英文论文写作中的常见错误
研究生科研论文英文摘要常见问题分析及写作规范 泸州医学院
我院硕士研究生论文英文摘要常见问题分析李燕，王晓燕，唐小平，唐利，卞铁蓉，杨向东，史小玲，陈庄〔泸州医学院附属医院医学实验中心，四川泸州，646000〕摘要英文摘要作为科技论文的一个重要组成局部，是学术论文进入流通和引用的窗口。
本文对随机选取的我院25篇研究生学位论文英文摘要进行分析，通过举例说明英文摘要常见问题及书写标准。
为提高作者撰写高质量的英文摘要提供一些建议。
关键词医学论文；英文摘要；书写标准学位论文中的英文摘要是对外学术交流的重要局部[1]。
一篇论文英文摘要的好坏直接关系着评审论文时是否能得以通过，也是院校科研学术水平的重要表达。
因此，能写好一篇科研论文的英文摘要越来越重要。
选取我院25篇研究生学位论文英文摘要，包括根底，临床医学各专业，按照Ei Compendex收录期刊标准[2]对英文摘要的各组成局部的撰写要求逐一进行分析，以利于我院研究生撰写出高质量的英文摘要。
1 题名〔title〕1.1 题名的书写要求题名的根本原那么是准确，简练，清晰，信息丰富，便于索引。
题名通常不用陈述句形式，而是由一个或多个名词加上其前置定语和〔或〕后置定语构成，其中冠词可用可不用时均不用[3]。
题名一般可在10个单词左右，最好不超过15个单词。
必要时较长题名可采用副题名，中间用冒号隔开。
题目的书写形式大致有三种:(1)所有的单词均大写。
(2)仅首词的首字母大写。
(3)所有实词的首字母均大写，但介词字母多于4个〔含4个〕时，其首字母要大写。
目前世界上各大检索机构在题名上各有自己特有的要求，因机构不同而有所差异。
1.2题明局部中常见问题分析①表达错误。
例：Experimental Therapy of Disease A Infection with Drug 1 and Drug 2〔药物1作者介绍：李燕〔1984-〕，女，研究实习员，硕士通讯陈庄〔1954-〕，男，研究员，硕士生导师和药物2治疗疾病A的动物实验研究〕改：Experimental Therapy of Drug 1 and Drug 2 on Animal Disease A Model②指代不明，标点使用错误，值得注意的是英文中并无顿号。
英文论文写作注意事项
c英文论文写作谈技巧论文写作中常出现的语法问题1. 主语和谓语的单数和复数要一致英语中名词有它的单数和复数形式，动词也有它的单数和复数形式, 二者要一致. 单数主语( subject) 名词要用动词(verb) 的单数(singular) 形式, 复数主语名词要用动词的复数(plural) 形式. 我们写中文的不太习惯英语的这种写法, 很难做到不假思索地配对, 需要特别留心才能不出错误，特别是当主语名词和动词被分开时. 试看下面的例句.A high percentage of peptides that are made of amino acids are present in the sample.A high percentage 才是真正的主语，而不是邻近的amino acids , 所以应该用单数形式.宜改为: A high percentage of peptides that are made of amino acids is present in the sample.让事情更复杂的是英语名词被分为不同的种类，其中的一类叫集合名词 . 它既可以当单数用词也可以当复数用. 集合名词当整体来讲时是单数，每个成员作为个体时用复数. The number of mice in the experiment was increased.A number of mice have died.All of the samples were analyzed.All of the safety procedures was strictly followed.代词none 既可以是单数也可以是复数. 当none 后面的词是单数时, 用单数动词. 当none 后面的词是复数时，用复数动词.None of the information was useful.None of the animals were starved.描写数量，重量，体积，时间等的词用单数，但如果是分次添加或减少时用复数. 在这个意义上同集合名词类似.1.5 ml was added.10 g was added .6 hours was the required incubation time.5 g were added stepwise.简写的数量单位，如mg, ml, s 等，单数和复数的写法是一样的, 如1mg, 5 mg.一些词如series, type, portion, class, 要用单数形式.A series of derivatives of penicillin was prepared.A large portion of the reports is focused on how to deal with the increased cost.Data, criteria, phenomena, media 是复数形式，他们的单数形式分别是datum, criterion, phenomenon, medium.2、修饰语同主语名词关系上要一致当用1 ) 动名词(gerund) ，2) 分词短句(participle) ，3) 不定式短句(infinitive) 作修饰语时，修饰语中的动词要同主句中的主语名词关系上要一致.科技杂志论文中有这种语法错误的情况较多. 严格来讲这只是种语法错误，一般不影响对句子的内容的理解，所以很多作者不太注意. 编辑和阅稿人有时也没有严格要求改正 . 比如下面就是Nature 杂志2006 年第439 卷中的一个例子.Using the enhancer GAL4/UAS expression system, short-term memory traces of aversive and appetitive olfactory conditioning have been assigned to output synapses of subsets of intrinsic neurons of the mushroom bodies.1) 动名词After finishing the purification, the activity of the isolated compound was then studied.We or I 是动名词finishing 形式上的主语，同主句的主语activity 不一致.宜改为: After purification was finished, the activity of the isolated compound was then studied. 或: After finishing the purification, we studied the activity of the isolated compound.Treated with the new drug, the blood cholesterol levels of participants were lowered by an average of 30%.宜改为: Treated with the new drug, participants showed an average of 30% decrease in their blood cholesterol levels.2) 分词短句The iron concentration was determined using the Fenton reaction method.The iron concentration 同using the Fenton reaction method 关系上不一致.宜改为: The iron concentration was determined by the Fenton reaction method.或: We determined the iron concentration using the Fenton reaction method.When measuring the atmospheric level of carbon dioxide, air samples from a remote place, such as an island, is preferred.宜改为: When the atmospheric level of carbon dioxide is measured, air samples from a remote place, such as an island, is preferred.3) 不定式短句To further investigate the potential role of biking in causing infertility, an expanded population of biking athletes was surveyed.不定式短语的形式主语是we or I ，同主句主语population 不一致.宜改为: To further investigate the potential role of biking in causing infertility, we surveyed an expanded population of biking athletes.To confirm the diagnosis, blood test was ordered.宜改为: To confirm the diagnosis, the doctor ordered blood test.3.主语和主语的行动(谓语)在逻辑上要一致由于一些中文和英文的表达方式不同，把中文直接翻译成相应的英文会不讲. 一个经常被引用的语句是“price is cheap ”. 中文可以说价格便宜, 但英文只能说价格高或低. 物品可以说cheap or expensive. 用中文的表达方式来写英文, 会出现主语和主语的行动在逻辑上不一致. 在写一个句子时要注意行动的真正主语名词是什么. 下面是一些例子. The highest antibiotic production was obtained at 48 h.不是production 而是production yield.宜改为: The highest antibiotic production yield was obtained at 48 h.The scavenging activity for hydroxyl radicals was based on Fenton reaction.不是activity 而是assay of activity宜改为: The assay of scavenging activity for hydroxyl radicals was based on Fenton reaction. The pharmacological compounds of ginseng were identified.药物活性化合物应该是pharmacologically active compounds.宜改为: The pharmacologically active compounds of ginseng were identified.4、代名词和其代理的先行词要一致代名词和其代理的先行词要在人称,单数或复数,和性别上一致.一些常见的代词是: he, his ( 阳性单数); she, her ( 阴性单数); it, its ( 单数); they, their, these, those ( 复数); that, this ( 单数). 比如下面的例句中, compounds 和their 一致, protein 和it 一致.Many related compounds were synthesized and their antivirus activities were studied.Growth hormone is a protein. It promotes human body growth.下面的例句中,the 应该用their 取代.The potential antioxidant capacity of compound A and compound B could be deduced from the protective effects against oxidative stresses.宜改为: The potential antioxidant capacity of compound A and compound B could be deduced from their protective effects against oxidative stresses.用代名词时除了要保持一致外,还要避免代理不清的情况出现,以免不清楚它们到底指什么而引起误解．The crude sample was dissolved in water and extracted with organic solvent. It was then evaporatedto yield the product.It 指organic layer 还是指water layer? 不明确，最好不用it.宜改为：The crude sample was dissolved in water and extracted with organic solvent. The organic layer was then evaporated to yield the product.During meal hormones are released after which blood flow increases in the stomach.Which 既可以代表meal 也可以代表hormones, 容易产生误解.宜改为：During meal hormones are released. After their release stomach blood flow increases. 5、位置的强调作用在英语写作中，若要强调某件事情，就把它放在句子的前面. 中文写作中, 有关句子的条件, 时间等的修饰句都是放在前面，而主句总是放在后面. 而英文中即可以把条件或修饰句放在前面，也可以放在后面. 放在前面就表示你要强调修饰句的条件. 比如: Before the hurricane arrived, most of the people have moved out.Most of the people have moved out before the hurricane arrived.在英语中两种位置关系都可以. 前者强调在hurricane 来之前，后者强调moved out . 而在中文中，只有一种说法，反过来说” 大多数人都离开了在hurricane 来之前” 就不对了. 按中文的位置关系直译成英文, 往往会不确切. 同样按英文的位置关系直译成中文也是怪怪的. 我上小学的孩子回家来喊“ 我要吃冰激凌今天, 我没吃好长时间了”, 就是英文“I want ice cream today. I have not eaten it for a long time.” 的直接翻译.科技写作中，一般还是把主句先写出来，除非你想强调修饰的是条件．Through scavenging free radicals, antioxidants play an important role in protecting against complex diseases.宜改为：Antioxidants play an important role in protecting against complex diseases through scavenging free radicals.In microbial fermentation, phosphorus is commonly the major growth-limiting nutrient.宜改为：Phosphorus is commonly the major growth-limiting nutrient in microbial fermentation. 主动句中事情的执行者( 作者) 放在前面，有强调事情的执行者( 作者) 的意思, 而不是要研究的事物. 被动句强调要研究的事物, 这也是为什么科技论文中被动句用得比较多的原因之一.We studied their effects on cell growth. 强调We.Their effects on cell growth were studied. 强调Their effects.6、修饰词和被修饰词要邻近科技写作要求严谨，明确.为了严格定义一个事物，往往要加上限制性的修饰词或短句.比如描写实验用的mice 时，一般不会只说mice ，而是用类似“NCI-H23 tumor bearing female athymic nude mice” 的描述. 前面有5个修饰词来定义研究用的mice 这时一般把最窄的定义写在最前面，最广的定义写在后面.修饰语要靠近同被修饰的对象. 因修饰语和被修饰的词被隔开，而造成意思混乱的情况很多. 下面是一些例子 .Inhibition of Acid B on xanthine oxidase was also reported.Inhibition of 后面应紧跟xanthine oxidase , 而不是Acid B, 隔开后句子就很难读.宜改为：Inhibition of xanthine oxidase by Acid B was also reported.The chelating activities for ferrous ion of the Acid B were assessed.The chelating activities 后面应紧跟Acid B , 而不是ferrous ion.宜改为：The chelating activities of the Acid B for ferrous ion were assessed.Reducing power represents the electron donating capacity, which may serve as a significant indicator of potential antioxidant activity.用which 开头的修饰句, 是要修饰reducing power , 而不是修饰electron donating capacity , 所以要紧跟在reducing power 后面.宜改为：Reducing power, which may serve as a significant indicator of potential antioxidant activity, represents the electron donating capacity. 或: Reducing power represents the electron donating capacity. It may serve as a significant indicator of potential antioxidant activity.7、主语和谓语在句子中的位置要靠近要使句子的可读性强, 有两个因素特别需要注意. 一是句子的长短要合适. 研究表明一个句子中有1 3-20 个字时最合适阅读. 太短的句子有零碎的感觉，而太长的句子读起来有困难. 二是主语和谓语动词要靠近. 如果被隔开太远，就会有被隔离的感觉, 句子读起来就会比较困难，虽然从语法上来讲是可行的. 这主要同人类大脑处理文字信息的过程和方式有关. 当人们读到主语时，自然而然地期望知道主语后面的行动, 也就是结果. 在行动( 谓语) 出现之前, 读者需要记住主语是什么，同时又要阅读和理解下面的文字，读起来很累. 就像要屏住呼吸等待要发生的事情, 只有当谓语出现，知道了主题的行动后，才能呼出这口气. 时间长了自然不舒服.Lincomycin , one of the lincosamide antimicrobial agents which was first isolated more than fifty years ago , is used as a major antibiotic for the treatment of diseases caused by most Gram-positive bacteria.宜改为：Lincomycin is one of the lincosamide antimicrobial agents which were first isolated more than fifty years ago. It is used as a major antibiotic for the treatment of diseases caused by most Gram-positive bacteria.8、名词作形容词科技写作中经常会用名词来作为形容词使用，如room temperature, university researchers. 当用一个名词来修饰另一个名词时，意义一般都很清楚. 但当三个名词放在一起，或两个名词前再加一个形容词时，就要小心. 有的情况下, 3 个或 3 个以上的名词放在一起，表达的意思很清楚，也是一种很简洁的表达方式. 如: blood white cell number, prostate cancer patient, Beijing University medical school student. 但有时会有多种讲法. Top university researchers 可以是researchers of (only) top university 也可以是(all) university researchers who are top. 多个名词排在一起，即使表达明确，也给拥挤的感觉. 应避免使用多个名词的修饰方式. 最好的办法是用介词或其它方式来把他们分开, 以便清楚表达它们的修饰关系. 多个名词罗列的情况经常发生，下面多举一些例子.H e wrote the quality control group reports.宜改为：He wrote the reports of the quality control group.The patient showed chronic liver disease symptoms.宜改为：The patient showed symptoms of chronic liver disease.The human brain oxygen level is quite high.宜改为：The oxygen level in human brain is quite high.Their specific inhibition producing effects on fat containing food intake were assessed.宜改为：Their specific effects of inhibition on the intake of fat containing food were assessed. The present investigation evaluated various specific drug sample combinations.宜改为：The present investigation evaluated various combinations of specific drug samples9、句子的时态科技论文中基本上只用现在时和过去时两种时态.有的作者偶尔会使用完成时.完成时一般只用于多次并一直在研究的情况.其他的时态用得很少.论文中的时态有它特定的意义.时态用来表明科研成果的认知程度.当描述已发表的文献成果时,用现在时,因为已发表的成果被承认是事实.描述未发表的实验和结果时,用过去时，因为还没有得到承认,并且是写论文以前做的事情.由于科技论文中的时态的特定用法，写作中经常需要转换时态.一句话中都可能用两个时态.总起来说，Abstract 中要讲述自己的实验和结论,要用过去时.Introduction中要总结文献和问题, 以现在时为主,也用一些过去时.Methods 和Results 都是讲自己的实验和结果,用过去时.而Discussion中则需要根据描述文献还是自己的实验，需要交换使用现在时和过去时.在引述文献结果时，过去发表的结论可以认为是已经被承认的事实，应该用现在时.但引述过去的实验时,特别是以作者为主语时,因是过去做的事情，应该用过去时.Wang showed that the rate of growth is dependent on temperature.Smith studied the growth rate and reported that it is dependent on temperature.若作者不是主语, 而作者的研究是主语时，用现在时.Investigation by Wang shows that the rate of growth is dependent on temperature.当描述自己的实验和实验结果时，应用过去时. 因为是在写文章以前做的事情, 并且还没被接受为事实( 发表) .We measured its plasma concentration and found that it was two times higher in obesity patients than in normal population.讲述table 或figure 中显示的结果时，可以用现在时.Table 4 shows that growth was dependent on temperature.计算的结果和统计分析结果应该用现在时.The calculated value is significantly lower indicating most of the dissolved compound was degraded.10、主动句和被动句许多人认为科技论文都应该用被动句，不要加入个性的成分. 现在越来越多的杂志提倡使用主动句, 因为主动句更简洁和明确.把“ it is reported by the authors of this paper that” 改为“ We reported that” 就显得更简要和直接. 下面是个例子:In 2002 we reported the synthesis of anthramycin analogues and their DNA binding activities studied by gel electrophoresis.但实验部分还是主要使用被动句. 用“The drug concentration was measured by HPLC” 而一般不用“ We measured the drug concentration by HPLC”.11、标点符号的使用英文科技论文写作中经常使用的标点符号有逗号，句号和分号.冒号和问号使用的情况很少，而惊叹号几乎就不会被使用.现在分号使用的也逐渐减少,一般用句号取代.一篇论文中只是使用逗号和句号也是正常的.句号的使用比较明确,下面主要对逗号的使用作一些说明.逗号虽然很小，但要表达清楚你要传达的信息却离不开它.比如下面的例子，没有逗号时句子不好读.加逗号后,逗号放在不同的地方,意思完全不同.Although it was incubated at 50 o C for 24 hours no reaction occurred.Although it was incubated at 50 o C for 24 hours, no reaction occurred.Although it was incubated at 50 o C, for 24 hours no reaction occurred.逗号是用来分开两个独立的句子，下面的句子是可以的.Ethanol is used to replace gasoline, and it is produced from corn.下面的句子就不合适, 因为逗号后面不是一个完整的句子.Ethanol is used to replace gasoline, and is produced from corn.当一个长的语句出现在句子的前面时，要用逗号分开. 若语句不长, 不需要停顿，也可以不用逗号.During the process of solvent removal, some crystalline solid was formed.During the process precipitate was formed.12、数字的写法科技论文离不开数字. 数字的一种写法是用英文字，如three, thirteen. 另一种是写阿拉伯数字. 具体用哪种写法可参照以下几个简单的规则.1 ) 少于10 的整数用英文字，大于或等于10 的数字用阿拉伯数字.thee experimentsone assay23 birds6,500 miles2 ) 有小数点和单位的数字用阿拉伯数字.1.2 hours5 percent3 amPage 33 ) 在句子开头的数字用英文字 .英语的一个句子的开始是用大写字母来表明的. 如果是一个数字, 那就不能起到表示一个句子开始的作用. 所以不能用数字开始一个句子. 这时要把数字用英文字写出, 或最好能修改句子，不用数字开头. 一个经常被使用的办法是把表示数量的数字放到括号中去.10 ml ethanol was added.Ten ml ethanol was added.Ethanol (10 ml) was added.30 eggs were used daily during the study.宜改为：During the study, 30 eggs were used daily.4 ) 当两个数字前后并列出现时, 一个要用英文字.当两个数字前后并列出现时，若都写成数字或文字，容易产生混乱.three eight-rat groups to: three 8-rats groups3 8-rats groups to: three 8-rats groupstwo 5-day study12 two-engine airplanes5) 小于1 的数字的单位用单数，大于1 的数字的单位复数.0.25 gram0.8 second1.5 grams3.45 seconds但是零后面的单位用复数 .zero meters0 meters单位的缩写单数和复数是一样的.0.1 ml15 ml13、冠词的使用使用冠词是英语的特点，中文没有相应字词. 对定冠词the 和不定冠词 a 、an 的使用往往掌握不好，最常见的是漏掉.There has been increase in loss of agricultural land.宜改为：There has been an increase in the loss of agricultural land.Stresses at various locations in crank are calculated by using sets of unit load cases applied to single throw FE model.宜改为：Stresses at various locations in the crank are calculated by using sets of unit load cases applied to a single throw FE model.再就是定冠词the 用多了.The alcohol is produced by the fermentation of the grains like corn and wheat.宜改为：Alcohol is produced by the fermentation of grains like corn and wheat.Alcohol 和grains 都是泛指, 不需要加定冠词the.除了是第一个字，题目中的冠词不要大写.The Dependence of Crystal Growth on the Solvents.14、同位词的使用写作中有时需要对新引述的事物或概念做简单解释和描述，但单写一个句子又会打断前后的连接. 这时用同位词来解释是一个经常使用的方式.The Hallervorden – Spatz syndrome, a neurological disorder associated with iron accumulation, has been linked to a decline in cysteine dioxygenase activity.同位词应该同修饰的事物等位，说明是什么, 而不能用来解释要修饰的事物的性质. 下面句子中的同位词的使用就不合适.Penicillin, not stable in water , was developed during WWII.15、多余的用词The supernatant was collected and concentrated in vacuum to evaporate the solvent. Concentrate 就是evaporate the solvent ，后面的to evaporate the solvent 是多余的.类似的把一些词的含义再次重复说明是最容易出现的多余用词.类似的8PM in the evening, blue in color, small in size, in vivo animal models, in vitro cell cultures 都有多余用词的情况.The results of activities of tested compounds were listed in Table 1.Results 是多余的.中文中经常写作“ 实验结果”“ 活性检测结果”，但英文中“ 结果”是不需要翻译出来的.宜改为：The activities of tested compounds were listed in Table 1.下面的例句中，their 就是acid B and D ，二者要去掉一个.The chemical mechanisms of their antioxidant activities of acid B and D were not well understood.宜改为：The chemical mechanisms of the antioxidant activities of acid B and D were not well understood.一些词组，如it should be mentioned, it should be pointed out, it was found, it was determined, … 都是冗长和委婉地说法，应该直接说明.字的使用中特别注意事项1. 用字要准确.每个科学术语都有其特定的含义, 使用要准确．比如微生物学中经常使用Medium, Broth 和Culture三个词，但它们之间存在差别. Medium是培养基, 可以是液体也可以是固体；Broth是培养液, 只是液体; 而Culture 是指细菌和培养液的混合物. 如果要从发酵罐中取样, 那取的样应该是Culture, 而不能用Medium或Broth. 化学中的量和浓度有明确定义, Mole和Molar就大不一样．Molar和Normal对有些是一样的, 对另些化合物则是不同的．物理学中的温度、距离、时间等均有自己的严格定义．科研人员对自己专业的词一般都能较好的掌握, 但对一些普通词汇的使用常掌握不准．举几个简单例子:比如, Promote 一般指职位的提升, 不能当Increase来使用.Production was promoted by 16% in the new procedure.宜改为: Production was increased by 16% in the new procedure.再比如, Perform表示一个行动，而不指某个具体事物. 浓度不能Perform, 但测浓度可以用Perform.The zinc concentration was performed.宜改为: The zinc concentration was measured.或Measurement of the zinc concentration was performed.2. 推理用语的使用从实验观察和数据到结论的推理过程中，在事实和理论的关系上可能有从“同…一致”,“表示”，“证明”等不同的强弱关系，在选择用词上要合理. 英语中经常使用的词是is compatible with, imply, suggest, indicate, show, prove. 这基本上是一个从弱到强的顺序.is compatible with, is consistent with, in line with 表示是个合理的解释, 不矛盾, 但可能还有其他的解释.imply, suggest 表示支持现在的结论，这个结论比其它的更合理, 但不能证明就是这个结论.ndicate, show, demonstrate 就更确定, 表示几乎就是这个结论了. 其他的可能性不大, 但还不是百分之百的证明.prove 表示完全肯定，没有任何其他可能性了. 科研中很少有这种情况. 用prove 要特别注意.3. 用词要保持一致论文从头到尾用字要保持一致.比如时间单位的分钟即可以全拼成minutes,也可以简写成min,二者都可以，但只能用一种写法.Figure或Fig只用一种写法.数字的写法上，如果一个写成fifteen,另一个写成12也是不一致.修改论文稿件时应特别注意用词的一致性.4. 尽量少用简写作者自己熟悉的简写，读者不一定知道，所以应尽量少用简写. 必需时, 宜于第一次出现全名时在其后用括号标出简写．比如Heat Shock Protein (HSP)、Multi Body Dynamics （MBD）. 至于广泛使用的简写, 如ml, AIDS 等可不用写出全名.5. 不要用缩约语正式地写作中, 不要使用如didn't, don't, can't, haven't….缩约语. 应该写完整形式, did not, do not, cannot (一个字), hav e not …. .6. 避免使用俚语虽然非英语国家的作者不是很好区分什么是俚语，但还是要注意不要使用像 a lot, sort of, pretty good…的口头用语.7. 经常使用，但容易出现问题的字Above经常用来指前面提到过的，表示“ 如前所述, as discussed above” “ 前面的方法, the above method” 等. 但above 不确定，用起来容易，读起来不易明白, 容易造成表达不清. 这时应把所指的事情明确地写出来 . 类似不明确的字还有former, latter. 应避免使用Adapt, adept, adopt Adapt 是动词，适应. Adept 是形容词，熟练的. Adopt 是动词，采用.Affect, Effect, ImpactAffect 是动词，影响(influence) 的意思. 如“ 温度对细胞生长的影响, “Temperature affected the growth of cells”.Effect 是名词，是结果(result), 影响的意思. 有时也可以作动词, 招致(bring about) 的意思. 科技论文中很少使用effect 的动词形式.Impact 当冲击，碰撞讲. 如“ Western popular culture has a huge impact on Asian society ”. 自然科学不同参数的相互影响一般不用impact 来描写, 用affect 或influence 更合适. Agree to, agree withAgree to 是同意, giving con sent. “I agree to a biopsy test”. Agree with 是一致, in accord. “The results agree with our previous observation”.Alternate, AlternativeAlternate 是交替的，轮流的. Alternative 是另外的，选择的.AndAnd 是一个非常有用的字. 它是一个最被经常用到的连接词, 可以连接类似的词, 词组或句子. 用and 连接的词, 词组或句子是相关联但又各自独立的. 当排列三个以上的词时，最后的一个词之前加and . 其它的词后都加逗号.Pollution in the river affected the population of different animals, such as fishes, birds, and turtles. And 之前也可以不加逗号.Pollution in the river affected the population of different animals, such as fishes, birds and turtles. 一般认为and 之前加逗号是美国写法，不加逗号是英国写法.用and 连接句子时，若两个句子都很简单，中间可以不加逗号.One liter of water was added and the solution was left at 4 o C overnight.但中间加个逗号也正确.One liter of water was added, and the solution was left at 4 o C overnight.两个比较复杂的句子中间一定要加逗号，以便于阅读和理解.The assay was carried out by heating the sample in boiling water for two hours, and the volume of the assay solution was kept constant by adding water.用and 来开始一个句子也是可以的. and 起到对一些相关和并列的描述来连接的作用. AIDS drugs are effective to control the replication of HIV, but they cannot cure AIDS. And a vaccine for AIDS is still elusive. Therefore, education and prevention are the most effective weapons against AIDS for now.用and 连接两个独立的句子时, 可以在and 之前加逗号，也可以不加逗号. 但连接一个不完整的句子时, 不能用逗号分开.The sample was added to the testing solution, and allowed to react in a water bath at 37 ℃for 10 min.宜改为：The sample was added to the testing solution and allowed to react in a water bath at 37 ℃for 10 min.But 的用法同and 很类似，只是它连接的句子是对照和相反的.Apparently (apparent)有“ 明显的，obvious , clear ” 和“ 貌似的，seeming ” 两种用法. 具体是哪种讲法, 句子的前后内容可能会有提示. 在不能确定的情况下, 应避免使用, 选用obvious 或seeming 更好.Apparently 也是一样，选用obviously 或seeemingly .AppearAppear 有” 出现, to come into view ”和” 好象, seem” 两种讲法, 一般在科技论文中, 当“ 好象, seem” 的讲法用的要多些.After cooling down to room temperature, yellowish crystals appeared .It appears that deformation of frogs in the Hui River is caused by pesticides.AsAs 有很多不同的讲法，它有表示因果关系的用途，类似because 和since . 但as 表示的因果关系最弱，since 在中间，because 的因果关系最明确. 所以不要用as 来表示因果关系. 用because 或since .As 用来表示“ 同样地”, “ 像… 一样”.The genetically engineered apple tastes as good as the natural one.As soon as the body temperature reached 39 o C, the child has to be sent to the emergency room. 也当“ 在… 的时候，when ” 讲.As the snow started to melt, the team went back into the forest to collect samples.Average, mean, medianAverage 和mean 都是平均的意思, mean 是个数学用语. Median 是一个系列中的中间的那个值.2, 4, 8, 16, 32 average 和mean 是12.4, median 是8.Because, because of用because 来表示因果关系是最明确的. Because 后面写句子，Because of 后面用名词. The tiger population deceased dramatically because their habitat was destroyed.The tiger population decreased dramatically because of loss of habitat.For 和since 表示的因果关系要弱些, 用since 时往往强调的是当时的情况，时间，地点等. 有中文的“ 既然” 的意思. As 表示的因果关系最弱.Since the weather is hot and humid, we decided to take a break.Below同above 一样，所指含糊，应避免使用.Beside, besidesBeside 是“ 在… 旁边” ，besides 是“ 除了… ”.Between, amongBetween 是两个人或事之间, among 是两个以上人或事之间.But同and 一样, but 是一个被经常使用的连接词. 它连接的句子有对照和相反的意思.在连接比较简单的两个句子，并不影响句子的流畅的时候，but 之前可以不加逗号.He felt better but did not fully recover after taking the medicine.连接两个比较长的句子时候，but 前应加逗号，把两个句子分开.Scientists spent months to figure out why the satellite did not reach its orbit, but they never find the truth.But 也可以放在句子的开头.For a long time people realize there has to be a natural ligand for the cannabinoid receptor. But its identity was only elucidated recently.用逗号把but 隔开是不对的.But , its identity was only elucidated recently.CannotCannot 是一个字，can not 应写成cannot.CaseCase 只是起到填充空间( filler) 的作用，没有实质意义. 应避免使用类似“ in the case of ” 的词组.Compare with, compare toCompare with 是比较的意思，而compare to 是比作的意思.It is often to compare the human brain with a computer.The human brain is often compared to a black box.Compose, consist , compriseCompose 当“ 组成，构成” 讲，是及物动词. 一般用“xxx is composed of xxx” 的形式. 如: An atom is composed of a nucleus and a defined number of electrons.Consist 当” 有… 组成” 讲，是不及物动词. 一般用“xxx consists of xxx” 的形式 . 如: An atom consists of a nucleus and a defined number of electrons.Comprise 当” 包括” 讲，也有“ 有… 组成” 的意思. 到底是什么用法，很容易弄不明白，所以干脆不要用这个字.Continual, continuousContinual 是经常发生的，continuous 是连续和不间断的.Correlated with, correlated toCorrelate with 是正确用法，correlate to 是不对的 . Related to 是正确.Different from, different than事物之间不同用different from ，人物之间不同用different than. Different from 不能写成different than.Due toDue to 是” 应归于…” 或” 有… 引起” 的意思(caused by) . 后面要跟名词，同because of 不同. 但due to 表达的也有因果关系的意思. 如果你不是很确定, 应避免使用due to ，用because of 或caused by .Equipment单数和复数都是equipment ，没有equipments 的写法.Few, a fewFew 是很少, 强调没有多少, 有否定的意思. A few 也是很少, 但强调有一些, 虽然不多，有肯定的意思. Few 形容可数名词，little 形容不可数名词. Little , a little 的用法同few, a few 类似.Flammable, inflammable, nonflammableFlammable, inflammable 都是易燃的意思. nonflammable 才是他们的反义词.FollowingFollowing 是形容词，表示“ 接着的，下述的”.。
论文写作中的英文摘要和关键词撰写要求
论文写作中的英文摘要和关键词撰写要求摘要和关键词是论文写作中的重要组成部分，它们对于读者了解论文的主要内容和研究方向起着关键作用。
在撰写摘要和关键词时，需要遵循一定的要求，以确保其准确、简明、具有代表性。
本文将从摘要和关键词的定义、撰写要求和常见错误等方面进行探讨。
一、摘要的定义和撰写要求摘要是对论文主要内容的简明概述，通常包括研究目的、方法、结果和结论等要素。
摘要的撰写要求如下：1. 简洁明了：摘要应尽量简洁明了，避免使用过多的专业术语和复杂的句式。
摘要的长度通常为150-250个单词。
2. 语言准确：摘要应使用准确的语言表达研究的核心内容，避免使用模糊、含糊不清的词语。
3. 结构完整：摘要应包括研究目的、方法、结果和结论等要素，确保读者能够全面了解论文的主要内容。
4. 时态和语态：摘要通常使用一般现在时态和第三人称，采用被动语态，以保持客观性。
二、关键词的定义和撰写要求关键词是用于标识论文主题和内容的一组词语或短语，它们具有代表性和分类作用，有助于读者更好地理解和查找相关文献。
关键词的撰写要求如下：1. 相关性：关键词应与论文主题和内容密切相关，能够准确地概括研究的核心内容。
2. 词数限制：通常，关键词的数量应在3-5个之间，过多的关键词会降低检索的准确性。
3. 词语选择：关键词应选择具有代表性的词语或短语，避免使用过于宽泛或具体的关键词。
4. 词序排列：关键词的排列顺序应根据其重要性和逻辑关系进行合理的排序。
三、摘要和关键词撰写常见错误在撰写摘要和关键词时，常见的错误包括以下几个方面：1. 内容不准确：摘要和关键词应准确地概括论文的主要内容，避免出现与实际研究内容不符的情况。
2. 语言不规范：摘要和关键词的语言应规范、准确，避免使用口语化、俚语或错误的语法结构。
3. 关键词选择不当：关键词的选择应与论文主题和内容密切相关，避免使用与研究无关的关键词。
4. 摘要长度超标：摘要的长度通常为150-250个单词，超过或不足摘要长度要求都会影响读者的阅读体验。
英文毕业论文润色
英文毕业论文润色英文毕业论文润色在大学生活的最后阶段，每位学生都要面临着一个重要的任务——撰写毕业论文。
对于英语专业的学生来说，撰写一篇流畅、准确的英文毕业论文更是一项挑战。
而在完成论文写作之后，进行润色是非常必要的。
本文将探讨英文毕业论文润色的重要性以及一些实用的技巧。
首先，为什么需要对英文毕业论文进行润色？毕业论文是学生在大学期间最重要的学术成果之一，它不仅仅是为了获得学位，更是展示学生专业知识和研究能力的机会。
然而，即使是最出色的学生，也难免会在论文中出现一些语法错误、表达不准确或者逻辑混乱的问题。
这些问题可能会影响读者对论文内容的理解和评价，降低论文的质量和可读性。
因此，对毕业论文进行润色是非常必要的，可以帮助学生改善论文的语言表达和逻辑结构，使其更具有学术价值。
那么，如何进行英文毕业论文的润色呢？以下是一些实用的技巧：1. 语法和拼写检查：语法和拼写错误是英文论文中最常见的问题之一。
使用语法和拼写检查工具，如Grammarly或Microsoft Word的拼写和语法检查功能，可以帮助学生快速发现和纠正这些错误。
此外，学生还可以请教英语专业的同学或老师，以获取更专业的建议和指导。
2. 句子结构和表达：句子结构和表达的准确性对于英文论文的质量至关重要。
学生可以通过阅读优秀的英文论文或相关的学术著作，来提高自己的句子结构和表达能力。
此外，学生还可以使用一些短语和句型的替换工具，如Thesaurus，来丰富论文的表达方式。
3. 逻辑和连贯性：逻辑和连贯性是论文的重要组成部分，它们能够帮助读者更好地理解论文的内容和结论。
学生可以通过检查论文中段落之间的过渡和逻辑关系，来改善论文的逻辑和连贯性。
此外，学生还可以使用一些连接词和短语，如"however"、"in addition"、"on the other hand"等，来加强段落之间的衔接。
英国会计论文辅导——留学生常见的语法错误
在国外留学的我们面临的一大困难就是英语论文写作，无论我们在求学的哪个阶段，论文写作都是每个留学生都需要掌握的必备技能，但是由于英文不是我们的母语，所以英文写作对很多同学来说都是留学期间最大的难关。
有的时候我们辛辛苦苦完成了一篇论文，却会因为一些语法错误或者用词拼写的问题，最后影响了文章的分数，确实是非常遗憾。
今天小编就来和大家分析一下中国留学生都会有哪些常见的语法错误。
中国留学生常见的语法错误虽然常见的英文语法错误有很多种，但是总结起来我们会发现中国留学生的语法还是存在以下的几个普遍性的错误：（一）时态语态动词的时态语态变化是英语中重要的一种形式变化，其中时态是指动作发生的时间（时）和动作进行的状态（态），语态是指句子的主语和谓语动词之间是何种关系。
写作中要根据表达的目的和需求，选择合适的时态语态变化。
如：Some people welcomed （正确应为：welcome，保持与后面 look 一致）the progress and look forward to in a variety of fields for the benefit of mankind.The news has been sparked （应去掉 been，用主动语态）a heated debate and spread throughout the world quickly.（二）句子成分句子成分的错误主要集中在成分缺失、成分冗余以及其他不规范的用法等问题上。
如：成分缺失 As with every newly-emerging thing there are optimistic and pessimistic (缺少主语，可补充 sentiments) towards it.成分冗余 I am stunned to learn that it is（谓语重复，可去掉 is）serves as a sharp double-edged sword towards us human.（三）不一致 Disagreements所谓不一致不光指主谓不一致，它还包括了单复数的不一致，时态不一致和代词不一致等。
数学专业英语 第六讲 论文写作 常见错误分析
不要过于烦琐.
• 不要用On the Study of ... 或On the Existence of... 之类作为 标题.
• 标题通常是一个名词性短语, 不是一个完整的句子,
• 无需主、谓、宾齐全, 其中的动词一般以分词或动名词的 形式出现, 有时冠词可以省略. • 偶尔有以疑问句为标题的论文, 但不应以陈述句为标题. • 为方便二次检索, 标题尽量避免使用复杂的数学式子.
• [2] name(s) of author(s), title of the book (in italics),
publishinghouse, city of publication, year of publication.
16
Mathematical English
• [3] name(s) of author(s), title of the paper, in: title of the book (in italics), publishing house, city of publication, year of publication, numbers of the first and last pages of the paper.
improvements for you.
9
Mathematical English
数学论文对英语的要求其实并不高. 而且我们有功能强大的 LATEX(WinEdt) 编辑软件, 可以轻而易举地编排出有复
杂公式、美观漂亮的版面.
但是, 有些作者在论文写作中存在不少问题.
下面从论文的各个组成部分对一些常见的错误进行分析并举
发表论文的目的, 一是公开自己的成果并得到学术界的承认, 二是为了同行之间的交流.
人文社科类学术论文英文摘要写作常见错误剖析及规避策略
96现代交际·2019年4期基金项目：福建幼儿师范高等专科学校2017年校级课题“哲社版学术期刊收稿英文摘要常见写作误区剖析”（2017C02）。
作者简介：胡予宸，福建幼儿师范高等专科学校编辑部编辑，硕士，研究方向：期刊编辑学。
人文社科类学术论文英文摘要写作常见错误剖析及规避策略胡予宸（福建幼儿师范高等专科学校编辑部 福建 福州 350007）摘要：作为信息检索的工具，英文摘要是学术论文写作不可缺少的要素之一，且随着国际化学术交流活动的日益频繁其重要性日渐凸显。
从学术期刊投稿中可发现，作者在英文摘要写作中常犯格式、词法、句法等方面的错误。
为减少这些错误，作者与编辑等方面可多方出击，协同规避。
作者在英文摘要写作中，可通过加强对摘要内涵学习、系统学习英语语法、反复自校或他校初稿、增加英语学术文献阅读量等途径，提升相应的写作水平；相关学术期刊编辑可总结错误类型及典型语例，汇总常用专业词汇，并及时在期刊官网及自媒体等渠道公示与共享，以协助作者规避上述错误。
关键词：学术期刊 摘要 英文 错误 写作 策略中图分类号：G232.2 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1009-5349（2019）04-0096-03一方面，英文摘要是学术论文写作不可缺少的要素之一，且其重要性日渐凸显，原因主要有：一是作为信息检索的工具，英文摘要的好坏，不仅直接关系着论文能否能被国际检索系统收录，还直接影响文章的被检索次数和被引率。
[1]二是随着国际化学术交流活动的日益频繁、形式日渐丰富，作为呈现学术研究发展成果和记录学术研究水平的学术期刊，其国际化办刊倾向及必要性也日渐加强。
因此，对于学术期刊办刊工作而言，作者英文摘要写作质量的重要性日益凸显，且越来越受到办刊人员的关注。
另一方面，在英文摘要写作中，作者常犯格式、语法等方面的错误。
对作者而言，若投稿论文的英文摘要含有不同数量、不同类型错误，其被顺利录用的概率或因此而降低。
对于学术期刊办刊人员而言，此类稿件则增加了耗时及工作量。
八个逻辑漏洞英语写作
八个逻辑漏洞英语写作提升英文写作除了学习语言技巧之外，还要加强逻辑思维能力训练。
对此，我们可以学习逻辑学知识，同时了解英文写作中的一些常见逻辑谬误，避免在写作中出现相同的问题。
具体来讲，英文写作中的逻辑谬误主要有循环论证、因果谬误、滑坡谬误、概念不当、合成谬误、分割谬误、稻草人谬误以及轻率概括等，这里做一些说明：（1）循环论证循环论证（circular argument）是指用来证明论题的论据本身的真实性要依靠论题来证明的逻辑错误，也就是说，在循环论证中，论证的前提就是论证的结论。
最简单的循环论证是用论点自己支持自己，例如：小明有罪，因为他有罪。
复杂一点的循环论证会涉及到论据的转述，但它们本质上说的还是同一个事物。
举个例子：Selling alcohol to teenagers should be banned because it is against the law.认为“青少年出售酒精应该被禁止”的论据是“它违反了法律”，这句话的论点和论据其实是同一个，相当于绕了一圈什么也没说，因此不能得出有效结论。
再举个例子：iPhone is the best smartphone on the planet because no one makes a better smartphone than Apple does.证明“苹果手机是世界上最好的手机”的论据是“没有其他公司生产的手机能和苹果公司的一样好”，这里论点和论据也是等同的。
要证明苹果手机是世界上最好的手机，正确思路应该是说明苹果手机的硬件性能和使用体验都是世界上最好的。
（2）因果谬误因果谬误（Causal Fallacy）是指未有充分证据便轻率断定因果关系的不当推论，这也是英文写作中最常出现的一个逻辑问题。
比如很多同学会写“如果学生一直在学校读书，那么他们就会对外面世界缺乏了解”。
这句话就出现了因果谬误：“学生一直在学校读书”与“对外面世界缺乏了解”并没有因果联系。
科技英语写作-中国人英语写作错误举例
+The Most Common Habits from more than 200 English Papers written by Graduate Chinese Engineering Students（中国研究生英文论文写作常见错误分析）By Felicia Brittman（上海交大外籍教师）This paper presents some of the most common Chinese-English habits observedfrom over two hundred English technical papers by Chinese writers. The habits are explained and in most cases, example text from an actual paper is given along with preferred text. An attempt is made to explain how to correct and prevent such mistakes.In some cases a possible explanation of why the habit occurs is also given. This paper can serve as an individual guide to editing technical papers especially when a native English-speaking editor is unavailable.IntroductionMost Chinese universities require their doctoral and master candidates intechnical and scientific fields to publish at least one English paper in an international journal as a degree requirement. However, many factors make this task difficult to accomplish. First, previous English studies may not have focused enough on writing, let alone （更不用说，遑论）technical writing. Current studies may not include English, causing the writer’s English fluency level to decline. Second, most writers have never lived in an English speaking country. Third, due to the special aspects of technical writing, even native English-speaking engineering students have a technical writing course as part of their study.Too often, students’ papers are returned unaccepted(未被接受的，副词) because of poor English. If available, students may have their papers edited by a native English speaker. However, this can get expensive for a department that has many students with each paper typically needing to be edited twice. Hiring someone to edit papers is difficult, costly and only puts a patch（小弥补）over the problem. A native English speaker can do a good job at getting rid of （摆脱）most of the grammatical mistakes. However, if this person does not have a technical background, particularly in the area of the papers he is editing, he is unable to get rid of all of the mistakes and make sure that the meaning is clear. He cannot recognize the incorrect translation of technical terms for which there is a standard word. Such mistakes will not be picked up by the processor’s spelling and grammar checker. In addition, if they are not familiar with the topic or field, they may not grasp the meaning of the entire article and fail to make critical edits.Hiring a person with a technical background similar to that of the papers being edited is a better option. Nevertheless, while a person with a technical background may be able to edit the paper sufficiently, he may not be able to explain to the writer how to prevent such mistakes in the future. Besides, it is difficult for most Chinese universities to hire such staff simply for editing. Universities may consider inviting a visiting scholar who will edit papers in addition to doing research or teaching as part of an exchange.Although editing may be the fastest way to publish papers, it does little in the way of teaching the writers how to prevent common mistakes and colloquial（口语，会话）habits that prevent a clear understanding of the writer’s ideas. Writers who have alreadyobtained an impressing command（很好的掌握）of the English language can only truly benefit if they are made aware of（使，被弄清楚，懂得）），their common mistakes and colloquial habits and how to prevent them.PurposeThe purpose of this report is to introduce the most common habits in Chinese-English writing as noted from the over two hundred papers I have edited. The habits include grammar mistakes, colloquialisms（口语，白话）, and formatting problems and in most cases prevent a clear understanding of the writer’s ideas. A few of the habits, such as writing extremely long sentences, can be corrected with careful use of the MS Word® grammar and style checker. However, most habits, such as missing articles, go unnoticed by （未被察觉）automatic grammar checking devices. Still, Chinese-English colloquial habits are not recognized by such software tools.StructureThe common habits are presented in two sections. The first section lists the habitsthat, in my opinion, need the most attention. These habits interrupt the flow of the paper making it difficult to understand and occur most frequently. In this section, the habits are explained, example sentences from actual papers are given to show the habits, and the sentences are rewritten to show the correct way to write them. In the case of missing articles, a flow chart is also given to aid in choosing the correct articles.In the second section, an additional list of habits is given. In some cases, example sentences are given. In other cases, advice is given. The second section is very useful in becoming familiar with small nuances（微妙之处）.Not all of the common habits I observed are presented mainly because they can only be dealt with on an individual basis. For example, writers had difficulty titling（为文章写标题）their papers and naming new technical ideas to express their contents and functions concisely.This problem frequently occurred but it can only be addressed individually. Once writers are aware of their habits, they would be able to write better technical English articles.Section 1 冠词的使用错误“a, an, the”The single most common habit is the omission of articles a, an, and the. Thisoccurs because Mandarin has no direct equivalent of articles and the rules for using them are somewhat complicated for a non-native speakers.Articles signal that a noun will follow and that any modifiers between the articleand the Section 1“a, an, the”The single most common habit is the omission of articles a, an, and the.！This occurs because Mandarin has no direct equivalent of articles and the rules for using them are somewhat complicated for a non-native English speaker.Articles signal that a noun will follow and that any modifiers(修饰词语) between the article and the noun refer to（提及，涉及，指，表示）that noun (a big blue bicycle / the first award).A and an are indefinite articles; the is a definite article（定冠词）. Every time a singular noncountable(uncountable) noun or a common noun that names one countable item is used ,the noun requires some kind of determiner(限定词).Mistake: The, a, and an are 1) omitted where they are required, 2) used where theyare not needed or contribute to wordiness 3) used wrongly in place of the correct article. Examples of incorrect usages:Incorrect Figure 2 shows the distribution of relative velocity on surface of main（主叶片）and splitter blades（分流叶片）Correct Figure 2 shows the distribution of relative velocity on the surface（？）of the main and splitter blade s.Incorrect The software PowerSHAPE is chosen to be a 3D modeling tool; it isgood at dealing with free surfaces and curves.4Correct The software PowerSHAPE is chosen to be the 3D modeling tool; it isgood at dealing with free surfaces and curves.4There was only one 3D modeling tool used in this study, therefore ‘3D modelingtool’ is specific and requires the article the.Incorrect A theoretical method for calculating the inner flow-field in centrifugalImpeller（离心式推进器）with splitter blades and （遗漏了一些内容）of the interactions between main and splitter blades is presented in this paper. The vortices（涡旋）are distributed on the main and splitter blades to simulate the effects offlows. Systematical study of number and distribution of vortices isconducted.15Correct A theoretical method for calculating the inner flow-field in a centrifugal impeller with splitter blades and an investigation of the interactionsbetween main and splitter blades is（两个主语？））presented in this paper. The vortices are distributed on the main and splitter blades to simulate the effects offlows. A systematical study of the number and distribution of vortices isconducted.15Incorrect Theoretically, remanufacturing could fully take advantage of resources contained in EOF product thereby minimizing impact on environment tothe greatest extent compared to landfill or recycling of materials;consequently it contributes greatly to resource conservation.16Correct Theoretically, remanufacturing could fully take advantage of resources contained in an EO F（L？）product thereby minimizing the impact on the environment to the greatest extent compared to（with）landfill（垃圾填埋）or recycling （回收利用）of materials; consequently it contributes greatly to resource conservation.16Definitions:Articles：Also called determiners or noun markers（名词标记）, articles are the words a, an, and the.A and an are indefinite articles（不定冠词）, and the is a definite article（定冠词）. Articles signal that a noun will follow and that any modifiers（修饰词语）between the article and the noun refer to that noun. ( a cold , metal chair/ the lightning-fast computer). Determiners ：A word or word group, traditionally identified as an adjective, that limits anoun by telling how much or how many about it. (expression of quantity, limiting adjective, marker) They tell whether a noun is general (a tree) or specific (the tree). The is a definite article. Before a noun, the conveys（表达）that the known refers to a specific item (the plan). A and an are indefinite articles. They convey that a noun refers to an item in a nonspecific or general way (a plan).Common nouns（普通名词）A noun that names a general group, place, person, or thing: dog,house.Count noun（可数名词）A noun that names an item or items that can be counted: radio, streets, idea, fingernails.Noncount（uncountable？）nouns A noun that names a thing that cannot be counted: water, time.Specific noun （专有名词）A noun understood to be exactly and specifically referred to; uses the definite article the.Nonspecific noun（非专有名词）A noun that refers to any of a number of（？）identical items; it takes the indefinite articles a , an.Long SentenceVery long sentences are especially common in Chinese-English writing becausethe writers often translate directly from Chinese to English. Although, in Chinese writing it is acceptable to put several supporting ideas in on sentence to show their relationship, in English, the main idea and each supporting idea is typically written in separate sentences.One can usually recognize a very long sentence by its length –sixty words ormore. However, sentences of smaller lengths can also be too long if they contain multiple statements that confuse the main idea. Long sentences can be avoided by limiting each sentence to one or two topics. Semicolons(；) should be used where the writer really wants to emphasize the relationship between ideas.Too long ：According to the characteristic of fan-coil （风机盘管式）air-conditioning systems, this paper derives the cooling formula of fan-coil units based on the heat transfer theories andputs forward a new method to gauge cooling named Cooling Metering on the Airside,which can monitor the individual air-conditioning cooling consumption during a period of time by detecting the parameters of inlet air condition –temperature and humidity – of the fan-coilair-conditioning system as well as the parameters of inlet cooling water provided by the chiller.5Correct This paper derives the cooling formula of fan-coil units based on the characteristicsof fan-coil air-conditioning systems and heat transfer theories, and puts forward a new method to gauge cooling called Cooling Metering on the Air-side. The new method can monitor individualair-conditioning cooling consumption during a period of time by detecting the condition of inlet air –temperature and humidity –of the fan-coil air-conditioning system as well as the parameters of the inlet cooling water provided by the chiller（冷却器）.Too long The gear transmission is grade seven, the gear gap is 0.00012 radians, the geargap has different output values corresponding to any given input value, nonlinearityof the gear gap model can be described by using the phase function method, the existing backlash block in the non-linear library of the Matlab/zdimulink toolbox can be used, the initial value of gear gap in the backlash block is set to zero.9Correct The gear transmission is grade seven. The gear gap, which is 0.00012 radians, has different output values corresponding to any given input value. The nonlinearity of the gear gap model can be described by using the phase function method. The existing backlash block in the non-linear library of the Matlab/zdimulink toolbox can be used; the initial value of gear gap in the backlash block is set to zero.Another type of super-long sentence that frequently occurs in technical papers isthat of a list. The writer wants to give a large amount of data, usually parameter values, and puts this information into one long, paragraph-sized sentence. However, the best way to give such type and quantity of information is to tabulate it (put it in a bulleted list,采用列表形式).Too long …where m is the mass of the heavy disk mounted at the mid-span of a massless elastic shaft, e is the eccentricity（偏心）of the mass center from the geometric center of the disk, φis the angle between the orientation of the eccentricity and the ξaxis, kξand kηare the stiffness coefficients in two principal directions of shaft respectively, c is the viscous damping coefficientof the shaft and the disk, c i is the inner damping coefficient of shaft, ωis the rotating speed, ξs and ηs are the components of initial bend in directions of ξ,ηaxes respectively: ξs = r b cosθ,ηs = r b sinθ.1Correct Where（采用以下列表方式较佳）m is the mass of the heavy disk mounted at the mid-span of a massless elasticshaft,e is the eccentricity of the mass center from the geometric center of the disk,φis the angle between the orientation of the eccentricity and theξaxis,kξand kηare the stiffness coefficients in the two principal directions of the shaft,c is the viscous damping coefficient of the shaft and the disk,c i is the inner damping coefficient of the shaft,ωis the rotating speed,ξs and ηs are the components of initial bend in directions of ξ,ηaxes, respectively: ξs = r b cosθ,ηs = r b sinθ.Too long The clear height of the case is 6.15 meters; the thickness of the roof is 0.85meters; the thickness of the bottom is 0.90 meters, the overall width is 26.6meters, the overall length of the axial cord is 304.5 meters, the length of thejacking section is about 148.8 meters; the weight of the case is about 24127tons.3Clear Case clearance height 6.15 meters•Roof thickness 0.85 meters•Bottom thickness 0.90 meters•Overall width 26.6 meters•Overall length of the axial cord 304.5 meters•Length of the jacking section 148.8 meters (approx.)•Weight of the case 24127 tons (approx.)Prefacing the main idea of a sentence by stating the purpose, location or reason firstChinese writers often preface the main topic of a sentence by first stating thepurpose, location, reason, examples and conditions as introductory elements. However, this has the effect of demoting（削弱，降级）the importance of the main idea and making the reader think the author is indirect. So, it is suggested that bring the main idea to the beginning of the sentence, stating any locations, reasons, etc., afterwards.Incorrect For the application in automobile interiors, this paper studies the nesting optimization problem in leather manufacturing. 5Correct This paper studies the nesting optimization problem in leather manufacturingfor application in automobile interiors.Incorrect Especially when numerical control (NC) techniques[4] are widely used inindustry and rapid prototype methods[5][6] bring a huge economical benefits, theadvantage of constructing 3D model[7][8][9] becomes extremely obvious.2Correct The advantage of constructing a 3D model[7][8][9] becomes extremely obvious especially when numerical control (NC) techniques[4] are widely used in industry and rapid prototype methods[5][6]，bring a huge economical benefits.Incorrect Inside the test box, the space was filled with asbestos.(测试盒内填满了石棉)Correct The space inside the test box was filled with asbestos.Incorrect In practice, we employed this approach to dispose a wheelhouse（驾驶室）subassembly of one kind of auto-body, and the results show that this method is feasible.16Correct We employed this approach to dispose a wheelhouse subassembly of one kind ofauto-body, and the results show that this method is feasible.Incorrect To ensure sheet metal quality as well as assembly quality, CMMs（三坐标测量机）are widely used in automotive industry production.Correct CMMs are widely used in automotive industry production to ensure sheet metal quality as well as assembly quality.Tendency of placing phrases which indicate time at the beginning of a sentence （表示时间的句子部分方在句首）Incorrect When U is taken as the control parameter, the BDs for Δ=0.0, 0.001, 0.005are shown in Fig. 8.Correct Figure 8 shows the BDs for Δ=0.0, 0.001, and 0.005 when U is taken as thecontrol parameter.Place the most important subject at the beginning of the sentence for emphasisIncorrect Based on the triangulation structure built from unorganized points or a CADmodel, the extended STL format is described in this section.4Correct The extended STL format is described in this section based on the triangulation structure built from unorganized points or a CAD model.Incorrect The 3D dentition defect（齿形缺陷）and restoration models（复原模型）are designed precisely with complex surfaces.4Correct The 3D dentition defect and restoration models with complex surfaces are designed precisely.Respectively‟ and …respective‟Respectively refers to two or more persons or things only in the order they were previously designated or mentioned. In this case the use of respectively is to allow thewriter to give a lot of information without confusing the reader or writing several short sentences.Respectively is usually at the end of the sentence.For example: Bobby, Nicole and Daren wore red, green and blue coats, respectively.List 1 List 2Bobby wore a red coat.Nicole wore a green coat.Daren wore a blue coat.The uses of these two words are usually incorrect or confusing as in the following examples.1. Respectively is misplaced（放错位置）in the sentence; it is put before the nouns to which it refers.Incorrect Equations 2～6 can be respectively linearized as:......(equations given) (13)Correct Equations 2～6 can be l inearized as:……(equations given)…, respectively.Incorrect The weights (权)of the two experts are respectively 0.600 and 0.400.19Correct The weights of the two experts are 0.600 and 0.400, respectively.2. Respectively is inserted to express that there is a certain order in which something was done. However, the order is already implied elsewhere in the sentence or does not needto be expressed because it does not add value to meaning of the sentence.（以下句中的respectively是多余的）Incorrect If both the core technology score and core quality score of a bottleneck processare, respectively, below certain scores, then we refer to strategy 1, otherwise, if either is, respectively, above a certain score, then we refer to strategy 2. Similarly, if the core technology and core quality are, respectively, above a certain score, then we refer to strategy 3, otherwise, if either is, respectively, below a certain score, then we refer to strategy 4.19Correct If both the core technology score and core quality score of a bottleneck process are below certain scores, then we refer to strategy 1, otherwise, if either is above a certain score, then we refer to strategy 2. Similarly, if the core technology and core quality are above a certain score, then we refer to strategy 3，otherwise, if either is below a certain score, then we refer to strategy 4.3. In addition to 2, it is unclear to what ‘respectively’ refers.Incorrect The dynamic characteristics of a rotor with asymmetric stiffness or with initialWarp（翘曲）hve been studied before respectively [1-4]Correct The dynamic characteristics of a rotor with asymmetric stiffness or with initialwarp have been studied before [1-4].Incorrect The inlet and outlet temperature of the air cooler were measured using two thermocouples respectively.17Correct The inlet and outlet temperature of the air cooler were measured by using two thermocouples.…In this paper‟, …in this study‟Two errors occur when these phrases are used. The first is overuse. In somepapers written by Chinese, these phrases can occur as much as twice per page. In papers written by native English writers these phrases are reserved for primarily two uses(主要用于两种情况)1. In the introduction and conclusion to emphasize the content of the paper.2. In the body of the paper, after referring to work not done by the author such as inother journal articles or in standard.（而正文里，仅在谈到作者没有做到的作之后用）Therefore, if either phrase occurs more than three times in a paper, its use is questionable.（使用三次以上就得质疑）Actually, the reader is aware that the work presented is by the author (unless the author states otherwise) so there is no reason to repeat these phrases.The second error is more subtle（含糊不清）two phrases are interchanged.Awkward In this paper, IDEAS was used to ….Correct In this study, IDEAS was used to….Awkward In the paper, a n SZG4031 towing tractor is used as the sample vehicle, its cmponents’ quivalent physical parameters (零部件的当量物理参数) are obtained by UG design and esting.9Correct In this study, a n SZG4031 towing tractor is used as the sample vehicle, its com ponents’equivalent physical parameters (零部件的当量物理参数) are obtained by UG design and testing.9 The ‘study’ is the work the author/s did. The paper is the mode to present this work andis what the reader is reading. Keep in mind the writer can also use other phrasessuch as ‘in this research’, and ‘this paper present’.Numbers and EquationsTwo very common errors are those concerning the presentation of Arabic numerals, and equations. Chinese writers usually write Arabic numerals instead of spelling out the word. The use of Arabic numerals, itself, is not an error however; they should never be used at the beginning of sentences.Incorrect 12 parameters were selected for the experiment.Correct Twelve parameters were selected for the experiment.In addition, Arabic numerals are overused. Arabic numerals should be used to give data in technical papers, however they should not be used to give general information. Incorrect All 3 studies concluded that the mean temperature should be 30°C.Correct All three studies concluded that the mean temperature should be 30°C.This probably stems from the fact that Mandarin is a symbolic language and not alphabetic. Thus, the writer will find it easier to write a symbol that expresses the idea instead of the word. This problem is even more serious when equations are used in place of words ay that is not practiced by native English speakers. (中国作者常常喜欢在句子中用数学方程式代替词语表达，而英美作者不这样写)Consider the following examples.Equations should be introduced as much as possible, not inserted in place of words. Most journals, like the International Journal of Production Research, discourage(不主张) the use of even short expressions within the text.Incorrect If the power battery SOC > SOC lo and the driving torque belongs to themid dle load,…Correct If the power battery SOC is greater than SOC lo and the driving torquebelongs to the middle load,…Format (格式问题)Paragraphs（段落）A paragraph is a group of sentences that develop one topic or thought.Paragraphs are separated to indicate the end of one idea or thought and the beginning of another. All English paragraphs start on a new line with an indent of about one inch（缩进1英寸）or with an extra line（另起一行）between the two paragraphs. The latter is more typical for business writing.（商务写作）Chinese students are often puzzled by separating paragraphs; they may have one of two errors: One error occurs when the writer fails to distinguish between two paragraphs. Although the new paragraph starts on a new line, there is no indentation,（缩格）therefore, the reader is not aware of the change in paragraphs or ideas. The seconderror occurs when a paragraph is preceded by a single sentence on a single line. The single line is indented along with the succeeding paragraph .This commonly occurs in Chinese texts but is never done in English.‘Figure’ and ‘Table’The abbreviations for figure and table are Fig. and Tbl, respectively. However,the abbreviation of table Tbl is rarely seen in text. One can also write fig. for figure. However, one should choose one convention and use it throughout the paper. You should not switch among Figure, figure, Fig, or fig. In addition, abbreviations are not used at the beginning of sentences and a space belongs(应被放在) between the word/ abbreviation and the number.（缩略词和数字之间应留空格）Incorrect Figure.6, Figure6, Fig.6, Tbl10Correct Figure 6, Fig. 6, Tbl. 10（注意，6，10 和前面的.之间留有一空格！）Variables （变量字母要用斜体字！）Variables, especially those of the English alphabet, should be italicized in technical papers to distinguish them from English words. Of course, this depends on thestyle required by the journal.Capitals（大写字母）Be careful that capitals are not in the middle of the sentence.Incorrect In table 1, The mark…Correct In table 1, the mark……such as‟ and …etc.‟Such as and etc. are commonly misused by Chinese-English writers. Such asmeans ‘for example’ and implies that an incomplete list will follow; etc. means ‘and so on’ and is used at the end of a list to show it is not complete. Therefore, using such as and etc. together is redundant（多余）.（不可将such as 和etc. 以及and so on 同时使用）Incorrect Studies of methodology and process of implementing remanufacturing mainlyfocus on durable products such as automobile motors, printers, and etc.11Correct Studies of methodology and process of implementing remanufacturing mainlyfocus on durable products such as automobile motors, and printers.Such as means that an incomplete list will be given and should not be used when a complete list is given.Incorrect Compared to traditional industry, Micro-electronic fabrication has three characteristics such as high complexity, high precision and high automation.Correct Compared to traditional industry, Micro-electronic fabrication has threecharacteristics: high complexity, high precision and high automation.Section 21) Some words have identical singular and plural forms and do not need an s added on to make them plural. These words include:•literature (when referring to research)•equipment,•staff (referring to a group of people)•facultyaircraft2) Avoid redundancy in the following types of phrases frequently used by Chinese writersInstead of Say Or sayResearch work Research WorkLimit condition Limit conditionKnowledge memory Knowledge MemorySketch map Sketch mapLayout scheme Layout schemeArrangement plan Arrangement planOutput performance Output performanceSimulation results results simulationKnowledge information Knowledge informationCalculation results results calculationApplication results Results Application3) Certain words demand that the noun they modify is plural. These include different, various, and number words.Different node Different node sVarious method Various method sTwo advantage Two advantage sFifteen thermocouple Fifteen thermocouple s4) Never write ‘How to…’ at the beginning of a sentence.No How to find the optimal parameter is the main objective.Yes Determining how to find the optimal parameter is the main objective.7) Do write ‘the results are shown in Figure 2’. Do not write ‘the results are showed as Figure 2’.8) Italicize variables appearing in the text to differentiate them from words. This is especially important when the variables are English alp habets. Write ‘The graph shows t, a, and C as a function of time’. Do not write ‘The graph shows t, a, and C as a function of time’.（变量要用斜体字）9) Refrain from using the word obviously in a technical paper in the following wayNo Obviously, detecting regimes by means of PMH maps is a novel method.8Yes Detecting regimes by means of PMH maps is a novel method.810) International papers should not use location dependant terms such as ‘at home’,‘abroad’, ‘here’, ‘our country’ because the reader most likely is not Chinese and not in。
关于英语论文写作的问题及对策
关于英语论文写作的问题及对策摘要:是每个本科生在毕业之前最重要的一项学习任务。
通过对2004届英语专业学生毕业论文选题以及在撰写过程中出现有关选题、英文写作、格式规范、外文资料不足等问题的分析和探讨,提出了加强思想教育、建立健全的管理体系、加强论文撰写各个环节的指导和外文图书资料建设等一些富有建设性的对策。
关键词:英语专业;毕业论文;撰写;规范格式;指导英语毕业论文或学士学位论文是每个本科生在毕业之前最重要的一项学习任务;是高等学校本科教育的一个重要的综合性实践教学环节;是对大学学习成果的综合性总结和检阅;是学生在教师指导下运用所学理论知识和英语基本技能来探讨、分析、研究、解决本学科某一科学问题的科学实践的总结性报告;也是检验学生掌握知识的程度、分析问题和解决问题基本能力、写作能力的一份综合答卷。
但学生在实际的撰写过程中,出现了选题、英文写作、格式规范、外文资料不足等问题。
为了提高毕业论文的质量,解决存在的问题,作者提出了加强思想教育、建立健全的管理体系、加强论文撰写各个环节的指导和加强外文图书资料建设等一些富有建设性的对策。
一、存在的问题(一)选题方面在实际的论文指导和论文答辩过程中,我们发现许多学生在选题方面存在着以下几个方面的问题:1、选题过分集中。
2004届英语专业只有一个本科班,共有毕业生37人。
写文学方面的论文最多,共有14篇,占37. 84%,写语言和文化的分别有11篇和8篇,写教学和翻译方面的论文比较少。
其中文化方面论文题目相近的有5篇,文学方面论文题目相近的有4篇,语言2篇,这不仅仅是这一届的个别现象,往届和其他院校也有类似现象。
每年都有许多学生喜欢选文学方面的题目,因为文学方面的论文参考资料相对来说比较丰富,比较容易收集和查阅,又容易看懂。
这样一来,造成文学方面的选题很集中。
语言、文化对比、教学和翻译方面的论文相对较少,原因是这些方面的论文参考资料相对而言比较少,不容易收集,特别是像语言学等方面的资料比较专业,抽象难懂;教学方面的论文需要大量的数据收集和统计,甚至需要教学实验来验证,由于学生缺乏教学方面的经验和感性认识,所以难度比较大。
SCI论文写作的常见英文表述问题
SCI论文写作的常见英文表述问题对于英文SCI论文写作来说，国内科研工作者大多面临英语能力匮乏的缺陷。
尤其是年龄大和专业性强的科技工作者，撰写SCI论文的内容往往不是问题，而在表述时由于英文水平限制容易造成误解，甚至无法表述出自己的真实意图与观点，从而大大降低文章的学术价值。
因此，蓝译针对SCI论文写作的一些常见英文表述问题进行汇总，希望有助于大家在语言表达上提高论文的写作水平。
一、文体不符合学术论文的规范。
语言表达有书面语与口头语之分，而书面语又可据其使用的范围与目的分为科学语体、文学语体、政论语体等若干类。
学术论文一般属于科学语体，有其自身的语法和词汇特征。
而有的作者在撰写文章时，往往只考虑找到能够表达自己观点的方式，并没有考虑到该表达方式是书面语还是口语，因而在行文中，书面语与口语掺杂在一起，往往会出现令人费解、误解、语义含糊不清的现象。
二、人称使用不符合学术论文的客观性要求。
学术论文一般要求以第三人称来撰写，以表明研究的客观性。
由于受到母语的干扰，国内作者在撰写论文时常常会使用our，us we，my等词，严重影响行文的客观性。
原因在于作者不是不知道要避免使用第一人称，更多的是不知道如果避免使用第一人称。
三、存在简单的汉英互译现象。
撰写英文SCI论文，国内许多作者比较倾向于先形成中文的学术论文，然后再将其翻译成英文。
以为这样既可以保持思维的连续性，又简单易行。
殊不知，英语和汉语的表达方式并不是一一对应的关系，需要相应的语言文化背景知识及文字功底作为依托，才能使译文脱离翻译的痕迹。
而他们大多本身就不具备这样英语语言基础和文化底蕴，此法所写的文章，通常出现语法、语用错误。
通常情况下，为了避免直译所造成的麻烦，在撰写文章之初，建议撰稿人应先查阅相关的英语文献，以形成一定的英语思维习惯，掌握英语的表达方式与方法，并用这样的方法把自己所要传达的内容表述出来，更容易撰写出高质量的SCI学术文章。
四、连词使用缺失或使用不当。
从中国工科硕士研究生200篇英文论文中总结的最常见惯性错误
从中国工科硕士研究生200篇英文论文中总结的最常见惯性错误通过评审200多篇中国作者撰写的英文学术论文，总结了其中的一些常见的中国式英语的习惯性用法。
这些习惯性误用将会一一被解释说明，其中多数情况下将会伴有挑选出来的论文示例。
这篇文章尝试说明怎样修改并避免这些错误，同时这些错误发生的原因有时也给予了可能的解释。
本文可以作为个人在学术论文编辑时，尤其是在没有母语为英文的编辑的时候的指南。
引言大多数中国高校都要求他们的博士和硕士研究生在国际期刊上发表至少一篇英文学术论文，并以此作为获得学位的必须条件。
然而，很多因素都让这一任务在完成时困难异常。
首先，原来的英文学习对写作方面的关注度不够，更不用说写作技术了。
而目前的学习科目中也不含英文这一项，这导致作者的英文熟练程度逐渐下降。
其次，大多数作者并没有在任何英语国家待过。
再次，科技论文的写作不同于一般写作，因此即使英语国家的工科学生都设置了专门的科技写作课程对此进行专门学习。
很多时候，学生的论文因为英文水平太差而被拒。
如果有条件的话，学生可以找一个以英语为母语的人编辑论文。
但是，费用可能会相当高，因为一个系有很多学生，按照每人一篇文章，通常一篇文章要编辑两次计算，数量也很客观。
雇佣人编辑论文也存在困难，费用高并且仅仅是在原来问题的基础上做一些小修小补。
一个英语为母语的人会有效的帮助你扫除语法错误。
但是，如果找个人并不具备相关专业的背景，尤其是他要编辑文章所需的专业背景，那么他也难以修改所有的错误和确保文章表达的意思清楚明白。
他不能识别一些错误的专业术语翻译，这些术语本身是有标准用词。
如上所述的错误是语法和拼写检查人员力所不能及的。
此外，如果他们不熟悉所编辑文章的主题或者领域，他们难以把握文章的整体要义，从而难以对论文进行中肯的编辑。
雇一个有相似专业背景的人充当论文的编辑是一个更好的选择。
然而，一个有专业背景的人可能能够胜任论文编辑的工作，但是他可能不能向作者解释如何在将来的写作中避免类似错误的发生。
学生英语作文常犯写作错误类型
学生英语作文常犯写作错误类型
学生在英语作文中常犯的写作错误类型包括：
1. 语法错误：如主谓不一致、时态混乱、单复数错误等。
2. 拼写错误：拼写不正确的单词或错用同音异义词。
3. 逻辑混乱：文章结构不清晰，缺乏连贯性和条理性。
4. 词汇选择问题：使用不恰当的词汇或词语，影响表达准确性。
5. 句子过长或过短：长句子难以理解，短句子缺乏表达深度。
6. 没有论据支持：缺乏具体事实、例证或数据来支撑论点。
7. 文体不符：未按照要求的文体写作，如议论文写成记叙文等。
希望学生在写作时能够注意避免这些常见错误，提高英语写作的质量。
英文写作中有哪些常见的标点符号错误
英⽂写作中有哪些常见的标点符号错误 标点符号似乎每个⼈都认识，都会⽤，但在实际写作中我们还是可以经常见到不少误⽤标点符号的例⼦。
今天我在这⾥总结⼀下英⽂写作中常见的标点符号问题，以供各位参考。
在列举各个标点符号的常见问题之前，这⾥先说⼀个经常会被忽略的格式问题（尤其是在⼿机和电脑上的英⽂写作）：空格。
在英语书写格式中，标点符号后⾯⾄少要留⼀个半⾓空格。
⽐如对于逗号，在逗号后⾯要留有⼀个字符长度的空格。
⽐较下⾯两个句⼦： （1）They would have married sooner, but they had to wait for her divorce. （2）They would have married sooner,but they had to wait for her divorce. 第⼆个句⼦不符合英语书写规范，因为逗号后⾯没有⼀个字符的空格。
事实上，如果你经常使⽤Word写⽂章，应该会留意到上⾯的错误提⽰： 除了逗号之外，句号、分号以及问号等也要遵守标点符号空格的原则。
⽐如，下⾯这样的句⼦也不符合规范： Neither of them thought of turning on the lunch-time news.Thus Caroline didn't hear of John's death until Peter telephoned. 要改为： Neither of them thought of turning on the lunch-time news. Thus Caroline didn't hear of John's death until Peter telephoned. 如果你不清楚应该怎么加空格，可以在Word⽂档上打⼏⾏字，观察Word给出的修改建议。
接下来是⼀些常见的标点符号问题： 1.逗号 在句⼦并列结构的最后成分前往往会使⽤连词 and, or, but 等，在这些连词前加不加逗号会对句⼦意思造成影响，举个例⼦： (1) You should buy some pens, red bags and notebooks. (2) You should buy some pens, red bags, and notebooks. 两个句⼦的表意有所不同，第⼆个句⼦ red 只修饰 bags，但第⼀个句⼦ red 可以解读为修饰 bags 以及 notebooks，因此为了避免歧义，要学会正确使⽤逗号。
英文学术论文中中文语法错误的问题探讨
英文学术论文中中文语法错误的问题探讨在当代全球化的背景下，英文学术论文已成为了学术界最为普遍的交流方式。
而随着中国在国际舞台上的逐渐崛起，越来越多的中国学者也开始投身到这个领域，并在不断提升自己的英文写作水平。
但是，就我个人的观察和经验来看，其中一个常见的问题是中文语法错误的存在。
这些错误不仅会影响文章的阅读体验，还会给读者造成一定的阅读理解障碍。
那么，本篇文章将探讨这个问题的产生原因、问题的具体表现和解决方法。
首先，我们需要深入分析中文语法错误的产生原因。
为了完成一篇英文学术论文，中文母语者通常采用中文思维方式，将内容翻译成英文，以达到翻译的目的。
这种翻译方式对于那些中文语法结构与英文不同的情况来说，容易造成语法错误。
因此，在翻译过程中，保持英文语法结构的正确性是非常重要的。
同时，文化层面差异也可能对语法结构造成影响。
在中文中，动词经常在句子的末尾出现，而在英文中则通常出现在句子的中间。
这种文化背景的差异可能导致一些中文母语者犯下英文动词形态的错误。
其次，我们需要深入分析中文语法错误的具体表现。
在英文学术论文中，中文语法错误通常表现为三种形式：词序错误、名词性错误和语态错误。
在词序错误方面，主要存在词序颠倒或语序错误的问题。
在名词性错误方面，中文句子中习惯于使用“的”来表示一些定语或成分，但在英文中这种表现方式则往往被视为错误的表达方式，这就容易引起歧义或造成阅读理解障碍。
在语态错误的方面，熟练的中文母语者可能会陷入到“汉译英”这种语言模式中去，从而在英文文章中使用被动语态极端夸张的程度，破坏了英语语法习惯，影响文章的可读性。
最后，我们需要探讨中文语法错误的解决方法。
首先，提高英语语言技巧以改善英文写作水平是确切的解决方法。
因此，中文母语者应积极利用各种资源不断完善英语语言技能。
其次，我们应该重新审视中文语法结构与英文语法结构的差异。
针对不同的语法问题，我们应目标明确地进行特定的改进。
例如在“被动语态”的问题上，我们应该在熟记被动语态基础用法、小结中英语法习惯以及积极阅读英文原文等方面，不断的提高自己的语言运用能力，以期达到更高的写作水平。
SCI科研论文写作的常见问题与解决方法
SCI科研论文写作的常见问题与解决方法科研论文的写作是学术研究的重要环节，SCI论文的发表对于研究者来说更是一种荣誉和成就。
然而，很多研究者在SCI科研论文写作的过程中会遇到一些常见的问题。
本文将就这些问题进行深入探讨，并提供一些解决方法。
问题一：论文结构不合理很多SCI论文在结构上存在问题，主要表现为缺乏逻辑性和组织性。
为了解决这个问题，研究者可以遵循以下结构：1. 引言：介绍研究背景、目的和重要性，明确研究问题。
2. 文献综述：回顾相关文献，分析已有研究的不足与缺陷。
3. 方法：详细描述研究方法和实验设计，确保实验可重复。
4. 结果：准确呈现实验结果，使用图表和数据来支持论点。
5. 讨论：解释结果，分析数据，总结研究的发现，并与已有研究进行对比和讨论。
6. 结论：简明扼要地总结研究的主要发现和结论，提出进一步研究的方向。
问题二：语言表达不清晰SCI论文要求表达准确、简明、清晰，然而很多研究者在写作时存在语言表达不清晰的问题。
为了避免这个问题，研究者可以注意以下几点：1. 使用准确的词汇和术语：避免使用模糊、不确切的词汇，尽量使用准确的术语，以确保论文的准确性和可读性。
2. 避免冗长的句子和复杂的语法结构：选择简短、明了的句子和语法结构，以保持文章的流畅和易读。
3. 使用逻辑清晰的段落结构：每个段落应该包含一个明确的主题，并且段落与段落之间应该有明确的过渡，以确保文章的连贯性和一致性。
4. 使用标点符号和引号的正确方式：遵守英文标点符号和引号的使用规范，以避免造成误解和歧义。
问题三：数据分析不准确科研论文中的数据分析是验证研究假设和论点的重要手段。
然而，很多研究者在数据分析过程中存在一些常见的问题。
下面是一些常见问题及其解决方法：1. 样本量不足：样本量不足可能导致数据的统计不稳定，无法得出可靠的结论。
解决办法是增加样本量，以增加统计功效。
2. 统计方法选择不当：不同的研究问题需要使用不同的统计方法，选择不当可能导致结果的错误解读。
论文返修过程中发现之前的方法错误
论文返修过程中发现之前的方法错误基本错误的修改我们知道，英文论文中的错误大致可以分为以下几类。
首先是基本的语法错误，词汇拼写错误，标点符号错误等低级错误。
这些错误在所有错误中是最低级的，然而也是最常见的。
但是在英文论文修改中处理这些错误却并不简单。
首先这些基本错误分布广，数量多且分散，如果一字一句去检查，十分耗费时间和精力。
并且还有可能出现检查疏漏的情况。
这时我们建议大家可以使用一些专门的电脑软件去检查。
这些软件的原理很简单，就像计算机的编程软件自带的纠错系统一样，能自动检查出拼写错误，语法错误和标点符号错误。
错误的部分会用红色或者黄色等显眼的颜色标出。
这样可以节省下大量的时间和精力。
写作结构的错误这种错误也是英文论文修改中常见的错误。
比如说，书信，托福写作，学术论文等有其特定的格式。
写作的时候必须按照特定的格式来写作。
特别是学术论文，格式不合格的甚至会被直接退回。
因为特定的格式不仅能表现出作者的严谨，还能方便读者的阅读。
强化逻辑英文论文修改的最后一点，也是英文论文修改中境界最高，要求最高的一点，那就是强化论文之间和句子之间的逻辑。
特别是对于英文论文这种学术性论文来说，逻辑很重要。
许多作者因为英文水平不过硬，写出来的句子都是短句，或者是没有章法的长句。
通过这些句子拼凑出来的英文论文逻辑性肯定不强。
而且对论文水平要求越高的，论文的逻辑要求就越强。
比如说SCI/SSCI论文，对英文论文的逻辑要求就非常高。
英文论文修改时要提高论文的逻辑水平，还是要看修改者的英文水平和逻辑意识。
语言运用组织能力越好，对要写的东西认识程度越高，论文的逻辑水平就越高。
研究生学术英语论文写作中的常见问题及对策
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句子首字
And, So, But, Because 是连接词,不 能用于句子首字!!
The external noise interference was beyond our control. So we had to… The external noise interference was beyond our control, so we had to… 除非特殊情况需要强调: Because of external noise interference beyond our control, we had to …
感谢基金资助:
This work is supported by National 973 Project TG200…,NSF of China This work was supported by the National Program for Basic Research in China (Grant No. TG200…),the National Natural Science Foundation of China …
Abbreviations and Capital Letters
缩写与大写
尽量少用缩写
半导体激光器泵浦 LD pumped Diode pumped
缩写第一次出现就定义,但只用一次就不 要缩写
Wigner (W) state,
常用缩写也要定义:CCD, TTL 摘要已定义的缩写在正文中还要重新定义
Abbreviations and Capital Letters
缩写与大写
不要随便用大写
只有由人名命名的单位应大写 KV, Km kV, km, kHz, MHz
"…等等"不要乱翻译为etc, et al
"如倍频,下转换,和频,差频等参量过程" "… such as second harmonic, down conversion, sum frequency, and difference frequency generation processes"
References
按期刊要求 写法要一致
A.Smith, John Brown, Jianguo Li, T. Zhang
最好写所有作者,注意et al可否用 标点符号:标点符号后,括弧前空格 A.B.Smith, Phys.Rev.A, 44 456(1991) A. B. Smith, Phys. Rev. A, 44 456 (1991)
Title — Examples
相变型半导体存储器研究进展 A review and recent progress on phase-change semiconductor memory Phase-change semiconductor memories 光电子技术在保健医疗和生物学应用的进展 Progress on optoelectronic technology in health care treatment and biology Optoelectronics in health care treatment and biology 物理学类中文核心期刊的研究 The research of the core Chinese periodicals in physics On the evaluation of the major Chinese language physics periodicals
时态
时态
– – – – 正文,理论:现在时 实验:具体步骤可用简单过去时 解释图表:现在时 讨论:现在时
We propose a new method for the realization of … We have demonstrated for the first time…
Acknowledgments
Figures
引用他人图表一定要说明(from Ref. 4)
(写毕业论文时特别注意,包括摘自自己文章的图!)
实验曲线应有误差杠
Coincidence counts coincidence counts 坐标单位括弧前空格 x1 (mm)
Figure captions
要详尽,让人不用看正文就能看明白图 但不要重复词句 第一个字不用冠词
Title — Examples
非碳纳米管研究的新进展 Latest results on preparation methods of noncarbonic nanotubes Recent results in the preparation of non-carbonic nanotubes 有机半导体外延生长的STM研究 STM studies on epitaxial growth of organic semiconductors Scanning tunneling microscopy studies on the epitaxial growth of organic semiconductors
本文系统地介绍了相变型半导体存储器的原 理,相变材料,特点,器件结构设计,研究现 状及面临的几个关键器件工艺问题.
In this paper, the progresses of phase-change semiconductor memory were reviewed systematically, including the memory principle, phase-change materials, major advantages, design of device structure, current research state and key fabrication technique of device. A review is presented of phase-change semiconductor memories, including their principle of operation, major advantages, device structure design, phase-change materials, current research and key fabrication techniques.
Main text
Introduction Theory Experiment Results and discussion Conclusion
Introduction
一定要充分引用前人的工作
– 接受后校样中可加 Note added in proof
用被动式或we, 不用one 时态: 介绍过去的工作用简单过去时
Punctuation 标点符号
,不要逗号满天飞 ;用得恰当很有效 空格 . 句号后面一定空格 ( 前面要空格
The variation with pressure (see Fig. 2)
Title
要简明扼要 不要翻译"…的研究","…的最新进展" 一般第一个字不要冠词,数值,缩写
纳米孪晶纯铜的强度和导电性研究 An Investigation of Ultrahigh Strength and High Electrical Conductivity in Copper with Nanometer Sized Twins Ultrahigh Strength and High Electrical Conductivity of Copper with Nanometer Sized Twins
不能漏掉细节(仪器型号) 可以不用Professor…
The authors would like to thank the stimulating discussions with Professors F. M. … at the University of… The authors would like to thank F. M. …of the University of …
英文论文写作中 的常见错误
吴令安
中国科学院物理研究所
2009.7.8
Outline
文章结构 格式与文法 容易用错的字 Some Howlers
写作前
中英文写作习惯不同,仔细参考各种 原文期刊文章 千万不要直译,尽量用英文思考 先易后难, 先写理论实验,后写引言 结论
文章结构
Title Authors, Affiliation Abstract Main text Acknowledgments References Figure captions Figures
单位尽量简单(少占空间)
Key Laboratory of …., School of …,
Abstract
简明扼要, 但要给出主要数据结果 不要翻译"本文介绍…", 要开门见山 时态:一般用现在完成时,现在时
This paper introduces … We describe… …的研究进展 The investigation progress of …the fabrication techniques and progress of MgB2 thin films …the fabrication of MgB2 thin films