GRE试习题阅读范文格式
gre英语作文范文
gre英语作文范文Title: The Importance of Education。
Education is one of the most important aspects of life. It is through education that people gain knowledge, skills, and values that enable them to lead successful andfulfilling lives. Education is not just about learningfacts and figures, but also about developing critical thinking, problem-solving, and communication skills.Firstly, education provides the foundation for personal and professional success. It equips individuals with the necessary skills and knowledge to pursue their career goals and achieve financial stability. Education also helps individuals develop their creativity and innovation, which are essential in today's rapidly changing world.Secondly, education plays a vital role in shaping society. It helps individuals become responsible citizens who are aware of their rights and duties. Education alsopromotes social cohesion by fostering mutual respect and understanding among people from different backgrounds.Moreover, education is crucial in promoting economic growth and development. It enables individuals to acquirethe skills and knowledge needed to participate in the workforce and contribute to the economy. Education also fosters entrepreneurship and innovation, which areessential for creating new industries and driving economic growth.In conclusion, education is a fundamental human right that should be accessible to everyone. It is essential for personal and professional success, social cohesion, and economic growth. Governments and societies must invest in education to ensure that everyone has the opportunity to reach their full potential and contribute to a better world.。
新GREIssue官方范文整理
新GREIssue官方范文整理今日给大家整理新GREIssue 官方范文，快来一起学习吧。
下面我就和大家共享，来观赏一下吧。
新GREIssue 官方范文整理1Issue test 1As people rely more and more on technology to solve problems, the ability of humans to think for themselves will surely deteriorate.Discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the statement and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, you should consider ways in which the statement might or might not hold true and explain how these considerations shape your position.Essay Response — Score 6The statement linking technology negatively with free thinking plays on recent human experience over the past century. Surely there has been no time in history where the lived lives of people have changed more dramatically. A quick reflection on a typical day reveals how technology has revolutionized the world. Most people commute to work in an automobile that runs on an internal combustion engine. During the workday, chances are high that the employee will interact with a computer that processes information on silicon bridges that are .09 microns wide. Upon leaving home, family members will be reached through wireless networks that utilize satellites orbiting the earth. Each of these common occurrences could have been inconceivable at the turn of the 19th century.The statement attempts to bridge these dramatic changes to a reduction in the ability for humans to think for themselves. The assumption is that an increased reliance on technology negates the need for people to think creatively to solve previous quandaries. Looking back at the introduction, one could argue that without a car, computer, or mobile phone, the hypothetical worker would need to find alternate methods of transport, information processing and communication. Technology short circuits this thinking by making the problems obsolete.However, this reliance on technology does not necessarily preclude the creativity that marks the human species. The prior examples reveal that technology allows for convenience. The car, computer and phone all release additional time for people to live more efficiently. This efficiency does not preclude the need for humans to think for themselves. In fact, technology frees humanity to not only tackle new problems, but may itself create new issues that did not exist without technology. For example, the proliferation of automobiles has introduced a need for fuel conservation on a global scale. With increasing energy demands from emerging markets, global warming becomes a concern inconceivable to the horse-and-buggy generation. Likewise dependence on oil has created nation-states that are not dependent on taxation, allowing ruling parties to oppress minority groups such as women. Solutions to these complex problems require the unfettered imaginations of maverick scientists and politicians.In contrast to the statement, we can even see how technology frees the human imagination. Consider how the digital revolution and the advent of the internet has allowed for an unprecedented exchange of ideas. WebMD, a popular internet portal for medical information, permits patients to self research symptoms for a more informed doctor visit. This exercise opens pathways of thinking that were previously closed off to the medical layman. With increased interdisciplinary interactions, inspiration can arrive from the most surprising corners. Jeffrey Sachs, one of the architects of the UN Millenium Development Goals, based hisideas on emergency care triage techniques. The unlikely marriage of economics and medicine has healed tense, hyperinflation environments from South America to Eastern Europe.This last example provides the most hope in how technology actually provides hope to the future of humanity. By increasing our reliance on technology, impossible goals can now be achieved. Consider how the late 20th century witnessed the complete elimination of smallpox. This disease had ravaged the human race since prehistorical days, and yet with the technology of vaccines, free thinking humans dared to imagine a world free of smallpox. Using technology, battle plans were drawn out, and smallpox was systematically targeted and eradicated.Technology will always mark the human experience, from the discovery of fire to the implementation of nanotechnology. Given the history of the human race, there will be no limit to the number of problems, both new and old, for us to tackle. There is no need to retreat to a Luddite attitude to new things, but rather embrace a hopeful posture to the possibilities that technology provides for new avenues of human imagination.Reader Commentary for Essay Response — Score 6The author of this essay stakes out a clear and insightful position on the issue and follows the specific instructions by presenting reasons to support that position. The essay cogently argues that technology does not decrease our ability to think for ourselves, but merely provides additional time for people to live more efficiently. In fact, the problems that have developed alongside the growth of technology (pollution, political unrest in oil-producing nations) actually call for more creative thinking, not less.In further examples, the essay shows how technology allows for the linking of ideas that may never have been connected in the past (like medicine and economic models), pushing people to think in new ways.Examples are persuasive and fully developed; reasoning is logically sound and well supported.Ideas in the essay are connected logically, with effective transitions used both between paragraphs (However or In contrast to the statement) and within paragraphs. Sentence structure is varied and complex and the essay clearly demonstrates facility with the conventions of standard written English (i.e., grammar, usage and mechanics), with only minor errors appearing. Thus, this essay meets all the requirements for receiving a top score.新GREIssue 官方范文整理2Essay Response — Score 5Surely many of us have expressed the following sentiment, or some variation on it, during our daily commutes to work: People are getting so stupid these days! Surrounded as we are by striding and strident automatons with cell phones glued to their ears, PDAs gripped in their palms, and omniscient, omnipresent CNN gleaming in their eyeballs, its tempting to believe that technology has isolated and infantilized us, essentally transforming us into dependent, conformist morons best equipped to sideswip one another in our SUVs.Furthermore, hanging around with the younger, pre-commute generation, whom tech-savviness seems to have rendered lethal, is even less reassuring. With Teen People style trends shooting through the air from tiger-striped PDA to zebra-striped PDA, and with the latest starlet gossip zipping from juicy Blackberry to teeny, turbo-charged cell phone, technology seems to support young peoples worst tendencies to follow the crowd. Indeed, they have seemingly evolved into intergalactic conformity police. After all, todays tech-aided teens are, courtesy of authentic, hands-on video games, literally trained to kill; courtesy of chat and instant text messaging, they have their own language; they even havetiny cameras to efficiently photodocument your fashion blunders! Is this adolescence, or paparazzi terrorist training camp?With all this evidence, its easy to believe that tech trends and the incorporation of technological wizardry into our everyday lives have served mostly to enforce conformity, promote dependence, heighten comsumerism and materialism, and generally create a culture that values self-absorption and personal entitlement over cooperation and collaboration. However, I argue that we are merely in the inchoate stages of learning to live with technology while still loving one another. After all, even given the examples provided earlier in this essay, it seems clear that technology hasnt impaired our thinking and problem-solving capacities. Certainly it has incapacitated our behavior and manners; certainly our values have taken a severe blow. However, we are inarguably more efficient in our badness these days. Were effective worker bees of ineffectiveness!If T\technology has so increased our senses of self-efficacy that we can become veritable agents of the awful, virtual CEOs of selfishness, certainly it can be beneficial. Harnessed correctly, technology can improve our ability to think and act for ourselves. The first challenge is to figure out how to provide technology users with some direly-needed direction.Reader Commentary for Essay Response — Score 5The language of this essay clearly illustrates both its strengths and weaknesses. The flowery and sometimes uncannily keen descriptions are often used to powerful effect, but at other times this descriptive language results in errors in syntax. See, for example, the problems of parallelism in the second-to-last sentence of paragraph 2 (After all, todays tech-aided teens ...).There is consistent evidence of facility with syntax and complexvocabulary (Surrounded as we are by striding and strident automatons with cell phones glued to their ears, PDAs gripped in their palms, and omniscient, omnipresent CNN gleaming in their eyeballs, its tempting to believe...). However, such lucid prose is often countered by anover-reliance on abstractions and tangential reasoning. For example, what does the fact that video games literally train [teens] to kill have to do with the use or deterioration of thinking abilities?Because this essay takes a complex approach to the issue (arguing, in effect, that technology neither enhances nor reduces our ability to think for ourselves, but can do one or the other, depending on the user) and because the author makes use of appropriate vocabulary and sentence variety, a score of 5 is appropriate.新GREIssue 官方范文整理3Essay Response — Score 4In all actuality, I think it is more probable that our bodies will surely deteriorate long before our minds do in any significant amount. Who cant say that technology has made us lazier, but thats the key word, lazy, not stupid. The ever increasing amount of technology that we incorporate into our daily lives makes people think and learn every day, possibly more than ever before. Our abilities to think, learn, philosophize, etc. may even reach limits never dreamed of before by average people. Using technology to solve problems will continue to help us realize our potential as a human race.If you think about it, using technology to solve more complicating problems gives humans a chance to expand their thinking and learning, opening up whole new worlds for many people. Many of these people are glad for the chance to expand their horizons by learning more, going to new places, and trying new things. If it wasnt for the invention of new technological devices, I wouldnt be sitting at this computer trying tophilosophize about technology. It would be extremely hard for children in much poorer countries to learn and think for themselves with out the invention of the internet. Think what an impact the printing press, a technologically superior mackine at the time, had on the ability of the human race to learn and think.Right now we are seeing a golden age of technology, using it all the time during our every day lives. When we get up theres instant coffee and the microwave and all these great things that help us get ready for our day. But we arent allowing our minds to deteriorate by using them, we are only making things easier for ourselves and saving time for other important things in our days. Going off to school or work in our cars instead of a horse and buggy. Think of the brain power and genius that was used to come up with that single invention that has changed the way we move across this globe.Using technology to solve our continually more complicated problems as a human race is definately a good thing. Our ability to think for ourselves isnt deteriorating, its continuing to grow, moving on to higher though functions and more ingenious ideas. The ability to use what technology we have is an exampleReader Commentary for Essay Response — Score 4This essay meets all the criteria of a level-4 essay. The writer develops a clear position (Using technology to solve our problems will continue to help us realize our potential as a human race). The position is then developed with relevant reasons (using technology to solve more complicat[ed] problems gives humans a chance to expand their thinking and learning and we are seeing a golden age of technology).Point 1, using technology, is supported with the simple but relevant notion that technology allows us access to information and abilities to which we would not normally have access. Similarly, point 2, the goldenage, is supported by the basic description of our technologically saturated social condition. Though the overall development and organization of the essay does suffer from an occasional misdirection (see paragraph 3s abrupt progression from coffee pots to the benefits of technology to cars), the essay as a whole flows smoothly and logically from one idea to the next.It is useful to compare this essay to the level-3 essay presented next. Though both essays entail some surface-level discussion and often fail to probe deeply into the issue, this writer does take the analysis a step further. In paragraph 2, the distinction between this essay and the next one (the level-3 response) can most clearly be seen. To support the notion that advances in technology actually help increase thinking ability, the writer draws a clever parallel between the promise of modern, sophisticated technology (computer) and the actual impact of equally promising and pervasive technologies of the past (printing press).Like the analysis, the language in this essay clearly meets the requirements for a score of 4. The writer displays sufficient control of language and the conventions of standard written English. The preponderance of mistakes are of a cosmetic nature (trying to solve more complicating problems.) There is a sentence fragment (Going off ...) along with a comma splice (Our ability ... isnt deteriorating, its continuing to grow ...) in paragraph 3. However, these errors are minor and do not interfere with the clarity of the ideas being presented.新GREIssue 官方范文整理4Essay Response — Score 3There is no current proof that advancing technology will deteriorate the ability of humans to think. On the contrary, advancements in technology had advanced our vast knowledge in many fields, opening opportunities for further understanding and achievement. For example,the problem of dibilitating illnesses and diseases such as alzheimers disease is slowing being solved by the technological advancements in stem cell research. The future ability of growing new brain cells and the possibility to reverse the onset of alzheimers is now becoming a reality. This shows our initiative as humans to better our health demonstrates greater ability of humans to think.One aspect where the ability of humans may initially be seen as an example of deteriorating minds is the use of internet and cell phones. In the past humans had to seek out information in many different enviroments and aspects of life. Now humans can sit in a chair and type anything into a computer and get an answer. Our reliance on this type of technology can be detrimental if not regulated and regularily substituted for other information sources such as human interactions and hands on learning. I think if humans understand that we should not have such a reliance on computer technology, that we as a species will advance further by utilizing the opportunity of computer technology as well as the other sources of information outside of a computer. Supplementing our knowledge with internet access is surely a way for technology to solve problems while continually advancing the human race.Reader Commentary for Essay Response — Score 3This essay never moves beyond a superficial discussion of the issue. The writer attempts to develop two points: that advancements in technology have progressed our knowledge in many fields and that supplementing rather than relying on technology is surely a way for technology to solve problems while continually advancing the human race. Each point, then, is developed with relevant but insufficient evidence. In discussing the potential of technology to advance knowledge in many fields (a broad subject, rife with possible examples), the writer uses only one limited and very brief example from a specific field (medicine and stem-cell research).Development of the second point is hindered by a lack of specificity and organization. The writer creates what might be best described as an outline. The writer cites a need for regulation/supplementation and warns of the detriment of over-reliance upon technology. However, the explanation of both the problem and solution is vague and limited (Our reliance ... can be detrimental. If humans understand that we should not have such a reliance ... we will advance further). There is neither explanation of consequences nor clarification of what is meant by supplementing. This second paragraph is a series of generalizations that are loosely connected and lack a much-needed grounding.In the essay, there are some minor language errors and a few more serious flaws (e.g., The future ability of growing new brain cells or One aspect where the ability of humans may initially be seen as an example of deteriorating minds). Despite the accumulation of such flaws, the writers meaning is generally clear. Thus, this essay earns a score of 3.新GREIssue 官方范文整理5Essay Response — Score 2In recent centuries, humans have developed the technology very rapidly, and you may accept some merit of it, and you may see a distortion in society occured by it. To be lazy for human in some meaning is one of the fashion issues in thesedays. There are many symptoms and resons of it. However, I can not agree with the statement that the technology make humans to be reluctant to thinkng thoroughly.Of course, you can see the phenomena of human laziness along with developed technology in some place. However, they would happen in specific condition, not general. What makes human to be laze of thinking is not merely technology, but the the tendency of human that they treat them as a magic stick and a black box. Not understanding the aims and theory of them couses the disapproval problems.The most important thing to use the thechnology, regardless the new or old, is to comprehend the fundamental idea of them, and to adapt suit tech to tasks in need. Even if you recognize a method as a all-mighty and it is extremely over-spec to your needs, you can not see the result you want. In this procedure, humans have to consider as long as possible to acquire adequate functions. Therefore, humans can not escape from using their brain.In addition, the technology as it is do not vain automatically, the is created by humans. Thus, the more developed tech and the more you want a convenient life, the more you think and emmit your creativity to breakthrough some banal method sarcastically.Consequently, if you are not passive to the new tech, but offensive to it, you would not lose your ability to think deeply. Furthermore, you may improve the ability by adopting it.Reader Commentary for Essay Response — Score 2The language of this essay is what most clearly links it to the score of 2. Amidst sporadic moments of clarity, this essay is marred by serious errors in grammar, usage and mechanics that often interfere with meaning. It is unclear what the writer means when he/she states, To be lazy for human in some meaning is one of the fashion issues in thesedays, or to adapt suit tech to tasks in need.Despite such severe flaws, the writer has made an obvious attempt to respond to the prompt (I can not agree with the statement that the technology make humans to be reluctant to thinking thoroughly) as well as an unclear attempt to support such an assertion (Not understanding the aims and theory of them [technology] couses the disapproval problems and The most important thing to use the thechnology ... is to comprehend the fundamental idea of them). On the whole, the essay displays aseriously flawed but not fundamentally deficient attempt to develop and support its claims.(Note: In this specific case, the analysis is tied directly to the language. As the language falters, so too does the analysis.)Essay Response — Score 1Humans have invented machines but they have forgot it and have started everything technically so clearly their thinking process is deterioating.Reader Commentary for Essay Response — Score 1The essay is clearly on topic, as evidenced by the writers usage of the more significant terms from the prompt: technically (technologically), humans, thinking (think) and deteriorating (deteriorate). Such usage is the only clear evidence of understanding. Meaning aside, the brevity of the essay (one sentence) clearly indicates the writers inability to develop a response that follows the specific instructions given (Discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the statement above and explain your reasoning for the position you take).The language, too, is clearly level 1, as the sentence fails to achieve coherence. The coherent phrases in this one-sentence response are those tied to the prompt: Humans have invented machines and their thinking process is deteriorating. Otherwise, the point being made is unclear新GREIssue 官方范文整理文章到此就结束了，欢迎大家下载使用并丰富，共享给更多有需要的人。
GRE作文Argument万能模板
Inthis argument ，the author concludes/recommends that ….To support this conclusion/recommendation,the author points out/cites … .In addition/On the basis of this,the author also cites that … .This argument suffers from several critical/logical flaws,which render it unconvincing as it stands. /PE(paragraph ending)：…,the author cannotexpect us to take seriously the claim/convince me that …contribute to … /ruling out such/other possibilities/explanations/accounting for …,the author cannot justifiably conclude that …/ justify the claim/convince me that …/make any sound recommendation to …… before I can accept theauthor’s final conclusion that …(接Perhaps …)If so,this fact/Either scenario/Any of these scenarios,if ture, would significantly/seriously undermine/weaken (the arguer’s contention /conclusion that) …(1)A threshold problem with the argument invloves the statistical reliability ofthe survey because the size of the sample is too small to be sufficient.Also,the sample might be unrepresentative of … as a whole.Without a sufficiently representative sample,the author cannot draw any conclusion whatsoever on the basis of the study. (小样本、代表性)(2) …are rarely sufficient to establisha general conclusion. From the survey quotedinthis argument,we findnosignof suchprocedures for randomsamplingsand have good reasons to doubt if the sample is representative enough to reflect the general situation as a whole.Besides,…provides no information about what percentage of … responded to the surveys.The lower the percentage,the less reliable the results of the surveys/study ’s conclusion. (随机性、代表性)结尾总结用author’s conclusion depends,I would need more information about the size/randomness of the study ’s sample.The author provides no information concerning/omits to inform us about A,B,C and D.It is impossible to conclude without comparing the two groups subjects.For example, ….Without evidence of the study ’s methodological (and statistical) reliability, the author cannot rely on the study to draw any firm conclusion.(1)A is not necessarily due to B.Perhaps ….Since the argument fails to account for this alternative explanation for …,the author cannot …(2)The author unfairly attributes A to B/assumes that A were attributable tocking evidence to confirm this assumption,it is entirely possible that ….Or,perhaps ….After all,the autho r provides no evidence that ….PE.(1)A does not necessarily indicate that B.Perhaps …., ….PE.(2)The argument relies/depends on the (unsubstantiated) assumption that …/ Based on the fact that A the author infers that B.However,/Yet this is not necessarily the case.Perhaps ….If so,this fact would significantly undermine …(3)The fact that … lends no/little credible/scant support to …(4)A probleminvolves the definitionof ….The author fails todefine this critical term.If … is defined as … ,then … .In short, without a clear definition of … it is impossible to assess the strength of the argument.The arguer uses previous experience to illustrate that now …,ignoring t he factor of time which perhaps can change everything including … .Eg:The economic situation becomes worse;The worsening economic situationOne problemwhy I disagree with the argument is that it is unwarranted toinfer from the success of B that A will also succeed by following the same format. Perhaps … .In short,lacking evidence that conditions on the … are relevantly similar,the author cannot convince me on the basis of A’s experience that the action would be effective in B. Eg:economic situation,regionThe argument suffers from “either-or ” reasoning.Based on t he fact that … ,the author unfairly concludes that … .However,the author overlooks the possibility …Another problemwiththe argument is that it overlooks other factors that /the possibility that A is not the only factor affectingB.For instance,perhaps entirely possible that …does in fact serve to ….PE.……/ItisThe author appreciates sb’s strong commitment to sth to some extent. However,we know the fact that to make a commitment is one thing,to achieve it is far more difficult.There is no indication that they might fulfill their promise.结尾： In sum,the argument is unconvincing as it stands/not well supported.To bolster it,the author must provide clear evidence that …The author must also show that ….To better assess/evaluate the argument we would need figures …/more information about ….We should also need to know …。
gre argument 万能模板
gre argument 万能模板GRE Argument Essay 是 GRE 应试中的一道常见写作题型，测试者需要在30分钟内写出一篇 400-500 字的文章，分析一篇立论文章所存在的缺陷和不足，并提供改善建议和解决方案。
因此，对于考生来说，真正掌握一种适用于大部分问题的万能模板，就显得尤为重要。
在下文中，将为大家提供一种适用于 GRE Argument Essay 的万能模板，包括文章结构、段落构成以及各段该包含的内容。
一、文章结构GRE Argument Essay 主要由以下三个部分组成：引言、主体段和结论。
考生可以根据这个基本框架进行调整，以适应特定的题目。
引言：介绍问题背景或引入立论观点，同时提出自己的观点和论点；主体段：分析、批判和反驳原论点，提供支持自己观点的证据和数据；结论：总结以上观点和证据，并得出自己的结论和建议。
二、段落构成1. 引言段在 GRE Argument Essay 中，引言段主要包括三个部分：背景介绍、引起立论观点和自我声明。
这部分主要是为了让读者对于问题背景有一个基本了解，同时了解考生的立论观点和主张。
典型的引言段可以采用以下模板：致读者：这篇文章的主旨是针对 XXXX 问题提出改善方案，并证明这个方案的可行性和有效性。
在本文中，作者将阐述自己的观点，并提供证据、数据和案例支持自己的论点。
本文旨在启发读者思考并提供有价值的见解，希望能够引起读者的共鸣和反思。
2. 主体段在 GRE Argument Essay 的主体段中，考生需要评估并反驳原来立论的观点和论证，以支持自己的观点。
一个完整的主体段可以分成以下三个部分：1）阐述原立论观点对于原立论观点，需要进行阐明，并简洁明了地说明其缺陷和问题所在。
2）评估原立论观点分析分析原立论观点的强弱之处，包括其先决条件、假设、漏洞等因素，以证明其不足和局限性。
3）支持自己的观点指出自己的观点和论点，并提供必要的支持证据和数据，在引出下一个主体段或结论段之前，要对本段的主要论点进行总结和概括。
GRE满分范文(二)
GRE满分范文（二）题目：In any field of endeavor, it is impossible to make a significant contribution without first being strongly influenced by past achievements within that field.题目解析：本题在题型分类上属于条件类问题中的必要条件题，题目涉及领域比较抽象，可以用分类讨论法自行选择领域分析作答。
对于前人成就对未来研究的促进作用，作者持复合观点，认为在不同领域中该作用具备不同权重。
范文开篇首先肯定前人成就的积极作用，在正文中分音乐与文学两个领域讨论了前人影响的必要性与局限性，进而在第三主体段进行发散，提出除纵向学习外横向的跨领域学习同样重要。
范文：No one will deny that a study of any field, before stretching its own limbs, will gain benefits if it starts with a thorough awareness of all the former endeavors and their achievements. To make it clear, soaking in bygones is much like tracing back along the paved road and trying to clarify how the forerunners make their way towards the happy end. The benefiting mechanism is more than implicit: on one hand, the approaches utilized in the foregone endeavor are proved to be valid by all the effects achieved and thus could be generally used; on the other hand, any bygone endeavor, no matter what kind of goals it may have realized, is a trial consisting of assumption and validation, thus contributes to not only confirming the precious, but also ruling out the fallacious. Allowing for these, a more considering-worth issue, instead of questioning the sure benefit of past achievement, is that whether it is a must to be exposed to bygone influences before launching out certain endeavors, and if it is impossible to make a difference without it. Answer to this question can never be asserted, since in different fields bygones carry different weights and thus should be attached with different priorities.It is unbelievable that in the field of music, which may favor originality more than any other field do, people are continuously shadowed but inspired by what theformer musicians have composed. In this arena, the past achievement, by itself, makes not only a referable textbook but an indispensable brick of the later Great Wall as well. This more significant role is realized through one of the most frequently used method of producing music—sampling. By taking a portion of one sound recording and reusing it as an instrument in a different piece, hip hop musicians are enabled to mix out miraculous pieces which may even outweigh the original version. Although critics and arguments centering on copyrights have never ceased, the material-oriented way of producing music has proved to be no lack of creativity and achieved huge commercial success. In this kind of music processing, alterations of the music’s tone, pitch, mode, or tempo, all will add to the magic of turning good into best, but none of these miracles will be realized unless the musicians could have a great mastery of the “good”, i.e. he/she should be equipped with a bunch of the old records and are fully aware of the beauty of every single note within it, even if it is only some friction noise. Recalling that Hip hop musician Kurtis Blow has started the scroll of sampling with his renowned hit If I Ruled the World, it is hard to imagine what the hip hop world would be like if all the composers were deprived of the old knowledge they acquire from pioneers.Nevertheless, in term of literature, another field which also features the utilization of creativity, former achievements may pose as an impediment to overcome rather than any nurturing home to rest in. There has been a discussion around the disparities among several grand names of short fiction writing, Caver, Naipaul and Munro. All three have been divined as the “Chekhov” in their own country. However, that glowing praise has another way of interpretation, which may reveal some dark side of the influence of our ancestors: Chekhov has stood as the Mount Everest in the world of short stories and since his time, all the efforts devoted to short fiction writing resemble climbing the mount—no matter how hard he tried, Caver was only approaching the peak from the southern side, while Munro from the northern side. It seems like Chekhov has set the envelop of all the future activities and the new comers have no chance of hiking off. A similar case took place in China. When Mo Yan won the 2012 Nobel Prize in Literature, he was questioned for theorigin of his magic realistic works. People tried to trace when each of his works was created and if he had read Márquez’s stories at the time of writing, in order to detect any possible correlations between the two writers. An exaggerate saying has it that Márquez has depleted every single artistry of writing novels. However, even admitting there is some truth in it, is it impossible for another brain of other places and times to create new pieces, at least of similar greatness, without being influenced by the former ones? In other words, can originality be repeated, but not copied? In this scenario, over stress on the former achievement will no doubt dampen the creativity sprung from independent thinking.And moreover, learning should never only take place between different time spots, but across various fields of the same period as well. In the field of journalism, where professionalism favors instant reacts rather than long-run reference, former achievement may not play such a significant part as those of other fields do. Instead, a multi-background knowledge base carries a lot more weight. Although a journalist who owns a historical view will surely benefit from the former’s experience, considering that the world is m erging into one huge entity and that one man’s energy is inevitably subject to limitedness, it is of more practical use to be familiar with economics, politics and other subjects of political or social science to produce a qualified report.Before reaching the conclusion of the necessity of refering to the past, it is essential to ask a lot more questions. As pointed out in the introduction, past achievements majorly show their effects in two ways, handing down artistry and eliminating unsound alternatives. However, is the past artistry always in need for the contemporary efforts? Is it possible that it may serve as a confinement instead of excitement, deviation instead of inspiration? Moreover, is it possible that some alternatives excluded by forerunners turn out to be valid due to the recent theoretical or practical advancement in that field? All the above possibilities have been confirmed or eliminated in different circumstances, which illustrates that whether it is a necessary condition to learn the foregone knowledge when seeking for any field achievement is definitely an open question.。
gre作文模版
gre作文模版GRE作文模板GRE作文是考生需要面对的重要环节之一。
无论你的英语口语水平如何，作文仍然是对你英语写作技能的一个严格考验。
对于Agree/Disagree题型，简单模板可以包含三个段落，但是可以增加：首段：Paraphrase the prompt + Thesis Statement中段1：Topic Sentence + Explanation + Example(s)中段2：Topic Sentence + Explanation + Example(s)中段3：1 - 3 Sentence Counterargument + Topic Sentence + Explanation + Example(s)反驳段: Topic Sentence + Explanation + Example(s) / Acknowledge Counterargument + Refute Counterargument结尾：Summarize the argument + Final Thoughts / Reiterate your thesis下面是详细版的GRE作文模板，它包含了更多的段落。
这些段落通常按以下顺序呈现：1. 首段 First Paragraph作文的第一段必须引出你的主题和中心论点。
你可以开始提出问题或主题，接着翻译题目并阐述自己的论点或立场。
第一段应该具有简单的逻辑，让读者了解你的观点，同时以效果良好的方式引出其逻辑顺序。
在这个段落的结尾，你最好说明你对这个论题的立场。
对于agree/disagree题型，你应该在这个段落之后直接表达你的观点。
模板:The first paragraph of your essay should introduce your topic and your central argument. You can start by posing a question or a problem, and then refer to the prompt and state your thesis or position. The first paragraph should have a simple logic that allows the reader to understand your point of view, while introducing the logical sequence in an effective way. At the end of this paragraph it is advisable to state your position on the issue. For an agree/disagree question, you should directly state your opinion after this paragraph.例子:Climate change is a topic of great concern for scientists and policymakers. Some argue that global warming is caused by human activity, while others contend that it is a natural phenomenon. In my opinion, the evidence for human-caused climate change is overwhelming. In this essay, I will present the reasons why I believe that humans are responsible for global warming.2. 第二段 Second Paragraph从你的首段开始，你必须让读者知道，为什么你的论点或立场是正确的。
GRE范文74
74.President:别的学校找男人+别的学校申请增加↓别的学校找男人→申请增加↓GC需要增加招生+ GC找男人→增加招生↓GC找男人Director of Alumnae Association:开头：1. In this article, the author mentions that the president of Grove College (GC) argues that the school, which formerly only allows female students, should adopt coeducation to increase application and enrollment while the director of the alumnae association opposes the plan.2. The president’s conclusion mainly relies on other all-female colleges’success in attracting more application because of the policy, while the director’ssuggestion is largely based on surveys on incoming students and alumnae.3. However, both the president and the director need to address several crucial questions before they can legitimately assert their conclusions.正文：第一段：别的学校找男人+申请增加→因果关系1. On one hand, the president’s suggestion seems problematic. To begin with, she apparently assumes that no other causes can adequately explain why application has increased after those other schools adopted coeducation.2. However, perhaps many of these schools have refurnished their dormitories or hired nationally prestigious professors to make students’stay more worthwhile. Or perhaps they have posted fascinating advertisements on all media platforms, which helped raise their profile. These possibilities can all explain why more students apply for these colleges.3. Therefore, the author needs to provide further information to address the following questions. Did these other all-female colleges improve their facilities?Did they employ more qualified faculties? Did they advertise more intensely than before? If the answer to any of the above questions is positive, then the president’s assertion will become untenable.第二段：别的学校成功→我们学校成功1. Furthermore, even if coeducation has helped attract more applications in other schools, it does not necessarily mean that the same approach can boost GC’s application or enrollment. The author clearly assumes that GC’s reputation can match those other schools’.2. However, perhaps these schools all rank very high in the nation or even in the whole world, so students are dying to have an opportunity to study there. As a result, as soon as new policy begins to allow men to enter, male students rush to fill their application. In contrast, maybe GC is only a regional community college with very low profile. Its only advantage is maybe its conservative status. If so, then perhaps once it loses its identity as an all-female school, girls would stop wanting to come, let alone boys.3. Therefore, the author has to provide moreinformation to answer whether GC has as high reputation as the other schools mentioned in her article. Only if the answer is positive can her suggestion look beneficial.第三段：第一个调查SX1. On the other hand, the director’s argument is equally unconvincing. To begin with, she clearly assumes that incoming students’ opinion can represent all students.2. However, since these students have already decide to accept the college’s offer, they surely feel positive toward coeducation. If the school does a wider survey that includes students who declined the offer from the school, it may get completely different feedback. Maybe many more students turn down its offer simply because they consider that being too conservative, the school does not provide the optimal study environment.3. Hence, the author had better offer further information investigating why students often turn down the school’s offer. Only if the answers have little to do with its all-female status can the director affirm her conclusion.第四段：第二个调查SXLast, is the survey on GC alumnae reliable? What is the response rate? The author fails to provide any information regarding these questions. Perhaps the questionnaires are sent out to all former alumnae but only those extremely zealous about the school’s all-female status would eagerly fill the survey. On the contrary, many alumnae who cannot care less about keeping the school all-female may just throw the questionnaires into dumpsters. If this possibility is true, then we can surely expect that most respondents in the survey claim positive about keeping the school all-female. Therefore, before ruling out this scenario, the author should not hastily assume the reliability and representativeness of the survey.结尾：Overall, both the president and the director should address all aforementioned questions so as to corroborate their assertions.。
GRE英文范文Issue Task
GRE英文范文-Issue Task范文一题目："The best way to teach is to praise positive actions and ignore negative ones."范文：The statement suggests that the most effective teaching method is to praise positive actions while ignoring negative ones. While praise can be a powerful motivator, a one-size-fits-all approach to teaching may not be suitable for every situation.Praising positive actions is undeniably important as it encourages students to continue their good work and boosts their self-esteem. Positive reinforcement can create a nurturing and supportive learning environment, which is conducive to the development of a growth mindset.However, ignoring negative actions entirely might not be the best approach. Constructive feedback and addressing mistakes are essential components of the learning process. By ignoring negative actions, we miss opportunities for improvement and growth. Students may continue to make the same mistakes, hindering their progress.A balanced approach is often more effective. It involves praising positive actions to motivate and boost confidence while providingconstructive feedback on negative actions to guide students toward improvement. Effective teaching should be adaptable, considering the needs and characteristics of individual students and the specific context of the learning environment.In conclusion, while praise for positive actions is important in teaching, it should not be the sole approach. A combination of positive reinforcement and constructive feedback provides a more comprehensive and effective method for promoting learning and growth.范文二题目："Governments should prioritize funding for scientific research over other less important government programs."范文：The question of whether governments should prioritize funding for scientific research over other government programs is a complex one that requires careful consideration of various factors.Scientific research plays a crucial role in advancing human knowledge and addressing pressing global challenges. Funding for scientific research has led to breakthroughs in medicine, technology, and environmental sustainability. It has the potential to improve the quality of life for people worldwide and ensure the long-term survival of our planet.However, it would be overly simplistic to assert that scientific research should always take precedence over other government programs. Governments must balance various priorities, including healthcare, education, infrastructure, and social services, to meet the diverse needs of their citizens.Furthermore, the definition of "less important government programs" can vary widely depending on one's perspective. What might seem less important to one person could be of utmost importance to another. For example, funding for arts and culture programs, while not directly related to scientific research, contributes to the enrichment of society and the well-being of its citizens.In conclusion, while scientific research is undoubtedly essential, governments should approach funding allocation with a balanced perspective. Prioritizing one area over others may not always be the most effective or equitable approach. A thoughtful and holistic approach to budget allocation is necessary to address the diverse needs of a nation's citizens.范文三题目："Individuals have a moral obligation to assist people in need."范文：The statement suggests that individuals have a moral obligation to assist people in need. While helping those in need is undoubtedly a virtuous act, the concept of moral obligation is a nuanced one and should be approached with careful consideration.On one hand, there is a strong argument for the moral duty to assist those in need. Compassion, empathy, and the desire to alleviate suffering are fundamental aspects of human nature. Many ethical and religious traditions emphasize the importance of helping others, which has led to the creation of charitable organizations and humanitarian efforts around the world. In this sense, helping people in need can be seen as a moral imperative.On the other hand, the notion of moral obligation can be contentious. While it's admirable to help those in need, individuals may have varying capacities to assist. Expecting everyone to bear the same moral responsibility could lead to undue guilt and stress. Additionally, individuals have their own financial, emotional, and time constraints, which may limit their ability to assist others. Moral obligations should be balanced with personal responsibilities and boundaries.In conclusion, while individuals have a moral duty to assist people in need, it's crucial to recognize that this duty should be exercised with consideration of individual circumstances. Voluntary and compassionate assistance is highly commendable, but it should not be enforced as an absolute obligation for every person.范文四题目："Success is often measured by wealth and material possessions, but this oversimplification fails to capture the true essence of success."范文：The statement highlights the oversimplification of success as merely wealth and material possessions and rightly emphasizes the multifaceted nature of true success.While financial wealth and material possessions are undoubtedly significant aspects of success, they represent only a fraction of the entire picture. Success should encompass a broader spectrum, including personal fulfillment, well-being, happiness, relationships, and contributions to society.Personal fulfillment and happiness are critical indicators of success. Achieving one's goals, pursuing passions, and maintaining a positive work-life balance are essential components of a successful life. Peoplewho are content with their lives, regardless of their financial status, can be considered successful.Success also involves building and nurturing meaningful relationships. Strong connections with family, friends, and communities contribute to a fulfilling life. Success should be measured by the depth of these relationships and the positive impact one has on others.Contributions to society, whether through philanthropy, volunteer work, or creative endeavors, are another dimension of success. Those who make a difference in the lives of others and leave a positive legacy can be considered successful, irrespective of their material wealth.In conclusion, success cannot be reduced to a single metric such as wealth and material possessions. It is a multifaceted concept that encompasses personal fulfillment, happiness, relationships, and contributions to society. A well-rounded definition of success considers all these elements as essential indicators of a successful life.范文五题目："The most effective way to understand contemporary society is to analyze the trends of its youth."范文：The statement asserts that the most effective way to understand contemporary society is to analyze the trends of its youth. While studying youth trends can provide valuable insights, it should be viewed as one of several approaches to comprehending modern society.Youth trends can offer a unique perspective on contemporary society. Young people are often at the forefront of cultural, social, and technological changes. Their attitudes, behaviors, and preferences can provide clues about the direction in which society is heading. For example, trends in youth activism, technology adoption, and social media usage have had a significant impact on society as a whole.However, it's crucial to recognize that youth trends represent only a portion of the broader societal landscape. Contemporary society is diverse and multifaceted, with a wide range of age groups, demographics, and perspectives. While youth trends can shed light on certain aspects of society, they may not capture the experiences and concerns of other demographic groups, such as the elderly or marginalized communities.To gain a comprehensive understanding of contemporary society, it's essential to employ a multidisciplinary approach that considers various sources of data and viewpoints. This includes analyzing economic, political, cultural, and historical factors that influence society as a whole.In conclusion, studying youth trends can be a valuable tool for understanding contemporary society, but it should be complemented by a broader analysis that considers the experiences and perspectives of all demographic groups. A well-rounded approach is necessary to gain a comprehensive understanding of modern society.。
GRE--ARGUMENT-模板
GRE ARGUMENT 模板——————周小跳整理1 调查The survey that the argument cites is potentially problematic in three respects.Firstly,the author does not provide complete information concerning……in illustrating that …The author only informs us that …,but we care more about is that…..which is not provided by the author.However,some other substantial information are needed for us to access the soundness of the argument.There exists the possibility that the conclusion would vary greatly when other conditions varied.For lack of detailed information about……we can hardly evaluate……Secondly,the sample of the suvey cited in the argument is too samll because the author provides only N samples of the general population.The limited sample is insufficient to draw any general conclusion about……Without additional samples from diverse geographic locations,I cannot accept the author’s generalization about……Thirdly,we should also notice that the respondents studied in the survey may not represent the general group of ……It is entirly possible that people inclined to ……were more likely to respond to the survey and more willing to express their own opinions than other people.Other people who did not respond may hold a totally different position toward the issue studied,and the author shoud include those people in the study to present a more convincing result.Without knowing whether the sample studied was representative of the overall population ,it is impossible to confidently apply the results to that population.2 错误因果①没有因果关系，是其他因素所导致The author unfairly assumes that it is ……that resulted in ……But we can find no concrete evidence to substantiate the inevitable relationship betwwen…and ….The author overlooks other factors that might have contributed to ……..Perhaps,……..Pehaps,……..Since the author has failed to consider and rule out these possibilities,the assertion that …cannot be taken seriously.②同时发生不为因果The author unfairly assumes that it is ….that resulted in …….. The assumption is based on the mere fact that the two events occurred during the same period.However,we all know that merely a coincidence of two events could not sufficiently demonstrate a causal relationship between them. The author overlooks other factors that might have contributed to ……..Perhaps,……..Pehaps,……..Since the author has failed to consider and rule out these possibilities,the assertion that …cannot be taken seriously.③前后发生不为因果The author unfairly assumes that it is ….that resulted in ……..The assumption is based on the mere fact that ….occurred after…. The author overlooks other factors that might have contributed to ……..Perhaps,……..Pehaps,……..Since the author has failed to consider and rule out these possibilities,the assertion that …cannot be taken seriously.3 错误类比①认为适合A也适合BIn the argument the author recommends A to carry out same (policies,actions,solutions)on…as B,but the analogy between them might be unsubstantiated.The author fails to illustrate that A and B are similar enough at every aspect and are indeed comparable.While it is true that A and B share some common ground on ……,there are still some obvious differences between them.Many differences may exist between A and B,thus there may be thepossibility that the (policies,actions,solutions)proved to be effective for A might not have the same effectiveness for B.In short ,without accounting for possible differences between…and…,the director cannot convince me that this recommendation for…is sound.②错误对比AB，A不一定比B好The author hastily implies that A is superior to B in …….,but the comparison between A and B is incomplete.The author only compares……However,there may be other factors which woud bring about totally different result for the comparison.Without any further consideration about these factors,the author could not convince us that A is better than B in certain aspect merely based on an incomplete comparison.③过去不能推未来In the argument the author suggests that we can solve current problems or achieve current goals through methods which have successfully solved the same kind of problems in the past.There is a hidden assumption assumed by the author that all conditions and factors upon which the effectiveness of the method depend have remained unchanged during the past N years.However,many conditions and factors could have varied greatly.Thus,the method proved to be effective in the past might not have the same effectiveness in current days /in the future.Without taking into account all these constantly changing factors,the author could not convince us that the proposed solution could be used to solve current problems successfully.④没考虑其他变量The author unfairly assumes that it is ….that resulted in ….The causal relationship is convincing only if the author could demonstrate that all other factors that might affect ….remained unchanged during the same period.(The speaker must also assure me that the study was performed in a controlled environment where all factors possibly affecting ….remained unchanged. )The author overlooks other factors that might have contributed to ……..Perhaps,……..Pehaps,……..Since the author has failed to consider and rule out these possibilities,the assertion that …cannot be taken seriously.⑤偷换概念错误地用A来证明BIn illustrating the assumption that….the author commits a fallacy of hasty generalization:The author cites A to prove B,however,A is not a good indication of B.Obviously,there are basic differences between A and B,thus A could not be properly used to illustrate B.The auhtor ought to make careful and clear differentiation between A and B before we could evaluate it.4 解决办法①解决办法不够有力The author assumes that the proposed actions are both sufficient and necessary for achieving certain goal.However,to solve the problem successfully,many other fundamental requirements must be fulfilled.Furthermore ,many other available methods besides the author’s proposal could also be used to achieve the same purpose.Before the author make a careful and thorough comparison between the effectiveness of his own proposal and other possible methods,the author’s proposal shoud not be hastily carried out.②没有考虑解决方法所带来的坏处In claiming that … the author needs to do more comprehensive research on both positive and negative effects of the proposal.Although the proposal could be adopted to solve the problem to a certain degree,carrying out theproposal may actually bring about more harmful effects ignored by the author..Pherhaps,…Perhaps…..Before the author make a careful and thorough research on the effects of the proposal,the author’s proposal shoud not be hastily carried out.③二者选一，没有考虑其他解决办法The author simply assumes that the situation would be either A or B,while the two…are not necessarily mutually exclusive.Many other solutions could be more justifiable.For instance ,….Before ruling out all the possibilities above,the author could not convince us that there are only those two possible solutions/choices for us to accept.5开头In this argument,the speaker concludes that …To justify this conclusion the speaker cites a recent survey of …citizens/students suggesting that …The author also concludes that …..This argument depends on several unsubstantiated assumptions and is therefore unpersuasive as it stands.6结尾In conclusion, the argument unfairly assumes that ……To strenghten the argument ,the author must provide clear evidence that…….The author must also provide clear evidence that…In order to evaluate the argument,we should need more information about……I would also need to know……对样本调查的要求To better evaluate the realiability of the study upon which the author’s conclusion depends,I would need more information about the size and makeup of the study’s sample.7引证段落The major problem with this argument is that…Another point worth considering is that…Before I come to my conclusion,it is necessary to point out another flaw appeared in the argument.8 利润问题Even if the author’s proposal could be carried out effectively,we still coud not hastily assume that …will necessarily earn a substantial profit,as the author predicted.To evaluate the profitability of …we should consider the function of both revenue and expense.However,the author does not provide any single piece of information about the possible cost of carrying out the author’s proposal.If the cost of carrrying out the proposal exceeds projected revenue,it would be profitless.So,without more information about the costs,it is impossible to assess whether carrying out the author’s proposal will be profitable.。
gre北美范文满分范文
gre北美范文满分范文下面是一篇GRE官方给出满分的ARGUMENT范文，我们来一起赏析，看看它为何能scored six (先读文章，再看我的点评)The following appeared as part of an article in a daily newspaper:"Most companies would agree that as the risk of physical injury occurring on the job increases, the wages paid to employees should also increase. Hence it makes financial sense for employers to make the workplace safer: they could thus reduce their payroll expenses and save money."Discuss how well reasoned you find this argument. In your discussion be sure to analyze the line of reasoning and the use of evidence in the argument. For example, you may need to consider what questionable assumptions underlie the thinking and what alternative explanations or counterexamples might weaken the conclusion. You can also discuss what sort of evidence would strengthen or refute the argument, what changes in the argument would make it more logically sound, and what, if anything, would help you better evaluate its conclusion.北美GRE范文首段This argument states that it makes financial sense for employers to make the workplace safer because by making the workplace safer then lower wages could be paid to employees. This conclusion is based on the premise that as the list of physical injury increases, the wages paid to employees should also increase. Howeveer, there are several assumptions that may not necessarily apply to this argument. For example, the costs associated with making the workplace safe must outweigh the increased payroll expenses due to hazardous conditions. Also, one must look at the plausability of improving the work environment. And finally, because most companies agree that as the risk of injury increases so will wages doesn\'t necessarily mean that the all companies which have hazardous work environments agree.北美GRE作文范文中间段1The first issue to be addressed is whether increased labor costs justify large capital expenditures to improve the work environment. Clearly one could argue that if making the workplace safe would cost an exorbitant amount of money in comparison to leaving the workplace as is and paying slightly increased wages than it would not make sense to improve the work environment. For example, if making the workplace safe would cost $100 million versus additional payroll expenses of only $5,000 per year, it would make financial sense to simply pay the increased wages. No business or business owner with any sense would pay all that extra money just to save a couple dollars and improve employee health and relations. To consider this, a cost benefitanalysis must be made. I also feel that although a cost benefit analysis should be the determining factor with regard to these decisions making financial sense, it may not be the determining factor with regard to making social, moral and ethical sense.北美GRE范文中间段2This argument also relies on the idea that companies solely use financial sense in analysing improving the work environment. This is not the case. Companies look at other considerations such as the negative social ramifications of high on-job injuries. For example, Toyota spends large amounts of money improving its environment because while its goal is to be profitable, it also prides itself on high employee morale and an almost perfectly safe work environment. However, Toyota finds that it can do both, as by improving employee health and employee relations they are guaranteed a more motivated staff, and hence a more efficient staff; this guarantees more money for the business as well as more safety for the employees.北美GRE写作范文中间段3Finally one must understand that not all work environments can be made safer. For example, in the case of coal mining, a company only has limited ways of making the work environment safe. While companies may be able to ensure some safety precautions, they may not be able to provide all the safety measures necessary. In other words, a mining company has limited ability to control the air quality within a coal mine and therefore it cannot control the risk of employees getting blacklung. In other words, regardless of the intent of the company, some jobs are simply dangerous in nature.北美GRE范文末端In conclusion, while at first it may seem to make financial sense to improve the safety of the work environment sometimes it truly does not make financial sense. Furthermore, financial sense may not be the only issue a company faces. Other types of analyses must be made such as the social ramifications of an unsafe work environment and the overall ability of a company to improve that environment (i.e。
GRE范文78
开头：1. In this memo, the vice president of the food distribution company recommends all of their warehouses use Buzzoff Pest Control Company (BO) instead of Fly-Away Pest Control Company (FA) for their pest control services.2. Her conclusion is mainly based on the following evidence. First, last month, the warehouse in Palm City (PC), which is protected by FA, witnessed a $20,000 loss of food from pest damages. Second, during the same period, the warehouse in Wintervale (WV), which is protected by BO, only suffered a $10,000 loss of food from pest damages.3. However, without providing further information, her suggestion can only remain unpersuasive.正文：第一段：PC:2w vs.Wv:1w→PC损失>WV1. To begin with, even if the aforementioned data are accurate, it does not necessarily mean that the PC warehouse has suffered more heavily from pest damages than the WV warehouse has. Obviously, the vice president assumes that the total value of foodstored in each warehouse is similar.2. However, maybe the warehouse in PC has stored over $100,000 worth of food while its counterpart in WV only stored $20,000 worth of food. As we can see, in this case, only 20% of food is damaged in PC while around 50% is damaged in WV. If so, then BO should be blamed rather than FA.3. Thus, she has to offer further information regarding the total value of food in each warehouse. If it turns out that the value is not equivalent, her conclusion will be weakened.第二段：PC损失>WV→FA的问题导致PC损失大1. Furthermore, even if indeed PC has suffered more loss, it is not necessarily attributed to FA’s failure. The author assumes, probably unwarrantedly, that no other causes can adequately explain this statistical difference.2. However, maybe PC locates in a warm tropical area that is extremely humid, an ideal place for pests to reproduce. In contrast, maybe WV is an inland city with high altitude, which proves inhospitable to insects. As a result, even without any pest control company, it isstill natural to expect a similar statistical difference.3. Therefore, the author has to compare the climate and geographic location of the two cities. If WV is more uninhabitable to pests, her conclusion will be weakened.第三段：FA的问题导致PC损失大→全部仓库用Bo省钱Finally, granted that last month FA should be blamed for its unsatisfactory performance, the author still fails to provide enough information to justify the optimistic prediction about BO in the future. Did FA use to perform much better in all other months before? Is FA fairly new in PC? How much more does BO charge the author’s company? Perhaps FA outperforms BO almost every month until last month, so it is quite likely that the case presented is only a rare exception that should not be taken into serious consideration. Or maybe it was FA’s first month operating in PC, so naturally it is not yet adapted to the local environment. Given enough time to adjust, FA may become even more excellent. Furthermore, even if FA is inferior, the author still fails to show us how much more BO charges. Perhaps the difference in commission is over$20,000 dollars, so the company should still stick to FA. Without the relevant information, her suggestion can turn out counterproductive.结尾：Overall, the author has to offer all aforementioned evidence, or else her conclusion cannot fully convince the readers.。
GRE 试题及其范文
TOPIC: ISSUE202 - "Unlike great thinkers and great artists, the most effective political leaders must often yield to public opinion and abandon principle for the sake of compromise." WORDS: 597 TIME: 00:45:00 DATE: 2011-1-30 14:52:31Should the political leaders often compromise to the public opinion, as the speaker asserts? I might be tempting to agree with the speaker, based on that the public opinion is right. However, a far more compelling argument can be made that when the leader's idea is better for the society, he/she should not abandon it. In my point of view, the effective should make different decisions depending on different situations.Admittedly, the public opinion is worthwhile listening to. As a political leader, he/she has been given a great power by the people. The greater power you gain, the greater responsibility you will have. How you can use it to do contributions to the people depends much on what you can do for the public. And the public know the most what they want. So their opinion is worthwhile. For example, Wei Zheng, a minister of Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty and a representative of the public, was always demonstrating his counterviews about the policy to the Emperor. And the Emperor, regarded as one of the greatest emperors in China, was happy to listen to Wei Zheng's opinion before implementing a policy. Obviously, under his leadership, the Tang Dynasty is one of the strongest countries in the world. From it, we can see that the public opinion can help the leader to be effective.Furthermore, if the leader never cares about the public opinion, he/she might cause a great harm to the society. There is an old saying that absolute power leads to absolute corruption. No matter how kind he/she may be before becoming a leader, he/she will be masked by the great power. Everyone will compromise to his/her power, and he/she will gradually feel that everything he/she decides is wise. If he/she made a false policy and didn't care about the public opinion, a destructive consequence will arrive. For instance, Hitler, a crazy leader, hated the Jews and insisted his people is the greatest people in the world. After he gained the power, he didn't listen to any of the counterviews and quickly started the World War II. As a result, the people in the world suffered great misery from it and he was killed by the people of the world. According, as a effective leader should learn to listen to the public.Nevertheless, if the effective leader's idea is right, he/she should stick to it. Sometimes the truth is hold by the minority. As a leader, he/she might receive much more information than the public. If he/she always compromise to the public, his/her correct ideas might be avoided and even cause a disaster to the people. If he/she sticks to the right policy, he/she might achieve a great success. To illustrate, Xiang Yu, one of the greatest general in ancient China, led an army and crossed a river to fight against the enemy. To their surprise, the number of the enemy is several times more than his. His soldiers tended to drawback. However, he burnt the boats and helped the soldiers to make their determinations to fight. Finally, he won the war and became a great hero. From it, we can learn that keeping to one's principle will do a great favor to leader.To sum up, on one hand the public opinion is very important for an effective leader. It can help the leader avoid making mistakes. On the other hand, the effective leader should have a strongdetermination to implement his/her correct policy, when he/she faces fierce counterviews. To be an effective leader, he/she should figure out a balance between the two.TOPIC: ARGUMENT156 - The following is taken from an advertisement placed in a weekly business magazine by the Dickens Academy."We distributed a survey to senior management at International Mega-Publishing, Inc. The result of the survey clearly indicates that many employees were well prepared in business knowledge and computer skills, but lacked interpersonal skills to interact gracefully with customers. International Mega-Publishing decided to improve customer satisfaction by sending their newly hired employees to our one-day seminars. Since taking advantage of our program, International Mega-Publishing has seen a sharp increase in sales, an indication that the number of their disgruntled customers has declined significantly. Your company should hire Dickens and let us turn every employee into an ambassador for your company."WORDS: 429 TIME: 00:30:00 DATE: 2011-1-30 14:52:31In the argument above, the author concludes that a company should hire Dickens to train their employee to be an ambassador. To support his/her conclusion, the author cites the survey that many employees of International Mega-Publishing, Inc are good at professional skills and lack interpersonal skills. The author also notes that after taking the one-day seminars, the company had a sharp increase in sales. Well-intentioned the author might be, however, he overlooks several flaws during the reasoning and might mislead the readers.To begin with, the result of the survey can be cast doubt on in that the survey is conducted by the Dickens itself. The author doesn't provide any information about how many samples the survey has and whether the samples are representative. It is possible that the Dickens chose just 10 employees in the company and they couldn't convince us the result can be stable. The author also overlooks the possibility that in order to persuade the International Mega-Publishing, Inc to hire them, the Dickens might chose only the employees who are lack the interpersonal skills. Without ruling out such possible scenarios, the survey cannot convince us.In addition, even if the result were reliable, the causal relationship of the seminar and the increase in sales is open to doubt. The author just provides that the increase in sales happened after the company sent their employees to the one-day seminars. The consequence of the two events, in itself, does not suffice to prove the causal relationship. In all likelihood, the company improved its management and technology, so that the sales were increased. Besides, there is a possibility that the sales didn't really increased because the author just points out that the number of disgruntled customers declined. Without showing more evidences to justify the relationship, we cannot take the conclusion seriously.Last but not least, even if the causal relationship were correct, it is not necessary to hire Dickens and send every employee to the seminar. It’s entirely possible that there are many other companies like the Dickens providing the same service. Or perhaps, some employees of thecompany, such as the manager, need not to take the training for they are good at it. Without showing more consideration about the competitors, the suggestion could not be convincing.Simply put, the argument is ill conceived and poorly supported. To lend credibility to the conclusion, it might be useful to provide more information about the survey to prove that it is reliable. To better assess the suggestion, the author might need to consider other companies to compare the training service.。
新GREIssue官方范文
新GREIssue官方范文我给大家整理了新GREIssue官方范文，快来一起学习吧。
下面我就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。
新GREIssue 官方范文整理1Issue test 3The best ideas arise from a passionate interest in commonplace things.Discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the statement above and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, you should consider ways in which the statement might or might not hold true and explain how those considerations shape your position.The following sample issue response received a score of 6: Passion is clearly necessary for a truly great idea to take hold among a people—passion either on the part of the original thinker, the audience, or ideally both. The claim that the most lucrative subject matter for inspiring great ideas is “commonplace things”may seem initially to be counterintuitive. After all, aren’t great ideas usually marked by their extraordinary character? While this is true, their extraordinary character is as often as not directly derivedfrom their insight into things that had theretofore gone unquestioned. While great ideas certainly can arise through seemingly pure innovation... say, for example, Big Bang cosmology, which developed nearly all of its own scientific and philosophical precepts through its own process of formation, it is nevertheless equally true that such groundbreaking thought was, and is, still largely a reevaluation of previous assumptions to a radical degree... after all, the question of the ultimate nature of the universe, and man’s place in it, has been central to human thought since the dawn of time. Commonplace things are, additionally, necessary as material for the generation of “the best ideas” since certainly the success among an audience must be considered in evaluating the significance and quality of an idea.The advent of Big Bang cosmology, which occured in rudimentary form almost immediately upon Edwin Hubble’s first observations at the Hooker telescope in California during the early 20th century, was the most significant advance in mankind’s understanding of the universe in over 400 years. The seemingly simple fact that everything in the universe, on the very large scale, is moving away from everything else in fact betrays nearly all of our scientific knowledge of the origins andmechanics of the universe. This slight, one might even say commonplace, distortion of tint on a handful of photographic plates carried with it the greatest challenge to Man’s general, often religiously reinforced, conception of the nature of the world to an extent not seen since the days of Galileo. Not even Charles Darwin’s theory, though it created more of a stir than Big Bang cosmology, had such shattering implications for our conceptions of the nature of our reality. Yet it is not significant because it introduced the question of the nature of what lies beyond Man’s grasp. A tremendous number of megalithic ruins, including the Pyramids both of Mexico and Egypt, Stonehenge, and others, indicate that this question has been foremost on humankind’s collective mind since time immemorial. Big Bang cosmology is so incredibly significant in this line of reasoning exactly because of the degree to which it changed the direction of this generally held, constantly pondered, and very ancient train of thought.Additionally, there is a diachronic significance to the advent of Big Bang cosmology, which is that, disregarding limitations such as the quality of optical devices available and the state of theoretical math, it could have happened at any point in time. That is to say, all evidence points to roughlythe same raw intellectual capacity for homo sapiens throughout our history, our progress has merely depended upon the degree of it that a person happens to inherit, a pace that has been increasing rapidly since the industrial revolution. Yet this discovery had to happen at a certain point in time or another —it cannot have been happening constantly or have never happened yet still be present—and this point in time does have its own significance. That significance is precisely the fact that the aforementioned advent must have occurred at precisely the point in time at which it truly could have occured—that is to say, it marks the point in our history when we had progressed sufficiently to begin examining, with remarkable substantiated acuity, the workings of the universe across distances that would take millions of human lifetimes to reach or to traverse. The point for the success of this advent must necessarily have been, additionally, the point at which the audience concerned was capable and prepared to accept such a radical line of reasoning.Both factors, a radical, passionate interpretation of the commonplace and the preparedness to accept such an interpretation, are necessary for the formulation of a truly great idea. If the passion is absent from an inquiry by thethinker or by the bulk of an audience, the idea will die out if it comes to fruition at all. If the material is not sufficiently commonplace to be considered by an informed audience of sufficient size, the same two hazards exist. Given these two factors, the idea must still be found palatable and interesting by the audience if it is to hope to gain a foothold and eventually establish itself in a significant fashion.Comments on sample essay receiving score of 6:This outstanding response presents a cogent, well-articulated analysis of the complexities of the issue by arguing that (1) great ideas develop from commonplace observations that are interpreted in a radical way; and (2) passion is required of both thinkers and the audience in order for great ideas to take hold.The argument is based on an extended example (Big Bang cosmology) and has two parts. The first part defines “commonplace things” as universal questions (i.e., the quest to understand the cosmos is commonplace, though complex, because it is an ancient and universal question) and places Big Bang cosmology in context with the scientific breakthroughs of Galileo and the Pyramids of ancient Mexico and Egypt.The second part explains Big Bang as the result of aconvergence of factors: both thinkers and the audience must be ready to reevaluate “previous assumptions”and accept “radical, passionate interpretations.”The argument’s careful line of reasoning is strengthened by appropriate transitions between paragraphs (“Additionally,”“Both factors, a radical, passionate interpretation of the commonplace and the preparedness to accept such an interpretation, are necessary for the formulation of a truly great idea,” etc.) and within paragraphs (“Not even Charles Darwin’s,”“Yet,”“that is to say,” etc.). Fluent and precise language—advent, rudimentary, diachronic, shattering implications, megalithic ruins—and effective sentence variety also characterize this response as outstanding. Finally, despite the presence of minor errors (overuse of comma and inconsistent use of ellipses in paragraph 1), this response demonstrates facility with the conventions of standard written English.新GREIssue 官方范文整理2The following sample issue response received a score of 5: The statement above comes from the perspective that the best thinkers, inventors, and innovators are the way that they are because they explore passionately the interesting thingsaround them. Yes, I would say that this is definitely true.I understand best the things that interest me, but it is only the things with which I am familiar with and understand in my surroundings. It would be difficult to take passionate interest in the things which I did not have available in my environment.For example, let’s consider some “idea” people in history. The person who invented the basketball hoop, or the game of volleyball, or ice skates, all had interest in those things before they had their brilliant ideas. I do know that the inventor of the basketball hoop used to coach a basketball team of young boys, and they would throw the ball into a fruit basket that was nailed to the wall. Obviously, a basket has a bottom to it, and they would have to fish it out after every successful throw. So he had the brilliant idea of cutting out the bottom of the basket. It seems so simple to us now, but nobody had ever played basketball like that in his day.The phrase, “commonplace things” can be rather misleading, I believe. I think every person has slightly different “commonplace things” in their environment depending on their interests, their financial status, and availability of items. What is commonplace for one person may never be known by another.I take passionate interest in things having to do with sewingusing patterns, fabrics and threads. However, my mother and grandmother are excellent seamstresses and I had the availability of learning from them. It was a “commonplace thing”for me. I have had some wonderful ideas come out of my passion for this kind of art.Orville and Wilbur Wright had a passionate interest in things having to do with flight, a rather ordinary thing for the sorts of birds who can fly with their wings, but certainly not people. If I had lived during the Wright brothers’ time, I would probably not have had the same passionate interest in figuring out how to make humans fly, because it is not something that I would have thought possible. But their dreams and visionary possibilities were much bigger than mine would have been at that time. They not only had a passionate interest but they were willing to experiment, to risk financial ruin and ridicule, and even put their lives on the line. So while it is true that the best ideas arise from a passionate interest in commplace things, there also has to be an element of daring to challenge “norms” and not being able to just accept things as they are. There has to be a desire to make things better and to improve on the present.There also has to be the element of not being afraid offailure. Most ideas do inevitably fail. Einstein is viewed today as being one of the most brilliant thinkers and “idea”people in all of history. But nobody really talks about how many times his ideas failed. The number is quite amazing. Many people are afraid of failure, so even though they make take a passionate interest in something commonplace, and have some great ideas, they may never carry them through because of uncertainty that they would work. We must be willing to try!So, yes, it is true that the best ideas arise from a passionate interest in commonplace things, because these are the things that we know, these are the things that we understand, and the things that we want to explore in even more depths. But there must be more elements involved than just taking interest in something. We must be willing to face risks of many kinds in order to separate the ideas that fail from the ones that will triumphantly succeed.Comments on sample essay receiving score of 5:This strong response presents a well- considered analysis of the complexities of the issue by arguing that great ideas come, not only from a passionate interest in the commonplace, but also from great imagination and a willingness to succeed.The logic of the response unfolds very smoothly: paragraph3 explores the term “commonplace” and offers support for the prompt’s position; paragraphs4 and5 discuss the related issues of imagination, willingness to experiment, and overcoming failure. The examples are well chosen and generally well developed.Paragraph 2 offers a relevant, though predictable, sports example (invention of basketball hoop) to examine how commonplace things/familiarity can spark great ideas. A personal example is used in paragraph 3 to further explore the definition of “commonplace” and illustrate how the term is relative to financial status and availability (though only the concept of availability is developed in this example). Paragraph 2 logically extends into paragraph 3, and the same connection is seen between paragraphs 4 and 5.In paragraph 4 the Wright brothers are used to argue that great ideas also come from imagination and a willingness to experiment. The final example, in which Einstein is offered to illustrate the necessity of overcoming failure, is not as fully developed as the others. The respondent does not explain what failures Einstein endured or how he overcame them, which makes the example less compelling. Overall, the analysis demonstrated in the examples is “perceptive and clear,” butnot “insightful and cogent” as required for a score of 6. While the response expresses ideas clearly, using appropriate vocabulary and sentence variety, it does not use language as fluently and precisely as would a typical 6. Occasional wordiness/ awkwardness could be avoided with more precise diction (e.g., “There also has to be the element of not being afraid of failure,” or “I have had some wonderful ideas come out of my passion for this kind of art”).新GREIssue 官方范文整理3The following sample issue response received a score of 4: In agreement with the statement, many great inventions have come from individuals interested in commonplace things. Out of simplicity arises great ideas, and I would consider commonplace things to be simplistic. However, it is hard to say that the “best”ideas arise from passion in commonplace things, because one could argue that the best ideas involve interest in remarkable things, which is what makes them the “best” ideas.If the statement is viewed from the standpoint of all ideas from the beginning of civilization, then the statement holds true. Examples of commonplace things are food and shelter. If a person had an abundance of food and needed to transport it, they may have the idea to weave a basket or make some sort oftote in order to load more at once. With that idea, eventually the people would think of things to make the first idea more useful, such as adding wheels to your carrying device. With shelter, first people (Cro-Magnon)may have kept out of weather and unsafe territory by using caves as shelter. From passionate interest in the common shelter a person may have come up with brilliant ideas about structures, architecture, and construction.In concern with the opposing view that the best ideas arise from remarkable things, one could argue that best ideas are medical breakthroughs and all other aspects of Science. Working with substances and molecules and creating ions and isotopes is not a commonplace thing. However, it is what the people who make the scientific breakthroughs have passionate interest in expanding.Looking at the big picture, I would say that if people did not have “passionate interest in commonplace things”, then the idea that led us to the remarkable things would have never occurred. If that is true then the statement holds true because the best ideas do arise from a passionate interest in commonplace things. Though some older ideas may seem obsolete now, there was a time that without those ideas, we would stillbe in the dark ages.Overall, I agree with the statement. The best ideas do arise from a passionate interest in commonplace things. Though I do not consider medical breakthroughs coming from interest in commonplace things, our species appears to be reaching the point in which cancer and AIDS could be considered a commonplace thing. If that is true, then when someone finds a cure for cancer or AIDS it will be one of the best ideas arising from a passionate interest in a commonplace thing. Once again reinforcing the truth of the statement.Comments on sample essay receiving score of 4:This response presents a competent analysis and conveys meaning adequately.Paragraph 2 offers appropriate and adequately developed examples from “the beginning of civilization” to illustrate how commonplace needs inspire innovation: the need to transport food led to the invention of woven baskets and, eventually, the invention of the wheel; similarly, the need for shelter that drove “Cro-Magnon”to the caves eventually inspired “brilliant ideas about structures, architecture, and construction.”Paragraph 3, which explores the “opposing view” (the bestideas arise from remarkable things), is less developed. The respondent claims that the best ideas are “medical breakthroughs and all other aspects of Science,”without explaining what is meant by “Science” or why these types of ideas are the “best.” Does “Science” include engineering, computer sciences, and the social sciences? Why are advances in science and medicine better than advances in religion the arts, or philosophy? The response also fails to acknowledge the commonplace interests (e.g., desire to improve quality of life) that drive medical/scientific research. While the response addresses two sides of the issue, it never delves into complexity the way a 5 or 6 would.In paragraph 4, the response comes to a new conclusion: without initial interest in commonplace things, interest in remarkable things would be impossible. This is an interesting position that, if developed and supported with well-chosen examples, could lead to complex analysis. However, the conclusion is merely stated, loosely supported with generalities, and then further confounded by shaky logic in paragraph 5.Ideas are expressed with reasonable clarity and the response generally demonstrates control of language. It is lackof complexity and logical development that keep this response from earning a higher score.新GREIssue 官方范文整理4The following sample issue response received a score of 3: How do new knowledge came into being? Sometimes it stemed from exsiting knowledge. Sometimes it was born all out of sudden. Both ways seem work well. As I see through this question, I believe that what plays a key role in creating new ideas is a passionate interest.Throughout history, a myriad of examples help prove the importance of interest. Edison, the greatest inventors in the world, possessed a sharp interest ever since his childhood. In his eyes, every common things were full of mysteries. It was his unique interest which helped him look into the machanism of things around therefore new iders came into his mind and, changed into conceret machines facilitating our lives. Another famous example is that of Newton. A riped apple from a tree fell onto his head one afternoon. For ordinary people, this kind of trivial instance would slip off their mind at once. However, Newton lost hisself in thought of the relation between objects. Finally he found gravitation and opened up a new era of physics.On the other hand, without interest, the opportunity ofgreat discoveries will pass by. Most people are experiencing ordinary lives everyday. Why don’t they come up with great ideas? Because interest is a state of skeptism, a state in which we do not stop to disclose the truth beneath a surface of commonplaces. Interest means the ability to explore the internal corelations. Therefore, with a passiontae interest, those commonplace things are no longer commonplace, and new ideas are created.From what have been discussed above, we can see that interest serves as force to propell the exploration of unknowns, to perfect the structure of human knowledge, and to move towards the ultimate truth.Comments on sample essay receiving score of 3:This limited response demonstrates some competence in its analysis and in conveying meaning but is obviously flawed.The response agrees with the prompt by arguing that a passionate interest allows people to see beyond the commonplace and create new ideas (paragraphs 1 and 3). However, the response is limited in presenting and developing this position.In paragraph 2 the response offers two relevant but underdeveloped examples to illustrate the importance of interest in generating ideas.The Edison example is not persuasive because its development is limited to generalities (“common things were full of mysteries...which helped him look into the machanism of things...therefore new iders came into his mind and, changed into conceret machines”). The response does not provide specific examples of the common “things” that interested Edison nor does it discuss any of Edison’s particular ideas. Thus, it does little to advance the response’s position. The Newton example is not penalized for historical inaccuracy. However, like the previous example, it is overly general and underdeveloped.The response also contains an accumulation of language errors (in usage, word choice, and sentence structure) that often result in a lack of clarity. For instance, the rhetorical device used in paragraph 1 contains frequent errors that render it ineffective. The imprecise language use in the Newton example is particularly unsettling: “Newton lost hisself in thought of the relation between objects. Finally he found gravitation and opened up a new era of physics.” While these errors do not generally interfere with meaning, they constitute a lack of language control that precludes a score of 4.新GREIssue 官方范文整理5The following sample issue response received a score of 2: The above statement reinforces my values and beliefs. I agree that the best ideas arises from a paasionate interest.I agree simply because a person must be able to personally relate to a thing in order to become passionate to the idea. The person behind the best ideas are passionate because the commonplace things have affected the person on a personally level or on a mutual level. The relationship between the commonplace thing and the best idea unites a passionate interest to the person who it has affected. A person must have a desire to build on their passion in order to follow through on his or her idea.Comments on sample essay receiving score of 2:This response presents a seriously flawed analysis of the issue.The response agrees with the prompt by arguing that a person must be able to relate to something in order to develop passion for it. (The connection between things one can “relate to”and “commonplace things” is implied.) The response also states that passion is necessary in order for a person to follow through on an idea. However, neither of these claims is supported with relevant reasons or examples.Furthermore, flawed word choice and other language control problems make the reasoning hard to follow (particularly in sentences 4 and 5: “The person behind the best ideas are passionate because the commonplace things have affected the person on a personally level or on a mutual level. The relationship between the commonplace thing and the best idea unites a passionate interest to the person who it has affected.”In those sentences the respondent attempts to analyze the relationship between commonplace things, passion, and ideas). Nevertheless, this response is not a 1: the respondent does provide evidence of the ability to understand the issue and attempts to present a position on it.The following sample issue response received a score of 1: This topic can be found to be true in many different areas. The best ideas that people have come up with are usually founded be improving commonplace things. For example in order to improve the effiecency of writing the typewriter was invented, then following that the computer was invented.Comments on sample essay receiving score of 1:This response presents a fundamentally deficient discussion of the issue.The first sentence consists of generic language that canbe applied to any prompt. Thus, it neither enhances nor detracts from the analysis. The remainder of the response consists of a statement in support of the prompt and a list of two examples (the typewriter and the computer). The examples offered are potentially relevant but completely undeveloped. Basic errors in usage and grammar are pervasive, but it is primarily the inability to develop an organized response that makes this response a 1.新GREIssue官方范文。
gre 高频issue及提纲范文
1.To be an effective leader, a public official must maintain the highest ethical and moral standards.Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the claim. In developing and supporting your position, be sure to address the most compelling reasons and/or examples that could be used to challenge your position.这道题可以考虑分不同情况来写，可将政府官员的行为分为履行职务时的行为和私生活。
指出在履行职务时应该以最高伦理和道德标准要求自己，而在私生活方面则可以按照自己的生活方式来选择。
有人可能认为官员私生活不检点会导致民众对他不信任，我认为民众根本不应该知道官员私生活的任何信息。
政府官员在履行职责时应该保持最高的伦理道德标准。
- 防止腐败与滥用权力- 给下属做榜样、取得下属信任、团队效率- 制订符合伦理道德的政策政府官员的私生活可以有更多元化的道德标准- 消防员在非执行任务时看到火警也不必去救- 官员驾驶私家车超速应该和普通人受到同样的处罚- 官员通过某些手段合理避税也不应受到谴责有人认为私生活不检点会导致民众不信任官员不信任会导致官员无法正常履行职务但是官员的隐私应该受到保护与公职无关的私生活信息不应该被媒体传播如果民众不了解官员的私生活自然无从质疑但前提是官员不会因为私生活的问题二影响公职2.Leaders are created by the demands that are placed on them.Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the statement and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, you should consider ways in which the statement might or might not hold true and explain how these considerations shape your position.Are leaders created by demands placed on them? In most institutional settings, leaders are not created by the demands because a person can become a leader before meeting any demands if s/he masters strong communication skills, holds suitable qualifications and has extensive experiences. Nevertheless, in certain exceptional circumstances, usually in emergencies, ordinary people may become leaders in response to the demands.Without being tested by demands for leadership, people often assume leadership positions by demonstrating strong communication skills that are important for dealing with situations in which they have to lead others to solve problems. In the field of academic researches, for example, senior researchers have to communicate their research findings and the vision about how the discipline would advance clearly and persuasively to the fellow researchers in order to take up leadership positions such as editors of top journals and chairpersons of the academic societies. They also need to demonstrate their willingness to listen to other members of the research community and understand their ideas and concerns about the field. Such strong communication skills would enable them to become leaders in the field and help others to meet the challenges.In addition to communication skills, leaders also have to receive relevant training to acquire the professional qualifications and expertise that are necessary for the leadership positions. Referring to the examples of leaders in academic research field again, it is clear that anyone interested in joining an editorial board of a top journal or becoming the chairperson of an academic association must, in addition to holding a PhD in relevant fields, have published influential papers in the field and accumulated extensive administrative experiences. Usually with such publication records and relevant experiences, the person will be able to get the jobs as the leaders. In other words, taking the leadership roles in an institution does not necessarily relate to the demands for leadership.On the other hand, there are exceptional circumstances in which ordinary people may become leaders while trying to address the demands at the moment. On September 11, 2001, after three planes were hijacked and crashed to WTO twin towers and the Pentagon, the passengers of United AirlineFlight 93 revolted against the hijackers and successfully diverted the airplane from the route to Washington D.C. where the hijackers planned to crash the airplane to the White House. We do not have details about the passengers’ heroic acts but it is safe to believe that some courageous passengers and crew members had responded to the emergency demands for leadership after knowing the terrorist attacks that had happened earlier that day. These ordinary men and women became leaders of a historical anti-terrorist mission without any prior training and experiences. Their leadership was created by the demands placed on them and will be remembered in history.In conclusion, in most institutional settings, leaders are not created by demands but selected based on the candidates’ communication skills, qualifications and experiences. Nevertheless, under exceptional circumstances, ordinary people may become leaders in response to the demands for leadership.3. Scandals are useful because they focus our attention on problems in ways that no speaker or reformer ever could.Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the claim. In developing and supporting your position, be sure to address the most compelling reasons and/or examples that could be used to challenge your position.With the development of modern mass media, scandals are almost ubiquitous. Hardly can a day go by without some news reporting scandals involving high-profiles politicians, athletes or movie stars. While it is true that scandals often attract public attention and may expose certain problems, I do not believe that they are useful in solving social problems as they often focus public attention on the wrong issues and can hardly maintain public attention for a sufficiently long time. After elaborating these two points, I will also address the argument that scandals can usefully create pressure for the government to introduce reforms.To begin with, the attention from the public after a scandal does not necessarily focus on the right issue. Take the Clinton scandal and impeachment for example. With the release of Starr report, the Clinton scandal has attracted the national and even international media attention. But the majority of American people seem to find it more interesting to talk about whether or not President Clinton had sex with Monica Lewinsky. They would even get into the debate over whether oral sex would count as sex. But the real issue that should capture public attention is whether or not the President had lied and still deserved the trust of American people. With the media always interested in reporting sensational news, the Clinton scandal failed to focus public attention on the right issue and therefore was not very useful for the development of American politics.In addition, when a scandal is involved in powerful corporation, a professional public relations team will very quickly take actions to address the crisis and divert the public attention from the right issues. The oil giant BP, for example, was responsible for the oil rig explosion in 2013 and subsequent oil spill in the gulf of Mexico. During the scandal of this ecological disaster, BP hired a sophisticated PR team to launch a massive campaign to paint themselves as victims of tort law suits and shift media attention from the aftermath of the oil spill. The large corporations like BP has the large amount of financial resources at their disposal to manipulate the media and the public opinions when necessary. As the public is often forgetful while overwhelmed by the news and scandals, it is fairly easy for them to get away from such scandals. In other words, one cannot really rely on scandals to solve problems involving big corporations.Some people may argue that scandals are still useful in creating pressure to push the government to reform. For example, after the scandal of Sun Zhigang, a Chinese university graduate who was tortured and killed in Guangzhou Center for the Homeless, Chinese government has abolished the institution of arresting the homeless in the large cities. While this case leads to some desirable outcome, it is doubtful that we should count on scandals like this to reform a nation’s legal and social infrastructure. To fix the numerous problems in a modern society, the best solution is to educate the people about their rights so people can speak up against injustice when their rights are violated. We cannot just overlook the injustice in our daily life and wait for scandals to fix the problems in our society.In conclusion, while I acknowledge that certain scandals may eventually lead to some progress in our society, most scandals are not very useful in reforming the society as the public often focus their attention on the wrong issues and the powerful corporations can easily divert public attention through their public relations campaigns. To achieve real progress in social development, we need better education to increase people’s awareness of their rights and their sense of justice.4.Colleges and universities should require their students to spend at least one semester studying in a foreign country.Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the recommendation and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, describe specific circumstances in which adopting the recommendation would or would not be advantageous and explain how these examples shape your position.I agree that this recommendation would be beneficial for students specialising in certain disciplines such as foreign languages, international trade and comparative politics. Yet, students in other fields such as national language and literature, history and archeology would find the requirement unnecessary. Moreover, students with limited financial resources or abilities to adapt to the new environment may not benefit from the recommendation.I agree that this recommendation would be beneficial for students specialising in certain disciplines such as foreign languages, international trade and comparative politics.句子的功能：针对题目的建议提出立场，指出这个建议对某个群体的学生是有益的。
GRE-Argument-满分范文5篇
ArgumentSample 1In this argument the author employs a variety of evidence about Paleans, including their geographical isolation and the discovery of a basket, to argue that Palean baskets could have been made by non-Palean cultures. We may accept part of the author’s claim regarding the Paleans, but in the absence of some critical evidence, we cannot accept the conclusion that the Paleans have no means of transporting one of their baskets to other region.In the first place, the author assumes that the Paleans could not have reached Lithos because no Palean boat has been found. However, the author is treating a lack of proof that the Paleans could have possessed some kind of boat as sufficient proof that they did not possess any such vehicles at all. From the passage we are only informed that Palean boats “were not found〞, but the mere fact that no boat found currently could not fully illustrate that the Paleans did not have boats. We need concrete evidence to show that the Paleans did not master the skill of shipbuilding.Granted that the Paleans did possess no boats, we still need evidence to prove that the basket could not have arrived in Lithos by other means. Although the Brim River is deep and broad at present, it might be shallower and narrower at Palean time, or at least some sections of the river were less deep and broad at that time. If so, the Paleans could have crossed the river without boat. Some archaeological and geological records or documents about the condition of the Brim River at ancient time might be useful for evaluating the argument.Assuming that the river was also deep and broad in ancient time and can be crossed only by boat, there is a possibility that some vehicles were in the possession of a second culture with whom the Palean people kept in contact. The second culture might have brought the discovered basket to Lithos during trading or other activities. Also possibly, the basket may have been brought to Lithos by some other people latterly after the disappearance of the Paleans, or may have drifted to the site due to geological accidents such as a flood. The author should provide evidence to show that Paleans had no significant contact with other cultures who possessed boats, and that the basket could not be carried to the site through other methods such as trading or some accidents. We still cannot rule out the possibility that the baskets were unique to Palean culture without such information.In sum, the conclusion is hastily reached. Before the claim that other cultures could have produced so-called Palean baskets is accepted, the author should provide concrete evidence to show that Paleans were never capable of building boats. The author also needs to rule out other possible ways by which the basket could travel to other places.In the argument the arguer points out that Crust Copper Company (CCC) has purchased a vast of land in West Fredonia and that mining here will inevitably lead to tremendous pollution. To avoid such environmental problems, the arguer suggests that boycott towards products produced by CCC will be an effective measure. Well-intentioned the arguer may be, several unwarranted assumptions may render the boycott unnecessary or ineffective.First, the underlying assumption that the deterioration of environment and disturbance to endangered animals will inevitably occur is open to doubt. Ten thousand square miles are, without any doubt, so large an area that almost make up the total territory of New York City, there is likelihood that only a very small proportion of the land is used for mining. Furthermore, with the advanced technology of waste disposal and environmental-friendly recycling, the pollution, if any, can be so insignificant that almost has no negative effect to the environment. Even if the exploration is heavy, the arguer does not inform us to what extent the mining areas and the habitat of endangered species overlap. If they locate far away from each other, the mining would have little effect to local animals. Without taking these factors into consideration, the arguer could not successfully convince us that CCC’s mining process will bring about horrible results, and the boycott would be totally unnecessary in this case.Second, the feasibility of the arguer’s pro posal can also be cast doubt on. The proposal could be smoothly carried out only if the consumers can reliably distinguish products that are made with CCC’s copper. We all know that only the brand of the final producer will be engraved to a product. For instance, if a copper lock is manufactured, consumers can only identify the brand of the lock company. It is unlikely that a nonprofessional consumer can tell the material supplier of a certain product. Even assuming that consumers can effectively recognize copper products made with CCC’s copper, and that the vast majority of such consumers can be gathered by certain means, whether all of them are willing to cooperate in the boycott is still not guaranteed. It is highly possible that most consumers care more about the quality and cost of a product while little about environmental problems. If the consumers cannot distinguish products using CCC’s copper, or they have no interest in the boycott, the proposal would be meaningless at all, let alone prevent environmental problems.In conclusion, the argument is unpersuasive and the arguer should provide additional information to demonstrate that CCC will cause a disastrous effect on the environment of West Fredonia once its mining plan is carried out. The arguer also needs to prove that the proposed boycott is not only practically feasible, but also sufficient and necessary for the arguer’s purpose.In this argument the manager suggests that Rialto must offer same features as Apex, a newly opened theater, to attract moviegoers. The manager describes many fancy functions featured by Apex and the dissatisfaction of moviegoers about the high price of new movies. However, merely these facts could not prove that the proposed action will guarantee Rialto’s share of the market.A foremost question is: whether Apex was really a great success? We are not informed about the actual profit and the number of moviegoers of Apex. It is possible that the costs of these fashionable features are so high that the ticket prices of Apex are higher than other theaters, which will further prevent moviegoers on a tight budget from going to it, or that the ticket income of Apex remains low although it had featured those functions.Granted that Apex has gained great profits, we may still ask that whether the success resulted from those new features. Many other factors would also influence people’s choice on a theater. For example, people would be concerned more about the distance of the theater from their houses. Meanwhile, whether the lack of these features has caused a decreased share of moviegoers for Rialto is open to doubt. Perhaps the total number of residents in down town area was decreasing recently, and therefore Rialto could not attract as many people as before.Another question that should be addressed is the comparability of the two theaters. As we know, many factors would make them quite different from each other: their locations, the types of movie they mainly feature, the ticket price, etc. Any one of these factors would make the measures less effective in Rialto as in Apex. The manager cannot convince us that Rialto could gain profits by simply copying the features of Apex.Furthermore, we may question the reliability of the survey. We could not be sure if the respondents of the survey are representative of the overall population of the city and constitute a large number of people. Besides, granted that the respondents’ opinion could represent that of our general residents, Rialto could take other actions as response, such as featuring some formerly-released movies with lower price.It is understandable that a theater should struggle for its survival. But before the manager could provide complete information about the actual profits of Apex, and show clear evidence that Apex has attracted many moviegoers because of its new features, we could not hastily conclude that providing these features at Rialto would secure its future prosper.Basing on the assumption that farmers are receiving excessive profits on increased supply of milk, the author recommends Batavia government to regulate retail milk prices. Admittedly, it is the responsibility of the government to ensure the stability of the market, however, several questions must be addressed before we could determine whether the regulation will be necessary and effective for lowering milk price.A critical assumption of the argument is that the farmers are receiving unreasonable profits, which is unwarranted before several factors have been considered. A foremost question is that whether the number of dairy farms could accurately reflect the supply of milk, for there is no necessary relationship between them. It is possible that the average milk supply of each single farm has dropped and therefore the total supply would not increase. It is also possible that a great proportion of milk produced has been processed to other dairy products or has been exported. The milk supply on market will decrease in these cases.Granted that the supply of milk did increase during the past decade, we may well ask that whether the prices of milk are increasing all over the country. The author provides only one sample----the Excello market to illustrate the variation of milk price, but many factors may render the situation at the market unrepresentative of the national trends. Perhaps the supply of milk in the region where the market locates was relatively lower than national average, or the milk production is much more costly here due to some geographic factors. Any one of these possibilities would make the higher milk price in Excllo totally a normal phenomenon.Even if the prices of milk were also doubled throughout the country, just as happened in Excello, the author overlooks a myriad of economic factors that would result in the increase. Consider, for example, the cost of milk production and transportation might have increased as well during the same period, or perhaps the supply of milk could not meet the demand in spite of an increased supply. The author also needs to inform us how much did the price of milk actually increase after adjustment for inflation. Without accounting for these factors, the author could not convince us that farmers have received excessive profits and that the regulation is indeed necessary.Finally, even if the author can successfully address all the questions foregoing, it is unjustifiable to conclude that the regulation of retail milk prices could ensure an adequate supply of milk and therefore, a fair price. It is likely that the regulation would reduce the profits of farmers; they might be less interested in producing milk, or will produce less milk as a response. If so, adopting the author’s recommend ation will actually lead to inadequate supply of milk rather than the optimistic result expected by the author.Undoubtedly, the author’s intention of keeping the market stable and ensuring fair price of milk is justified. But to convince us that the regulation is necessary to ensure a reasonable milk price and adequate supply, the author must substantiate the assumption that the profits received by farmers are undeserved and that the regulation is sufficient for ensuring lower price. Hastily carrying out such regulation would actually pose negative effects on the supply of milk.The fewer sick days and lower diagnosis of stress-related illness in Leeville may, to some extent, indicate better health status of residents. But the situation could also be explained by many other factors. It is too hasty for the Chamber of Commerce to conclude that it is the relaxed pace of life that brings those health benefits.First of all, the Chamber implies that Leeville residents are in satisfying health condition, which serves as a foremost premise of the argument. However, the number of sick days and the diagnosis of stress-related illness do not necessarily indicate the health condition of residents. The fewer sick days may result from strict restrictions on sick leaves at Leeville factories; or perhaps the workers will receive harsher punishment once they take too many sick leaves, thus they will be unable to take more sick leaves as a result. Another explanation is that the workers might be unwilling to be absent from work for certain reasons. Similarly, the fewer diagnosis of stress-related illness could also be explained by other reasons. It is possible that people in Leeville are not willing to visit doctors for these diseases, or maybe there are some differences in the diagnostic criteria of the disease in the two cities. If the criterion or definition of the disease is more rigorous in Leeville than in Masonton, then it is conceivable that the incidence of such disease in Masonton will be higher. In this case, the diagnosis of this illness could not accurately reflect the actual level of stress of residents, let alone their actual level health.Granted that Leeville residents are living healthier lives, physically and mentally, there are still many other factors, rather than the relaxed pace of life suggested by the Chamber, that could contribute to the situation. The myriad factors might include better environment and weather, healthier life style in Leeville, which will lead to good health condition and less illness. It is also possible that the working condition and work ethic in Leeville factories are better than those in Masonton, or Leeville has harmonious neighborhoods, which could explain the lower level of mental stress.As commonly known, a relaxed pa ce of life often promotes people’s health status, but we cannot conclude that the better health of Leeville residents is also the result of their pace of life. The Chamber should consider and rule out all other possibilities before we could be convinced that the relaxed lifestyle is the actual and only explanation for the health condition of Leeville residents.。
gre作文模板hold
gre作文模板holdGRE Writing Template: How to Hold Your Ground in an Essay。
The GRE writing section can be a daunting task for many test-takers. With only 30 minutes to craft a well-structured, coherent, and persuasive essay, it's crucial to have a solid plan in place before you begin writing. This template will guide you through the process of holding your ground in an essay, ensuring that your arguments are clear, well-supported, and effectively communicated to your reader.Introduction。
The first paragraph of your essay should serve as an introduction to the topic at hand. Begin by providing some context or background information about the issue you will be discussing. This can be done by presenting a brief overview of the topic, citing relevant statistics or data, or providing a historical or social context for the issue. Additionally, it's important to clearly state your position on the topic in the form of a thesis statement. This thesis statement should clearly outline the main argument you will be making in your essay and provide a roadmap for the reader to follow.Body Paragraphs。
GRE官方题库范文精讲
GRE官方题库范文精讲GRE官方题库中的范文主要是针对Argument Task和Issue Task两类写作题型的范文。
下面分别以这两种题型为例，对官方题库中的范文进行精讲。
一、Argument Task范文精讲：Argument Task要求考生评价并进行反驳或赞同某个给出的观点。
以下是官方题库中的一个Argument Task的范文，题目为：The following appeared in a memo from the vice president of a company that builds shopping malls around the country."Five years ago, at a time when we had difficulty obtaining reliable supplies of high-quality oak lumber, we discontinued production of our 1000 series furniture. Now that we have a new factory in Wisconsin, where we can obtain all the oak lumber we need, we should resume production. Given the popularity of woodcraft, our sales are likely to increase dramatically in the next five years."官方范文：The vice president's argument commits a logical fallacy in assuming that the conditions that were in place five years ago will have the same effect on future sales.To begin with, it is doubtful that the discontinuation of the 1000 series furniture was the primary cause of the company's decrease in sales five years ago. Yes, it is true that the company had difficultyobtaining reliable supplies of high-quality oak lumber at that time, but that does not necessarily mean that the discontinuation of the furniture was the cause of the sales decrease. There could have been other factors at play, such as changes in consumer preferences or economic conditions. Therefore, it is not a valid assumption to claim that the company's sales will increase dramatically in the next five years simply because it now has enough oak lumber.Furthermore, even if we assume that the discontinuation of the 1000 series furniture was indeed the cause of the sales decrease, it does not necessarily mean that resuming production will lead to increased sales. The popularity of woodcraft does not guarantee that the company's furniture will be successful in the market. There are many other factors that determine the success of a product, such as design, quality, pricing, and competition. Without considering these factors, it is premature to conclude that the company's sales will increase dramatically by resuming production.In addition, the argument fails to address the current market demand for oak furniture. The fact that the company now has enough oak lumber does not mean that there is a high demand for oak furniture in the market. The popularity of woodcraft may not translate into high demand for the company's specific products. Without conducting market research and analyzing consumer trends, it is not reasonable to assume that the company's sales will increase dramatically.In conclusion, the vice president's argument is flawed due to the assumption that the conditions that were in place five years agowill have the same effect on future sales. Additionally, the argument fails to consider other factors that determine the success of a product, such as design, quality, pricing, and competition. Without addressing these factors and conducting market research, it is not valid to claim that the company's sales will increase dramatically by resuming production.二、Issue Task范文精讲：Issue Task要求考生在给出的观点和论述下，发表自己的观点并进行论证。
gre 范文
gre 范文我很高兴为您提供 GRE 写作部分的范文：题目：Technological progress has made us more efficient, but has also made us more disconnected from one another. Do you agree or disagree?范文：Technological progress has undoubtedly allowed us to become more efficient in various aspects of our lives. However, this progress has also had the unintended consequence of disconnecting us from one another. While some may argue that technology allows us to stay more connected than ever before, I believe that the overall impact has been one of increasing disconnection and isolation.Firstly, the rise of social media and digital communication platforms has created an illusion of connection without truly fostering deep, meaningful relationships. People often spend hours scrolling through their news feeds or sending messages to friends, but the quality of these interactions is often shallow and lacks real emotional depth. In fact, studies have shown that excessive use of social media is linked to higher rates of loneliness and depression. This highlights the irony that technology, which was intended to bring people closer together, can actually contribute to feelings of isolation and disconnectedness.Additionally, the prevalence of technology has led to a decrease inface-to-face social interactions. Many people now prefer to communicate through text or email rather than meet in person, resulting in a decline in interpersonal skills and social connectedness. For example, instead of gathering around a dinner table to have a conversation, families may gather in the living room with everyone engrossed in their own devices. This lack of personal connection can have detrimental effects on our mental and emotional well-being.On the other hand, technology has undeniably made certain aspects of our lives more efficient. We can now easily communicate with people across the globe, access information instantly, and accomplish tasks with greater speed and convenience. However, these benefits come at the cost of sacrificing the richness and depth of human connections that can only be achieved through genuine, face-to-face interactions.In conclusion, while technological progress has undoubtedly made us more efficient, it has also caused a disconnection and isolation from one another. The illusion of connection created by social media and the decrease in face-to-face interactions have resulted in shallow relationships and a decline in social connectedness. It is therefore crucial for individuals and society as a whole to recognize the negative impacts of technology and strive for a balance between efficiency and genuine human connection.。
GRE阅读文章结构附上例题
GRE阅读文章结构附上例题为了帮助大家备考gre，下面小编给大家带来GRE阅读文章结构配例题，由店铺整理而成，谢谢您的阅读。
GRE阅读文章结构配例题一、GRE阅读文章的常见“主体结构”有三种1. 结论-解释型(也叫论点-解释型)首先是“结论-解释型”文章。
这类文章在开始有一个判断句，一般是文章的结论，也是文章的主题。
这个判断句的谓语部分通常包含系动词(is, remain, prove, turn out, appear等)或情态动词(can, may, should, must等)，而且含有表示态度的词汇(如形容词等)。
例如，Because of its accuracy in outlining the Earth's subsurface, the seismic-reflection method remains the most important tool in the search for petroleum reserves. In field practice, a subsurface is mapped by arranging a series of wave-train sources, such as small dynamite explosions, in a grid pattern…文章首句指出：“由于‘地震反射法’(sr)在勾划地球的地下层面这方面的准确性，该方法一直是探寻石油储备的最重要的工具。
”这是一个判断句，为结论。
其中remains为系动词，而most important 为态度词，表示作者对“地震反射法”持非常正面的评价。
后文应解释“地震反射法”的具体过程。
第二句话对解释进行总的说明：“在实地作业中，通过将一系列波列源，诸如小规模炸药爆炸，排列成一个网格模式，从而将地下层面标绘出来。
”接下来是“地震反射法”的详细过程。
2. 新老观点对比型GRE阅读文章的第二种常见结构是“新老观点对比型”。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
GRE试习题阅读范文格式
Time –30 minutes
25 Questions
1. Drug companies lose money when manufacturing drugs that cure those suffering from rare diseases because selling a drug to only a few people usually does not recoup manufacturing expenses．Therefore, a company manufacturing any of the drugs that cure
those suffering from loxemia, an extremely rare disease, will undoubtedly lose money．Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the conclusion above？
(A)Several drugs that cure those suffering from loxemia also cure those suffering from very common illnesses．
(B)Most of those who contract loxemia also contract another illness concurrently．
(C)Most of the drug companies that manufacture drugs that cure rare diseases do not manufacture drugs that cure loxemia．
(D)A sizable number of people are afflicted with one or another rare disease even though each rare disease afflicts only a small number of people．
(E)The larger the amount of a drug that is manu-factured, the lower the manufacturing expense for each unit of the drug that is produced．
2.The tomb of a warrior killed in 1501 bears a sculpted portrait depicting him dressed for battle．Some historians attribute the portrait to an artist from that century, but of the many references to the tomb in surviving documents, none that predates the 1800's mentions the portrait．The portrait is therefore more likely the work of a much later artist．Which of the following, if true, would also support the conclusion of the argument if substituted for the evidence given concerning the portrait？
(A)The portrait of the warrior was commissioned by the family of the warrior's widow．
(B)References in surviving documents mention that an artist was paid in 1525 for an unspecified number of works for the church in which the tomb is located
(C)The warrior is depicted
搜集整理，仅供参考学习，请按需要编辑修改。