式）style.30.The Acropolis at Athens（雅典卫城）and the Parthenon(万神殿) are the finest monument of Greek architecture and sculpture in more than2000 years.II.Choice1.Which culture reached a high point of development in the 5th century B. C.?A. Greek CultureB. Roman CultureC. Egyptian CultureD. Chinese Culture2.In ___________ the Roman conquered Greece.A.1200B.C. B.700 B. C.C.146 B. C.D. The 5th century3.Which of the following works described the war led by Agamemnon against the city of Troy?A. Oedipus the KingB. IliadC. OdysseyD. Antigone4.Which of the following is NOT the plays written by Aeschylus?A. AntigoneB. AgamemnonC. PersiansD. Prometheus Bound5.Which of the following is NOT the plays written by Sophocles?A.ElectraB.AntigoneC.Trojan WomanD.Oedipus the King6.Which of the following is the play written by Euripides?A.Antigone B PersiansC ElectraD Medea7.Which of the following is NOT the greatest tragic dramatist of ancient Greece?A AristophanesB EuripidesC SophoclesD Aeschylus8.Who ever said that “You can not step twice into the same river”?A PythagorasB HeracleitusC Aristotle9.Who was the founder of scientific mathematics?A HeracleitusB AristotleC SocratesD Pythagoras10.Who is chiefly noted for his doctrine that “man is the measure of all things”?A ProtagorasB PythagorasC PyrrhonD EpicurusIII. Interpretation:1. PlatoPlato was a very famous philosopher of ancient Greece, pupil of Socrates. Plato built up a comprehensive system of philosophy. He argued that men have knowledge because of the existence of certain general “ideas”, like beauty, truth and goodness. Only these “ideas” are completely real, while the physical world is only relatively real. For this reason, Plato’s philosophy is called Idealism, an d Plato was called idealist.2. "Democracy" in ancient Greece1)Democracy means "exercise of power by the whole people", but in Greece by "the whole people" the Greeks meant only the adult male citizens.2) Women, children, foreigners and slaves were excluded from Democracy.IV. Questions:1. How did the Greek Culture originate and develop?1) Probably around 1200 B.C., a war was fought between Greece and troy. This is the war that Homer refers to in his epics.2) Greek culture reached a high point of development in the 5th century B.C.A. The successful repulse（击退）of the Persian invasion early in the 5th century.B. The establishment of democracy.C. The flourishing of science, philosophy, literature, art and historical writing in Athens.3) The 5th century closed with civil war between Athens and Sparta.4) In the second half of the 4th century B.C., Greece was conquered by Alexander, king of Macedon. Whenever he went and conquered, whenever Greek culture was found.5) Melting between Greek culture and Roman culture in 146 B.C., the Romans conquered Greece.2. What is the great significance of Greek Culture on the later-on cultural development?There has been an enduring excitement about classical Greek culture in Europe and elsewhere rediscovery of Greek culture played a vital part in the Renaissance in Italy and other European countries.1) Spirit of innovationThe Greek people invented mathematics and science and philosophy; They first wrote history as opposed to mere annals; They speculated freely about the nature of the world and the ends of life, without being bound in the fetters(束缚) of any inherited orthodoxy(正统的实践活动、风俗或信仰).2) Supreme AchievementThe Greeks achieved supreme achievements in nearly all fields of human endeavor: Philosophy, science, epic poetry, comedy, historical writing, architecture, etc.3) Lasting effectA. Countless writers have quoted, borrowed from and otherwise used Homer's epics, the tragedies of Aeschylus and Sophocles and Euripides, Aristophanes' comedies, Plato's Dialogues, ect.B. In the early part of the 19th century, in England alone, three young Romantic poets expressed their admiration of Greek culture in works which have themselves become classics: Byron（拜伦）'s Isles of Greece（《哀希腊》）, Shelley（雪莱）'s Hellas and Prometheus Unbound （《解放了的普罗米修斯》）and Keats（济慈）'s Ode on a Grecian Urn（《希腊古瓮》）.C. In the 20th century, there are Homeric parallels in the Irishman James Joyce（乔伊斯）'s modernist masterpiece Ulysses.Roman Culture 1I. Fill in the blanks.1. The burning of Corinth in 146 B. C. marked Roman conquest of Greece, which was then reduced to a province of the Roman Empire.2. The Roman writer Horace said: “Captive Greece took her rude conqueror captive”.（大意是：征服者反而被被征服者所征服。
西方文化导论(第二版)
西方文化导论(第二版)概述西方文化导论是一本系统介绍和探讨西方文化的教材，第二版在第一版的基础上进行了内容的更新和扩充。
本文档将对第二版的主要章节进行概述和简要介绍。
第一章：文化概念与西方文化特点第一章主要介绍了文化的概念以及西方文化的特点。
通过对文化的定义和内涵进行探讨，帮助读者建立对文化的基本理解。
接着，本章列举了西方文化的特点，包括个人主义、进步和创新、法治精神等方面。
通过对西方文化特点的分析，读者将更好地理解西方社会的价值观和行为准则。
第二章：古希腊文化的形成与发展第二章主要讲述了古希腊文化的形成与发展。
通过对古希腊城邦制度、民主思想、哲学和艺术的详细介绍，读者可以了解到古希腊对西方文化的深远影响。
本章还探讨了古希腊神话、奥林匹克运动会等与古希腊文化相关的重要话题。
第三章：罗马文化的兴盛与衰落第三章主要介绍了罗马文化的兴盛与衰落。
通过对罗马帝国的建立、法律制度、建筑艺术等方面的讲解，读者可以了解到罗马文化的辉煌。
同时，本章还探讨了罗马帝国的衰落原因，包括内外因素的影响，为读者呈现了一个全面的罗马文化画卷。
第四章：基督教与中世纪文化第四章主要探讨了基督教与中世纪文化的关系。
通过对基督教教义、圣经、修道院制度等方面的介绍，读者可以更好地理解基督教对于西方文化的影响。
本章还讲解了中世纪文化的典型特征，包括封建制度、骑士精神等，为读者呈现了一个中世纪文化的全景图。
第五章：文艺复兴与人文主义第五章主要介绍了文艺复兴与人文主义运动。
通过对文艺复兴时期的艺术、文学、科学等方面的讲解，读者可以了解到文艺复兴对于西方文化的重要意义。
本章还探讨了人文主义的核心观点与价值观，为读者呈现了一个充满思想与创新的时代。
第六章：启蒙运动与近代西方文化第六章主要探讨了启蒙运动与近代西方文化。
通过对启蒙运动的起源、思想家以及影响的介绍，读者可以了解到启蒙运动对于近代西方文化的深刻影响。
本章还讲解了近代西方文化的主要发展特点，包括科学理性主义、人权思想等方面。
Unit1 题 西方文化导论
Comprehension Exercises
Comprehension Exercises
Multiple choice. (1) ____ is the major foundation in the Western culture and makes a powerful impact on the development of human civilization.
Text Study
Think and Discuss
Thiห้องสมุดไป่ตู้k and Discuss
the Renaissance to it. This changed the intellectual conditions of the later medieval period and opened the way to the modern era in the West.
B. the Golden Age
C. the Cretan Civilization
D. the Mycenaean Civilization
Text Study
Comprehension Exercises
Comprehension Exercises
Multiple choice. (5) The first Olympiad began in the ____ period of the Golden Age.
(3) Peisistratus
(4) Solon (5) Pericles
Text Study
Comprehension Exercises
Comprehension Exercise
True of false question.
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Comprehension Exercises
Multiple choice. (4) The Trojan War broke out at the end of ____.
Text Study
Comprehension Exercises
A. the Heroic Age B. the Golden Age C. the Cretan Civilization D. the Mycenaean Civilization
A. Ancient European culture
B. Ancient Greek culture
C. Ancient Chinese culture
D. Ancient Egyptian culture
Comprehension Exercises
Multiple choice. (2) Greek culture can date back to____.
was created by Myron. _F_ (4) Euclid discovered the ratio of radius of a circle and the
relationship between the volume and surface of a sphere. _T_ (5) The chief Greek philosophers are Socrates, Plato and
Text Study
Comprehension Exercises
_F_ (1) The play Oedipus at Colonus was written by Aristophanes. _F_ (2) Greek philosophy started with Aristotle. _T_ (3) The famous bronze sculpture of athletes, Discus Thrower,
Comprehension Exercises
Multiple choice.
Text Study
Comprehension Exercises
(5) The first Olympiad began in the ____ period of the Golden Age.
A. archaic
B. central
Text Study
Comprehension Exercises
(3) Mycenaean culture was influenced the most by Cretan culture on ____.
A.
B. handicraft and trade
C. religion
D. philosophy
c. abolish slave labor d. carry out legislative reform e. advocate peasants’ welfare and
popular entertainments
Comprehension Exercise
True of false question.
C. dependent
D. dark
Comprehension Exercises
Text Study
Comprehension Exercises
Please match the following names of political leaders to their reformist ideas.
(1) Draco (2) Cleisthenes (3) Peisistratus (4) Solon (5) Pericles
a. supreme council check the behavior of leaders
b. punish trivial crimes with the death sentence
Aristotle.
A. the Neolithic Age B. the Bronze Age C. the Stone and Bronze Age D. the Old Stone Age
Text Study
Comprehension Exercises
Comprehension Exercises
Multiple choice.
Comprehension Exercises
Multiple choice.
Text Study
Comprehension Exercises
(1) ____ is the major foundation in the Western culture and makes a powerful impact on the development of human civilization.