外文翻译终极版6[1].9
外文翻译---6 数字数据传输：接口和调制解调器
英文资料及中文翻译6 TRANSMISSIONS OF DIGITAL DATA:INTERFACES AND MODEMS(From Introduction to Data Communications and Net Working,Behrouz Forouzan)Once we have encoder our information into a format that can be transmitted, the next step is to investigate the transmission process itself. Information-processing equipment such as PCs generate encoded signals but ordinarily require assistance to transmit those signals over a communication link. For example, a PC generates a digital signal but needs an additional device to modulate a carrier frequency before it is sent over a telephone line. How do we relay encoded data from the generating device to the next device in the process? The answer is a bundle of wires, a sort of mini communication link, called an interface.Because an interface links two devices not necessarily made by the same manufacturer, its characteristics must be defined and standards must be established. Characteristics of an interface include its mechanical specifications (how many wires are used to transport the signal); its electrical specifications (the frequency, amplitude, and phase of the expected signal); and its functional specifications (if multiple wires are used, what does each one do?). These characteristics are all described by several popular standards and are incorporated in the physical layer of the OSI model.6.1 DIGITAL DATA TRANSMISSIONOf primary concern when considering the transmission of data from one device to another is the wiring. And of primary concern when considering the wiring is the data stream. Do we send one bit at a time, or do we group bits into larger groups and, if so, how? The transmission of binary data across a link can be accomplished either in parallel mode or serial mode. In parallel mode, multiple bits are sent with each clock pulse. In serial mode, one bit is sent with each clock pulse. While there is only one way to send parallel data, there are two subclasses of serial transmission: synchronous and asynchronous (see Figure 6-1).Parallel TransmissionBinary data, consisting of 1s and 0s, may be organized into groups of n bits each. Computers produce and consume data in groups of bits much as we conceive of and use spoken language in the form of words rather than letters. By grouping, we cansend data n bits at a time instead of one. This is called parallel transmission.The mechanism for parallel transmissionis a conceptually simple one: use n wires to send n bits at one time. That way each bit has its own wire, and all n bits of one group can be transmitted with each clock pulse from one device to another. Figure 6-2 shows how parallel transmission works for n=8.Typically the eight wires are bundled in a cable with a connector at each end.Figure 6-2 Parallel transmissionThe advantage of parallel transmission is speed. All else being equal, parallel transmission can increase the transfer speed by a factor of n over serial transmission. But there is a significant disadvantage:cost. Parallel transmission requires n communication lines (wires in the example) just to transmit the data stream. Because this is expensive, parallel transmission is usually limited to short distances, up to a maximum of say 25 feet.Serial TransmissionIn serial transmission one bit follows another, so we need only one communication channel rather than n to transmit data between two communicating devices .The advantage of serial over parallel transmission is that with only one communication channel, serial transmission reduces the cost of transmission over parallel by roughly a factor of n.Since communication within devices is parallel, conversion devices are required at the interface between the sender and the line (parallel-to-parallel).Serial transmission occurs in one of two ways: asynchronous or synchronous. Asynchronous TransmissionAsynchronous transmission is so named because the timing of a signal is unimportant. Instead, information is received and translated by agreed-upon patterns. As long as those patterns are followed, the receiving device can retrieve the information without regard to the rhythm in which it is sent. Patterns are based on grouping the bit stream into bytes. Each group, usually eight bits, is sent along the link as a unit. The sending system handles each group independently, relaying it to the link whenever ready, without regard to a timer.Without a synchronizing pulse, the receiver cannot use timing to predict when the next group will arrive. To alert the receiver to the arrival of a new group, therefore, an extra bit is added to the beginning of each byte. This bit, usually a 0, is called the start bit. To let the receiver know that the byte is finished, one or more additional bits are appended to the end of the byte. These bits, usually 1s, are called stop bits. By this method, each byte is increased in size to at least 10 bits, of which 8 are information and 2 or more are signals to the receiver. In addition, the transmission of each byte may then be followed by a gap of varying duration. This gap can be represented either by an idle channel or by a stream of additional stop bits.In asynchronous transmission we send one start bit (0) at the beginning and one or more stop bits (1s) at the end of each byte. There may be a gap between each byte.The start and stop bits and the gap alert the receiver to the beginning and end of each byte and allow it to synchronize with the data stream. This mechanism is called asynchronous because, at the byte level, sender and receiver do not have to be synchronized. But within each byte, the receiver must still be synchronized with the incoming bit stream. This is, some synchronization is required, but only for the duration of a single byte. The receiving device resynchronizes at the onset of each new byte. When the receiver detects a start bit, it sets a timer and begins counting bits as they come in. after n bits the receiver looks for a stop bit. As soon as it detects the stop bit, it ignores any received pulses until it detects the next start bit.Asynchronou s here means “asynchronous at the byte level,” but the bits are still synchronized; their durations are the same.The addition of stop and start bits and the insertion of gaps into the bit stream make asynchronous transmission slower than forms of transmission that can operate without the addition of control information. But it is cheap and effective, two advantages that make it an attractive choice for situations like low-speed communication. For example, the connection of a terminal to a computer is a natural application for asynchronous transmission. A user types only one character at a time, types extremely slowly in data processing terms, and leaves unpredictable gaps of time between each character.Synchronous TransmissionIn synchronous transmission, the bit stream is combined into longer “frames,” which may contain multiple bytes. Each byte, however, is introduced onto the transmission link without a gap between it and the next one. It is left to the receiver to separate the bit stream into bytes for decoding purposes. In other words, data are transmitted as an unbroken string of 1s and 0s, and the receiver separates that string into the bytes, or characters, it needs to reconstruct the information.In synchronous transmission we send bits one after another without start/stop bits or gaps. It is the responsibility of the receiver to group the bits.Without gaps and start/stop bits, there is no built-in mechanism to help the receiving device adjust its bit synchronization in midstream. Timing becomes very important, therefore, because the accuracy of the received information is completely dependent on the ability of the receiving device to keep an accurate count of the bits as they come in.The advantage of synchronous transmission is speed. With no extra bits or gaps to introduce at the sending end and remove at the receiving end and, by extension, with fewer bits to move across the link, synchronous transmission is faster than asynchronous transmission is faster than asynchronous transmission. For this reason, it is more useful for high-speed applications like the transmission of data from one computer to another. Byte synchronization is accomplished in the data link layer.6.2 DTE-DCE INTERFACAt this point we must clarify two terms important to computer networking: data terminal equipment (DTE). There are usually four basic functional units involved in the communication of data: a DTE and DCE on one end and a DCE and DTE on theother end. The DTE generates the data and passes them, along with any necessary control characters, to a DCE. The DCE does the job of converting the signal to a format appropriate to the transmission medium and introducing it onto the network link. When the signal arrives at the receiving end, this process is reversed.Data Terminal Equipment (DTE)Data terminal equipment (DTE) includes any unit that functions either as a source of or as a destination for binary digital data. At the physical layer, if can be a terminal, microcomputer, computer, printer, fax machine, or any other device that generates or consumes digital data. DTEs do not often communicate directly with one another, they generate and consume information but need an intermediary to be able to communicate. Think of a DTE as operating the way your brain does when you talk. Let’s say you have an idea that you want to communicate to a friend. Your brain creates the idea but cannot transmit that idea to your friend’s brain by itself. Unfortunately or fortunately, we are not a species of mind readers. Instead, your brain passes the idea to your vocal chords and mouth, which convert it to sound waves that can travel through the air or over a telephone line to your friend’s ear and from there to his or her brain, where it is converted back into information. In this model, your brain and your friend’s brain are DTEs. Your vocal chords and mouth are your DCE. His or her ear is also a DCE. The air or telephone wire is your transmission medium.A DTE is any device that is a source of or destination for binary digital data. Data Circuit-Terminating Equipment (DCE)Data circuit-terminating equipment (DCE) includes any functional unit that transmits or receives data in the form of an analog or digital signal through a network. At the physical layer, a DCE takes data generated by a DTE, converts them to an appropriate signal, and then introduces the signal onto the telecommunication link. Commonly used DCEs at this layer include modems . In any network, a DTE generates digital data and passes it to a DCE; the DCE converts the data to a form acceptable to the transmission medium and sends the converted signal to another DCE on the network. The second DCE takes the signal off the line, converts it to a form usable by its DTE, and delivers it. To make this communication possible, both the sending and receiving DCEs must use the same encoding method, much the way that if you want to communicate to someone who understands only Japanese, you must speak Japanese. The two DTEs do not need to be coordinated with each other, but each of them must be coordinated with its own DCE and the DCEs must becoordinated so that data translation occurs without loss of integrity.A DCE is any device that transmits or receives data in the form of an analog or digital signal through a network.6 数字数据传输：接口和调制解调器（选自«数据通信与网络»， Behrouz Forouzan著）我们将信息编码成可以传输的格式，下一步就是探讨传输过程了。
外文翻译中英对照版
VOLUME 30 ISSUE 2 October 2008Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing EngineeringCopyright by International OCSCO World Press. All rights reserved.2008 151 Research paper 2008年十月期2卷30材料与制造工程成果期刊版权所有：国际OCSCO 世界出版社。
一切权利保有。
2008 ？？151研究论文1. Introduction Friction stir welding (FSW) is a new solid-state welding method developed by The Welding Institute (TWI) in 1991 [1]. The weld is formed by the excessive deformation of the material at temperatures below its melting point, thus the method is a solid state joining technique. There is no melting of the material, so FSW has several advantages over the commonly used fusion welding techniques [2-10].1.导言摩擦搅拌焊接（FSW）是焊接学？会于1991年研发的一种新型固态焊接方法。
这种焊接？是由材料在低于其熔点的温度上过量变形形成，因此此技术是一种固态连接技术。
材料不熔化，所以FSW 相比常用的熔化焊接技术有若干优势。
例如，在焊接区无多孔性或破裂，工件（尤其薄板上）没有严重扭曲，并且在连接过程中不需要填料、保护气及昂贵的焊接准备there is no significant distortion of the workpieces (particularly in thin plates), and there is no need for filler materials, shielding gases and costly weld preparation during this joining process. FSW被认为是对若干材料例如铝合金、镁合金、黄铜、钛合金及钢最显著且最有潜在用途的焊接技术FSW is considered to be the most remarkable and potentially useful welding technique for several materials, such as Al-alloys, Mg-alloys, brasses, Ti-alloys, and steels [1-16]. 然而，在FSW过程中，用不合适的焊接参数能引起连接处失效，并且使FSW连接处的力学性能恶化。
外文资料译文
CliffhangerLawrenceHargrave路是Wollongong北部一条沿海的路，它是澳洲，New South Wales 风景最优美的路之一, 并且是一个主要的旅游胜地。
路的一个900m截面并且是路的最高的倾斜风险部分在整个国家, 由于岩石掉落和堤防失败的悠久历史。
Richard High报告关于一条壮观的供选择的路线的建筑。
修造在19 世纪60 年代路直到1947 年才作为更低的沿海路被人们知道, 当这改名劳为Lawrence Hargrave Drive (LHD) 。
出生在格林威治，英国在1850年，Lawrence Hargrave 是航空先驱,发明者, 探险家, 泥工和天文学家。
1984年, 他成为了第一人在澳洲飞行,在附近的Stanwell公园。
并且安排沿海路改名以纪念他。
Hargrave 的面孔首先出现在AU$20笔记, 1966年发布。
最初,土轨道,LHD许多年中运载了比较少量的车辆。
在21 世纪作为地方社区和旅游业增长, 大约每天3000辆车在路上行驶。
在2003年8月,随着一项独立研究,发现了路对于公共安全形成了“不可抵御的风险”,负责认为路宣布了一个大修项目为LHD。
在2003年11月,为了加速建筑和压低费用，公路和交通当局(RTA)形成了建筑联盟——Lawrence・Hargrave驱动联盟(LHDA)，与Barclay・Mowlem, Coffey Geosciences和Maunsell Austrlia。
建筑在2004年6月开始在AU$ 4900 m 部分的百万(US$ 37 百万)替换在Clifton 和Coalcliff 之间。
并且路预计在2006 年的早期通车。
在项目中心是二座桥梁, 你跨过南部的海湾和其他中间陆岬, 将连接形成一座唯一665 m 长的桥梁。
路线然后将回到现有的对准线通过北海湾。
新路, 包括桥梁, 将有两个3.5 米宽的车道, 一个是双车道, 1米宽路肩。
整流器中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文资料外文翻译AC Voltage and Current Sensorless Control ofThree -Phase PWM Rectifiers1 THREE -PHASE PWM RECTIFIERSA System ModelingFig . 1 shows the power circuit of the three -phase PWM rectifier . The voltage equations are given by000000a a a b b b c c c R pL R pL R pL e i v e i v e i v ⎡⎤⎡⎤⎡⎤+⎛⎫⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥ ⎪=++⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥ ⎪⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥ ⎪+⎝⎭⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎣⎦⎣⎦⎣⎦ (1)Fig. 1. Three-phase PWM rectifier without ac-side sensors.where , and are the source voltage, the line current, and the rectifier input voltage, respectively and are the input resistance and the input inductance, respectively . When the peak line voltage , angular frequency , and initial phase angle are given, assuming a balanced three -phase system, the source phase voltage is expressed ascos 2cos()32cos()3a b c E e e e θθπθπ⎡⎤⎢⎥⎡⎤⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥=-⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎣⎦⎢⎥+⎣⎦ (2) Where0t θωθ=+ (3)A transformation matrix based on the estimated phase angle ,which transforms three -phase variables into a synchronous d –q reference frame, is23222cos cos()cos()323sin sin()sin()M M M M M M C θθπθπθθπθπ⎛⎫-+ ⎪ ⎪= ⎪++ ⎪⎝⎭ (4)Transforming (1) into the – reference frame using (4)qc qc qc M M dc dc dc e i v R pL L L R pL e i v ωω⎡⎤⎡⎤⎡⎤+-⎛⎫=+⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥ ⎪+⎝⎭⎣⎦⎣⎦⎣⎦ (5)where p is a differential operator and .M M ωθ=Expressing (5) in a vector notationM e Ri LJi pLi v ω=+++ (6) where,qc dc e e e ⎡⎤=⎢⎥⎣⎦,qc dc i i i ⎡⎤=⎢⎥⎣⎦,qc dc v v v ⎡⎤=⎢⎥⎣⎦,0110J -⎛⎫= ⎪⎝⎭ (7) Taking a transformation of (2) by using (4)cos sin E e E θθ∆⎡⎤=⎢⎥∆⎣⎦ (8) WhereM θθθ∆=- (9)Expressing (6) and (8) in a discrete domain, by approximating the derivative term in (6) by a forward difference [9], respectively,[](1)(1)(1)()(1)(1)M e k Ri k LJi k L i k i k v k T ω-=-+-+--+- (10)c o s (1)(1)s i n (1)E k e k E k θθ∆-⎡⎤-=⎢⎥-∆-⎣⎦(11)Where T is the sampling period .Fig. 2. Overall control block diagram.B System ControlThe PI controllers are used to regulate the dc output voltage and the ac input current . For decoupling current control, the cross -coupling terms are compensated in a feed forward -typeand the source voltage is also compensated as a disturbance . For transient responses without overshoot, the anti -windup technique is employed [10]. The overall control block diagram eliminating the source voltage and line current sensors is shown in Fig . 2. The estimation algorithm of source voltages and line currents is described in the following sections .2 PREDICTIVE CURRENT ESTIMATIONThe currents of ()a I k and ()c I k can not be calculated instantly since the calculation time of the DSP is required . To eliminate the delay effect, a state observer can be used . In addition, the state observer provides the filtering effects for the estimated variable .Expressing (5) in a state -space form,x Ax Bu =+ (12) y Cx = (13) where,R L A R L ωω⎛⎫-- ⎪= ⎪ ⎪- ⎪⎝⎭,1010L B L ⎛⎫ ⎪= ⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭,1001C ⎛⎫= ⎪⎝⎭qc dc i x i ⎡⎤=⎢⎥⎣⎦,qc qc dc dc e v u e v -⎡⎤=⎢⎥-⎣⎦ And y is the output .Transforming (12) and (13) into a discrete domain, respectively,(1)()()X k FX k GU k +=+ (14)()()Y k HX k = (15)where,1111R T T L F R T T L ωω⎛⎫-- ⎪= ⎪ ⎪+- ⎪⎝⎭,00T L G T L ⎛⎫ ⎪= ⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭Then, the observer equation adding an error correction term to is given by(1)()()(()())X k F X k GU k K Y k Yk +=++- (16) Where K is the observer gain matrix and “＾ ” means the estimated quantity, and (1)X k + is the state variable estimated ahead one sampling period . Subtracting (15) from (16), the error dynamic equation of the observer is expressed as(1)[]()rr rr e k F KC e k +=- (17) where ()()()rr e k X k X k =- . Here, it is assumed that the model parameters match well with the real ones . Fig . 3 shows the block diagram of the closed -loop state observer .The state variable error depends only on the initial error and is independent of the input . For (17) to converge to the zero state, the roots of the characteristic equation of (17) should be located within the unit circle .Fig. 3. Closed-loop state observer.Fig. 4. Short pulse region.4EXPERIMENTS AND DISCUSSIONSA. System Hardware ConfigurationFig. 5shows the system hardware configuration. The source voltage is a three-phase,110[V].The input resistance and inductance are0.06Ωand3.3 mH,respectively. The dc link capacitance is2350μF and the switching frequency of the PWM rectifier is3.5kHz.Fig. 5. System hardware configuration.Fig. 6. Dc link currents and corresponding phase currents (in sector V ).The TMS320C31DSP chip operating at33.3MHz is used as a main processor and two12-b A/D converters are used. One of them is dedicated for detecting the dc link current and the other is used for measuring the dc outputvoltage and the source voltages and currents,where ac side quantities are just measured for performance comparison.One of two internal timers in the DSP is employed to decide the PWM control period and the other is used to determine the dc link current interrupt. Considering the rectifier blanking time of3.5s,A/D conversion time of2.6s, and the other signal delay time,the minimum pulse width is set to10s.A.Experimental ResultsFig. 6shows measured dc link currents and phase currents. In case of sector V of the space vector diagram,the dc link current corresponds to for the switching state of and for that of . Fig. 7(a)shows the raw dc link current before filtering. It has a lot of ringing components due to the resonance of the leakage inductance and the snubber capacitor. When the dc current is sampled at the end point of the active voltage vectors as shown in the figure,the measuring error can be reduced.Fig. 7. Sampling of dc link currents.Fig. 8. Estimated source voltage and current at starting.To reduce this error further,the low pass filter should be employed,of which result is shown in Fig. 7(b). The cut-off frequency of the Butterworth’s second-order filter is112kHz and its delay time is about2sec. Since the ringing frequency is258kHz and the switching frequency is3.5[kHz],the filtered signal without significant delay is acquired.Fig. 8shows the estimated source voltage and current at starting. With the proposed initial estimation strategy,the starting operation is well performed. Fig. 9shows the phaseangle,magnitude,and waveform of the estimated source voltage,which coincide well with measured ones.Fig. 10shows the source voltage and current waveform at unity power factor. Figs. With the estimated quantities for the feedback control,the control performance is satisfactory. The dc voltage variation for load changes will be remarkably decreased if a feedforward control for theload current is added, which is possible without additional cur-rent sensor when the PWM rectifier is combined with the PWM inverter for ac motor drives.(a) phase angle (b)magnitude (c) waveform.Fig. 10. Source voltage and current waveforms.(a)estimated (b) measured.4 CONCLUSIONSThis paper proposed a novel control scheme of the PWM rectifiers without employing any ac input voltage and current sensors and with using dc voltage and current sensors only. Reducing the number of the sensors used decreases the system cost as well as improves the system reliability. The phase angle and the magnitude of the source voltage have been estimated bycontrolling the deviation between the rectifier current and its model current tobe zero. For line current reconstruction,switching states and measured dc link currents were used. To eliminate the effect of the calculation time delay of the microprocessor,the predictive state observer was used. It was shown that the estimation algorithm is robust to the parameter variation. The whole algorithm has been implemented for a proto-type1.5[kV A]PWM rectifier system controlled by TMS320C31DSP. The experimental results have verified that the proposed ac sensor elimination method is feasible.无交流电动势、电流传感器的三相PWM整流器控制1三相PWM整流器A 系统模型图一所示为三相PWM 整流器的主电路，电压等式给出如下：000000a a a b b b c c c R pL R pL R pL e i v e i v e i v ⎡⎤⎡⎤⎡⎤+⎛⎫⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥ ⎪=++⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥ ⎪⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥ ⎪+⎝⎭⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎣⎦⎣⎦⎣⎦ (1)图1 无交流传感器三相PWM 整流器其中e ，i 和v 分别是源电压，线电流和整流器的输入电压，R 和L 分别是输入电阻和输入电感。
外文翻译完整版
南京工程学院毕业设计外文资料翻译学生姓名：学号：班级名称：所在院系：Proceedings of the 6th Asia-Pacific Structural Engineering and Construction Conference (APSEC 2006), 5 – 6 September2006, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia钢筋混凝土筒中筒结构高层建筑物的非线性有限元分析Abdul Kadir Marsono①I.ee Siong Wee②①马来西亚工艺大学结构与材料结构与材料系副教授②马来西亚工艺大学2004年土木工程学院研究生摘要非线性有限元分析作为一种简洁可靠的分析手段被经常用于土木结构的计算机分析技术。
在钢筋混凝土筒中筒高层建筑结构模型建立失败后，通过计算机应用程序提出了COSMOS/M。
采用三维模型方法进行研究是基于非线性材料，通过修改一个季度模型从而使得整体筒中筒高层建筑的双曲率精度大大提高。
钢筋混凝土结构的极限承载力决定了筒中筒高层建筑的混凝土开裂、压碎。
关键词非线性有限元；高层建筑；筒中筒结构1 引言筒中筒的概念在高层建筑中主要为了改善结构所能承受的横向阻力。
其基本形式包括一个中央核心筒，周边采用并列柱的框架结构，每层水平梁形成一个筒状结构。
通常这些对称的建筑物，其主要结构的变形发生在四个正交帧形成的周边筒和中央核心筒处（阿维格多鲁滕贝格和艾森伯格，1983）。
在水平荷载下的作用下，框架筒和中央核心筒像一个悬臂箱梁和二筒内的外筒。
为了得到更准确的分析结果，中央核心设计不但承担竖向重力负荷，还要抵御侧向荷载。
除楼板结构和内部筒一起作为一个单一的单位用于互动模式设计。
在本研究中被认为没有扭转效应，因此楼板是有效的连接于水平力垂直结构的建筑构件。
组合剪力墙和框架结构已被证明是一种能够加强高层建筑横向稳定的结构。
作为剪力墙剪力和弯矩的偏转，引起梁与板的轴向力偏转，周边框架和中央墙作为一个复合结构。
2019外研社高中英语选修一Unit 6 Nurturing Nature短语英汉互译表
强调...的重要性
58
由活珊瑚构成
59
60
遭受(...的)威胁
61
除...之外(还有,也)
62
谢天谢地
63
从...选...
64
许多...
65
担任
66
吸引人的营销
67
逐渐意识到…
68
渐渐明白…
69
梦想的旅游地
70
想出;认为
71
提高...的意识
7言为定;成交
74
涉及;有关
11
overcome challenge(s)
12
among the top concerns
13
catch one’s eye/attention
14
be about to do
15
at one’s leisure
16
allow ... to do sth.
17
speed past
18
seem unaware of…/that…
04
pass by
05
sit back in one’s seat
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race along steadily
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in one’s head
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wind among the mountains
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travel across the “roof of the world”
10
a record of...
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protect... from...
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reach out
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bring ... to life
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the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau
VICH GCP GL9中英对照
兽药临床试验管理规范GOOD CLINICAL PRACTICEVICH GL9Translated by Chen Jianzhao2017.08Guangzhou General Pharmaceutical Research Institute (GPRI)Guidance for IndustryGOOD CLINICAL PRACTICEVICH GL9FINAL GUIDANCE(This document was revised on June 8, 2011 to update the contact information, add the Table of Contents, update hyperlinks, and minor formatting changes)This final guidance is intended to provide guidance on the design and conduct of all clinical studies of veterinary medicinal products in the target species submitted for approval to the European Union, Japan, and the United States.Comments and suggestions regarding this guidance should be sent to the Division of Dockets Management (HFA-305), Food and Drug Administration, 5630 Fishers Lane, Room 1061, Rockville, MD 20852. Comments may also be submitted electronically on the Internet at . All written comments should be identified with Docket No 99D-2406.For questions regarding this guidance document, contact Herman M. Schoenemann (HFV-100), Center for Veterinary Medicine, Food and Drug Administration, 7500 Standish Pl., Rockville, MD 20855, 240-276-8302, e-mail: herman.schoenemann@.U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Food and Drug Administration Center for Veterinary MedicineMay 9, 2001Final GuidanceINTRODUCTION1. GLOSSARY1.1. Adverse Event (AE)1.2. Applicable Regulatory Requirement(s)1.3. Audit1.4. Authenticated Copy 行业指南兽药临床试验管理规范VICH GL9最终指导（本文件于2011年6月8日修订，更新联系信息，添加目录，更新超链接和次要格式更改）本指南旨在为提交给欧盟，日本和美国的目标物种的兽药产品的所有临床研究的设计和实施提供指导。
外文翻译中文译文(附英文原文)
对由ansys开发的大型工程模型的降阶Evgenii B. Rudnyi 和 Jan G. KorvinkIMTEK微控技术研究所弗赖堡大学Georges-K ohler-Allee,103D - 79110,德国弗赖堡{ rudnyi,korvink } @imtek.dehttp://www.imtek.uni-freiburg.de/simulation/摘要工程师能够在ANSYS开发的有限元模型中运用现有的软件实现现代模型降阶技术。
我们着于一个人如何独立的从在ANSYS和C ++上实现的执行模型中提取所需的信息，而不用依靠特别的专业人士，我们将利用与结构力学和热力学有限元模型相关的实例来讨论计算成本。
1.介绍大型线性动态系统模型降阶已经是相当成熟的领域[1]。
许多论文（见参考文献[2]）指出，模型降价的优势已在各种科学和工程应用上被证实。
我们目前的工作是集中讨论工程师如何将该技术与现有的商业有限元软件相结合，以达到如下目的：—加快对瞬变电压、谐波的分析；—自动生成系统级仿真的紧凑模型；—在设计阶段纳入有限元程序包。
通常大规模动态系统模型降阶第一步如下Ex˙=Ax+Bu (1.1)y=Cx其中A和E是系统矩阵，B是输入矩阵，C是输出矩阵。
模型降阶的目的是产生一个低维式以逼近（1.1），Erz=Arz.+BruY=Crz. (1.2)此式描述了输入向量u对输出向量y的依赖，因此,同一时间降阶后向量z的维数远小于原来x的状态向量维数。
对由偏微分描述的用户模型方程进行空间离散化后，有限元程序包通常产生一个常微分方程系统。
在这阶段，它有可能直接适用于模型降阶的方法[1]。
然而，从商业包装过的系统矩阵里提取却不是这样，我们将介绍我们是怎么用ANSYS有限元分析做到的[3]。
我们选择了市场矩阵形式来表示简化模型（1.2）[4]。
我们假设在另一个包如Matlab或Mathematica 上完成其仿真。
降价模型在数学方面的运作是可行的，这可以参见http://www.imtek.unifreiburg.de/ simulation/mathematica/IMSweb/非线性系统矩阵的维数高并且可降阶。
外文翻译原文
Stability of hybrid system limit cycles: application to the compass gait biped RobotIan A. Hiskens'Department of Electrical and Computer EngineeringUniversity of Illinois at Urbana-ChampaignUrbana IL 61801 USAAbstractLimit cycles are common in hybrid systems. However the non-smooth dynamics of such systems makes stability analysis difficult. This paper uses recent extensions of trajectory sensitivity analysis to obtain the characteristic multipliers of non-smooth limit cycles. The stability of a limit cycle is determined by its characteristic multipliers. The concepts are illustrated using a compass gait biped robot example.1 IntroductionHybrid system are characterized by interactions between continuous (smooth) dynamics and discrete events. Such systems are common across a diverse range of application areas. Examples include power systems [l], robotics [2, 3], manufacturing [4] and air-traffic control [5]. In fact, any system where saturation limits are routinely encountered can be thought of as a hybrid system. The limits introduce discrete events which (often) have a significant influence on overall behaviour.Many hybrid systems exhibit periodic behaviour. Discrete events, such as saturation limits, can act to trap the evolving system state within a constrained region of state space. Therefore even when the underlying continuous dynamics are unstable, discrete events may induce a stable limit set. Limit cycles (periodic behaviour) are often created in this way. Other systems, such as robot motion, are naturally periodic.Limit cycles can be stable (attracting), unstable (repelling) or non-stable (saddle). The stability of periodic behaviour is determined by characteristic (or Floquet) multipliers. A periodic solution corresponds to a fixed point of a Poincare map. Stability of the periodic solution is equivalent to stability of the fixed point. The characteristic multipliers are the eigenvalues of the Poincare map linearized about the fixed point. Section 4 reviews the connection between this linearized map and trajectory sensitivities.Poincare maps have been used to analyse the stability of limit cycles in various forms of hybrid systems. However calculation of the underlying trajectory sensitivities has relied upon particular system structures, see for example [7, 8], or numerical differencing, for example [6]. This paper uses a recent generalization of trajectory sensitivity analysis [9] to efficiently detemine the stability of limit cycles in hybrid systems.A hybrid system model is given in Section 2. Section 3 develops the associated variational equations. This is followed in Section 4 by a review of stability analysis of limit cycles. Conclusions and extensions are presented in Section 5.2 ModelDeterministic hybrid systems can be represented by a model that is adapted from a differential-algebraic (DAE) structure. Events are incorporated via impulsive action and switching of algebraic equations, giving the Impulsive Switched (DAIS) modelwheren x R ∈ are dynamic states and my R ∈ are algebraic states;(.)δ is the Dirac delta;(.)u is the unit-step function;,:n mnj f h RR +→；(0)(),:i n mng gR R ±+→; some elements of each(.)gwill usually be identicallyzero, but no elements of the composite g should be identically zero; the()i g± aredefined with the same form as g in (2), resulting in a recursive structure for g;,dey yare selected elements of y that trigger algebraic switching and state reset(impulsive) events respectively;dyandeymay share common elements.The impulse and unit-step terms of the DAIS model can be expressed in alternative forms:Each impulse term of the summation in (1) can be expressed in the state reset formwhere the notation x+denotes the value of x just after the reset event, whilstx-andy-refer to the values of x and y just prior to the event.The contribution of each()i g± in (2) can be expressed aswith (2) becomingThis form is often more intuitive than (2).It can be convenient to establish the partitionswherex -are the continuous dynamic states, for example generator angles, velocities andfluxes;z are discrete dynamic states, such as transformer tap positions and protection relay logic states;λ are parameters such as generator reactances, controller gains and switching times. The partitioning of the differential equations f ensures that away from events,x -evolves according to .(,)x y f x --=, whilst z and λ remain constant. Similarly,the partitioning of the reset equationsjhensures thatx -and λ remain constantat reset events, but the dynamic states z are reset to new values given by(,)jh y x z--+=-. The model can capture complex behaviour, from hysteresis and non-windup limits through to rule-based systems [l]. A more extensive presentation of this model is given in [9].Away from events, system dynamics evolve smoothly according to the familiardifferential-algebraic modelwhere g is composed of(0)gtogether with appropriate choices of()i g- or()i g+ ,depending on the signs of the corresponding elements of yd. At switching events (2),some component equations of g change. To satisfy the new g = 0 equation, algebraic variables y may undergo a step change. Reset events (3) force a discrete change in elements of x. Algebraic variables may also step at a reset event to ensure g= 0 is satisfied with the altered values of x. The flows of and y are defined respectively aswhere x(t) and y(t) satisfy (l),(2), along with initial conditions,3 'Ikajectory SensitivitiesSensitivity of the flowsxφandyφto initial conditionsxare obtained bylinearizing (8),(9) about the nominal trajectory,The time-varying partial derivative matrices given in (12),(13) are known as trajectory sensitiuities, and can be expressed in the alternative formsThe formxx ,xy provides clearer insights into the development of thevariational equations describing the evolution of the sensitivities. The alternative form 0(,)x t x φ, 0(,)yt x φ highlights the connection between the sensitivities and the associated flows. It is shown in Section 4 that these sensitivities underlie the linearization of the Poincare map, and so play a major role in determining the stability of periodic solutions.Away from events, where system dynamics evolve smoothly, trajectory sensitivities 0xx andxy are obtained by differentiating (6),(7) withrespect to 0x.This giveswhere/xf x f≡∂∂, and likewise for the other Jacobian matrices. Note that,,,xyxyf fg gare evaluated along the trajectory, and hence are time varyingmatrices. It is shown in 19, 101 that the numerical solution of this(potentially high order) DAE system can be obtained as a by-product of numerically integrating the original DAE system (6),(7). The extra computational cost is minimal. Initial conditions forxx are obtained from (10) aswhere I is the identity matrix. Initial conditions for 0zy follow directly from(17),Equations (16),(17) describe the evolution of the sensitivitiesxx andxybetween events. However at an event, the sensitivities are generally discontinuous. It is necessary to calculate jump conditions describing the step change inxx andxy . For clarity, consider a single switching/reset event, so the model (1),(2) reduces(effectively) to the formLet （(),()x y ττ） be the point where the trajectory encounters the triggering hypersurface s(x,y) = 0, i.e., the point where an event is initiated. This point is called the junction point and r is the junction time. It is assumed the encounter is transversal.Just prior to event triggering, at time τ-, we haveSimilarly,,y x++are defined for time τ+, just after the event has occurred. It isshown in [9] that the jump conditions for the sensitivitiesxx are given byThe assumption that the trajectory and triggering hypersurface meet transversally ensures a non-zero denominator for 0x τ The sensitivitiesxy . immediatelyafter the event are given byFollowing the event, i.e., for t τ+>, calculation of the sensitivities proceeds according to (16),(17) until the next event is encountered. The jump conditions provide the initial conditions for the post-event calculations.4 Limit Cycle AnalysisStability of limit cycles can be determined using Poincare maps [11, 12]. This section provides a brief review of these concepts, and establishes the connection with trajectory sensitivities.A Poincark map effectively samples the flow of a periodic system once every period. The concept is illustrated in Figure 1. If the limit cycle is stable, oscillations approach the limit cycle over time. The samples provided by the corresponding Poincare map approach a fixed point. A non-stable limit cycle results in divergent oscillations. For such a case the samples of the Poincare map diverge.To define a Poincare map, consider the limit cycle Γshown in Figure 1. Let ∑ be a hyperplane transversal to Γ at*x. The trajectory emanating from*xwill again encounter ∑ at*xafter T seconds, where T is the minimum period of the limit cycle. Due to the continuity of the flowxφwith respect to initial conditions, trajectories starting on ∑ in a neighbourhood of*x. will, in approximately T seconds, intersect ∑ in the vicinity of*x. Hencexφand ∑define a mappingwhere()kT x ττ≈ is the time taken for the trajectory to return to ∑. Complete details can hefound in [11,12]. Stability of the Paincare map (22) is determined by linearizing P at the fixed point*x, i.e.,From the definition of P(z) given by (22), it follows that DP(*x) is closely related to thetrajectory sensitivities***(,)(,)xxT T x x xφφ∂≡∂. In fact, it is shown in [11] thatwhereσ is a vector normal to ∑.The matrix*(,)xT x φis exactly the trajectory sensitivity matrix after one period of the limitcycle, i.e., starting from*xand returning to*x. This matrix is called the Monodromymatrix .It is shown in [11] that for an autonomous system, one eigenvalue of *(,)xT x φ isalways 1, and the corresponding eigenvector lies along **(,)f y x The remaining eigenvalues*(,)xT x φof coincide with the eigenvalues of DP(*x ), and are known as the characteristicmultipliers mi of the periodic solution. The characteristic multipliers are independent of the choice of cross-section ∑ . Therefore, for hybrid systems, it is often convenient to choose ∑ as a triggering hypersurface corresponding to a switching or reset event that occurs along the periodic solution.Because the characteristic multipliers mi are the eigenvalues of the linear map DP(x*), they determine the stability of the Poincarb map P(kx), and hence the stability of the periodic solution.Three cases are of importance: 1. Alli m lie within the unit circle, i.e., 1im<,i ∀.The map is stable, so the periodicsolution is stable. 2. Allim lie outside the unit circle. The periodic solution is unstable.3. Someim lie outside the unit circle. The periodic solution is non-stable.Interestingly, there exists a particular cross-section*∑, such thatwhere *ς∈∑.This cross-section*∑is the hyperplane spanned by the n - 1 eigenvectors of*(,)xT x φthat are not aligned with **(,)f y x . Therefore the vector *σthat is normal to*∑ is the left eigenvector of *(,)xT x φ corresponding to the eigenvalue 1. The hyperplane*∑is invariant under*(,)xT x φ, i.e., **(,)f y x maps vectors *ς∈∑back into*∑.5 ConclusionsHybrid systems frequently exhibit periodic behaviour. However the non-smooth nature of such systems complicates stability analysis. Those complications have been addressed in this paper throughapplication of a generalization of trajectory sensitivity analysis. Deterministic hybrid systems can be represented by a set ofdifferential-algebraic equations, modified to incorporate impulse (state reset) action and constraint switching. The associated variational equations establish jump conditions that describe the evolution of sensitivities through events. These equations provide insights into expansion/contraction effects at events. This is a focus of future research.Standard Poincar6 map results extend naturally to hybrid systems. The Monodromy matrix is obtained by evaluating trajectory sensitivities over one period of the (possibly non-smooth) cyclical behaviour. One eigenvalue of this matrix is always unity. The remaining eigenvalues are the characteristic multipliers of the periodic solution. Stability is ensured if all multipliers lieReferences[l] LA. Hiskens and M.A. Pai, “Hybrid systems view of power system modelling,” in Proceedings of the IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems, Geneva, Switzerland, May 2000.[2] M.H. Raibert, Legged Robots That Balance, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1986.[3] A. Goswami, B. Thuilot, and B. Espiau, “A study of the passive gait of a compass-like biped ro bot: symmetry and chaos,’’ International Journal of Robotics Research, vol. 17, no. 15, 1998.[4] S. Pettersson, “Analysis and design of hybrid systems,” Ph.D. Thesis, Department of Signals and Systems, Chalmers University of Technology, Goteborg, Sweden, 1999.[5] C. Tomlin, G. Pappas, and S. Sastry, “Conflict resolution for air traffic management:A study in multiagent hybrid systems,” IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, vol. 43, no. 4, pp. 509-521, April 1998.[6] A. Goswami, B. Espiau, and A. Keramane, “Limit cycles in a passive compass gait biped and passivity-mimicking contr ol laws,” Journal of Au tonomous Robots, vol. 4, no. 3, 1997. 171 B.K.H. Wong, H.S.H. Chung, and S.T.S. Lee, ‘Computation of the cycle state-variable sensitivity matrix of PWM DC/DC converters and its applica tion,” IEEE Transactions on Circuit s and Systems I, vol. 47, no. 10, pp. 1542-1548, October 2000.[8] M. Rubensson, B. Lennartsson, and S. Petters son, “Convergence to limit cycles in hybrid systems - an example,” in Prepri nts of 8th International Federation of Automatic Control Symposium on Large Scale Systems: Theo y d Applications, Rio Patras, Greece, 1998, pp. 704-709.[9] I.A. Hiskens and M.A. Pai, “Trajectory sensitivity analysis of hyhrid systems,” IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I, vol. 47, no. 2, pp. 204-220, February 2000.[10]D. Chaniotis, M.A. Pai, and LA. Hiskens, “Sen sitivity analysis of differential-algebraic systems using the GMRES method - Ap plication to power systems,” in Proceedings of the IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems, Sydney, Australia, May 2001.[11]T.S Parker and L.O. Chua, Practical Numerical Algorithms for Chaotic Systems, Springer-Verlag, New York, NY, 1989.[12]R. Seydel, Practical Bifurcation and Stability Analysis, Springer-Verlag. New York, 2nd edition, 1994.。
英文文献原文及对应翻译
Adsorption char acter istics of copper , lead, zinc and cadmium ions by tourmaline(环境科学学报英文版) 电气石对铜、铅、锌、镉离子的吸附特性JIANG Kan1,*, SUN Tie-heng1,2 , SUN Li-na2, LI Hai-bo2(1. School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China. jiangkan522@; 2. Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering of Shenyang University, Shenyang 110041, China)摘要：本文研究了电气石对Cu2+、Pb2+、Zn2+和Cd2+的吸附特性，建立了吸附平衡方程。
研究四种金属离子的吸附等温线以及朗缪尔方程。
结果表明电气石能有效地去除水溶液中的重金属且具有选择性：Pb2+> Cu2+> Cd2+> Zn2+。
电气石对金属离子吸附量随着介质中金属离子的初始浓度的增加而增加。
电气石也可以增加金属溶液的pH值；发现电气石对Cu2+、Pb2+、Zn2+和Cd2+的最大吸附量为78.86、154.08、67.25和66.67mg/g；温度在25-55℃对电气石的吸附量影响很小。
此外研究了Cu2+、Pb2+、Zn2+和Cd2+的竞争吸附。
同时观察到电气石对单一金属离子的吸附能力为Pb>Cu>Zn>Cd，在两种金属系统中抑制支配地位是Pb>Cu，Pb>Zn，Pb>Cd，Cu>Zn，Cu>Cd，和Cd>Zn。
关键字：吸附；重金属含量；朗缪尔等温线；电气石介绍重金属是来自不同行业排出的废水，如电镀，金属表面处理，纺织，蓄电池，矿山，陶瓷，玻璃。
精读三unit9GlobalizationsDualPower中英对译
精读三unit9GlobalizationsDualPower中英对译Globalization's Dual Power1. At the edge of a new century, globalization is a double-edged sword: a powerful vehicle that raises economic growth, spreads new technology and increases living standards in rich and poor countries alike, but also an immensely controversial process that assaults national sovereignty, erodes local culture and tradition and threatens economic and social instability.在新世纪即将到来之际，全球化是一把双刃剑：它不仅仅是富国和穷国促进经济增长、传播新技术、提高生活水平的一种强有力的手段，还是一个颇具争议的过程，这一过程会侵犯国家主权，侵蚀本土的文化传统，并且威胁到经济与社会稳定。
2. A daunting question of the 21st century is whether nations will control this great upheaval or whether it will come to control them.21世纪所面临的一个令人畏惧的问题是：究竟是各个国家将控制这一剧变，还是这一剧变将控制它们。
3. In some respects globalization is merely a trendy word for an old process. What we call the market is simply the joining of buyers and sellers, producers and consumers, and savers and investors. Economic history consists largely of the story of the market's expansion: from farm to town, from region to nation and from nation to nation. In the 20th century, the Depression and two world wars retarded the market's growth. But after World War II ended, it reaccelerated, driven by political pressures and better technology.在某些方面，全球化只不过是一个用来形容一种由来已久的过程的时髦词。
朗文当代高级英语辞典第6版缩印本
朗文当代高级英语辞典第6版缩印本The Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, 6th Edition Compact Edition is a comprehensive and user-friendly reference tool that has become an indispensable resource for language learners and enthusiasts alike. This compact version of the renowned Longman Dictionary offers a wealth of information in a compact and accessible format, making it an ideal choice for those who need a reliable and portable dictionary.One of the key features of the Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, 6th Edition Compact Edition is its extensive coverage of contemporary English. The dictionary includes a vast array of words and phrases that are commonly used in modern communication, ensuring that users can find the information they need to understand and express themselves effectively in a wide range of contexts. Whether you are a student, a professional, or simply someone who loves the English language, this dictionary can provide you with the guidance and insights you need to improve your language skills.Another notable aspect of the Longman Dictionary of ContemporaryEnglish, 6th Edition Compact Edition is its user-friendly design. The dictionary is organized in a clear and intuitive manner, with easy-to-navigate sections and a well-structured layout that makes it easy to find the information you are looking for. The compact size of the dictionary also makes it highly portable, allowing you to take it with you wherever you go and have access to its wealth of knowledge at your fingertips.One of the standout features of this dictionary is its comprehensive coverage of vocabulary. The Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, 6th Edition Compact Edition includes a vast array of words and phrases, ranging from common everyday terms to more specialized and technical vocabulary. This breadth of coverage ensures that users can find the information they need to understand a wide range of written and spoken materials, from academic texts to casual conversations.In addition to its extensive vocabulary coverage, the Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, 6th Edition Compact Edition also provides detailed and accurate definitions for each entry. The definitions are written in clear and accessible language, making it easy for users to understand the meaning and usage of the words they are looking up. The dictionary also includes a wealth of additional information, such as pronunciation guides, grammatical information, and usage notes, which can help users improve theiroverall language proficiency.Another notable feature of the Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, 6th Edition Compact Edition is its emphasis on real-world language usage. The dictionary includes a wealth of examples and usage notes that illustrate how words and phrases are used in actual communication, rather than relying solely on formal or textbook definitions. This approach helps users to better understand the nuances and contextual usages of the language, making it easier for them to communicate effectively in a variety of situations.One of the standout features of the Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, 6th Edition Compact Edition is its inclusion of a range of supplementary materials that can help users to further develop their language skills. These materials include a comprehensive grammar guide, a section on commonly confused words, and a guide to English idioms and expressions. These additional resources can be particularly valuable for language learners who are looking to deepen their understanding of the English language and improve their overall communication abilities.Overall, the Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, 6th Edition Compact Edition is an exceptional reference tool that offers a wealth of valuable information in a compact and user-friendly format. Whether you are a student, a professional, or simply someone wholoves the English language, this dictionary can provide you with the guidance and insights you need to improve your language skills and communicate more effectively in a wide range of contexts. Its comprehensive coverage of vocabulary, detailed definitions, and wealth of supplementary materials make it an essential resource for anyone who wants to master the English language.。
大学英语精读第6册课文全文翻译-中英对照
Problem Section. The first required section of a research report is the statement of the problem with which the research project is concerned. This section requires a precise statement of the underlying question which the researcher has set out to answer. In this same section there should be an explanation of the significance -- social, economic, medical, psychological, educational, etc. -- of the question; in other words, why the investigation was worth conducting. Thus, if we set out, for example, to answer the question "What is the effect of regular consumption of fast foods on the health of the American teenager?" we must explain that the question is thought to have significant relevance to the health of this segment of the population and might lead to some sort of regulations on such foods.
新编英语教程6unit9、10课文翻译
新编英语教程6unit9、10课文翻译Unit 9 T ext I A Red Light for Scofflaws 对藐视法律者的警告弗兰克·特里皮特法律和秩序时美国历史上最悠久的政治问题，可能也是人们最喜爱探讨的政治问题。
然而，一个显而易见令人心痛的事实是，数百万那些从来不认为自己违法，更不用说犯罪了的美国人从来不认为自己曾经违法，更不用说犯罪了；他们正越来越随便地对待旨在保护美国社会并促进其发展的法规。
这一显而易见的事实令人厌烦心痛。
虽然人们制定了法规来保护社会并促进其发展，但是上述美国人却享有了越来越多的自由。
事实上，当今社会充斥着非法乱丢垃圾、骗税、非法制造噪音和机动车秩序混乱的现象，以致于有时候藐视法律的行为有时候让人看来好像代表了未来发展的潮流。
哈佛大学的社会学家戴维·里斯曼察觉到，大部分美国人已轻率地养成了一种习惯，犯一些据称是轻微的失职，把这当成是理所当然的事情。
里斯曼他早先说，美国社会的伦理道德已经正面临着逐渐沦落为“傻子才会遵守规则”这种危险的情况境地。
支持里斯曼这一说法的证据是再明显不过的了。
藐视法律者数量众多，以各种各样的方式存在，其数目令人吃惊。
喜欢涂鸦的人把公共场所的墙面变成了视觉垃圾。
骑自行车的人经常把车骑得好像两轮得交通工具不受所有得交通法规约束一样。
喜欢习惯乱丢垃圾得人把自己得社区变成垃圾堆。
一阵一阵得法规条文虽然铺天盖地、来势汹汹，但是，却无法把高分贝得便携式收音机从公共场所清除出去，这就像正如早先得法律无法消除因啤酒引用过度而导致得困扰众多公园的流氓行为一样。
令人绝望的是，烟鬼们仍然不可救药地对“禁止吸烟”的标记熟视无睹。
穿着体面的大麻吸食者的人再在分烟卷时，也懒得麻烦，不再而劳烦自己避人耳目，巧妙地避开公众的视线。
明目张胆地使用可卡因这一丑行正在中上阶层社会人生活当中逐渐恶化愈演愈烈。
此外还有那些（哈罗，各位）乱穿马路的人。
藐视法律引起的危险程度，在不同情况下相差别很大。
英语六级汉译英翻译.doc
英语六级汉译英翻译.doc第一篇：英语六级汉译英翻译.doc北京计划未来三年投资7600亿元治理污染，从减少pm2.5排放入手。
这一新公布的计划旨在减少四种主要污染源，包括500万辆机动车的尾气排放、周边地区燃煤、来自北方的沙尘暴和本地的建筑灰尘，另外850亿元用于新建或升级城市垃圾处理和污水处理设施，加上300亿元投资未来三年的植树造林。
市政府还计划建造一批水循环利用工厂，并制止违章建筑，以改善环境。
另外，北京还将更严厉地处罚违反减排规定的行为。
2014年6月英语六级翻译真题及答案：治理污染Beijing is going to invest 760 billion yuan in next three years to control pollution, beginning with cutting down the emission of PM 2.5.This newly announced project aims to reduce four major sources of pollution, including exhaust from 5000 thousand motor vehicles, coal-burning in surrounding areas, sandstorms from the north and local construction dust.Another 85 billion yuan is used to build or upgrade the facilities of disposing garbage and sewage of the city.In addition, 30 billion to support afforestation programs in next three years.The municipal government also plans to construct some plants to use cycle water, banning illegal constructions to modify the environment.Furthermore, Beijing will punish those who violate the rules of emission-reduction more severely.第二篇：英语六级汉译英中式婚礼婚礼结婚是人生中的一件大事。
外文翻译
Abs t ract : Ubiquitous comp uti ng s ys tems t ypically have lots of securit y p roblems i n t he a rea of i dentit y a ut hentication by mea ns of classical P KI met hods . The li mited comp uti ng resources , t he disconnection network , t he classification requirements of i dentit y a ut hentication , t he requirement of t rust t ra nsfer a nd cross i dentit y a ut hentication , t he bi2 di rectional i dentit y a ut hentication , t he securit y delegation a nd t he si mple p rivacy p rotection etc a re all t hese uns olved p roblems . In t his p aper , a new novel ubiquitous comp uti ng i dentit y a ut hentication mecha nis m , na med U CIAMdess , is p resented. It is based on D2S Evi dence Theory a nd extended S P KI/ SDSI. D2S Evi dence Theory is used i n UCIAMdess to comp ute t he t rus t val ue f rom t he ubiquitous comp uti ng environment to t he p ri ncip al or between t he different ubiquitous comp uti ng envi ronments . S P KI2based a ut horization is exp a nded by a ddi ng t he t rus t certificate i n U CIAMdess to s olve above p roblems i n t he ubiquit ous comp uti ng environments . The i dentit y a ut hentication mecha nis m a nd t he algorit hm of certificate reduction a re given i n t he p ap er to s olve t he multi2levels t rus t2correlative i dentit y a ut hentication p roblems . The perf orma nce a nalyses s how t hat U CIAMdess is a s uit able securit y mecha nis m i n s olvi ng t he complex ubi quitous comp uti ng p roblems . Key words : ubiquitous com puting ; i dentit y authentication mechanism ; D2S Evi dence T heory ; S P K I/ S D S I ; secu rit y
外文文献翻译原文+译文
外文文献翻译原文Analysis of Con tin uous Prestressed Concrete BeamsChris BurgoyneMarch 26, 20051、IntroductionThis conference is devoted to the development of structural analysis rather than the strength of materials, but the effective use of prestressed concrete relies on an appropriate combination of structural analysis techniques with knowledge of the material behaviour. Design of prestressed concrete structures is usually left to specialists; the unwary will either make mistakes or spend inordinate time trying to extract a solution from the various equations.There are a number of fundamental differences between the behaviour of prestressed concrete and that of other materials. Structures are not unstressed when unloaded; the design space of feasible solutions is totally bounded；in hyperstatic structures, various states of self-stress can be induced by altering the cable profile, and all of these factors get influenced by creep and thermal effects. How were these problems recognised and how have they been tackled?Ever since the development of reinforced concrete by Hennebique at the end of the 19th century (Cusack 1984), it was recognised that steel and concrete could be more effectively combined if the steel was pretensioned, putting the concrete into compression. Cracking could be reduced, if not prevented altogether, which would increase stiffness and improve durability. Early attempts all failed because the initial prestress soon vanished, leaving the structure to be- have as though it was reinforced; good descriptions of these attempts are given by Leonhardt (1964) and Abeles (1964).It was Freyssineti’s observations of the sagging of the shallow arches on three bridges that he had just completed in 1927 over the River Allier near Vichy which led directly to prestressed concrete (Freyssinet 1956). Only the bridge at Boutiron survived WWII (Fig 1). Hitherto, it had been assumed that concrete had a Young’s modulus which remained fixed, but he recognised that the de- ferred strains due to creep explained why the prestress had been lost in the early trials. Freyssinet (Fig. 2) also correctly reasoned that high tensile steel had to be used, so that some prestress would remain after the creep had occurred, and alsothat high quality concrete should be used, since this minimised the total amount of creep. The history of Freyssineti’s early prestressed concrete work is written elsewhereFigure1:Boutiron Bridge,Vic h yFigure 2: Eugen FreyssinetAt about the same time work was underway on creep at the BRE laboratory in England ((Glanville 1930) and (1933)). It is debatable which man should be given credit for the discovery of creep but Freyssinet clearly gets the credit for successfully using the knowledge to prestress concrete.There are still problems associated with understanding how prestressed concrete works, partly because there is more than one way of thinking about it. These different philosophies are to some extent contradictory, and certainly confusing to the young engineer. It is also reflected, to a certain extent, in the various codes of practice.Permissible stress design philosophy sees prestressed concrete as a way of avoiding cracking by eliminating tensile stresses; the objective is for sufficient compression to remain after creep losses. Untensionedreinforcement, which attracts prestress due to creep, is anathema. This philosophy derives directly from Freyssinet’s logic and is primarily a working stress concept.Ultimate strength philosophy sees prestressing as a way of utilising high tensile steel as reinforcement. High strength steels have high elastic strain capacity, which could not be utilised when used as reinforcement; if the steel is pretensioned, much of that strain capacity is taken out before bonding the steel to the concrete. Structures designed this way are normally designed to be in compression everywhere under permanent loads, but allowed to crack under high live load. The idea derives directly from the work of Dischinger (1936) and his work on the bridge at Aue in 1939 (Schonberg and Fichter 1939), as well as that of Finsterwalder (1939). It is primarily an ultimate load concept. The idea of partial prestressing derives from these ideas.The Load-Balancing philosophy, introduced by T.Y. Lin, uses prestressing to counter the effect of the permanent loads (Lin 1963). The sag of the cables causes an upward force on the beam, which counteracts the load on the beam. Clearly, only one load can be balanced, but if this is taken as the total dead weight, then under that load the beam will perceive only the net axial prestress and will have no tendency to creep up or down.These three philosophies all have their champions, and heated debates take place between them as to which is the most fundamental.2、Section designFrom the outset it was recognised that prestressed concrete has to be checked at both the working load and the ultimate load. For steel structures, and those made from reinforced concrete, there is a fairly direct relationship between the load capacity under an allowable stress design, and that at the ultimate load under an ultimate strength design. Older codes were based on permissible stresses at the working load; new codes use moment capacities at the ultimate load. Different load factors are used in the two codes, but a structure which passes one code is likely to be acceptable under the other.For prestressed concrete, those ideas do not hold, since the structure is highly stressed, even when unloaded. A small increase of load can cause some stress limits to be breached, while a large increase in load might be needed to cross other limits. The designer has considerable freedom to vary both the working load and ultimate load capacities independently; both need to be checked.A designer normally has to check the tensile and compressive stresses, in both the top and bottom fibre of the section, for every load case. The critical sections are normally, but not always, the mid-span and the sections over piers but other sections may become critical ，when the cable profile has to be determined.The stresses at any position are made up of three components, one of which normally has a different sign from the other two; consistency of sign convention is essential.If P is the prestressing force and e its eccentricity, A and Z are the area of the cross-section and its elastic section modulus, while M is the applied moment, then where ft and fc are the permissible stresses in tension and compression.c e t f ZM Z P A P f ≤-+≤Thus, for any combination of P and M , the designer already has four in- equalities to deal with.The prestressing force differs over time, due to creep losses, and a designer isusually faced with at least three combinations of prestressing force and moment;• the applied moment at the time the prestress is first applied, before creep losses occur,• the maximum applied moment after creep losses, and• the minimum applied moment after creep losses.Figure 4: Gustave MagnelOther combinations may be needed in more complex cases. There are at least twelve inequalities that have to be satisfied at any cross-section, but since an I-section can be defined by six variables, and two are needed to define the prestress, the problem is over-specified and it is not immediately obvious which conditions are superfluous. In the hands of inexperienced engineers, the design process can be very long-winded. However, it is possible to separate out the design of the cross-section from the design of the prestress. By considering pairs of stress limits on the same fibre, but for different load cases, the effects of the prestress can be eliminated, leaving expressions of the form:rangestress e Perm issibl Range Mom entZ These inequalities, which can be evaluated exhaustively with little difficulty, allow the minimum size of the cross-section to be determined.Once a suitable cross-section has been found, the prestress can be designed using a construction due to Magnel (Fig.4). The stress limits can all be rearranged into the form:()M fZ PA Z e ++-≤1 By plotting these on a diagram of eccentricity versus the reciprocal of the prestressing force, a series of bound lines will be formed. Provided the inequalities (2) are satisfied, these bound lines will always leave a zone showing all feasible combinations of P and e. The most economical design, using the minimum prestress, usually lies on the right hand side of the diagram, where the design is limited by the permissible tensile stresses.Plotting the eccentricity on the vertical axis allows direct comparison with the crosssection, as shown in Fig. 5. Inequalities (3) make no reference to the physical dimensions of the structure, but these practical cover limits can be shown as wellA good designer knows how changes to the design and the loadings alter the Magnel diagram. Changing both the maximum andminimum bending moments, but keeping the range the same, raises and lowers the feasible region. If the moments become more sagging the feasible region gets lower in the beam.In general, as spans increase, the dead load moments increase in proportion to the live load. A stage will be reached where the economic point (A on Fig.5) moves outside the physical limits of the beam; Guyon (1951a) denoted the limiting condition as the critical span. Shorter spans will be governed by tensile stresses in the two extreme fibres, while longer spans will be governed by the limiting eccentricity and tensile stresses in the bottom fibre. However, it does not take a large increase in moment ，at which point compressive stresses will govern in the bottom fibre under maximum moment.Only when much longer spans are required, and the feasible region moves as far down as possible, does the structure become governed by compressive stresses in both fibres.3、Continuous beamsThe design of statically determinate beams is relatively straightforward; the engineer can work on the basis of the design of individual cross-sections, as outlined above. A number of complications arise when the structure is indeterminate which means that the designer has to consider, not only a critical section,but also the behaviour of the beam as a whole. These are due to the interaction of a number of factors, such as Creep, Temperature effects and Construction Sequence effects. It is the development of these ideas whichforms the core of this paper. The problems of continuity were addressed at a conference in London (Andrew and Witt 1951). The basic principles, and nomenclature, were already in use, but to modern eyes concentration on hand analysis techniques was unusual, and one of the principle concerns seems to have been the difficulty of estimating losses of prestressing force.3.1 Secondary MomentsA prestressing cable in a beam causes the structure to deflect. Unlike the statically determinate beam, where this motion is unrestrained, the movement causes a redistribution of the support reactions which in turn induces additional moments. These are often termed Secondary Moments, but they are not always small, or Parasitic Moments, but they are not always bad.Freyssinet’s bridge across the Marne at Luzancy, started in 1941 but not completed until 1946, is often thought of as a simply supported beam, but it was actually built as a two-hinged arch (Harris 1986), with support reactions adjusted by means of flat jacks and wedges which were later grouted-in (Fig.6). The same principles were applied in the later and larger beams built over the same river.Magnel built the first indeterminate beam bridge at Sclayn, in Belgium (Fig.7) in 1946. The cables are virtually straight, but he adjusted the deck profile so that the cables were close to the soffit near mid-span. Even with straight cables the sagging secondary momentsare large; about 50% of the hogging moment at the central support caused by dead and live load.The secondary moments cannot be found until the profile is known but the cablecannot be designed until the secondary moments are known. Guyon (1951b) introduced the concept of the concordant profile, which is a profile that causes no secondary moments; es and ep thus coincide. Any line of thrust is itself a concordant profile.The designer is then faced with a slightly simpler problem; a cable profile has to be chosen which not only satisfies the eccentricity limits (3) but is also concordant. That in itself is not a trivial operation, but is helped by the fact that the bending moment diagram that results from any load applied to a beam will itself be a concordant profile for a cable of constant force. Such loads are termed notional loads to distinguish them from the real loads on the structure. Superposition can be used to progressively build up a set of notional loads whose bending moment diagram gives the desired concordant profile.3.2 Temperature effectsTemperature variations apply to all structures but the effect on prestressed concrete beams can be more pronounced than in other structures. The temperature profile through the depth of a beam (Emerson 1973) can be split into three components for the purposes of calculation (Hambly 1991). The first causes a longitudinal expansion, which is normally released by the articulation of the structure; the second causes curvature which leads to deflection in all beams and reactant moments in continuous beams, while the third causes a set of self-equilibrating set of stresses across the cross-section.The reactant moments can be calculated and allowed-for, but it is the self- equilibrating stresses that cause the main problems for prestressed concrete beams. These beams normally have high thermal mass which means that daily temperature variations do not penetrate to the core of the structure. The result is a very non-uniform temperature distribution across the depth which in turn leads to significant self-equilibrating stresses. If the core of the structure is warm, while the surface is cool, such as at night, then quite large tensile stresses can be developed on the top and bottom surfaces. However, they only penetrate a very short distance into the concrete and the potential crack width is very small. It can be very expensive to overcome the tensile stress by changing the section or the prestress。
(完整word版)外研社高中选修6M1英语课文翻译.docx
Module 1 Book 6How Good Are Your Social Skills?你的社交技能有多高？你是否看的人以后，故意路以避免与其？你愿意参加聚会并自信的和每位来交？你想交更多的朋友，但是又缺乏与陌生人交的信心？你是否一想到要在的国家参加社交活就得忐忑不安？担心——我能帮助你！如果你具了良好的社交技能，你就不用担心的情景。
而些技能是很容易学的。
具有良好社交技能的人能很好的和人交流并且知道怎么。
要是先做点准，将会你有所帮助。
下面你出些主意。
Learn how to small talk学会怎聊天聊天很重要的，并能帮助你一些更的做准。
准好！准一些不太会出的开白。
例如：·想出一个最近的新故事——不要太，譬如，一个有关于影明星或体育明星的故事·想出一些有关于你的学的事情告人·想出一些“不会出”的事情人的意——音，体育，影等·想出一些和陌生人要回避的——并且要避免些！那，你的信心就不会被害了！Develop you listening skills提高听的技能听是大多数人所缺乏的技巧，而交流双向的程——它涉及和听两个方面。
永住——太多并不会人留下怎的印象。
下面是一些使你成更好的听者的建：Do ⋯做下面的事情⋯⋯·用一些鼓励的声音或姿表示你正在听——微笑，点，一些“ ”或“ 啊”之的等等·保持得体的目光接触·使用极肯定的肢体言· 更多的信息表示你的趣Don’t⋯不要做下面的事情⋯⋯·看自己的手表·打哈欠· 气·把目光从正跟你的人身上移开·改·替人把完要牢 19 世英国首相本杰明· 迪斯累里的：“和一个人他自己，他会和你上几个小！”Learn the rules学如果你在另一个国家去参加一个社交合，要住会有不同的社交。
例如，在一些国家，你得准参加聚会；而在另一些国家就不需要。
(完整word版)外文文献及翻译doc
Criminal Law1.General IntroductionCriminal law is the body of the law that defines criminal offenses, regulates the apprehension, charging, and trial of suspected offenders,and fixes punishment for convicted persons. Substantive criminal law defines particular crimes, and procedural law establishes rules for the prosecution of crime. In a democratic society, it is the function of the legislative bodies to decide what behavior will be made criminal and what penalties will be attached to violations of the law.Capital punishment may be imposed in some jurisdictions for the most serious crimes. And physical or corporal punishment may still be imposed such as whipping or caning, although these punishments are prohibited in much of the world. A convict may be incarcerated in prison or jail and the length of incarceration may vary from a day to life.Criminal law is a reflection of the society that produce it. In an Islamic theocracy, such as Iran, criminal law will reflect the religious teachings of the Koran; in an Catholic country, it will reflect the tenets of Catholicism. In addition, criminal law will change to reflect changes in society, especially attitude changes. For instance, use of marijuana was once considered a serious crime with harsh penalties, whereas today the penalties in most states are relatively light. As severity of the penaltieswas reduced. As a society advances, its judgments about crime and punishment change.2.Elements of a CrimeObviously, different crimes require different behaviors, but there are common elements necessary for proving all crimes. First, the prohibited behavior designated as a crime must be clearly defined so that a reasonable person can be forewarned that engaging in that behavior is illegal. Second, the accused must be shown to have possessed the requisite intent to commit the crime. Third, the state must prove causation. Finally, the state must prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant committed the crime.(1) actus reusThe first element of crime is the actus reus.Actus is an act or action and reus is a person judicially accused of a crime. Therefore, actus reus is literally the action of a person accused of a crime. A criminal statute must clearly define exactly what act is deemed “guilty”---that is, the exact behavior that is being prohibited. That is done so that all persons are put on notice that if they perform the guilty act, they will be liable for criminal punishment. Unless the actus reus is clearly defined, one might not know whether or not on e’s behavior is illegal.Actus reus may be accomplished by an action, by threat of action,or exceptionally, by an omission to act, which is a legal duty to act. For example, the act of Cain striking Abel might suffice, or a parent’s failure to give to a young child also may provide the actus reus for a crime.Where the actus reus is a failure to act, there must be a duty of care. A duty can arise through contract, a voluntary undertaking, a blood relation, and occasionally through one’s official position. Duty also can arise from one’s own creation of a dangerous situation.(2)mens reaA second element of a crime is mens rea. Mens rea refers to an individual’s state of mind when a crime is committed. While actus reus is proven by physical or eyewitness evidence, mens rea is more difficult to ascertain. The jury must determine for itself whether the accused had the necessary intent to commit the act.A lower threshold of mens rea is satisfied when a defendant recognizes an act is dangerous but decides to commit it anyway. This is recklessness. For instance, if Cain tears a gas meter from a wall, and knows this will let flammable gas escape into a neighbor’s house, he could be liable for poisoning. Courts often consider whether the actor did recognise the danger, or alternatively ought to have recognized a danger (though he did not) is tantamount to erasing intent as a requirement. In this way, the importance of mens rea hasbeen reduced in some areas of the criminal law.Wrongfulness of intent also may vary the seriousness of an offense. A killing committed with specific intent to kill or with conscious recognition that death or serious bodily harm will result, would be murder, whereas a killing affected by reckless acts lacking such a consciousness could be manslaughter.(3)CausationThe next element is causation. Often the phrase “but for”is used to determine whether causation has occurred. For example, we might say “Cain caused Abel”, by which we really mean “Cain caused Abel’s death. ”In other words, ‘but for Cain’s act, Abel would still be alive.” Causation, then, means “but for” the actions of A, B would not have been harmed. In criminal law, causation is an element that must be proven beyond a reasonable doubt.(4) Proof beyond a Reasonable DoubtIn view of the fact that in criminal cases we are dealing with the life and liberty of the accused person, as well as the stigma accompanying conviction, the legal system places strong limits on the power of the state to convict a person of a crime. Criminal defendants are presumed innocent. The state must overcome this presumption of innocence by proving every element of the offense charged against the defendant beyond a reasonable doubt to thesatisfaction of all the jurors. This requirement is the primary way our system minimizes the risk of convicting an innocent person.The state must prove its case within a framework of procedural safeguards that are designed to protect the accused. The state’s failure to prove any material element of its case results in the accused being acquitted or found not guilty, even though he or she may actually have committed the crime charged.3. Strict LiabilityIn modern society, some crimes require no more mens rea, and they are known as strict liability offenses. For in stance, under the Road Traffic Act 1988 it is a strict liability offence to drive a vehicle with an alcohol concentration above the prescribed limit.Strict liability can be described as criminal or civil liability notwithstanding the lack mens rea or intent by the defendant. Not all crimes require specific intent, and the threshold of culpability required may be reduced. For example, it might be sufficient to show that a defendant acted negligently, rather than intentionally or recklessly.1. 概述刑法是规定什么试犯罪，有关犯罪嫌疑人之逮捕、起诉及审判，及对已决犯处以何种刑罚的部门法。
外文翻译原文
DATA CLASSIFICATION USING SUPPORT VECTORMACHINE1DURGESH K. SRIVASTAVA, 2LEKHA BHAMBHU1Ass. Prof., Department of CSE/IT, BRCM CET, Bahal, Bhiwani, Haryana, India-1270282Ass. Prof, Department of CSE/IT, BRCM CET, Bahal, Bhiwani, Haryana, India-127028ABSTRACTClassification is one of the most important tasks for different application such as text categorization, tone recognition, image classification, micro-array gene expression, proteins structure predictions, data Classification etc. Most of the existing supervised classification methods are based on traditional statistics, which can provide ideal results when sample size is tending to infinity. However, only finite samples can be acquired in practice. In this paper, a novel learning method, Support Vector Machine (SVM), is applied on different data (Diabetes data, Heart Data, Satellite Data and Shuttle data) which have two or multi class. SVM, a powerful machine method developed from statistical learning and has made significant achievement in some field. Introduced in the early 90’s, they led to an explosion of interest in machine learning. The foundations of SVM have been developed by Vapnik and are gaining popularity in field of machine learning due to many attractive features and promising empirical performance. SVM method does not suffer the limitations of data dimensionality and limited samples [1] & [2].In our experiment, the support vectors, which are critical for classification, are obtained by learning from the training samples. In this paper we have shown the comparative results using different kernel functions for all data samples.Keywords: Classification, SVM, Kernel functions, Grid search.1.INTRODUCTIONThe Support Vector Machine (SVM) was first proposed by Vapnik and has since attracted a high degree of interest in the machine learning research community [2]. Several recent studies have reported that the SVM (support vector machines) generally are capable of delivering higher performance in terms of classification accuracy than the other data classification algorithms. Sims have been employed in a wide range of real world problems such as text categorization, hand-written digit recognition, tone recognition, image classification and object detection, micro-array gene expression data analysis, data classification. It has been shown that Sims is consistently superior to other supervised learning methods. However, for some datasets, the performance of SVM is very sensitive to how the cost parameter and kernel parameters are set. As a result, the user normally needs to conduct extensive cross validation in order to figure out the optimal parameter setting. This process is commonly referred to as model selection. One practical issue with model selection is that this process is very time consuming. We have experimented with a number of parameters associated with the use of the SVM algorithm that can impact the results. These parameters include choice of kernel functions, the standard deviation of the Gaussian kernel, relative weights associated with slack variables to account for the non-uniform distribution of labeled data, and the number of training examples.For example, we have taken four different applications data set such as diabetes data, heart data and satellite data which all have different features, classes, number of training data and different number of testing data. These all data taken from RSES data set and /~mlearn/MLRepository.html [5]. This paper is organized as follows. In next section, we introduce some related backgroundincluding some basic concepts of SVM, kernel function selection, and model selection (parameters selection) of SVM. In Section 3, we detail all experiments results. Finally, we have some conclusions and feature direction in Section 4.2. SUPPORT VECTOR MACHINEIn this section we introduce some basic concepts of SVM, different kernel function, and model selection (parameters selection) of SVM.2.1 OVERVIEW OF SVMSVMs are set of related supervised learning methods used for classification and regression [2]. They belong to a family of generalized linear classification. A special property of SVM is , SVM simultaneously minimize the empiricalclassification error and maximize the geometric margin. So SVM called Maximum Margin Classifiers. SVM is based on the Structural risk Minimization (SRM). SVM map input vector to a higher dimensional space where a maximal separating hyperplane is constructed. Two parallel hyperplanes are constructed on each side of the hyperplane that separate the data. The separating hyperplane is the hyperplane that maximize the distance between the two parallel hyperplanes. An assumption is made that the larger the margin or distance between these parallel hyperplanes the better the generalization error of the classifier will be [2].We consider data points of the form{(x 1,y 1),(x 2,y 2),(x 3,y 3),(x 4,y 4)……….,(x n , y n )}.Where y n =1 / -1 , a constant denoting the class towhich that point xn belongs. n = number ofsample. Each x n is p-dimensional real vector. Thescaling is important to guard against variable(attributes) with larger varience. We can view thisTraining data , by means of the dividing (orseperating) hyperplane , which takesw . x + b = o ----- (1)Where b is scalar and w is p-dimensional Vector.The vector w points perpendicular to the separatinghyperplane . Adding the offset parameter b allowsus to increase the margin. Absent of b, thehyperplane is forsed to pass through the origin ,restricting the solution. As we are interesting in themaximum margin , we are interested SVM and theparallel hyperplanes. Parallel hyperplanes can be described by equationw.x + b = 1w.x + b = -1 If the training data are linearly separable, we can select these hyperplanes so that there are no points between them and then try to maximize their distance. By geometry, We find the distancebetween the hyperplane is 2 / │w │. So we want to minimize │w │. To excite data points, we need to ensure that for all I either w. x i – b ≥ 1 or w. x i – b ≤ -1This can be written asy i ( w. x i – b) ≥1 , 1 ≤i ≤ n ------(2) Figure.1 Maximum margin hyperplanes for aSVM trained with samples from two classesSamples along the hyperplanes are calledSupport Vectors (SVs). A separating hyperplanewith the largest margin defined by M = 2 / │w │that is specifies support vectors means trainingdata points closets to it. Which satisfy?y j [w T . x j + b] = 1 , i =1 -----(3)Optimal Canonical Hyperplane (OCH) is acanonical Hyperplane having a maximum margin.For all the data, OCH should satisfy the followingconstraintsy i [w T . x i + b] ≥1 ; i =1,2…l ------(4)Where l is Number of Training data point. In order to find the optimal separating hyperplane having a maximul margin, A learning macine should minimize ║w ║2 subject to the inequality constraintsy i [w T. x i + b] ≥ 1 ; i =1,2…….l This optimization problem solved by the saddlepoints of the Lagrange’s Function l L P = L (w, b, α) = 1/2║w ║2 -∑ αi (y i (w Tx i + b )-1) i=1l= 1/2 w T w -∑ αi (y i (w T x i + b )-1) ---(5)i=1Where αi is a Lagranges multiplier .The search for an optimal saddle points ( w 0, b 0, α0 ) is necessary because Lagranges must be minimized with respect to w and b and has to be maximized with respect to nonnegative αi (αi ≥ 0). This problem can besolved either in primal form (which is the form ofw & b) or in a dual form (which is the form of αi).Equation number (4) and (5) are convex and KKTconditions, which are necessary and sufficientconditions for a maximum of equation (4).Partially differentiate equation (5) with respect tosaddle points ( w 0, b 0, α0 ).∂L / ∂w 0 = 0li .e w 0 = ∑ αi y i x i -----------(6)i =1And ∂L / ∂b 0 = 0li .e ∑ αi y i = 0 -----------(7)i =1Substituting equation (6) and (7) in equation (5).We change the primal form into dual form.lL d (α) = ∑ αi - 1/2 ∑ αi αj y i y j x i T x j -------(8)i =1In order to find the optimal hyperplane, a dual lagrangian (L d ) has to be maximized with respect to nonnegative αi (i .e. αi must be in thenonnegative quadrant) and with respect to the equality constraints as followαi ≥ 0 , i = 1,2…...ll∑ αi y i = 0i =1Note that the dual Lagrangian L d (α) is expressed in terms of training data and depends only on the scalar products of input patterns (x i T x j ).More detailed information on SVM can be found inReference no.[1]&[2]. 2.2 KERNEL SELECTION OF SVMTraining vectors x i are mapped into a higher (may be infinite) dimensional space by the function Ф. Then SVM finds a linear separatinghyperplane with the maximal margin in this higherdimension space .C > 0 is the penality parameter of the error term. Furthermore, K(x i , x j ) ≡ Ф(x i )T Ф(x j ) is called the kernel function[2]. There are many kernel functions in SVM, so how to select a good kernel function is also a research issue.However, for general purposes, there are some popular kernel functions [2] & [3]: • Linear kernel: K (x i , x j ) = x i T x j .• Polynomial kernel:K (x i , x j ) = (γ x i T x j + r)d , γ > 0• RBF kernel : K (x i , x j ) = exp(-γ ║x i - x j ║2) , γ > 0 • Sigmoid kernel: K (x i , x j ) = tanh(γ x i T x j + r) Here, γ, r and d are kernel parameters. In these popular kernel functions, RBF is the main kernel function because of following reasons [2]: 1. The RBF kernel nonlinearly maps samples into a higher dimensional space unlike to linear kernel. 2. The RBF kernel has less hyperparameters than the polynomial kernel. 3. The RBF kernel has less numerical difficulties. 2.3 MODEL SELECTION OF SVMModel selection is also an important issue in SVM. Recently, SVM have shown goodperformance in data classification. Its success depends on the tuning of several parameters which affect the generalization error. We often call this parameter tuning procedure as the model selection. If you use the linear SVM, you only need to tune the cost parameter C. Unfortunately , linear SVM are often applied to linearly separable problems.Many problems are non-linearly separable. For example, Satellite data and Shuttle data are not linearly separable. Therefore, we often apply nonlinear kernel to solve classification problems, so we need to select the cost parameter (C) and kernel parameters (γ, d) [4] & [5].We usually use the grid-search method in cross validation to select the best parameter set. Then apply this parameter set to the training dataset and then get the classifier. After that, use the classifier to classify the testing dataset to get the generalization accuracy.3.INTRODUCTION OF ROUGH SETRough set is a new mathematic tool to deal with un-integrality and uncertain knowledge. It can effectively .analyze and deal with all kinds of fuzzy, conflicting and incomplete information, and finds out the connotative knowledge from it, and reveals its underlying rules. It was first put forward by Z.Pawlak, a Polish mathematician, in 1982. In recent years, rough set theory is widely emphasized for the application in the fields of data mining and artificial intelligence.3.1THE BASIC DEFINITIONS OF ROUGHSETLet S be an information system formed of 4 elementsS = (U, Q, V, f) whereU - is a finite set of objectsQ - is a finite set of attributesV- is a finite set of values of the attributesf- is the information function so that:f : U × Q - V.Let P be a subset of Q, P ⊆ Q, i.e. a subset of attributes. The indiscernibility relation noted by IND(P) is a relation defined as followsIND(P) = {< x, y > ∈ U × U: f(x, a) = f(y, a), for all a ∈ P}If < x, y > ∈ IND(P), then we can say that x and y are indiscernible for the subset of P attributes. U/IND(P) indicate the object sets that are indiscernible for the subset of P attributes.U / IND(P) = { U1, U2, …….U m }Where U i∈ U, i = 1 to m is a set of indiscernible objects for the subset of P attributes and Ui ∩ Uj = Ф, i ,j = 1to m and i≠ j. Ui can be also called the equivalency class for the indiscernibility relation. For X ⊆ U and P inferior approximation P1 and superior approximation P1 are defined as followsP1(X) = U{Y ∈ U/ IND(P): Y ⊆ Xl}P1(X= U{Y ∈ U / INE(P): Y ∩ X ≠Ф }Rough Set Theory is successfully used in feature selection and is based on finding a reduct from the original set of attributes. Data mining algorithms will not run on the original set of attributes, but on this reduct that will be equivalent with the original set. The set of attributes Q from the informational system S = (U, Q, V, f) can be divided into two subsets: C and D, so that C ⊂Q, D ⊂ Q, C ∩ D =Ф. Subset C will contain the attributes of condition, while subset D those of decision. Equivalency classes U/IND(C) and U/IND(D) are called condition classes and decision classesThe degree of dependency of the set of attributes of decision D as compared to the set of attributes of condition C is marked with γc (D) and is defined byPOS C (D) contains the objects from U which can be classified as belonging to one of the classes of equivalency U/IND(D), using only the attributes in C. if γc (D) = 1 then C determines D functionally. Data set U is called consistent if γc (D) = 1. POS C(D) is called the positive region of decision classes U/IND(D), bearing in mind the attributes of condition from C.Subset R ⊂ C is a D-reduct of C if POS R (D) = POS C(D) and R has no R' subset, R' ⊂ R so that POS R’.(D) = POS R(D) . Namely, a reduct is a minimal set of attributes that maintains the positive region of decision classes U/IND(D) bearing in mind the attributes of condition from C. Each reduct has the property that no attribute can be extracted from it without modifying the relation of indiscernibility. For the set of attributes C there might exist several reducts.The set of attributes that belongs to the intersection of all reducts of C set is called the core of C.An attribute a is indispensable for C if POS C (D) ≠ POS C[a] (D). The core of C is the union of all indispensable attributes in C. The core has two equivalent definitions. More detailed information on RSES can be found in .[1]&[2].4RESULTS OF EXPERIMENTSThe classification experiments are conducted on different data like Heart data, Diabetes data, Satellite data and Shuttle data. These data taken from/~mlearn/MLRepository.html and RSES data sets . In these experiments, we done both method on different data set. Firstly, Use LIBSVM with different kernel linear , polinomial , sigmoid and RBF[5]. RBF kernel is employed. Accordingly, there are two parameters, the RBF kernel parameter γ and the cost parameter C, to be set. Table 1 lists the main characteristics of the three datasets used in the experiments. All three data sets, diabetes , heart, and satellite, are from the machine learning repository collection. In these experiments, 5-fold cross validation is conducted to determine the best value of different parameter C and γ .The combinations of (C, γ) is the most appropriate for the given data classification problem with respect to prediction accuracy. The value of (C , γ) for all data set are shown in Table 1. Second, RSES Tool set is used for data classification with all data set using different classifier technique as Rule Based classifier, Rule Based classifier with Discretization, K-NN classifier and LTF (Local Transfer Function) Classifier. The hardware platform used in the experiments is a workstation with Pentium-IV-1GHz CPU, 256MB RAM, and the Windows XP(using MS-DOS Prompt).The following three tables represent the different experiments results. Table 1 shows the best value of different RBF parameter value (C , γ) and cross validation rate with 5-fold cross validation using grid search method[5]&[6]. . Table 2 shows the Total execution time for all data to predict the accuracy in seconds.Table 1Fig. 2, 3 shows, Accuracy comparison of Diabetes data Set after taking different training set and all testing set for both technique (SVM & RSES) using RBF kernel function for SVM and Rule Base Classifier for RSES.Fig :2 Accuracy of Heart data with SVM & RSES Applicat-ions TrainingdataTestingdataBest c and g withfive foldCrossvalidationrateC γDiabetes data500 200211=20482- 7=.007812575.6HeartData200 7025=32 2-7 =.007812582.5Satellite Data4435 200021=2 21=291.725ShuttleData435014435 215=3276821=2 99.92Applications Total Execution Time toPredictSVM RSES Heart data71 14Diabetes data22 7. 5Satellite data74749 85 Shuttle Data252132.1 220Fig: 3 Accuracy of Diabetes data with SVM & RSESTable 3: Compare with Rough Set Classifiers5 CONCLUSIONIn this paper, we have shown the comparative results using different kernel functions. Fig 2 and3 shows the comparative results of different datasamples using different kernels linear,polynomial, sigmoid and RBF. The experimentresults are encouraging .It can be seen that thechoice of kernel function and best value ofparameters for particular kernel is critical for agiven amount of data. Fig 3 shows that the bestkernel is RBF for infinite data and multi class.REFERENCES:[1] Boser, B. E., I. Guyon, and V. Vapnik (1992).A training algorithm for optimal marginclassifiers . In Proceedings of the FifthAnnual Workshop on ComputationalLearning Theory, pages. 144 -152. ACM Press 1992.[2] V. Vapnik. The Nature of Statistical Learning Theory. NY: Springer-Verlag. 1995.[3] Chih-Wei Hsu, Chih-Chung Chang, and Chih- Jen Lin. “A Practical Guide to Support Vector Classification” . Deptt of Computer Sci.National Taiwan Uni, Taipei, 106, Taiwan.tw/~cjlin 2007 [4] C.-W. Hsu and C. J. Lin. A comparison ofmethods for multi-class support vectormachines. IEEE Transactions on NeuralNetworks, 13(2):415-425, 2002.[5] Chang, C.-C. and C. J. Lin (2001). LIBSVM:a library for support vector machines..tw/~cjlin/libsvm . [6] Li Maokuan, Cheng Yusheng, Zhao Honghai ”Unlabeleddata classification via SVM and k- means Clustering”. Proceeding of theInternational Conference on ComputerGraphics, Image andVisualization (CGIV04), 2004 IEEE.[7] Z. Pawlak, Rough sets and intelligent dataanalysis, Information Sciences 147 (2002) 1– 12.[8] RSES 2.2 User’s Guide Warsaw University .pl/»rses ,January 19, 2005[9] Eva Kovacs, Losif Ignat, “Reduct Equivalent Rule Induction Based On Rough Set Theory”, Technical University ofCluj-Napoca.[9] RSES Home page.pl/»rsesApplications Trainingdata TestingdataFeature No. OfClassesUsingSVM(withRBFkernel)Using RSES with Different classifierRuleBasedClassifierRule BasedClassifierwithDiscretizationK-NNClassifierLTFClassifierHeart data 200 70 13 2 82.8571 82.9 81.4 75.7 44.3 Diabetesdata500 200 8 2 80.5 67.8 67.5 70.0 78.0Satellitedata4435 2000 36 7 91.8 87.5 89.43 90.4 89.7 Shuttle Data 43500 14435 9 7 99.9241 94.5 97.43 94.3 99.8BIOGRAPHY:Mr Durgesh K. Sriavastava received the degree in Information & Technology (IT) from MIET, Meerut, UP, INDIA in 2006. He was a research student of Birla Institute of Technology (BIT), Mesra, Ranchi, Jharkhand, INDIA) in 2008. Currently, he is an Assistant Professor (AP) at BRCM CET, Bahal, Bhiwani, Haryana, INDIA. His interests are in Software engineering & modeling and design, Machine Learning.Mrs Lekha Bhambhureceived the degree in Computer Science & Engineering from BRCM CET, Bahal, Bhiwani, Haryana, INDIA. she was a research student of CDLU, Sirsa, Haryana, INDIA. Currently, she is an Assistant Professor (AP) at BRCM CET, Bahal, Bhiwani, Haryana, INDIA. Her interests are in Operating System, Software engineering.。
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温度单向输入系统增益调整模糊控制器Shiuh-jer huang and chen-chuan wang1，台北国立科技大学，车辆工程部，台湾省台北市106号，chung-hsiao 东路1号。
2，台湾国立科技大学，机械工程部，台湾省台北市106号，keelung路43号。
在很多化工和半导体制造过程中，温度是控制所需产品质量的重要参数。
一般来说，温度控制系统具有响应速度慢，时滞，和单向控制输入特性等非线性的时变特征。
很难估计出准确的动力学模型和设计出一种能够取得良好的控制特性的温度控制器。
在这里提出了一种针对密闭铁腔单向加热输入控制器的无模型智能模糊增益调整控制策略。
这个概念在控制过程中被用来调整增益调度的模拟隶属函数映射的适用范围从而改善控制性能。
实验表明该控制方案无超调，并且稳态误差的阶跃输入响应总小于0.28℃。
该方案适用于工业温度控制系统。
关键词：模糊控制温度控制和增益调度单向输入1简介在化学，材料，半导体制造过程中，温度是一个重要的控制参数。
例如：退火，薄膜材料玻璃熔化炉沉积和电视都需要适当的温度控制系统。
一些温度控制系统具有加热和冷却控制阶段，而其他系统只有加热输入控制阶段。
他们的动态特性有着显著差异。
加热器输入的温度控制系统比有两个阶段的控制系统更难以取得良好的控制效果。
如何设计一种具有响应速度快，稳态误差小，无超调的特点的通用温度控制器在工业实施控制研究领域仍然是一种挑战。
目前，开关控制和PID控制方案用于商业产品。
在1936年，一种PID控制器被设计出来。
目前，PID控制器已经广泛应用于工业自动化的控制系统。
然而，如何调整控制增益因素是实施PID控制器的关键。
如果精确的动态模型对于控制系统是有效的，nichols和ziegler规则(nichols和ziegler，1942年)，和IMC控制策略(chien和fruehauf，1990；rivera等人1986年)可以计算出适当的收益。
然而，供热厂有延时和温度依赖的非线性特性。
对于一个PID控制器的设计很难建立精确的动态模型。
一般来说，系统需要一个实验的过程来获得好的控制响应。
当该系统具有外部干扰或设定值发生变化时，其瞬态响应也会变坏。
这样的系统需要一个网络在线的工作人员来调整它或者切换到手动控制。
然而这是一个不方便的应用，而且生产参数可能不保持在一个良好的成产水平上。
因此，无模型智能控制方案已经得到了关注。
基于控制水浴加热温度提出了一种自整定PID控制策略(Yusof 等人，1994年)。
采用频率loop-shaping技术来调整PID温度控制器的增益的一种化学气相沉积(CVD)扩散炉(Grassi和Tsakalis,2000年)。
这种方法的适当的收益是搜查了基于系统输出响应的一个开关开路继电器控制。
此外,采用模糊控制技术以其自身的智能特性已成功应用在许多工业过程,。
最近,模糊控制理论用来提高PID控制器的自适应性和鲁棒性。
提出了一种基于混合模糊控制和PI控制的为电视玻璃熔化炉温度控制的方法(Moon 和 Lee,2000,2003)。
采用模糊逻辑方案也适用于调整PID控制器收益(陈和李,2003;He等,1993;Visioli高庆宇,2001)。
这些方法与传统的PID的收获是非线性函数的跟踪控制的性能。
他们可以在输出误差的基础上自动调节。
与传统的PID控制器相比可以达到较好的鲁棒性,快速反应和更小的超调。
然而,很难设计一个通用的模糊控制规则表和相应的模糊参数。
因此,一种自组织模糊控制器(鲁和陈,1994)和自适应模糊控制方案(Haissig,1999)被用与设计温度控制器以获得稳定的性能,但这些控制策略仍不能达成一个快速和精确的瞬态响应稳态响应。
通常,温度控制系统具有非线性时变、时滞特征。
很难估计一个基于适当的动态模型的控制器的设计。
特别是,温度控制问题单向加热器输入只有滞后、不对称控制行为。
基于传统控制算法的反应很难实现精确的温度控制精度有较好的瞬态。
这里以无模型增益调整为研究对象,运用模糊控制方案设计一个加热器输入单相温度控制器与模糊增益参数,自动控制,可获得较好的瞬态响应和很小的稳态误差的通用的智能温度所设计的控制器是本文的目的。
温度动态响应模糊控制器的性能将增益调整相比,自整定PID控制器。
实验试验台是一个空洞的金属腔只具有加热器控制输入。
2，系统结构基于pc机的控制系统的温度监测系统的结构如图1所示。
PC发送的控制电压通过D / A卡输入到SCR驱动器。
一个12-bit低成本ASIO-113 AD / DA / 8255板卡确定为本控制系统。
SCR驱动器250欧姆的内阻控制电压转换成1 - 5 V 4 - 20毫安的控制输入电流的供暖棒。
这个SCR可以监视输出功率单相110-V和20-A 替代目前的电源。
它调节电流输入电棒加热提高温度空心金属腔。
介质内部的空洞圆柱腔体的空气。
中空的温度测量金属筒用一个电阻温度传感器(RTD)和通过A / D转换卡反馈到PC。
温度控制算法实现Cþþ程序。
一个空心金属腔实验试验台是建立评价控制性能。
铁的尺寸是250毫米空心圆柱在高度和51毫米直径空心孔直径与10-mm设立电棒加热温度传感器和RTD PT100。
选择PT100 RTS传感器是由于0.28C 3008C温度测量范围内的准确性。
RTD传感器的敏感性是0.0015每摄氏度。
取样频率以下的实验设置为40赫兹。
3，自整定PID控制ad K u 4影响因素控制系统性能的PID 控制关键是怎么才能找到最佳的配置比例增益、积分时间常数和导数时间常数。
为切实实施,这些增益的调整,实现了一项专长或一位经验丰富的工程师,试误修改。
这是耗时的工作过程并且动态响应的行为不能得到保证。
为此, 电反馈评价方法,提出了一种基于发现的增益参数的PID 控制器 (Astrom 和Hagglund,1984年)。
首先,一个开关切换控制应用于前2个周期。
当系统温度低于设定值,控制器完全打开来驱动温度。
当温度达到调定值,控制输入立即切断。
然后临界增益,Ku,和关键的时期,Pu,可以发现从这些输入输出响应曲线就像图2,(1)因此,这个增益参数可以采用计算公式的Ziegler-Nichols 经验丰富。
and P T K k u i u p ,2,6.0==8u d P T=uP K K 6.0=iP i T K K =anddP d T K K =(2)那意味着(3)这些PID 控制增益可以用来监视系统温度的阶跃变化。
4，增益调整模糊逻辑控制器因为这个温度控制系统具有明显的滞后、单向输入非线性行为,很难建立一个适当的动态模型精确模型控制器的设计。
此外,超瞬态温度控制系统的响应,与时滞和单相供暖输入动态特征,这很难以避免和快速消除。
因此,如何设计一个通用的温度控制器与小超调,快速反应将是一场具有挑战的研究课题。
这里的无模型增益调整提出了一种模糊控制策略来解决这个问题。
控制框图如图3。
通常一个模糊方法的动机是,认识不够和动态模型具有不确定性。
采用模糊集理论来模拟逻辑推理的人类。
主要的组成部分,是一组模糊控制器语言的模糊控制规则和推理引擎要解释这些规则。
这些模糊规则之间提供一个转型的语言知识控制一个专家,自动控制策略的一种催化剂。
每一个模糊控制规则组成的先例和一系列的;一般形式的规则可以被表示为1R :IF X is 1A and Y is 2A ,THEN U is 1C (4)这里Ri是电流规则，X和Y是系统被控输出的声明而U是系统输入的声明。
A1，A2和C1分别是相应输入输出的模糊子集。
每个输出的模糊规则的重要性取决于隶属函数的语言输入和输出变量。
该控制系统,有两个输入的指标模糊控制器的温度误差和误差变化的ce,e和输出指标是控制电压u。
为了简化计算的模糊控制器,七平等的跨度三角形隶属度函数用遗传算法对模糊控制器输入变量e和ce。
他们是NB,NM,NS,ZO,PS,PM和PB。
这些的隶属函数的模糊变量如图4所示。
这个隶属度函数的规模通过改变尺度参数的隶属度函数可扩展或缩小。
增益参数是用于映射相应的变量转化该标称的范围。
在人类的直觉,当温度误差大,控制电压应增加,以满足更多能量用来加热温度控制腔和减少误差。
在另一方面,当误差趋近于零的子集的隶属度函数,控制器应微调改正应提供的小小变化温度误差和减少超调现象的倾向。
这两种情况可以通过分离隶属函数和一个增益参数去掉。
这些映射参数指定以ge,gce和gu分别对应误差、误差变化及控制电压，分别列在表1。
表1 模糊增益比例因数参数ge和gce是指定比例因子模糊输入变量分别对应操作温度范围的误差和误差变化。
该参数gu的设计是一个增益调整模糊逻辑控制电压和实验再调整努力简化为设计模糊规则表。
这个方法是一个新的增益调整模糊控制结构。
这些参数值为这个增益调整非临界的模糊逻辑控制器。
他们可以通过简单的实验大致可以确定。
然后有相同的价值观可以应用到不同的温度设定分阶跃响应控制与适当的稳态精度。
为该温控系统、ge = 5 和 gce = 2用于粗调,而ge = 2 and gce = 1 用于微调任何不同的温度设定点。
相应的模糊隶属度函数的控制误差覆盖的温度范围分别对应68摄氏度粗调和2.48摄氏度的微调，如图5所示。
该控制器软件的程序可以自动开关的粗调和微调控制范围之间的温度数据,通过误差反馈信号。
控制获得其价值gu取决于温度设定点的因环境因素引起的热量平衡的问题。
它需要一个小实验获得其价值为某个特定的温度范围内设置,例如50-808C,80-1208C,120-1508C等等。
这些参数值并不是至关重要。
每个增益参数在一定范围内可达到合理的动态反应。
否则,我们需要设计一个不同的模糊控制规则表为每个温度设定范围。
那将是一个花费更多的时间和繁琐的工作比所建议的方法。
在这项研究中,整个论述中的隶属度函数分为两个区域,微调和粗调地区。
图5给出了两组不同的隶属度函数的个别跨度。
在温度的阶跃响应开始的时候,该控制器能在回应大错误的区域中自动选择一个大的范围(粗调划分区域)。
当温度达到稳定状态，控制器将开关覆盖范围的隶属函数,进了微调区域来纠正稳态误差。
该控制策略能开关自动之间的不同控制范围和分裂的隶属度函数,在一种基于反馈的信号控制变量的误差、e和ce只通过改变增益比例因子的隶属度函数改变。
除此之外,系统热量平衡控制电压也包括在这个用来代替这个额外的价值偏移控制其他控制算法,简化了控制器的设计问题和控制律法计算而设计的模糊规则表中。
表2 加热器模糊规则表)(1)(w a x w x +--=μ∑∑=ii i y y ωω∏=jjij ix A )(μω在本文中,49模糊规则是被用于控制利用用SCR 输入电压校正腔的温度。