语言学导论第二章

D fair share rarely phoned sail main wait fail
(4) phonology音系学/音位学 It aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.
D lab robe stable duck riding feed game pig log
Sound discrimination: A B C fine vine flame sip zip rifle first thirst free seem theme mouse day they wordy loose lose lacer shoe chew cash choke joke bathes share chair washed
3.the mouth: lips tongue teeth teeth ridge (alveolous) hard palate(硬腭) soft palate (velum软腭) uvula
IPA: the International Phonetic Alphabet 2)narrow transcription and broad transcription: There are two ways to transcribe speech sounds. One is the transcription with letter-symbols only and the other is the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics（变音符号）. The former is called broad transcription(宽式标音), which is normally used in dictionaries and teaching textbooks. The latter is called narrow transcription(严式标音).
Chapter 2 Phonology
Preliminaries: 1. What can be inferred about English pronunciation from the following poem? 当心那个可怕的heard, 它看上去象beard, 读音却象bird。 还有那个dead, 读音象是bed, 而不是bead, 看在上帝的份上， 可千万别把它读成deed！
Sound discrimination: A B C pride bride lap pie buy rope rapid rabid staple ten den tuck kitty kiddy writing matter madder feet right ride came coast ghost pick cash gash lock
3.shape of the lips: rounded: [u:, u, Ɔ: , Ɔ] unrounded: [i:, i, e, æ , ə: , ə, ʌ, ɑ:]
diphthongs双元音: [ei, ai, Ɔi, əu, au, iə, ɛə, uə]
The long vowels are all tense vowels and the short vowels are lax vowels.
(3)classification of English speech sounds: consonants(辅音) and vowels(元音)
Q: How do consonants differ from vowels?
1) classification of English consonants: 1.in terms of manner of articulation: stops爆破音: [p, b, t, d, k, g] fricatives擦音: [f, v, s, z, , , ʃ, ʒ , h] affricates塞擦音: [ tʃ, dʒ] nasals鼻音: [m, n, ŋ] liquids边音 : [l] [r] glides滑音 :( semivowels [w, j] )
D wing bang joke vest veal ring array bright nine
voiced/ place of manner of aspirated/ voiceless articulation articulation unaspirated adder
brother
sunny hopper itching
e.g.
pit speak feel
narrow /p it/ /sp=i:k/ /fi: /
broad /pit/ /spi:k/ /fi:l/
3)some major articulatory variables: voicing: voiced/voiceless e.g. [l, r, m, i:]/ [f, p, k] nasality: nasal/ nonnasal e.g. [m,n, ŋ ]/[s,z,v,f] aspiration: aspirated/ unaspirated e.g. [p, t, k]/ [b, d, g] pit (strongly aspirated) tip (weakly aspirated) sports, steel (unaspirated)
1)phone, phoneme, allophone 1.phone A phone音素 is a phonetic unit. The speech sounds we hear and produce during linguistic communication are all phones. leaf [li:f]---[l, i:, f]
D frame rival three mouth worthy laser catch badges watched
Sound discrimination: A B C thin thing win ton tongue bank smack snack yoke yet jet west worse verse weal weep reap wing twice trice away leaf reef blight flesh fresh line
(2)articulatory phonetics: 1)speech organs: 1.three important areas: the pharyngeal cavity (the pharynx/throat) the oral cavity (the mouth) the nasal cavity (the nose) 2.the throat glottis(声门) vocal cords(声带) larynx---Adam‟s apple
Sound discrimination: A B C heat hit cheap reach rich peel steal still said fed fad lend head had set end and pin mint meant hid will well wrist
D chip pill sad land sat pen head rest
D pull shot park hock hot cop much cut
Sound discrimination: A B C peer pair fear dear dare sheer spear spare really poor pull found town tone sell red raid men less lace wet seal sail feel
lodger
calling
singing robber
utter
2)classification of English vowels: monophthongs单元音: 1.the part of the tongue that is held highest: front: [i:, i, e, æ , ɑ ] central: [ə: , ə, ʌ ] back: [u:, u, Ɔ: , Ɔ, ɑ:] 2.width of the mouth: open: [ æ , ʌ , Ɔ, ɑ, ɑ:] close: [i: ,i, u:, u ] semi-open /semi-close: [Ɔ: , e, ə, ə:]
Sound discrimination: A B C fool full pool port pot short sport spot po来自百度文库k caught cot hawk dawn don heart guard god carp dark duck march calm come cart
2. George Bernard Shaw (1856-1950) highlighted the lack of precision in English orthography by spelling the word fish as ghoti, as gh is pronounced as [f] in enough, o as [i] in women, and ti as [ ] in nation. 3. Tongue twister practice
(1)three branches of phonetics: Articulatory phonetics (发音语音学)studies how speaker uses his speech organs to articulate the sounds. Auditory phonetics (听觉语音学)studies how sounds are perceived by the hearer. Acoustic phonetics (声学语音学)studies the physical properties of sounds.
The primary medium of human language is sound. phonetics(语音学)---the science which studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription Q: Are phoneticians interested in all sounds we make? speech sounds --- sounds that convey meaning in human communication
2.in terms of place of articulation: bilabial双唇音: [p, b, m, w] labiodental唇齿音: [f, v] dental齿音: [, ] alveolar齿龈音: [t, d, s, z, n, l, r] palatal腭音: [ʃ, ʒ, tʃ, dʒ, j] velar软腭音: [k, g, ŋ ] glottal喉音: [h]
feel[fi:l]---[f, i:, ] But a phone does not necessarily distinguish meaning. [bi:]---[pi:] [ti:]---[mi:]