语言学教程课件2 Phonetics and Phonology
英语语言学讲义Chapter2
--studies speech production by the speech organs Auditory Phonetics:
--studies perception of speech sounds in the human auditory and cognitive system
3. Some Rules of Phonology
2. Sequential Rules
If a word begins with a [ l ] or a [ r ],then the next must be a vowel. That is why [lbik] is an impossible combination. It violates the restrictions on the sequencing of phonemes.
Definition of Phonetics
•Prof. Hu Zhuanglin: Phonetics is the science which studies the characteristics of human sound-making, especially those sounds used in speech and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription
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Classification of Vowels: Monophthongs
Monophthongs can be classified according to •The Highest Part of the Tongue （舌高） •The Opening of the Mouth （口腔张开度） •The Length of the Vowel （元音音长） •The Shape of the Lips （唇形）
英语语言学 第二章 Phonetics and Phonology
scope of phonetics
articulatory phonetics
auditory phonetics
acoustic phonetics
articulatory phonetics 发音语音学 From the speaker’s point of view： studying how a speaker uses his or her speech organ to articulate sounds （ 研究语音的产生）
当声带分离时，气流容易通过，由此产生的语 音叫清音（voiceless），如 [p, s, t]。 当声带贴近时，气流使其产生震动 （vibration），形成的声音成为浊音 （voicing），如[ b, z, d]。 当声带完全紧贴时，气流无法通过，不发出声 音。
pharyngeal cavity: Vibration of the vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds called voicing, which is a feature of all vowels and some consonants in English.
2.1 the phonic medium of language
two media of language : speech and writing Sounds which are meaningful in human communication constitute the phonic medium of language.
2.2.2 speech
organs (发音器官)
Chapter 2 Phonetics and__ Phonology
Chapter 2 Phonetics and PhonologyThe phonic medium of language:Sounds which are meaningful in human communication constitute the phonic medium of language.Speech and writing are the two media or substances used by natural languages as vehicles for communication.Speech is more basic than writing.Language is first perceived through its sounds. Naturally, linguists are concerned only with those sounds that are produced by humans through their speech organs and have a role to play in linguistic communication. These sounds are limited in number. This limited range of sounds which are meaningful in human communication constitute the phonic medium of language; and the individual sounds within this range are the speech sounds.1 PhoneticsPhonetics studies how speech sounds are produced, transmitted, and perceived.Phonetics looks at speech sounds from three distinct but related points of view: Articulatory phonetics（发音语音学）Auditory phonetics （听觉语音学）Acoustic phonetics （声学语音学）For the purpose of this course, we will concentrate only on Articulatory Phonetics, which deals with how sounds are produced and ignore the other areas of study.Articulatory phonetics----the study of the production of speech soundsFrom the speaker’s point of view: how a speaker uses his speech organs to articulate the sounds, which results in articulatory phonetics.Auditory phonetics----the study of the perception of speech soundsFrom the hearer’s point of view:how the sounds are perceived by the hearer, which results in auditory phonetics.Acoustic phonetics----the study of the physical properties of the sounds produced in speech From the way sounds travel: how sounds travel by looking at the sound saves, the physical means by which sounds are transmitted through the air from one person to another, which results in acoustic phonetics.1.2 Speech organs (vocal organs)The parts of the human body involved in the production of speech.The three cavities of the vocal tract:the pharyn / throat (pharyngeal cavity) 咽腔,the mouth (oral cavity) 口腔,the nose (nasal cavity) 鼻腔.The air- stream coming from the lungs is modified in various ways in these cavities, resulting in the production of various sounds.发音器官的构造及其作用世界上所有的声音都是物体振动产生的声波在介质中传递的结果，因此声音的产生离不开振动的动力、振动的源头和振动的共鸣腔。
Chapter 2_Phonetics and Phonology
Voice and Voiceless
• Vibration of the vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds called “voicing”, which is a feature of all vowels and some consonants in English. Such consonants are voiced (+V). When the vocal cords are drawn wide apart, letting air go through without causing vibration, the sounds produced in such a condition are voiceless (-V).
Tongue
• Obstruction between the back of the tongue and the velar area results in the pronunciation of [ ] and [ ] • The narrowing of space between hard palate and the front of the tongue leads to the sound [ ] • The obstruction created between the tip of the tongue and the alveolar ridge results in the sounds [ ] and [ ] • Partial obstruction between the upper front teeth and the tip of the tongue produces the sounds [ ] and [ ] • Obstruction between the upper teeth and the lower lip leads to the production of two sounds [ ] [ ] • Obstruction between the lips creates the sounds [ ] and [ ]
Chapter 2 Phonetics and phonology
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▪ One of the first activities of the Association was to produce a journal in which the contents were printed entirely in phonetic transcription.
▪ As there is no obstruction of air in the production of vowels, the description of the consonants and vowels cannot be done along the same lines.
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2.1 Consonants
18
▪ Bilabial ▪ Labiodental ▪ Dental ▪ Alveolar ▪ Postalveolar ▪ Retroflex ▪ Palatal ▪ Velar ▪ Uvular ▪ Pharyngeal ▪ Glottal
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2.2 Vowels
▪ Cardinal Vowels, as exhibited by the vowel diagram in the IPA chart, are a set of vowel qualities arbitrarily defined, fixed and unchanging, intended to provide a frame of reference for the description of the actual vowels of existing languages.
《语言学教程》第 2 章 语音学与音位学1(课堂PPT)
7
Phonetics studies speech sounds,
made,
how speech sounds transmitted are actually
that
and received,
is,
speech sounds,
the description and classification of
words
and connected speech，
etc.
8
语音学研究的是语音，
发出、
传递 语音如何
和感知
即
语音
以及对
词 连续性语音
的描写 和分类。
9
Phonetics studies how speech sounds are produced, transmitted, and perceived.
的规则。
以及 音节的形式 音位学以音位为起点来研究语言的语音系统。
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音位学的定义
Phonology is the study of the sound patterns and sound systems of languages. It aims to “discover the principles that govern the way sounds are organized in languages, and to explain the variations that occur.” （Crystal, 1997: 162）
第 1 学期 第6 讲 第 2 章 语音学与音位学（1）
英语语言学概论第二章phonology(共14张PPT)
2.3.1 Coarticulation (协同发音)
Map PK Lamb
[mæp]
[læm]
A nasal + a vowel
Soft palate: from the lowered position to the raised position
Proceeding influenced following (perseverative)
Broad and narrow transcriptions
Velarization rule (软腭化): A vowel + a nasal
the
string,
the
two
sound
combinations
are
phonemic contrast, complementary distribution
when simultaneous or overlapping articulations are involved.
Broad and narrow transcriptions
[pi:k]
Peak
[pʰi:k]
Broad
Narrow
1. Broad transcription (宽式音标): The transcription of sounds with letter-symbols only. [ _ ]
said to form a minimal pair.
Pill/bill; pill/till; till/kill; kill/dill/; dill/gill
big/peg; peak/leap
Minimal pairs
Four requirements for identifying minimal pairs:
英语语言学教程Chapter 2 精品PPT课件
Its main principles were that
there should be a separate letter for each distinctive sound, and
that the same symbol should be used for that sound in any language in which it appears.
The alphabet was to consist of as many Roman alphabet letters as possible, using new letters and diacritics only when absolutely necessary.
These principles continue to be followed today.
Questions for the students:
Do you know that human beings are capable of making all kinds of sounds, but only some of these sounds have become units in the language system?
Chapter 2 Speech Sounds
Teaching aims: Let the students have the general idea about phonetics and phonology.
Teaching difficulties: Manner of articulation ; (发音方法） Place of articulation ; （发音部位） The criteria of vowel description （元音的描述 ）; Broad and narrow transcription （宽式 / ; 窄式标音） allophone（音位变体）; minimal pairs（最小对立位）; assimilation（同化）
语言学资料 phonetics and phonology
Chapter 2 Phonetics and Phonology◆Teaching Objectives✓To know the difference between phonetics and phonology✓To have some ideas about the classification of English consonants and vowels✓To understand some important concepts in phonology◆Time Arrangement✓Altogether 3 periods.2.1 The Phonic Medium of LanguageSpeech and writing are the two media used by natural languages as vehicles for communication. Of the two media of language, speech is more basis than writing. Language is primarily spoken. The writing system of any language is always “invented”by its users to record speech when there are needs.Language is first perceived through its sounds. Thus the study of sounds is of great importance in linguistics. Naturally, linguists are not interested in all sounds that humans are capable of producing; they are concerned with those sounds that are produced by humans through their speech organs and have a role to play in linguistic communication. These sounds are not only limited in number, but also universal to some extent.The limited range of sounds which are meaningful in human communication constitute the phonic medium of language, and the individual sounds within this range are the speech sounds.2.2 Phonetics2.2.1 Definition and Scope◆Phonetics is the scientific study of the phonic medium of language and is concernedwith defining and classifying speech sounds◆Generally, the study of phonetics is composed of the 3 separate branches: articulatoryphonetics, acoustic phonetics, and auditory phonetics.--- aritculatory phonetics: study the sounds from the speaker’s point of view, i.e., how a speaker uses his speech organs to produce the sounds. It also deals with theidentification and classification of individual sounds.--- acoustic phonetics: focus on the analysis and measurement of sound waves, the physical means by which sounds are transmitted through the air from one personto another.--- auditory phonetics: study the sounds from the hearer’s point of view, i.e., how the sounds are perceived (感知) by the hearer.◆The 3 branches are closely related to each other. Speech sounds cannot be divorcedfrom the organs that articulate them and a sound wave does not exist in isolation from the source that generates it. All the approaches are indispensable to an understanding of phonetics.◆In this part we’ll focus on articulatory phonetics and at the same time make somereference to the acoustic properties of sounds when necessary.2.2.2 Vocal Organs / Articulatory Apparatus (p.16)The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in 3 important areas: the pharyngeal cavity – the throat, the oral cavity – the mouth, and the nasal cavity – the nose.The air stream coming from the lungs may be modified in the larynx, and in these cavities in various ways. Such modification results from kind of interference with the movement of the air stream.➢The pharyngeal cavity--- when vocal cords are relaxed and folded back at each side to let air flow through freely and silently without causing vibration, the sounds produced in such acondition are voiceless.--- when vocal cords are held together tightly so that the air stream vibrates them at different speeds while forcing its passage through them, the vibration of the vocalcords results in a quality of speech sounds called voicing, which is a feature of allvowels and some consonants in English.➢The oral cavity--- the greatest source of modification of the air stream is found here.--- of all the speech organs in this cavity, the tongue is the most flexible and is responsible for more varieties of articulation. [k] [g] [j] [t] [d] [] [] --- apart from the tongue and the roof of the mouth, obstruction can be created between the upper teeth and the lower lip and between the lips [f] [v] [p] [b] ➢The nasal cavity--- when the passage of air to the mouth is closed so that air is allowed to exit through the nose, the sounds pronounce are nasalized. [m] [n] []2.2.3 Transcription of Sounds （p.17）✓With the need for a standardized and internationally accepted system of phonetic transcription, the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)came into being in 1888,whose basic principle is using one letter selected from major European languages to represent speech in the form of segments, or individual speech sounds.✓As some speech sounds produced differ only in some detailed aspects, the IPA provides its users with another set of symbols called diacritics, which are added to the letter-symbols to bring out the finer distinctions than the letters alone may possibly do.✓Thus there are two ways to transcribe speech sounds: broad transcription-- the transcription with letter-symbols only and narrow transcription -- the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics.✓Broad transcription is the transcription normally used in dictionaries and teaching textbooks for general purposes. Narrow transcription is the transcription needed and used by the phoneticians in their study of speech sounds.✓Example 1:[l] in the four words leaf [li:f], feel [fi:l], build [bild], health [hel] and play [plei] –differ [l] in [li:f], occurring before a vowel, --- a clear [l]清晰音, no diacritic is needed[l] in [fi:l] and [bild], occurring at the end of a word or before another consonant, --- a dark [l]模糊音--- in narrow transcription the diacritic [~] is used [l] in [hel], followed by the dental sound and affected by it, --- a dental [l] --- in narrow transcription the diacritic is used[l] in [plei], following a voiceless plosive (p), -- a devoiced [l] 清音化--- in narrow transcription the diacritic [0] is used.✓Example 2:[p] in [pit] and [spit][p] in [pit], pronounced with a strong puff of air --- aspirated [p] --- [p h it][p] in [spit], pronounced with a withheld puff of air--- unaspirated [p] --- [spit]✓Example 3:play broad [plei] narrow [ ] aspiration, devoicingtenth broad [ten] narrow [ ] aspiration, nasalization, dentalization 2.2.4 Classification of English sounds2.2.4.1 English Consonants (24 / 28) p.18An initial classification will divide the speech sounds into two broad categories: vowels and consonants,In the pronunciation of consonants the air that comes from the lungs meets with obstruction in one way or another.Traditional linguists think there are altogether 28 consonants. But modern linguistics believe that there are 24 consonants, not including /tr/, /dr/, /ts/, /dz/because they are notconsidered as independent sounds, but the consonant clusters.Consonants are usually classified according to their place of articulation and manner of articulation.--- in terms of manner of articulation:6 stops / plosives; 9 fricatives; 2 affricates; 2 liquids (a lateral & a retroflex)3 nasals; 2 glides / semivowels; (trills in some regional accents）--- in terms of place of articulation:4 bilabials; 2 labiodentals; 2 dental sounds; 7 alveolar sounds;5 palatal sounds; 3 velar sounds; 1 glottal2.2.4.2 English Vowels (20/25) p.20As in the production of vowels the air stream meets with no obstruction, they cannot be classified in terms of manner of articulation or place of articulation as consonants. Other criteria have to be found for their classification.1) Openness of the mouth (close, semi-close, semi-open, open)2) Position of the highest part of the tongue (front, central, back)3) Degree of lip rounding/shape of lips (rounded, unrounded)4) Length of the vowel (long, short)5) Pure or gliding (monophthong, diphthong, triphthong)Diphthongs – A vowel sound that glides from one quality to another: 8Triphthongs -- a vowel sound that glides successively through three qualities: 52.3 Phonology2.3.1 Phonology and PhoneticsSimilarity: research objects ---- the speech soundsDifference: research approaches and focusesPhonetics – general study of all the speech sounds used in all human languages about how they are produced, how they differ from each other, what phoneticfeatures they possess, how they can be classified, etc.Phonology – about how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how they areused to convey meaning in linguistic communication.2.3.2 Phone, Phoneme, and allophone◆Phone and phonemeA phone is A phoneme isA phonetic unit, concrete A phonological unit, abstractOne of many possible sounds Not any particular sound, but represented or heard or produced in languages realized as a certain phoneThe smallest identifiable unit The smallest contrastive unit distinguishing found in a stream of speech, not between meanings of words in the sound necessarily distinguish meaning system of a particular language.Pronounced in a defined way. Pronounced in one or more ways,depending on the number of allophones.Represented between brackets Represented between slashesby convention. E.g. [b], [j], [o] by convention. E.g. /b/, /j/, /o/◆Allophones--- different phones that can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environment.--- variants of a phoneme which do not change the meaning with substitution--- For example, /p/ → [p h i: k] & [spi:k]/t/ → [t h i: k] & [sti:k]/l/ → [li:k] & [fi:l] & [hel] & [milk]--- Distinctive features (p.24):the features that a phoneme possesses, making it different from other phonemes;shown in the form of a binary opposition, only one of two values [+] or [-];e.g.: /p/ → -syllabic +consonantal –sonorant +anterior –coronal -voiced –nasal构成音节的响音前面的舌尖音的/i:/ → +syllabic –consonantal +sonorant +high – back –round +continuant响音：all vowels + consonants /l/, /m/, /n/, / /, /r/, /w/, /j/2.3.3 Phonemic contrast, complementary distribution and minimalpair (p.24)➢Phonemic contrast--- formed by two distinctive phonemes➢Complementary distribution--- Allophones of the same phoneme do not distinguish meaning, but complement each other in distribution. That is, they occur in different phonetic environmentsand they are said to be in complementary distribution.➢Minimal pair--- a basic way to determine the phonemes of a language is to see if substituting one sound for another results in a change of meaning. If it does, the two soundsthen represent different phonemes.--- an easy way to do this is to find the minimal pairs:2 different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment whichoccurs in the same place in the strings → the 2 sound combinations forming aminimal pair → the 2 sounds representing different phonemes.more than 2 sound combinations → constituting a minimal set together.--- This way applies both to the consonants and vowels--- E.g.: pill & bill, bill & kill, kill & till, till & pill → minimal pairspill, bill, kill, till →a minimal set (identical in form except for the initialconsonant) → /p/, /b/, /k/, /t/ phonemesbeat, bet, boot, but, bait, bite, boat → a minimal set (identical except for thevowel) →/i:/, /e/, /u:/, //\/, /ei/, /ai/,/eu/ phonemes2.3.4 Phonological rules (p.25)2.3.4.1 Sequential rulesThe phonemes of a language cannot not strung together in any random order to formwords. The phonological system determines which phonemes can begin a word, end a word, and follow each other.e.g.: /b/ , /l/, /i/, /k/ p.25If a word begins with a [l] or a [r], the next sound must be a vowel.If three consonants should cluster together at the beginning of a word, the combination should obey the following 3 rules;(1)The first phoneme must be /s/(2)The second phoneme must be /p/ or /t/ or /k/(3)The third phoneme must be /l/ or /r/ or /w/e.g.: spring /spri/, strict /strict/, square/skew/, splendid /splendid/, scream /skri:m/Every word must contain at least one vowel-like segment.The rules governing the phonological patterning are language specific. What is not permissible in English might be permissible in another language.2.3.4.2 Assimilation rule⏹When we speak, we tend to increase the ease of articulation. This “sloppy” tendencymay become regularized as rules of language. The assimilation rule assimilates onesound to another by “copying” a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making thetwo phones similar.Nasalization of vowels in certain phonetic contexts.e.g.: [i:] – bean, green, team, screamThe varying pronunciation of the alveolar nasal /n/ in some sound combinatione.g.: alveolar nasal /n/ -- still alveolar nasal in indiscreet (for /d/ is an alveolar stop)alveolar nasal /n/ -- velar nasal // in incorrect ( for /k/ is a velar stop) The sound assimilation is actually reflected in the spelling in most cases.Inpossible → impossible, as the /n/ sound is assimilated to /m/Inplausibel → implausible, inlegal → illegal, inregular --. irregular2.3.4.3 Deletion rule⏹It tells when a sound is to be deleted although it is orthographically represented.e.g.: sign, design, paradigm → no /g/ sound though it is represented in spelling bythe letter gsignature, designation, paradigmatic →/g/ represented by the letter g ispronouncedThe rule is: delete a /g/ when it occurs before a final nasal consonant.2.3.5 Suprasegmental FeaturesSegment -- any linguistic unit in a sequence which may be isolated from the rest of the sequence, e.g. a sound in an utterance or a letter in a written textSuprasegmental – (in phonetics and phonology) a unit which extends over more than one sound in an utterance., e.g. syllable, word, sentence.2.3.5.1 StressStress is the pronunciation of a word or syllable with more force than thesurrounding words or syllables. Briefly, stress is syllable prominence.Stress in a syllable is achieved by changing the pitch, making the syllablelouder, or making it longer.In a word, the basic difference is between stressed and unstressed syllables.The syllable with the greatest prominence had the primary stress and the nextstressed syllable the secondary stress. A word, if long enough, may haveseveral nonprimary stresses. However, no word has more than one primarystress.Stress has two main semantic functions: distinguishing between two words which are alike, e.g. \import (n.) and im\port (v.); emphasizing the syllable or word,e.g. I said induce, not deduce.There are two kinds of stress: word stress and sentence stress.Word stress – the location of stress distinguishes meaning.(1) a shift of stress may change the part of speech of a word form a noun to averb.e.g.: \increase (n.) – in\crease (v.); insult (n.) – insult (v.); rebel (n.) – rebel (v.)(2) the alteration of stress occurs between a compound noun and a phraseconsisting of the same elementse.g.: \blackbird (compound) – a particular kind of bird, which is notnecessarily black.black \bird (noun phrase) – a bird whose color is blackgreenhouse – green house; hotdog – hot dog(3) the meaning-distinctive role played by word stress is also manifested in the–ing + noun combinations.e.g.: \dining room (compound) -- -ing serving as a modifier of the nounreading glasses, sewing machinesleeping \baby (noun phrase) – noun as the doer of the action indicatedby the –ing form , which is an –ing participle modifierswimming fishSentence stress(1)the parts of speech that are normally stressed in English are nouns, mainverbs, adjectives, adverbs, numerals and demonstrative pronouns.(2)The other categories of words like articles, person pronouns, auxiliary verbs,prepositions and conjunctions are usually not stressed.(3)To give special emphasis to a certain notion, a word in a sentence that isusually unstressed can be stressed.e.g.: He is driving my car.2.3.5.2 ToneTone is pitch variations which are associated with the pronunciation of syllables orwords and which affects the meaning of the word.A tone language is a language in which the meaning of word depends on the toneused when pronouncing it.Mandarin Chinese, a typical ton language, makes a distinction between fourdifferent tones.Other tone languages are spoken in Vietnam, Thailand, West Africa, and CentralAmerica.2.3.5.3 IntonationWhen speaking, people usually raise and lower the pitch of their voice, formingpitch patterns. They also give some syllables in their utterances a greater degree ofloudness and change their speech rhythm. These phenomena are called intonation.In other words, when pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence ratherthan the word in isolation, they are collectively known as intonation.English has four basic types of intonation, known as the four tones – the falling tone,the rising tone, the fall-rise tone, and the rise-fall tone.。
英语语言学第二章讲课PPT
Monophthongs can be classified according to: A. the position of the tongue in the mouth: front vowels central vowels back vowels
B. the openness of the mouth: close vowels semi-close vowels semi-open vowels open vowels
Question: How does phonology differ from phonetics?
Phone 音 素 , phoneme 音 位 , and allophone音位变体
A phone is a phonetic unit or segment. The speech sounds we hear and produce during linguistic communication are all phones.
2. Phonetics
Phonetics is defined as the study of the phonic medium of language. It studies the characteristics of human sound-making, particularly the sounds used in speech, and provides methods for their transcription, description and classification.
C. the shape of the lips: unrounded vowels rounded vowels D. the length of the vowels: long vowels﹙tense vowel紧元音﹚ short vowels﹙lax vowels松元音﹚
Lecture 2 Phonetics and phonology
Branches of Phonetics
1). Articulatory Phonetics
---- the production
2). Acoustic Phonetics
----physical properties
3). Auditory Phonetics
---perception
Articulatory Phonetics
mid back vowel mid center tense vowel [i:] [u:] low frontlow vowel center vowel low back lax vowel
[e] [ə]
Mid
[æ]
low back tense vowel
[ə:]
[ʌ]
[ɔ:]
[ɔ]
Low
[ɑ:]
[p] [b] [t] [d] [k] [g]; Nasals(鼻音)：[m] [n] [ŋ]; Fricatives（摩擦音）: [f] [v] [θ] [ð] [s] [z] [ʃ] [ʒ] [h] ; Affricates（破擦音）: [ʧ] [ʤ]; Liquids（流音）: [l] [r]; Glides（滑音）: [j] [w];
Narrow
~
Phonetic Transcription:
is that which not only transcribes the sounds that contrast words in meaning but also provides the details by using diacritics, e.g. ['æphɫ].
. . .
The Speech Organs 12. Nasal cavity （鼻腔） 5. Velum 6. Uvula （软腭） （小舌） 4. Palate （硬腭） 3. Alveolar ridge（齿龈） 2. Teeth（齿） 1. Lips（唇）
Lecture 2 Phonetics and phonology
11. Pharynx（咽）
10. Larynx（喉）
II. Consonants
2.1 Definition; 2.2 Subdivisions;
2.1 Definition
A consonant is a speech sound made by a closure or narrowing in the vocal tract so that the airflow is either completely blocked, or so restricted that audible friction is produced.
基本元音是由英国语音学家D • 琼斯 （1881-1967）设计发明的。它是一套标准的 参照点，为人们提供了一种精确地描写语言 里元音的方法。
3.2 Description of vowels
The height of the tongue:
High（高）, Mid（中）, Low（低）;
The position of the tongue:
Speech Sounds
--Phonetics
Phonetics
The study of the speech sounds that occur in all human languages is called Phonetics.
The task of phonetics is to identify what are speech sounds in a language and then to study their characteristics
III. Vowels
3.1 Definition; 3.2. Description of vowels; 3.2. Classification of vowels
Chapter Two phonetics and phonology
------
tʃ, dʒ
Classification 1. Monophthongs: individual vowels 2. Diphthongs: vowels which are produced by moving from one vowel position to another through intervening positions. [ei, ai, au, əu, oi, iə, eə, uə]
声学语音学
Auditory phonetics: the study of the perception of speech sounds. 听觉语音学
Organs of speech
A. The pharyngeal cavity: 13 windpipe, 12 glottis/vocal cords, 11 pharyngeal cavity B. The oral cavity: 1/2 lips, 3/4 teeth, 5 teeth ridge(alveolus), 6 hard palate,7 soft palate (velum), 14 uvula, 8 tip of tongue, 9 blade of tongue, 10 back of tongue C. Nasal cavity: 15
1. IPA (International Phonetic Alphabet): A standardized and internationally accepted system of phonetic transcription. The present one mainly derives from one developed in the 1920 by the British phonetician, Daniel Jones (1881-1967), revised in 1993, corrected (updated) in 1996.
Chapter 2 Phonology.ppt
Allophone音位变体
同一个音位在不同语音环境 中的实现方式被称为该音位 的语音变体。Leabharlann Allophone音位变体
e.g.: clear [l] in let and dark [\] tell are allophones, they are the variants of the phoneme / l /.The choice of an allophone, that is, how a phoneme is represented by a phone, is not random in most cases, it is rule-governed by the phonetic context.
2.3.1 Phoneme 音素(音子）
音素是区分单词的最小语 音单位。
2.3.1 Phoneme 音素
In English, the /s/ in sip and the /z/ in zip represent
two different phonemes.
2.3.1 Phoneme 音素
2.3.2 Minimal pairs and sets 2.3.3 Free variation 2.3.4 distinctive features 2.3.5 Syllables and consonants clusters 2.3.6 Suprasegmental features
Phonetics is interested in all the speech sounds used in all human languages; it aims to answer questions like: how they are produced, how they differ from each other, what phonetic features they have, how they can be classified, etc.
Chapter 2 Phonetics and__ phonology
Stop (or Plosive)(塞音) __ Oral & Nasal
Fricative（擦音） (Median) Approximant（通音）
Lateral (Approximant)（边音）
Trill（颤音）
Tap(触音) or Flap（闪音）
Affricate（塞擦音）
Chapter Three Phonetics & phonology
We can analyze speech sounds from various perspectives and the two major areas of study are phonetics and phonology.
Assimilation
Nasalization, dentalization, and velarization
are all instances of assimilation, a process by which one sound takes on some or all the characteristics of a neighboring sound. The process by which one sound takes on some or all the characteristics of a neighboring sound is called assimilation. For example, im before impossible.
1.Phonetics
Phonetics studies how speech sounds
are produced, transmitted, and perceived.
Chapter 2 语言学-Phonetics and phonology
2.2 Vowels
Cardinal Vowels, as exhibited by the
vowel diagram in the IPA chart, are a set of vowel qualities arbitrarily defined, fixed and unchanging, intended to provide a frame of reference for the description of the actual vowels of existing languages. The cardinal vowels are abstract concepts.
the production of speech sounds. Acoustic Phonetics is the study of the physical properties of speech sounds. Perceptual or Auditory Phonetics is concerned with the perception of speech sounds.
9
Its main principles were that
there should be a separate letter for each distinctive sound, and
that the same symbol should be used for that sound in any language in which it appears. The alphabet was to consist of as many Roman alphabet letters as possible, using new letters and diacritics only when absolutely necessary.
《简明语言学教程》课件 第二章 音系学
• Find out the differences. • Does it influence the meaning if we
pronounce “speak” in the way of producing “peak” concerning “p”? Namely, is [sphi:k] different from [spi:k]?
2.3.4 Some phonological rules
Rule 2: assimPirloantoiuonncerutlhee (f同ol化lo规wi则ng) words to The pronunfceiealtitohne odfifafeprheonncesmaoyf bteheassaimmeilated to another bsyoucnodpyiinngthae fdeiaftfuerreenotf pahosneoqluoegnitciaall phoneme, thus making the two epnhvoinreosnmmeonrtes!similar.
Languag 音段单位：音位 e-
specifi c
组合规律
超音段音位学
Semantically relevant speech
sounds
Sound patterns vary from
language to
2.3.2 Phone, phoneme, and allophone
Phone (音素）: a phonetic unit or segment. They are speech sounds produced and heard during linguistic communication.
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2.1 Phonetics
The field study Speech sounds and non-speech sounds Pulmonic and non-pulmonic speech
Position of the vocal folds: voicing (initial & the widest aperture)
Position of the vocal folds: glottal stop
Description of speech sounds
We use Phonetic Alphabets to describe speech sounds
mouth Soft palate in lowered position Uvula: the loose hanging end of the soft palate Pharynx Blade of the tongue: including the tip, the part
Diacritics: any mark in sound description additional to letters or other basic elements. [¨], [˜]
Narrow description: detailed Broad description: general
opposite the teeth ridge
Speech Organs 2
Front of the tongue: the part opposite the hard palate
Back of the tongue: the part opposite the soft palate
The International Phonetic Alphabet (Revised to 2005)
Classification of speech sounds
Consonants Vowels Place of articulation: Manner of articulation: Openness, backness, rounding
vowel [j] [w]
(lateral approximant) trills taps (flaps)
The place of articulation refers to the point where a consonant is made.
Practically consonants may be produced at any place between the lips and the vocal folds.
The categories of consonant, therefore, are established on the basis of several factors.
Consonants may be divided into two groups in terms of 2 dimensions: the place of articulation and the manner of articulation.
Epiglottis: this is drawn over the windpipe when swallowing
Windpipe
Food passage
Vocal cords or vocal lips: The upper extremity of the windpipe (Adam’s apple) which contains and protects the vocal cords
We can analyze speech sounds from various perspectives and the two major areas of study are phonetics and phonology.
Phonetics The field of study The way of sound description
Eleven places of articulation are distinguished on the IPA chart:
Place of articulation
bilabial 双唇音 dental齿音 labiodental 唇齿音 alveolar齿龈音 post-alveolar后齿龈音 retroflex卷舌音 palatal 颚音 velar 软颚音 uvular pharyngeal 咽音 glottal 喉音
The manner of articulation refers to ways in which articulation can be accomplished:
the articulators may close off the oral tract for an instant or a relatively long period;
The idea of establishing a phonetic alphabet was first proposed by the Dician Otto Jespersen (1860-1943) in 1886
International Phonetic alphabets (IPA): a unique written representations (a list of symbols) of every sound in every language
Postalveolar: the crown with the rear edge of the alveolar ridge 后齿龈音
Prepalatal: the tip is held behind the lower teeth.前鄂音
Retroflex: the lower surface of the tongue blade and the tongue tip curled back.卷舌音
Consonants
In the production of consonants at least two articulators are involved.
For example, the initial sound in bad involves both lips and its final segment involves the blade (or the tip) of the tongue and the alveolar ridge.
voiced and voiceless: some consonants and all vowels
Speech organs 1
Lips Teeth Alveolar ridge: convex part of the mouth,
immediately behind the teeth Hard palate: concave part of the roof of the
Consonants and vowels
Consonants are produced ‘by a closure in the vocal tract, or by a narrowing which is so marked that air cannot escape without producing audible friction’.
sounds Speech organs Description of speech sounds Classification of speech sounds
The field of study
Phonetics: the scientific study of speech sounds, concerning with defining and classifying speech sounds.
Speech is a chain with three stages: production of the message, the transmission of the message and the reception of the message
So phonetics are in three branches: Articulatory Phonetics is the study of the production of speech sounds. Acoustic Phonetics is the study of the physical properties of speech sounds. Perceptual or Auditory Phonetics is concerned with the perception of speech sounds.
Speech sounds and non-speech sounds
We make sounds by means of the air out of or into our body. So we have: Pulmonic and non-pulmonic speech sounds in our speech. Pulmonic egressive airstream vs nonpulmonic ingressive airstream
Chapter Two: Speech sounds: phonetics and phonology