中国中小企业国际化——文献综述

我国中小企业国际化发展研究

我国中小企业国际化发展研究随着经济全球化的不断深入，企业国际化已经成为了一个热门话题。

中国中小企业作为国民经济发展的重要力量，也在不断地向海外拓展市场。

本文将探讨我国中小企业国际化发展的现状、问题和对策。

一、我国中小企业的国际化发展现状在中国，中小企业的数量占到了全部企业的90%以上，但是它们在国际市场上的份额还比较小。

目前，中国的中小企业国际化水平相对较低，主要表现在以下几方面：1. 地域集中度高中国中小企业的国际化集中在沿海地区，内陆地区的中小企业国际化程度相对较低，这导致了地域的不均衡。

2. 行业分布不均根据数据，中国中小企业国际化最为活跃的行业是制造业和批发零售业，而科技、文化、教育、旅游等行业的中小企业国际化程度较低。

3. 国际化程度相对较低根据统计数据，中国中小企业国际化程度相对较低，仅有约10%的中小企业投资或布局海外市场，而且大部分中小企业海外市场占有率相对较小。

4. 面临一系列的挑战中国中小企业国际化面临的挑战主要有市场、制度、人才、资金等方面。

例如，在国际市场上的竞争压力比较大，包括本地化经营环境、利润水平、品牌建设等都需要深入研究和认真规划。

二、我国中小企业国际化发展的问题1. 行业门槛低中国中小企业国际化面临的最大问题之一是行业门槛低。

由于中小企业在中国可以由个人或者小团体起家，因此，国内的中小企业没有必要通过国际化提高文化软实力，也没有必要提供高质量服务以获取成长空间，导致营销体系建设和品牌商标认证等短板。

2. 资金和运营压力大中小企业在选择国际化路线时面临的一个挑战是资金和运营压力。

这是因为中小企业通常没有足够的资金、管理经验和国际市场拓展经验，这可能降低了国际化的成功率。

3. 品牌建设瓶颈品牌建设是中小企业走向国际化的一个重要环节。

中国中小企业品牌的品牌知名度与国际品牌相比还有很大的差距。

这是因为中国中小企业口碑不佳、品牌产品不够，加之商标申报制度多为见水后马蹄疾，中小企业品牌建设瓶颈较大。

中小企业国际化经营论文

我国中小企业国际化经营论文我国中小企业必须转变观念，加强自身的经营管理体制，积极的致力于创新改革，尽快与国际实现接轨。

同时，还要发挥自身柔韧性特点，提高生产效率，使自己更具国际化发展的竞争优势，最大限度的获取经济全球化带来的利益。

一、我国中小企业国际化经营中存在的问题（一）缺乏参与国际竞争的比较优势当今在国际市场上竞争十分激烈，中小企业要开拓国际市场就必须要有一定的实力和比较优势。

然而，我国中小企业在这方面的优势明显不足，主要表现在规模、人才、资金和技术等几个方面。

第一，整体规模分散，企业间缺乏协作。

我国中小企业广泛分布于一般加工业、运输业及服务业等各个领域，本身规模又较小，规模经济不明显。

这样既制约着自身积累的增加，也难以整合出适应现代产业结构的规模较大的企业集团，不利于开展国际化经营。

而且在我国中小企业出口过程中，同行业中小企业之间的竞争仍主要依靠“价格战”，这种短期内的效益比起长期恶性竞争所导致的损失来说，简直就是微不足道。

第二，人才的严重匮乏。

国际化经营需要具有多种技能且通晓国际惯例的高素质、复合型经营管理人才。

而由于领导者自身素质欠缺和人才引进障碍等原因，我国中小企业这方面的人才的严重缺乏，这已经成为制约我国中小企业国际化发展的重要瓶颈之一。

第三资金不足，融资困难。

企业的运行缺少不了充足的资金，因此，资金是中小企业国际化经营所必须要解决的问题。

由于受到规模的限制，中小企业可以用来进行投资或经营的资金非常有限，再加上外界因素导致的融资渠道窄，融资困难等原因，中小企业拓展国际化经营一直都受到资金不足的束缚。

（二）缺乏完善的企业管理机制，思想观念滞后国起步比较早的一部分中小企业是在半计划、半市场的状态下成长起来的，而这种体制也引发了一系列的问题，如公司法人治理机制还不完善，在管理体制上存在先天不足等等。

而且这些企业的观念也过于陈旧，不适应企业国际化发展的需求。

主要表现在以下几个方面：第一，国际化经营的信心和动力不足，缺乏开展国际化经营的战略眼光。

中小企业融资国内外文献综述

中小企业融资国内外文献综述随着我国社会经济的发展，中小企业融资与经营问题日益受到人们的关注。

本文将国内外关于中小企业发展的研究成果进行综合论述。

标签：中小企业融资进入20世纪70年代特别是改革开放以来，中小企业在我国社会经济中的作用正日益受到人们的关注。

正是如此，中小企业融资与经营方面的问题也渐渐受到人们的关注。

亚洲金融危机以后，由于中小企业的巨大作用，更加促使了国内外的学者对中小企业从不同的视角展开了研究，并且这些研究对指导中小企业的发展卓有成效。

下面将国内外关于中小企业的研究的主要研究成果综述如下。

1 国外研究现状经济发达国家的中小企业发展及对中小企业发展的研究和管理政策都早于我国，这些研究以及各国中小企业发展的历程显示中小企业都遇到了融资难的困境。

20世纪50年代，著名经济学家莫迪格利安尼和米勒(MM)首次提出了现代资金结构理论即MM理论；70年代，权衡理论的提出进一步推动了MM理论的发展，考虑了税负效应与债务融资对企业资本结构的影响；进入80年代，随着经济学的发展，学者们把信息经济学中“不对称信息理论”引入到融资领域，大大地丰富了人们对该问题的理解，对中小企业融资困难的研究空前拓宽。

在此期间，也出现其他一系列中小企业融资的理论。

Jaffee和Modilian（1969）认为：银行的信贷供给曲线类似工业产品一样按标准的利润最大化原则来决定。

Dewatripant 和Maskin(1995)认为银行对中小企业信贷中产生“预算软约束”问题，导致了银行更趋于“大客户”的业务。

Hodgman(1961)和Martinell(1997)认为中小企业多属“双短”企业即信贷历史较短与经营时间短的企业，企业信贷的历史信用不足，从而得出中小企业必然面临银行的信贷困难的问题。

Berger and Udell(1998)提出，伴随着企业成长周期不同而发生的信息约束条件、企业规模大小和资金需求量的变化是影响企业融资结构变化的外在基本因素。

中国中小企业国际化——文献综述

中国中小企业国际化——文献综述------------------------------------------作者xxxx------------------------------------------日期xxxx我国中小企业国际化影响因素及挑战——文献综述与趋势技经学习小组（浙江工业大学经贸学院，杭州）摘要：中小企业在我国国民经济中发挥着重要作用，在经济全球化的大趋势下，国际化发展成为越来越多中小企业的必然选择。

本文在参考了大量文献的基础上，概括简述了中小企业国际化的影响因素，分析了中小企业在该进程中所遇到的挑战，并预测了我国中小企业国际化的发展趋势，同时也提出了相应的发展对策，对之后的深入研究具有重大的参考价值。

关键词：中小企业国际化；国际化经营；影响因素；挑战；发展趋势随着全球经济一体化越来越向纵深发展，企业要生存、发展不得不参与国家竞争，参与国际竞争的过程实质就是国际化的进程。

而随着一些中小企业实力的增强，中小企业基于自身竞争力进行国际化拓展已成为可能（田家林，徐立岗，王丰，2008）。

针对中小企业国际化的影响因素，及我国中小企业在这一进程中所面临的挑战等议题，中外学者进行了大量研究。

一．中小企业国际化的影响因素企业国际化经营是企业国际性地利用生产要素和管理技能，从事跨越国界的工商活动。

包括商品的进出口贸易、技术授权、对外直接投资、国际工程承包、管理合同、合作生产、国际劳务输出等（汪秀英，2001），因此在高度竞争环境中，国际化不仅仅是生存的必需，而且也是获得竞争优势的重要手段(Asuman Atik，2012)。

1. 从企业文化角度看，企业文化的发展趋向于国际化的意图，使得企业更有能力且有意愿去追求国际化的机遇( Autio et al., 2000; Zucchella et al., 2007)，这说明一个更具有创造力和战斗力的企业氛围更适合中小企业的国际化进程，另一方面，企业的凝聚力是面对国际化进程重重挑战的最牢固的根基。

中国企业国际化进展研究综述报告5000字

中国企业国际化进展研究综述报告在经济全球化的发展背景下，中国经过了40多年的改革开放,与世界经济的联系也已经不可分离，我国作为全球第二大经济体，大国际市场上的作用也越来越重要，是全球供应链上不可或缺的一环。

然而在年初疫情的冲击下，全球市场也受到巨大的冲击，世界经济形势也将迎来巨大的变化，这不利于企业国际化进程的发展。

鉴于此本文将对中国企业国际化的最新进展进行分析，找出存在的问题，并结合中国企业的实际，提出几点针对性的国际化对策，从而为企业的国际化提供参考指导作用。

引言经济全球化导致全球经济发生全面，深刻和不可抗拒的变化，并迅速改变人类经济和社会发展的进程。

在不同国家拥有实力和抱负的公司将国际管理视为成长的唯一途径。

当前，鉴于外国大公司进入市场的压力和同行业的对水平竞争，国内企业应以品牌战略为突破口，增强品牌竞争力。

这是增强公司核心竞争力并为未来可持续发展奠定基础的唯一途径。

为了真正提高开放水平并成为世界经济和贸易大国, 我们需要有一些国内跨国公司。

随着全球经济一体化的快速发展，现实商品市场与传统市场相比发生了很大的变化。

随着交通运输和信息技术的飞速发展，国家和地区之间的文化逐渐渗透，国际贸易日益便利和频繁。

因此，市场的广度自然从传统意义上的国家、地区和周边国家和地区发展成为全球性的市场。

同时，全球经济一体化带来了激烈的国际竞争。

同类产品往往有好几个或几十个品牌，它们以不同的促销方式吸引着消费者的眼球，企业之间的竞争因此大大加剧。

在这种背景下，企业需要解决的不是是否参与国际竞争，而是如何应对挑战。

因此，如何进入国外市场，发挥自身优势，扬长避短成为首要问题。

一、相关理论概述（一）企业国际化的概念综合学术界有关企业国际化的概念，本文将企业国际化定义为：企业在国内市场通过进口、购买技术专利、与外国企业的合资合作经营等方式参与国际化经营，或将自己的产品或者服务出口到国外市场, 通过海外投资、海外并购等途径建立“本土化”的生产研发、销售渠道，从而拓宽国际市场，以国际化的视野实现在全球范围内配置资源、生产要素的一种企业发展模式。

中小企业国际化理论与实践研究——兼论我国中小企业的国际化经营

中小企业国际化理论与实践研究——兼论我国中小企业的国际化经营中小企业国际化理论与实践研究——兼论我国中小企业的国际化经营随着经济全球化的深入推进，中小企业的国际化已经成为了一个热门话题。

中小企业作为国家经济的重要组成部分，其国际化对于促进企业发展和整个国家经济的增长具有重要意义。

本文旨在探讨中小企业国际化的理论与实践，并针对我国中小企业的国际化经营进行一定的论述。

首先，我们来了解一下中小企业国际化的理论基础。

中小企业国际化理论主要包括国际化阶段理论、资源基础理论和动态能力理论等。

其中，国际化阶段理论认为中小企业的国际化发展可划分为进口、出口和直接投资三个阶段。

资源基础理论则侧重于中小企业的资源优势在国际化过程中的重要性。

动态能力理论则强调企业的创新能力和学习能力在国际化过程中的作用。

这些理论为中小企业国际化提供了理论支撑和指导。

接着，我们来看一看中小企业的国际化实践。

目前，全球中小企业国际化的趋势日益明显。

许多中小企业通过出口贸易、跨国合作等方式开展了国际化经营。

国内一些中小企业积极参与国际贸易，加强与国外企业的合作，并利用海外市场资源进行生产和销售。

一些具备一定实力的中小企业还采取了直接投资的方式，通过在国外设立子公司、合资企业等形式进入海外市场。

那么，我国中小企业的国际化经营面临哪些挑战呢？首先，中小企业一般在资金、技术、品牌等方面相对较弱，这给其国际化经营带来了一定的困难。

其次，中小企业在国际市场上还面临着激烈的竞争，无论是在产品质量、价格还是在市场营销等方面都需要与国际大企业竞争。

再次，中小企业在国际化过程中需要面临不同的文化背景、法律法规、市场需求等等，这对其经营管理能力提出了更高的要求。

为了解决这些问题，我国中小企业可以采取一系列措施来推进国际化经营。

首先，政府可以出台支持中小企业国际化的相关政策，为其提供财务支持和政策保障。

其次，中小企业可以通过加强技术创新和品牌建设来提升自身竞争力。

中小企业发展问题(文献综述)

中小企业发展问题(文献综述)中小企业发展问题(文献综述)1.引言在当今社会，中小企业发展问题一直备受关注。

随着市场竞争的加剧和经济环境的变化，中小企业面临着许多挑战和困难。

本文将综述当前文献中涉及的中小企业发展问题，并提出对策和建议，以促进中小企业的健康发展。

2.宏观经济环境对中小企业发展的影响2.1 经济政策2.1.1 财政政策2.1.2 货币政策2.1.3 扩大内需政策2.2 社会环境2.2.1 人口变化2.2.2 消费者行为2.3 产业竞争2.3.1 行业集中度2.3.2 技术进步2.3.3 产业政策3.中小企业内部问题3.1 资金问题3.1.1 融资渠道3.1.2 贷款难题3.2 人力资源问题3.2.1 人才招聘与培养3.2.2 员工激励机制3.3 经营管理问题3.3.1 创新管理理念3.3.2 提高运营效率3.4 品牌建设问题3.4.1 品牌知名度3.4.2 品牌形象塑造4.支持及政策建议4.1 中央支持政策4.1.1 税收优惠政策4.1.2 宏观调控政策4.2 地方支持措施4.2.1 城市发展规划4.2.2 其他支持措施4.3 政策建议4.3.1 宏观政策改革4.3.2 中小企业培训计划4.3.3 深化行业标准推动5.结语本文对中小企业发展问题进行了综述。

建议中小企业根据宏观经济环境的变化调整策略，处理好内外部问题，并寻找支持与政策建议。

只有这样，中小企业才能迎接挑战、实现可持续发展。

附件：本文所涉及的法律名词及注释：1.财政政策：指国家为调整和稳定国民经济而运用的一切财政手段和政策。

2.货币政策：指国家根据国民经济发展需要，通过一系列手段来调整和控制货币供应量、货币利率及货币汇率等。

中小企业文献综述

中小企业文献综述中小企业文献综述一、引言本章主要介绍中小企业的定义、发展状况和重要性，以及撰写综述的目的。

二、中小企业的定义和分类本章对中小企业的定义进行详细说明，并介绍各国对中小企业的分类标准。

三、中小企业的发展状况本章对中小企业的数量、从业人员规模和经济贡献等方面的发展状况进行综合分析，并对其面临的问题进行梳理。

四、中小企业的管理与创新本章主要介绍中小企业的管理特点和创新能力，包括管理模式、人力资源管理、战略管理和创新管理等方面的内容。

五、中小企业的融资问题本章对中小企业的融资问题进行深入探讨，包括融资渠道、融资难题和解决方法等方面的内容。

六、中小企业的市场拓展本章对中小企业的市场拓展策略进行研究，包括市场选择、市场定位和市场推广等方面的内容。

七、中小企业的国际化发展本章重点讨论中小企业的国际化发展趋势和策略，包括国际市场开拓、跨国并购和国际合作等方面的内容。

八、中小企业的企业社会责任本章主要探讨中小企业的企业社会责任意识和实践，包括员工福利、环境保护和社会公益等方面的内容。

九、中小企业的法律风险和合规管理本章详细介绍中小企业面临的法律风险和合规管理的重要性，包括知识产权保护、劳动合同管理和税务合规等方面的内容。

十、中小企业的未来趋势和建议本章对中小企业的未来趋势进行展望，并提出相应的建议，包括政策支持、技术创新和人才培养等方面的内容。

附件：本文档涉及的附件包括相关统计数据、调研问卷、研究报告等资料。

法律名词及注释：1-中小企业：根据《中小企业促进法》，指在我国独立从事经营活动、依法注册、在市场上属于中小企业范围的法人或者其他组织。

2-知识产权保护：指对创造性智力成果的合法权益进行保护的制度和法律措施。

3-劳动合同管理：指用人单位与劳动者订立和履行劳动合同的相关规范和程序。

4-税务合规：指企业在税收方面遵守相关法律法规，按时缴纳税款，并且提供准确的税务申报和报告。

关于中国中小企业发展战略文献综述

关于中国中小企业发展战略文献综述中国中小企业发展战略思考文献综述一前言；中小企业是我国国民经济和社会发展的重要力量，促进中小企业发展，是保持国民经济平稳较快发展的重要基础，是关系民生和社会稳定的重大战略任务。

受国际金融危机冲击，我国部分中小企业生产经营面临困难。

政府、企业必须采取更加积极有效的政策措施，帮助中小企业克服困难，转变发展方式，实现又好又快发展;必须坚持解决当前问题与着眼全面发展相结合，坚持保持平稳较快发展与推进结构调整和技术进步相结合，引导广大中小企业走可持续发展之路。

长期以来，中小企业作为国民经济中一支重要而活跃的力量，无论是在发达国家还是在发展中国家，它们都在其各自的经济活动中扮演着举足轻重的角色。

世界经济发展实践表明：中小企业以其规模较小，生产经营灵活并富有弹性，对市场需求变化反映灵敏，组织成本低廉，转移进退便捷等特点，适应了当今瞬息万变的市场需求，呈现出蓬勃发展的良好态势，现已成为促进各国经济增长的重要推动力和增加就业的主要渠道，不少还成为技术创新的主要来源。

二中小企业存在并具竞争优势的理论解释1、最佳规模理论因为规模越大，分工就越细，但由于技术的非无限可分性，分工超过一定程度反而意味着复杂程度的提高、操作成本的增加和效率的损失。

同时，企业的规模经济效益会被管理费用的增加及管理效率的降低所抵消。

蒂格勒运用这种生存技术法，通过大量实证分析，得出结论：某一行业的最佳规模通常是一个区间而非一个点，因而企业长期成本曲线是浴盆曲线而非U型曲线，中小企业在最低区间内也能达到最优规模。

科斯认为，企业边界取决于企业和市场的均衡，即企业的边际管理费用与边际交易费用相等之处。

一般而言，随着企业规模的扩大，交易费用递减，管理费用递增，而两者之和最小处的企业规模不一定很大。

况且，规模经济不一定和企业规模有必然联系。

最优规模不一定就是大规模。

2、生产力发展理论日本学者中村秀一郎在《大规模时代的终结——多元化产业组织》中列举日本经济的现实，认为中小企业的蓬勃发展是由于生产力的发展所引起的。

【文献综述】中国企业国际化模式研究

文献综述工商管理中国企业国际化模式研究（一）国外研究综述较于企业国际化这个概念出现得较早，企业国际化理论在诸多方面进行了更新，研究企业国际化就得从对于国际化的研究成果和理论探讨起。

国际化具体何时出现，笔者无法查确，而以此方面的理论现象为研究对象的文献也出现得较早，仅以笔者目前掌握的资料来看，对于企业国际化的研究有从以下几个方面考察的。

20世纪70年代，北欧学者以企业行为理论研究方法为基础，提出了企业国际化阶段理论，或者称之为“优泼萨拉国际化模型”，其基本命题有两个：a，企业国际化应该称为一个发展过程；b，这一发展过程表现为企业对外国市场逐渐提高承诺的连续形势。

该理论认为，企业国际化经营应遵循四个不同发展阶段的渐进过程。

（1）不规则的出口活动；（2）通过代理商出口；（3）建立国外销售子公司；（4）从事国外生产和制造。

企业国际化的渐进主要体现在两个方面：a，市场范围扩大的地理顺序，通常是本地市场——地区市场——全国市场——海外相邻市场——全球市场。

b,企业国际化的经营方式的演变最常见的是国内经营——通过中间商间接出口——直接出口——设立海外销售分部——海外生产。

在80年代由Hag& Johanson 等瑞典学者提出，用来分析产业内企业跨国行为。

该理论认为，任何企业都只有在一定的社会关系中才能生存，一个行业就是企业间的社会关系网络，产业系统由众多从事生产、销售、服务等活动的企业组成。

根据网络模型，企业国际化是企业在国际市场网络中建立、发展网络关系的过程，主要途径有三个：a,通过国际贸易、国际投资活动扩大网络范围；b，地区经济一体化，消除经营障碍；c，全球经济一体化。

英国学者邓宁于1981年提出了著名的投资发展周期理论，从国家的角度分析了一国从内向国际化向外向国际化的发展过程。

该理论认为随着人均国民生产总值的不断增长，一国将逐渐从内向国际化发展到外向国际化，并且认为该过程根据人均国民生产总值可以分成四个阶段;第一阶段，人均国民生产总值在400美元以下阶段的国家只有少量的外国直接投资并且完全没有对外直接投资。

中小企业国际化文献综述及外文文献资料

本份文档包含：关于该选题的外文文献、文献综述一、外文文献标题: Internationalization strategy, firm resources and the survival of SMEs in the export market作者: Baum, Matthias期刊: Journal of International Business Studies卷: 45；期: 7；页: 821-841；年份: 2014Internationalization strategy, firm resources and the survival of SMEs in the exportmarketINTRODUCTIONBorn-global firms, sometimes called "international new ventures" (INVs), have been described as "companies that from or near foundation, obtain a significant portion of total revenue from sales in international markets" (Knight &Cavusgil, 2005: 15). Although born-global firms have attracted significant research attention (Autio, 2005; Jones, Coviello, &Tang, 2011) that has emphasized their ability to achieve considerable foreign sales early in their evolution (Autio, Sapienza, &Almeida, 2000) with limited resources, little is known about the continuing ability of these firms to remain active in international markets and about the types of resources that determine their survival abroad (Keupp &Gassmann, 2009; Sapienza, Autio, George, &Zahra, 2006; Zahra, 2005). As Kuivalainen, Sundqvist, Saarenketo, and McNaughton (2012: 449) note: "there is still a paucity of empirical research on whether accelerated internationalization (or another internationalization path) plays a role in determining long-term survival, success and/or growth. The few studies that have investigated this, report contradictory or ambiguous findings (e.g., Bloodgood, Sapienza, &Almeida, 1996), are based on small samples (e.g., Gabrielsson, Kirpalani, Dimistratos, Solberg, &Zucchella, 2008), or focus on a limited number of pathways (e.g., Mudambi &Zahra, 2007)".The dominant theoretical approaches in the field - the internationalization process model (IPM) (Johanson &Vahlne, 2009), the INV framework (Oviatt &McDougall, 1994) and the regionalization hypothesis (Rugman &Verbeke, 2007) - result in significantly different predictions regarding which internationalization strategy is most beneficial for the export market survival of small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). The IPM implies that born-global internationalization endangers a firm's survival in the export market because such firms do not have sufficient time to learn about foreign markets well, which increases their probability of failure (Figueira-de-Lemos, Johanson, &Vahlne, 2011). According to the INV framework, firms may profit from a born-global strategy by exploring and capitalizing on international opportunities and by exploiting certain learning advantages that accompany newness (Autio et al., 2000). The regionalization hypothesis postulates that rapid internationalization is possible but that such development will be most valuable if revenues are restricted to coming from the firm's home region to diminishthe liability of foreignness (Rugman &Verbeke, 2004). This theoretical discord makes it imperative that researchers empirically examine the implications of different internationalization strategies for firm survival.In this study, we investigate the effect of different internationalization strategies (born-global, born-regional and gradual internationalization strategies) on the export market survival of SMEs. We show that, in addition to internationalization strategy, firm slack resources and innovation resources determine INVs viability in the international market. Firms that are better able to acquire adequate resources during internationalization are more likely to sustain their export market activities. Several studies highlight the importance of resources to the survival of INVs. Sapienza et al. (2006), for example, argue that the ability to shift resources is important to the survival of young firms because the uncertainty inherent in unknown foreign environments can generate unexpected requirements to adjust established routines and capabilities. Firms with more fungible resources are better able to adapt their routines, which allows them to better react to environmental changes and bolsters their survival chances abroad.In a parallel vein, we propose that, although firm-specific resources are important for the export market survival of all SMEs perse , the relative importance of slack resources and innovation resources is contingent upon which internationalization strategy is employed. Compared with other more incremental internationalization approaches, a born-global firm will have greater demand for resources to prevail in international markets. Born-global firms require slack resources and innovation resources more urgently for their survival than other internationalizing SMEs because the twin liabilities of newness (Stinchcombe, 1965) and foreignness (Hymer, 1976) are particularly strong for born-global firms, entering multiple foreign environments at an enhanced speed. For this aggressive internationalization, born-globals have to establish business routines and learn about their multiple markets at the same time, in order to overcome the "shock of entry" (Carr, Haggard, Hmieleski, &Zahra, 2010: 184) effectively.By contrast, the export market survival of gradually internationalizing firms will be the least dependent on slack resources and innovation resources compared with born-global and born-regional firms. The liabilities of newness and foreignness do not adhere that strongly to gradually internationalizing firms because these firms enter foreign markets sequentially and can more easily learn from their own operations and build experiential knowledge. Accordingly, their survival in the international environment will be less dependent on slack resources (Chang &Rhee, 2011) and innovation (Shrader, Oviatt, &McDougall, 2000). In this study, we further sharpen the understanding about the impact of resources on the survival of INVs and show that resources are an important boundary condition for the functionality of different internationalization strategies regarding international market survival.Our study provides three important contributions to understanding SME survival abroad. First, by observing the effect of different internationalization strategies on the survival of SMEs in the export market, we underscore the strategic-choice rationale and find strong empirical support for the notion that firms self-select into a fittingstrategy. Based on the foreign direct investment (FDI) activity of 275 UK firms, Mudambi and Zahra (2007) find that employing a born-global strategy has no direct impact on firm survival. Based on this finding, that study proposed that the firms in its sample were able to decide efficient strategies during the process of internationalization. In our study, based on the export activity of all Canadian SMEs, the results suggest that neither the born-global nor born-regional strategy has a statistically significant effect on firm export market survival. Therefore we further demonstrate that small, new ventures firms are as rational as large firms; they are able to pursue strategic choices and decide upon the optimal internationalization strategy that best fits their resource endowment and environmental conditions.Second, we differentiate previous studies on internationalization strategies by introducing the born-regional strategy into our analysis. Previous studies either focused on a single strategy (Efrat &Shoham, 2012) or compared only born-globals and gradual internationalizers (Mudambi &Zahra, 2007). We turn to more recent notions that show that born-regionals employ a distinct type of internationalization strategy (Lopez, Kundu, &Ciravegna, 2009), which might better balance the risks and benefits of early internationalization.Our third contribution lies at the intersection of internationalization strategies and resources. Although no single internationalization strategy dominates other strategic approaches under every condition, we demonstrate that internationalization strategies are an important moderator for a firm's survival and firm resources. Firm resources not only directly affect a firm's survival and its strategic self-selection but also interact with a firm's applied internationalization strategy. In contextualizing the firm resources-survival link through internationalization strategy, we add to previous studies on born-global firms and suggest how SMEs might better sustain their international activities with different internationalization strategies. This is an important advancement in the current understanding because it suggests that although small, new ventures are able to internationalize early with limited resources, it is particularly critical for born-global firms to acquire adequate resources during the internationalization process to survive abroad.The data set used to examine our research questions is taken from the administrative databases produced by Statistics Canada. The sample includes all Canadian small- and medium-sized manufacturers that had at least one shipment to a foreign market between 1997 and 2005. Combining this unique data set with empirical analyses that control for possible sample selection bias and endogeneity, we provide a valid and reliable examination of the survival of SMEs in the export market.THEORY AND HYPOTHESESInternationalization Strategies and SME Survival in the Export MarketTraditional internationalization theories, such as the IPM (Johanson &Vahlne, 1977), are largely based on the theory of the growth of the firm (Penrose, 1959) and the behavioral theory of the firm (Cyert &March, 1963). IPM scholars posit that internationalization should be incremental and experience-based, such as by beginning with low-involvement modes of entry in nearby or culturally similar areas. This strategy would minimize risks associated with internationalization because thedegree of resource commitment is relatively low and the resources in question are focused on markets with low psychic distance. By gradually increasing international market commitment and the scope of international activities, firms can build experiential knowledge about foreign markets. This knowledge, in turn, will help them to manage risk more efficiently and will increase the probability of their survival in the international market (Figueira-de-Lemos et al., 2011). Through experiential learning, firms can begin to more efficiently identify market opportunities and reduce the liabilities of foreignness (Johanson &Vahlne, 2009). From this theoretical perspective, gradual internationalization balances the risks and opportunities associated with internationalization, and maximizes the survival of exporters. Although the reasoning behind the internationalization process has informed many scholars and has been proven in multiple studies across various contexts, it continues to be subject to critique (Pedersen &Shaver, 2011). Evans, Lane, and O'Grady (1992) show that firms from Canada do not necessarily succeed in the US market, although Canada and the United States are culturally close, whereas Benito and Gripsrud (1992) cannot empirically confirm that firms invest first into culturally proximate countries in a systematic manner. Additionally, in studying the survival of MNE subsidiaries, Mitchell, Shaver, and Yeung (1994) demonstrate that FDIs in culturally close and nearby countries often fail.Based on such notions, the research field on INVs evolved and began to argue that firms are neither necessarily entering into culturally or psychically close countries first (Benito &Gripsrud, 1992), nor are they more successful when they do so (Evans et al., 1992; Mitchell et al., 1994). Early internationalization is argued to be an important catalyst in the development of new capabilities for young firms because the uncertainty and risk that accrues to young firms when they are exposed to foreign markets will trigger the exploration and exploitation of new opportunities and resources (Sapienza et al., 2006). Firms that venture into multiple environments shortly after their inception face strain, but they also enjoy higher levels of potential learning effects (Autio et al., 2000) as a result of these early forays into international markets. Relative to a mature firm, a young firm can more easily adapt its processes and structure to the international environment. Thus the latter firms enjoy the "learning advantages of newness" (Autio et al., 2000). In addition, export activity may enhance the legitimacy of firms in their domestic markets and enable them to more effectively access and mobilize resources for growth. Although the born-global approach demands significant resources, it enables firms to realize their learning potential, to exploit market opportunities on a broad scale and to generate and mobilize resources.Beyond general support for the existence and positive features of INVs, there is increasing evidence that INVs are not a homogenous group of firms, but that there are different strategic patterns within their population (Kuivalainen et al., 2012). Only recently, several scholars have emphasized important differences between born-global and born-regional firms (Lopez et al., 2009; Sui, Yu, &Baum, 2012). Although both types of firms internationalize early in their existence and realize significant shares of their revenues abroad, born-regionals direct their internationalization toward theirhome region, whereas born-global firms spread their activities into markets outside their home region (Lopez et al., 2009). The born-regional strategy is well explained by a more recently developed framework regarding internationalization; the regionalization hypothesis emphasizes the advantages of a geographically focused or "regionalized" approach to internationalization (Rugman &Verbeke, 2007).A rapid, high-commitment approach to internationalization may be superior if internationalization efforts are restricted to a specific geographic region (Rugman &Verbeke, 2004). If a firm possesses firm-specific advantages (FSAs), it should capitalize on them in international markets. Moreover, the early transfer of FSAs to international markets provides firms with an opportunity to further develop the by exploring and exploiting country-specific advantages (CSAs). However, these benefits can be counterbalanced by the liabilities of foreignness. Therefore it is suggested that firms conduct their early internationalization efforts in their home regions to ensure that they profit from FSAs and CSAs. Thus the regional perspective promotes the born-regional internationalization strategy.These conceptual disparities translate into mixed findings and conclusions regarding SME survival in the international environment. Some scholars argue that an enhanced international scope increases the chances of survival (Hitt, Hoskisson, &Ireland, 1994) by providing additional access to factor and customer markets (Zahra, Ireland, &Hitt, 2000) or by allowing for the learning advantage of newness (Autio et al., 2000). Other scholars focus on the negative effects of early forays and emphasize the liabilities of foreignness. Accordingly, those liabilities of foreignness manifest themselves as additional costs (such as coordination, transaction, labor, start-up and legal costs) (Salomon &Wu, 2012) that originate from the unfamiliarity with the foreign environment. These liabilities thus endanger the survival of foreign subsidiaries (Zaheer &Mosakowski, 1997).Given these conflicting conclusions regarding the survival of SMEs in the export market, we not only focus on if different strategies have different effects on SME survival abroad, but we also focus on the conditions under which firms should pursue specific strategies to sustain their internationalization. We draw on the strategic-choice rationale (Child, 1972; Reid, 1983) and align resources with internationalization strategy to deduce that the internationalization strategy applied is an important boundary condition for the impact of firm-specific resources on SMEs' survival abroad.SME Internationalization as a Strategic ChoiceAlthough the studies discussed above on the internationalization of SMEs arrive at different normative implications about which internationalization strategy to pursue, they concur that internationalization decisions represent important strategic choices that largely determine firm performance and survival (Filatotchev &Piesse, 2009). The strategic-choice perspective regards the creations of strategies as a set of fundamental choices about the ends and means of a business (Child, 1972). These choices are critical to firm success (Boxall, 1996; Rumelt, Schendel, &Teece, 1994) and are not randomly picked among the possible contingencies, but are the result of carefully weighing the resource requirements and environmental conditions for eachpossible decision. An important boundary for the strategic decision thus is a firm's resource endowment. A firm's resources ultimately determine the strategic flexibility of firms or, put differently, the number of strategies that are possible (Filatotchev &Piesse, 2009). For instance, Andrews (1971) argues that strategy is the matching process between the resources of the organization and opportunities in the business environment at an acceptable level of risk. A firm has an "incentive to diversify if it possesses the necessary, excess resources to make diversification economically feasible" (Wan, Hoskisson, Short, &Yiu, 2011: 1338). As such, the strategic-choice approach suggests that internationalization strategy is endogenous because it is significantly influenced by a firm's resource endowment (Wan et al., 2011).If a firm has a larger resource endowment, it is able to pursue strategies that may be difficult for its competitors to copy, which creates a competitive advantage. The born-global strategy seems to be one such strategy because internationalizing into multiple environments with different cultural and/or institutional backgrounds demands more human and financial resources. Undertaking a born-global strategy stresses the resource base of a firm because born-globals will "inevitably increase the levels of country risk associated with their operations" (Efrat &Shoham, 2012: 678) by targeting geographically distant countries. The further a firm extends its internationalization activities geographically, the more difficult it is for the firm to manage its foreign market activities; "dealing with foreign government officials, laws and agencies, suppliers, and customers increases the complexity of managing such an enterprise, taxing managerial resources and expertise" (Brouthers, Nakos, Hadjimarcou, &Brouthers, 2009: 25). Thus the scope of internationalization strategies is influenced by a firm's tangible and intangible resources (Tan, Plowman, &Hancock, 2007).This indicates that firms with stronger resource endowment have more strategic options and are thus more likely to pursue a born-global strategy. Because it is a firm's choice to restrict or expand its international scope (Rugman &Oh, 2012), SMEs will enter a foreign market only when they have the resources that are required to do so. When SMEs make meaningful strategic choices and take their individual resource level into consideration, there should not be survival differences in the export market between different strategic approaches if the heterogeneous resource-allocation across firms and the endogenous nature of strategic choices is considered. This theoretical argument has received empirical support. Mudambi and Zahra (2007) show that born-global firms have similar survival chances as gradual internationalizers. They argue that firms self-select into the appropriate internationalization strategy that is based on their resource endowment. Carr et al. (2010) found no effect of age on the survival of internationalized firms. In summary, based on the relevant theory and previous empirical evidence, we suggest the following hypothesis:Hypothesis 1:After the endogeneity of firms' internationalization strategies is considered, born-global firms and born-regional firms will display a probability of exit from exporting that is no greater than that of firms that gradually internationalize. Moderating the Impact of Internationalization Strategy on the Effect of Firm ResourcesThe strategic management literature has long argued that a firm's resources might affect the success of strategic choices (Chang &Rhee, 2011). Although outcomes of early internationalization such as international growth (Autio et al., 2000) and financial performance (Bloodgood et al., 1996) have been intensively researched, we have only a narrow understanding about the viability of born-global firms in the export market. Efrat and Shoham (2012) employ a survey from 103 Israeli firms to show that born-global firms are more likely to survive if they have distinct capabilities, such as technological skills. Although Efrat and Shoham (2012) stress the importance of firm resources for internationalization strategy choice and survival abroad, they focus only on the direct effects of resources on the strategic choice and firm survival abroad. We advance this perspective by showing that the survival effects of firms' resources are further moderated by the internationalization strategy that is pursued. International operations not only trigger opportunities (Sapienza et al., 2006) but also must address the risks and liabilities of foreignness (Hymer, 1976). The liabilities of foreignness refer to the increased costs of operating a business in a foreign domain. The sources of these enhanced costs may be insufficient market knowledge, a negative country-of-origin image, and cultural and institutional differences of the home country, to name a few (Cuervo-Cazurra, Maloney, &Manrakhan, 2007; Santangelo &Meyer, 2011). These enhanced costs can be significant and enduring. To survive, exporters must address these liabilities and overcome the associated increased resource demand of doing business abroad. Previous research has shown that the liabilities of foreignness attach particularly strongly when internationalization evolves quickly (i.e., in born-regional and born-global firms) and when markets outside the home region are penetrated, which results in an increased environmental turbulence and hostility (Zahra &Bogner, 1999). Thus in addition to the opportunities, the liabilities of foreignness and the resulting turbulence vary among the different internationalization strategies.A firm's resource base helps address the liabilities of foreignness and improve the chances of survival. An abundant resource endowment acts as organizational slack and makes international operations feasible and less risky (Chang &Rhee, 2011). Such slack resources act as a buffer against bankruptcy and other downside risks and ensures the survival of the firm (George, 2005; Tan &Peng, 2003). Two suitable indicators for slack resources in our specific context are a firm's size (Hashai, 2011; Sharfman, Wolf, Chase, &Tansik, 1988) and productivity (Mishina, Pollock, &Porac, 2004). 1According to organizational theories, slack resources are mandatory to ensure a firm's long-term survival (Tan &Peng 2003). Slack resources are particularly important in turbulent environments in enabling a firm to cope with adaptation demands or downturn risks (Sharfman et al., 1988). Therefore "despite its costs, slack (resources) buffers a firm's technical core from environmental turbulence and thus enhances its performance" (Moreno, Fernandez &Montes, 2009: 5503). This notion is also supported by resource dependence scholars, who argue that environmental uncertainty enhances resource necessity for firms that are coping with problematic interdependencies and for securing the management and control of resource flows(e.g., Oliver, 1991). Firms with more slack resources have more strategic options and can better adapt to changing environments.Firm size is a common indicator of the availability of slack resources (e.g., Mudambi &Zahra, 2007). Larger firms typically have more managerial resources to spare and are less affected by liabilities of smallness. Managerial resources are an important component in international business because international markets increase the complexity of business operations (Preece, Miles, &Baetz, 1998). Therefore larger firms can better address increased complexity and can better circumvent potential shortfalls abroad, which makes them less likely to fail (Prashantham &Young, 2011). Accordingly, "[e]arly expansion will be facilitated by existing resources represented by stocks of knowledge and capital" (Prashantham &Young, 2011: 275).Labor productivity is another indicator of slack resources that plays a notable role in firms' export market survival (Bernard &Jensen, 1999). Firms that are more productive have advantages when internationalizing because they are more likely to have excess production capacities, which allows them to serve additional markets (Fan &Phan, 2007). When firms venture abroad, they face additional market opportunities (e.g., more potential customers), additional costs of operating abroad (e.g., expenses associated with regulatory adaptations, increased transactional complexity and other transaction costs). Exploring and exploiting market opportunities demands financial and human resources, which are particularly limited for SMEs. Accordingly, entering foreign markets is costly, which is why productive firms, in particular, are able to self-select into exports (Golovko &Valentini, 2011). The level of productivity thus helps determine the efficiency of scarce resources and helps a firm secure its viability in foreign markets.Although resources are generally important for firm export market survival, we argue that their impact on survival is contingent upon the choice of internationalization strategy pursued. Gradual internationalizers face the lowest environmental turbulence. They step incrementally into foreign markets, beginning with proximate markets that are less culturally and institutionally different and are thus able to learn from their own experience. Because they limit their international expansion, they do not have to strain their resource base and do not have to adapt to many different foreign markets at the same time. Born-regional firms pursue quick and large-scale internationalization, but limit their scope to the home region. Born-regionals must invest more intensively right from the start and must address higher international complexity then gradual internationalizers that "feel their way" into international markets. However, born-regionals act in less-turbulent and less-hostile environments than born-globals because born-regional firms face only the intra-regional liabilities of foreignness, which are lower than the inter-regional liabilities of foreignness (Rugman &Verbeke, 2007). Born-global firms spread their activities into multiple environments and tax their resources. They have multiple opportunities abroad but also must cope with more hostile, divergent and turbulent environments than their counterparts.Because born-globals operate in turbulent and complex environments, they will require a stronger tangible resource base than gradual internationalizers orborn-regional firms. The slack resources are not only beneficial for overcoming risks but are also required for born-globals to profit from the full scope of the enhanced opportunities abroad (Eriksson, Johanson, Majkgård, &Sharma, 1997). If a firm has not enough tangible resources it will fail to explore and exploit opportunities abroad (Nohria &Gulati, 1996; V oss, Sirdeshmukh, &V oss, 2008), thus rendering a less effective strategy. Moreover, firms internationalizing at higher pace particularly must monitor their productivity if they want to effectively operate their multiple international engagements and maintain their survival chances abroad (Salomon &Shaver, 2005b). This argument is also supported by a recent study from Chang and Rhee (2011) that argues that riskier internationalization strategies require higher resource bases to be operated efficiently. Therefore born-global firms require particularly strong resource bases and productivity to be competitive due to the transportation and product adaptation costs in the foreign markets they serve. Hypothesis 2:The effect of firm size on export market survival is moderated by the internationalization strategy chosen. The effect of firm size on survival abroad will be strongest for born-global firms followed by born-regional firms and will be weakest for gradual internationalizers.Hypothesis 3:The effect of labor productivity on export market survival is moderated by the internationalization strategy chosen. The effect of labor productivity on survival abroad will be strongest for born-global firms followed by born-regional firms and will be weakest for gradual internationalizers.In addition to slack resources securing international operations, a firm's innovation resources are also an important driver for international value creation (Morck &Yeung, 1991) and survival in the export market. Cuervo-Cazurra et al. (2007) suggest that liabilities of foreignness occur when internationally transferred resources lose their innate advantage in a foreign environment, produce a disadvantage or fail to realize their potential because of a lack of complementary resources abroad. These causes of multiple liabilities are associated with different potential solutions. However, each solution requires a certain amount of adaptation to the foreign environment. A firm's ability to adapt to a new environment is reflected in its innovativeness (Golovko &Valentini, 2011) and by its general level of productivity. Accordingly, export market survival depends not only on a firm's slack resources, but is also highly dependent on its innovation capabilities (Chang &Rhee, 2011).The role of a firm's innovativeness in its survival and prosperity has been intensely emphasized in the business literature (Schumpeter, 1942). Innovation is a critical asset that generates value in the marketplace (Rubera &Kirca, 2012) and how it contributes to firm performance has been studied in great detail (Tellis, Prabhu, &Chandy, 2009). The literature generally suggests that innovation positively affects firm performance - including export market survival - by improving adaptation to foreign market conditions and ensuring better-matched strategic goals. Firms will be more successful in foreign markets if their products and services can attract potential customers, conform to institutional regulations and are priced competitively with respect to competitors (Cuervo-Cazurra et al., 2007). Innovation resources make it possible to identify the need for mandatory changes to product features that will increase。

中小企业文献综述简版

中小企业文献综述中小企业文献综述引言中小企业（SMEs）在全球范围内都扮演着极其重要的角色，对经济增长和就业创造具有巨大的推动作用。

然而，尽管其重要性，中小企业面临着许多挑战，包括缺乏资金、人力资源不足以及缺乏市场准入等问题。

为了更好地理解和应对这些问题，研究人员一直在进行中小企业的文献综述。

本文将综述目前已有的关于中小企业的文献，探讨中小企业面临的挑战和解决方案。

中小企业的定义和特征在开始综述之前，有必要明确中小企业的定义和特征。

中小企业的定义在不同国家和地区可能会有所不同，但一般来说，中小企业是指在规模和营业额上相对较小的企业。

特征包括员工数量较少、资金有限、独立经营、灵活性高等。

中小企业面临的挑战中小企业面临着许多挑战，这些挑战可能因企业所处的行业、地区和规模而异。

以下是一些常见的中小企业挑战：1. 资金问题：中小企业通常面临资金不足的问题，难以获得银行贷款或其他投资。

这限制了企业的扩张和发展能力。

2. 市场准入：中小企业往往面临市场准入的障碍，例如高昂的市场准入成本、竞争激烈的市场环境等。

3. 管理能力不足：中小企业通常缺乏专业管理人才，这给企业的运营和发展带来了许多困难。

中小企业的解决方案虽然中小企业面临着许多挑战，但也存在许多解决方案。

以下是一些常见的中小企业解决方案：1. 资金支持：政府可以提供中小企业资金支持，并制定措施以便让中小企业获得融资。

2. 市场推广：中小企业可以利用互联网和社交媒体等工具进行市场推广，以降低市场准入门槛并扩大市场份额。

3. 管理培训：政府和行业协会可以提供管理培训项目，帮助中小企业提升管理能力和业务水平。

中小企业文献研究现状目前，中小企业的研究主要集中在以下几个方面：1. 中小企业的经济贡献：许多研究探讨了中小企业在经济增长和就业创造方面的贡献。

2. 中小企业的创新能力：有研究表明，中小企业在创新方面具有一定的优势，他们更加灵活、敏捷并能够更快地适应市场需求。

中小企业文献综述

中小企业文献综述中小企业文献综述第一章引言本章主要介绍中小企业的概念、发展背景和重要性，以及撰写本文的目的和意义。

1.1 中小企业的定义中小企业通常是指拥有相对较小规模和市场份额的企业，其经营活动和组织结构与大型企业存在明显差异。

1.2 中小企业的发展背景近年来，中小企业在全球范围内得到了广泛关注和支持，其在创新、就业、经济增长等方面的作用日益凸显。

1.3 中小企业的重要性中小企业是经济发展的重要组成部分，它们在促进创新、提高就业率、促进经济增长等方面发挥着关键作用。

第二章中小企业发展现状分析2.1 中小企业数量和规模统计本节对中小企业的数量和规模进行统计分析，包括企业数量变化趋势、经营规模分布等。

2.2 中小企业的经营状况本节对中小企业的经营状况进行综合评估，包括利润状况、融资状况、创新能力等方面的分析。

2.3 中小企业面临的挑战本节对中小企业面临的各种挑战进行梳理和分析，如市场竞争压力、融资难题、人才短缺等。

第三章中小企业发展策略研究3.1 支持政策分析本节主要分析对中小企业的支持政策，包括财政支持、税收优惠、创业培训等方面的举措。

3.2 融资渠道和方式研究本节对中小企业的融资渠道和方式进行研究，包括银行贷款、股权融资、债券融资等。

3.3 创新与技术升级本节探讨中小企业在创新和技术升级方面的策略，包括研发投入、合作创新等。

第四章中小企业在法律法规中的地位和规范4.1 中小企业相关法律法规概述本节对中小企业相关的法律法规进行概述，包括企业设立、经营管理、劳动法等方面的相关规定。

4.2 中小企业的合规要求本节对中小企业合规要求进行详细阐述，包括财务报告、税务申报、环保要求等方面的规定。

4.3 中小企业的法律风险防范本节研究中小企业在法律风险防范方面的策略，包括合同管理、知识产权保护等。

第五章结论通过对中小企业的概述、分析和研究，可以得出以下结论：________5.1 中小企业发展现状及面临的挑战中小企业数量逐渐增多，但规模较小，面临市场竞争激烈、融资难题、人才短缺等挑战。

我国中小企业国际化经营分析论文(全文)

我国中小企业国际化经营分析论文企业国际化经营产生于18世纪中期，随着经济全球化的飞速进展，世界经济市场化、XX络化、自由化已成为不可逆转的潮流，国际化经营也成为势不可挡的历史潮流。

一、我国中小企业国际化经营优势分析我国中小企业占全国企业总数的90%以上，在GJ经济中占有重要地位，是国民经济进展的重要基础。

尤其我国加入WTO 后，国内地区保护主义陆续不复存在，外国企业直接抢滩市场，我国经济进一步融入世界市场。

因而，中小企业要寻求更大的进展空间，须立足本地，面向全国市场，抓住各种“出口”，拓展国际化经营路子，以不断壮大的经营实力，使自己立于不败之地。

（一）技术优势。

尽管我国中小企业在很多领域缺乏现代尖端技术，但却拥有不少“适用技术”，这些技术在进展ZG家有广泛的适应性。

随着我国产业结构的调整，许多劳动密集型的传统工业技术可以在其他进展ZG家找到广阔市场。

我国根据自己特点消化汲取的引进技术，更适合进展ZG家的国情，并且价格也较低，易被进展ZG家接受。

（二）区位优势。

首先，周边GJ较多，且多数经济正在迅速崛起，我国与其均有着长期广泛的对外联系。

其次，我国的华侨遍布世界各地，靠这种种族纽带，我国企业可以减少跨国经营中的障碍，降低风险，并有利于同当地企业进行更为紧密的合作。

再次，因为经济、技术、环境的相似性，我国企业在海外就地取材和适应市场的能力较强，生产商品或服务的成本较低。

（三）内部化优势。

虽然我国中小企业规模较小，资金资源有限，但各中小企业如果组成“企业群”，进行“集群式”对外投资，就可充分共享经营资源，形成规模优势。

中小企业决策效率高灵活性强，内部环节较少反应速度快，易于治理者考核员工的工作效率，提高治理效率。

（四）市场营销优势。

中小企业机动灵活、市场适应性较强，市场进退成本低，能更多地接触客户，更快地反应市场等优势。

在产品的开发方面常常从当地实际需要出发，设计和生产适合消费者需要的产品，开拓发达GJ跨国公司不屑一顾的市场缝隙，其产品具有相当高的专业性和独特性。

我国中小企业国际化分析

的中小企业从银行获得的贷款仅有１％左右。０４研发投入少，新能力低。总体上看，．创从
展的一支重要力量，在我国经济当中占有十
分重要的地位。
截止到２００６年１０月底，国中小企业数我已达到４０多万户，占全国企业总教的２０
９．％，经工商部门注册的中小企业数量达到９８４０多万户，３个体经营户达到２０８０多万户。中小企业创造的最终产品和服务的价值占国内生产总值的５％，产的商品占社会销售额的８生
中小企业已经成为推进我国国民经济发二、国中小企业国际化所面临的挑战我
徐立岗
王
丰
１乏相关市场信息。在进行跨国经营．缺
时，由于自身信息获取和加工处理能力较低，中小企业常常在开展海外投资时缺乏对目标市场的准确分析预测。企业在进入目标市场之前，除对本行业所在市场的销售前景、供需
《经济师）ｏ８２ｏ年第１期２
● 企业研究
我国中小企国际业化．析分
●田家林
摘要：中小企业在我国国民经济中发挥着越来越重要的作用，国际化成为越来越多中小企业的必然选择。文章在简述了我国中小企业国际化概况后。分析了我国中小企业国际化所面临的挑战，并提出了促进我国中小企业国际化的对策。关键词：小企业国际化选择中中图分类号：２６３Ｆ７．文献标识码：Ａ文章编号：０４４１（０８１— ２— ２１０ — ９４２０）２２９０

中小企业文献综述

中小企业文献综述近年来，中小企业（SMEs）作为推动经济增长和就业的重要力量，受到了广泛的关注。

在全球范围内，中小企业的地位与作用愈加凸显。

本文将对中小企业发展的相关文献进行综述，从中探索中小企业的特点、面临的挑战以及促进其可持续发展的策略。

一、中小企业的定义与特点中小企业的定义因地区、国家和组织的不同而有所不同。

然而，在许多定义中，中小企业通常是指拥有一定规模，但相对较小的企业，其员工数量、资产规模和销售额通常限制在一定范围内。

中小企业的特点主要包括：规模相对较小、组织结构简单灵活、经营风险高、创新能力强等。

这些特点使得中小企业在经营和发展过程中面临着独特的挑战。

二、中小企业面临的挑战中小企业在发展过程中面临着多种挑战，这些挑战既来自内部的管理和运营问题，也来自外部的环境和政策因素。

以下是几个典型的挑战：1. 资金问题：中小企业通常面临着资金短缺的问题，难以获取到足够的资金用于扩展生产、研发创新等。

2. 市场竞争：中小企业在市场上与大企业的竞争非常激烈。

其规模有限、品牌知名度不高等因素限制了中小企业在市场上的竞争力。

3. 人才招聘与留住：中小企业往往面临着吸引和留住优秀人才的问题。

与大企业相比，中小企业在薪资、福利和发展机会等方面的优势较小。

4. 创新能力：中小企业的创新能力是其发展的核心竞争力。

然而，由于资源和经验的限制，中小企业在技术创新、产品开发等方面往往存在一定的困难。

三、促进中小企业发展的策略为了促进中小企业的可持续发展，各国和地区采取了各种策略和政策。

以下是一些常见的促进中小企业发展的策略：1. 政府支持：政府在中小企业发展中起着重要作用。

政府可以提供财政支持、减税政策、技术培训等方面的支持，帮助中小企业解决资金问题和创新能力不足的困扰。

2. 提供培训和咨询：中小企业的经营者和员工往往缺乏一定的管理和营销知识。

培训和咨询机构可以为中小企业提供相关培训和指导，提升其管理水平和市场竞争力。

中小企业国际化理论_一个文献综述_樊增强

收稿日期:2005-02-20作者简介:樊增强(1969-),男,山西永济人,山西师范大学政法学院副院长、讲师,经济学博士,《山西师大学报》(社科版)副主编,现为西安交通大学应用经济学博士后。

　第38卷第6期郑州大学学报(哲学社会科学版)2005年11月 Vol .38　No .6J OURNAL OF ZHENGZHOU UNIVERSITYNov .2005　中小企业国际化理论:一个文献综述樊增强(西安交通大学经济与金融学院,陕西西安710061)摘　要:企业国际化是研究企业如何向跨国企业演变发展。

中小企业的国际化由于与传统跨国公司具有明显不同的特征而对传统理论提出了挑战,西方学者对此进行了大量研究和分析,试图从不同角度提供答案。

20世纪80年代以前主要有小规模技术理论、技术地方化理论、比较优势理论及传统的折衷理论分析框架;20世纪80年代以后出现了企业国际化的阶段论、企业国际化的网络模型、企业国际化的学习主义及企业国际化的资源论基础等。

这些理论从不同角度较好地解释了中小企业国际化的发展,对中国中小企业的国际化具有积极的借鉴意义。

关键词:中小企业;国际化;比较优势;竞争优势中图分类号:F276.3 文献标识码:A 文章编号1001-8204(2005)06-0129-04 企业国际化研究企业如何向跨国企业演变发展。

中小跨国企业由于与传统跨国公司具有明显不同的特征而对传统跨国公司理论提出了挑战,与此相关的需要解释的理论问题有如下几个方面:第一,为什么不具有规模优势的中小企业也能进行对外直接投资,并且得到迅速发展?第二,为什么不具有垄断的技术和知识优势的中小企业同样能参与国际经营?第三,对外直接投资是否一定需要具备一定的企业特定优势?第四,传统的理论是否对中小跨国企业失去了解释力?是否需要新的中小跨国企业理论?围绕上述问题,西方学者进行了大量研究和分析,试图从不同的角度提供答案。

一、传统中小企业国际化理论1.小规模技术理论。

中小企业国际化文献综述及外文文献资料

本份文档包含：关于该选题的外文文献、文献综述一、外文文献标题: Internationalization strategy, firm resources and the survival of SMEs in the export market作者: Baum, Matthias期刊: Journal of International Business Studies卷: 45；期: 7；页: 821-841；年份: 2014Internationalization strategy, firm resources and the survival of SMEs in the exportmarketINTRODUCTIONBorn-global firms, sometimes called "international new ventures" (INVs), have been described as "companies that from or near foundation, obtain a significant portion of total revenue from sales in international markets" (Knight &Cavusgil, 2005: 15). Although born-global firms have attracted significant research attention (Autio, 2005; Jones, Coviello, &Tang, 2011) that has emphasized their ability to achieve considerable foreign sales early in their evolution (Autio, Sapienza, &Almeida, 2000) with limited resources, little is known about the continuing ability of these firms to remain active in international markets and about the types of resources that determine their survival abroad (Keupp &Gassmann, 2009; Sapienza, Autio, George, &Zahra, 2006; Zahra, 2005). As Kuivalainen, Sundqvist, Saarenketo, and McNaughton (2012: 449) note: "there is still a paucity of empirical research on whether accelerated internationalization (or another internationalization path) plays a role in determining long-term survival, success and/or growth. The few studies that have investigated this, report contradictory or ambiguous findings (e.g., Bloodgood, Sapienza, &Almeida, 1996), are based on small samples (e.g., Gabrielsson, Kirpalani, Dimistratos, Solberg, &Zucchella, 2008), or focus on a limited number of pathways (e.g., Mudambi &Zahra, 2007)".The dominant theoretical approaches in the field - the internationalization process model (IPM) (Johanson &Vahlne, 2009), the INV framework (Oviatt &McDougall, 1994) and the regionalization hypothesis (Rugman &Verbeke, 2007) - result in significantly different predictions regarding which internationalization strategy is most beneficial for the export market survival of small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). The IPM implies that born-global internationalization endangers a firm's survival in the export market because such firms do not have sufficient time to learn about foreign markets well, which increases their probability of failure (Figueira-de-Lemos, Johanson, &Vahlne, 2011). According to the INV framework, firms may profit from a born-global strategy by exploring and capitalizing on international opportunities and by exploiting certain learning advantages that accompany newness (Autio et al., 2000). The regionalization hypothesis postulates that rapid internationalization is possible but that such development will be most valuable if revenues are restricted to coming from the firm's home region to diminishthe liability of foreignness (Rugman &Verbeke, 2004). This theoretical discord makes it imperative that researchers empirically examine the implications of different internationalization strategies for firm survival.In this study, we investigate the effect of different internationalization strategies (born-global, born-regional and gradual internationalization strategies) on the export market survival of SMEs. We show that, in addition to internationalization strategy, firm slack resources and innovation resources determine INVs viability in the international market. Firms that are better able to acquire adequate resources during internationalization are more likely to sustain their export market activities. Several studies highlight the importance of resources to the survival of INVs. Sapienza et al. (2006), for example, argue that the ability to shift resources is important to the survival of young firms because the uncertainty inherent in unknown foreign environments can generate unexpected requirements to adjust established routines and capabilities. Firms with more fungible resources are better able to adapt their routines, which allows them to better react to environmental changes and bolsters their survival chances abroad.In a parallel vein, we propose that, although firm-specific resources are important for the export market survival of all SMEs perse , the relative importance of slack resources and innovation resources is contingent upon which internationalization strategy is employed. Compared with other more incremental internationalization approaches, a born-global firm will have greater demand for resources to prevail in international markets. Born-global firms require slack resources and innovation resources more urgently for their survival than other internationalizing SMEs because the twin liabilities of newness (Stinchcombe, 1965) and foreignness (Hymer, 1976) are particularly strong for born-global firms, entering multiple foreign environments at an enhanced speed. For this aggressive internationalization, born-globals have to establish business routines and learn about their multiple markets at the same time, in order to overcome the "shock of entry" (Carr, Haggard, Hmieleski, &Zahra, 2010: 184) effectively.By contrast, the export market survival of gradually internationalizing firms will be the least dependent on slack resources and innovation resources compared with born-global and born-regional firms. The liabilities of newness and foreignness do not adhere that strongly to gradually internationalizing firms because these firms enter foreign markets sequentially and can more easily learn from their own operations and build experiential knowledge. Accordingly, their survival in the international environment will be less dependent on slack resources (Chang &Rhee, 2011) and innovation (Shrader, Oviatt, &McDougall, 2000). In this study, we further sharpen the understanding about the impact of resources on the survival of INVs and show that resources are an important boundary condition for the functionality of different internationalization strategies regarding international market survival.Our study provides three important contributions to understanding SME survival abroad. First, by observing the effect of different internationalization strategies on the survival of SMEs in the export market, we underscore the strategic-choice rationale and find strong empirical support for the notion that firms self-select into a fittingstrategy. Based on the foreign direct investment (FDI) activity of 275 UK firms, Mudambi and Zahra (2007) find that employing a born-global strategy has no direct impact on firm survival. Based on this finding, that study proposed that the firms in its sample were able to decide efficient strategies during the process of internationalization. In our study, based on the export activity of all Canadian SMEs, the results suggest that neither the born-global nor born-regional strategy has a statistically significant effect on firm export market survival. Therefore we further demonstrate that small, new ventures firms are as rational as large firms; they are able to pursue strategic choices and decide upon the optimal internationalization strategy that best fits their resource endowment and environmental conditions.Second, we differentiate previous studies on internationalization strategies by introducing the born-regional strategy into our analysis. Previous studies either focused on a single strategy (Efrat &Shoham, 2012) or compared only born-globals and gradual internationalizers (Mudambi &Zahra, 2007). We turn to more recent notions that show that born-regionals employ a distinct type of internationalization strategy (Lopez, Kundu, &Ciravegna, 2009), which might better balance the risks and benefits of early internationalization.Our third contribution lies at the intersection of internationalization strategies and resources. Although no single internationalization strategy dominates other strategic approaches under every condition, we demonstrate that internationalization strategies are an important moderator for a firm's survival and firm resources. Firm resources not only directly affect a firm's survival and its strategic self-selection but also interact with a firm's applied internationalization strategy. In contextualizing the firm resources-survival link through internationalization strategy, we add to previous studies on born-global firms and suggest how SMEs might better sustain their international activities with different internationalization strategies. This is an important advancement in the current understanding because it suggests that although small, new ventures are able to internationalize early with limited resources, it is particularly critical for born-global firms to acquire adequate resources during the internationalization process to survive abroad.The data set used to examine our research questions is taken from the administrative databases produced by Statistics Canada. The sample includes all Canadian small- and medium-sized manufacturers that had at least one shipment to a foreign market between 1997 and 2005. Combining this unique data set with empirical analyses that control for possible sample selection bias and endogeneity, we provide a valid and reliable examination of the survival of SMEs in the export market.THEORY AND HYPOTHESESInternationalization Strategies and SME Survival in the Export MarketTraditional internationalization theories, such as the IPM (Johanson &Vahlne, 1977), are largely based on the theory of the growth of the firm (Penrose, 1959) and the behavioral theory of the firm (Cyert &March, 1963). IPM scholars posit that internationalization should be incremental and experience-based, such as by beginning with low-involvement modes of entry in nearby or culturally similar areas. This strategy would minimize risks associated with internationalization because thedegree of resource commitment is relatively low and the resources in question are focused on markets with low psychic distance. By gradually increasing international market commitment and the scope of international activities, firms can build experiential knowledge about foreign markets. This knowledge, in turn, will help them to manage risk more efficiently and will increase the probability of their survival in the international market (Figueira-de-Lemos et al., 2011). Through experiential learning, firms can begin to more efficiently identify market opportunities and reduce the liabilities of foreignness (Johanson &Vahlne, 2009). From this theoretical perspective, gradual internationalization balances the risks and opportunities associated with internationalization, and maximizes the survival of exporters. Although the reasoning behind the internationalization process has informed many scholars and has been proven in multiple studies across various contexts, it continues to be subject to critique (Pedersen &Shaver, 2011). Evans, Lane, and O'Grady (1992) show that firms from Canada do not necessarily succeed in the US market, although Canada and the United States are culturally close, whereas Benito and Gripsrud (1992) cannot empirically confirm that firms invest first into culturally proximate countries in a systematic manner. Additionally, in studying the survival of MNE subsidiaries, Mitchell, Shaver, and Yeung (1994) demonstrate that FDIs in culturally close and nearby countries often fail.Based on such notions, the research field on INVs evolved and began to argue that firms are neither necessarily entering into culturally or psychically close countries first (Benito &Gripsrud, 1992), nor are they more successful when they do so (Evans et al., 1992; Mitchell et al., 1994). Early internationalization is argued to be an important catalyst in the development of new capabilities for young firms because the uncertainty and risk that accrues to young firms when they are exposed to foreign markets will trigger the exploration and exploitation of new opportunities and resources (Sapienza et al., 2006). Firms that venture into multiple environments shortly after their inception face strain, but they also enjoy higher levels of potential learning effects (Autio et al., 2000) as a result of these early forays into international markets. Relative to a mature firm, a young firm can more easily adapt its processes and structure to the international environment. Thus the latter firms enjoy the "learning advantages of newness" (Autio et al., 2000). In addition, export activity may enhance the legitimacy of firms in their domestic markets and enable them to more effectively access and mobilize resources for growth. Although the born-global approach demands significant resources, it enables firms to realize their learning potential, to exploit market opportunities on a broad scale and to generate and mobilize resources.Beyond general support for the existence and positive features of INVs, there is increasing evidence that INVs are not a homogenous group of firms, but that there are different strategic patterns within their population (Kuivalainen et al., 2012). Only recently, several scholars have emphasized important differences between born-global and born-regional firms (Lopez et al., 2009; Sui, Yu, &Baum, 2012). Although both types of firms internationalize early in their existence and realize significant shares of their revenues abroad, born-regionals direct their internationalization toward theirhome region, whereas born-global firms spread their activities into markets outside their home region (Lopez et al., 2009). The born-regional strategy is well explained by a more recently developed framework regarding internationalization; the regionalization hypothesis emphasizes the advantages of a geographically focused or "regionalized" approach to internationalization (Rugman &Verbeke, 2007).A rapid, high-commitment approach to internationalization may be superior if internationalization efforts are restricted to a specific geographic region (Rugman &Verbeke, 2004). If a firm possesses firm-specific advantages (FSAs), it should capitalize on them in international markets. Moreover, the early transfer of FSAs to international markets provides firms with an opportunity to further develop the by exploring and exploiting country-specific advantages (CSAs). However, these benefits can be counterbalanced by the liabilities of foreignness. Therefore it is suggested that firms conduct their early internationalization efforts in their home regions to ensure that they profit from FSAs and CSAs. Thus the regional perspective promotes the born-regional internationalization strategy.These conceptual disparities translate into mixed findings and conclusions regarding SME survival in the international environment. Some scholars argue that an enhanced international scope increases the chances of survival (Hitt, Hoskisson, &Ireland, 1994) by providing additional access to factor and customer markets (Zahra, Ireland, &Hitt, 2000) or by allowing for the learning advantage of newness (Autio et al., 2000). Other scholars focus on the negative effects of early forays and emphasize the liabilities of foreignness. Accordingly, those liabilities of foreignness manifest themselves as additional costs (such as coordination, transaction, labor, start-up and legal costs) (Salomon &Wu, 2012) that originate from the unfamiliarity with the foreign environment. These liabilities thus endanger the survival of foreign subsidiaries (Zaheer &Mosakowski, 1997).Given these conflicting conclusions regarding the survival of SMEs in the export market, we not only focus on if different strategies have different effects on SME survival abroad, but we also focus on the conditions under which firms should pursue specific strategies to sustain their internationalization. We draw on the strategic-choice rationale (Child, 1972; Reid, 1983) and align resources with internationalization strategy to deduce that the internationalization strategy applied is an important boundary condition for the impact of firm-specific resources on SMEs' survival abroad.SME Internationalization as a Strategic ChoiceAlthough the studies discussed above on the internationalization of SMEs arrive at different normative implications about which internationalization strategy to pursue, they concur that internationalization decisions represent important strategic choices that largely determine firm performance and survival (Filatotchev &Piesse, 2009). The strategic-choice perspective regards the creations of strategies as a set of fundamental choices about the ends and means of a business (Child, 1972). These choices are critical to firm success (Boxall, 1996; Rumelt, Schendel, &Teece, 1994) and are not randomly picked among the possible contingencies, but are the result of carefully weighing the resource requirements and environmental conditions for eachpossible decision. An important boundary for the strategic decision thus is a firm's resource endowment. A firm's resources ultimately determine the strategic flexibility of firms or, put differently, the number of strategies that are possible (Filatotchev &Piesse, 2009). For instance, Andrews (1971) argues that strategy is the matching process between the resources of the organization and opportunities in the business environment at an acceptable level of risk. A firm has an "incentive to diversify if it possesses the necessary, excess resources to make diversification economically feasible" (Wan, Hoskisson, Short, &Yiu, 2011: 1338). As such, the strategic-choice approach suggests that internationalization strategy is endogenous because it is significantly influenced by a firm's resource endowment (Wan et al., 2011).If a firm has a larger resource endowment, it is able to pursue strategies that may be difficult for its competitors to copy, which creates a competitive advantage. The born-global strategy seems to be one such strategy because internationalizing into multiple environments with different cultural and/or institutional backgrounds demands more human and financial resources. Undertaking a born-global strategy stresses the resource base of a firm because born-globals will "inevitably increase the levels of country risk associated with their operations" (Efrat &Shoham, 2012: 678) by targeting geographically distant countries. The further a firm extends its internationalization activities geographically, the more difficult it is for the firm to manage its foreign market activities; "dealing with foreign government officials, laws and agencies, suppliers, and customers increases the complexity of managing such an enterprise, taxing managerial resources and expertise" (Brouthers, Nakos, Hadjimarcou, &Brouthers, 2009: 25). Thus the scope of internationalization strategies is influenced by a firm's tangible and intangible resources (Tan, Plowman, &Hancock, 2007).This indicates that firms with stronger resource endowment have more strategic options and are thus more likely to pursue a born-global strategy. Because it is a firm's choice to restrict or expand its international scope (Rugman &Oh, 2012), SMEs will enter a foreign market only when they have the resources that are required to do so. When SMEs make meaningful strategic choices and take their individual resource level into consideration, there should not be survival differences in the export market between different strategic approaches if the heterogeneous resource-allocation across firms and the endogenous nature of strategic choices is considered. This theoretical argument has received empirical support. Mudambi and Zahra (2007) show that born-global firms have similar survival chances as gradual internationalizers. They argue that firms self-select into the appropriate internationalization strategy that is based on their resource endowment. Carr et al. (2010) found no effect of age on the survival of internationalized firms. In summary, based on the relevant theory and previous empirical evidence, we suggest the following hypothesis:Hypothesis 1:After the endogeneity of firms' internationalization strategies is considered, born-global firms and born-regional firms will display a probability of exit from exporting that is no greater than that of firms that gradually internationalize. Moderating the Impact of Internationalization Strategy on the Effect of Firm ResourcesThe strategic management literature has long argued that a firm's resources might affect the success of strategic choices (Chang &Rhee, 2011). Although outcomes of early internationalization such as international growth (Autio et al., 2000) and financial performance (Bloodgood et al., 1996) have been intensively researched, we have only a narrow understanding about the viability of born-global firms in the export market. Efrat and Shoham (2012) employ a survey from 103 Israeli firms to show that born-global firms are more likely to survive if they have distinct capabilities, such as technological skills. Although Efrat and Shoham (2012) stress the importance of firm resources for internationalization strategy choice and survival abroad, they focus only on the direct effects of resources on the strategic choice and firm survival abroad. We advance this perspective by showing that the survival effects of firms' resources are further moderated by the internationalization strategy that is pursued. International operations not only trigger opportunities (Sapienza et al., 2006) but also must address the risks and liabilities of foreignness (Hymer, 1976). The liabilities of foreignness refer to the increased costs of operating a business in a foreign domain. The sources of these enhanced costs may be insufficient market knowledge, a negative country-of-origin image, and cultural and institutional differences of the home country, to name a few (Cuervo-Cazurra, Maloney, &Manrakhan, 2007; Santangelo &Meyer, 2011). These enhanced costs can be significant and enduring. To survive, exporters must address these liabilities and overcome the associated increased resource demand of doing business abroad. Previous research has shown that the liabilities of foreignness attach particularly strongly when internationalization evolves quickly (i.e., in born-regional and born-global firms) and when markets outside the home region are penetrated, which results in an increased environmental turbulence and hostility (Zahra &Bogner, 1999). Thus in addition to the opportunities, the liabilities of foreignness and the resulting turbulence vary among the different internationalization strategies.A firm's resource base helps address the liabilities of foreignness and improve the chances of survival. An abundant resource endowment acts as organizational slack and makes international operations feasible and less risky (Chang &Rhee, 2011). Such slack resources act as a buffer against bankruptcy and other downside risks and ensures the survival of the firm (George, 2005; Tan &Peng, 2003). Two suitable indicators for slack resources in our specific context are a firm's size (Hashai, 2011; Sharfman, Wolf, Chase, &Tansik, 1988) and productivity (Mishina, Pollock, &Porac, 2004). 1According to organizational theories, slack resources are mandatory to ensure a firm's long-term survival (Tan &Peng 2003). Slack resources are particularly important in turbulent environments in enabling a firm to cope with adaptation demands or downturn risks (Sharfman et al., 1988). Therefore "despite its costs, slack (resources) buffers a firm's technical core from environmental turbulence and thus enhances its performance" (Moreno, Fernandez &Montes, 2009: 5503). This notion is also supported by resource dependence scholars, who argue that environmental uncertainty enhances resource necessity for firms that are coping with problematic interdependencies and for securing the management and control of resource flows(e.g., Oliver, 1991). Firms with more slack resources have more strategic options and can better adapt to changing environments.Firm size is a common indicator of the availability of slack resources (e.g., Mudambi &Zahra, 2007). Larger firms typically have more managerial resources to spare and are less affected by liabilities of smallness. Managerial resources are an important component in international business because international markets increase the complexity of business operations (Preece, Miles, &Baetz, 1998). Therefore larger firms can better address increased complexity and can better circumvent potential shortfalls abroad, which makes them less likely to fail (Prashantham &Young, 2011). Accordingly, "[e]arly expansion will be facilitated by existing resources represented by stocks of knowledge and capital" (Prashantham &Young, 2011: 275).Labor productivity is another indicator of slack resources that plays a notable role in firms' export market survival (Bernard &Jensen, 1999). Firms that are more productive have advantages when internationalizing because they are more likely to have excess production capacities, which allows them to serve additional markets (Fan &Phan, 2007). When firms venture abroad, they face additional market opportunities (e.g., more potential customers), additional costs of operating abroad (e.g., expenses associated with regulatory adaptations, increased transactional complexity and other transaction costs). Exploring and exploiting market opportunities demands financial and human resources, which are particularly limited for SMEs. Accordingly, entering foreign markets is costly, which is why productive firms, in particular, are able to self-select into exports (Golovko &Valentini, 2011). The level of productivity thus helps determine the efficiency of scarce resources and helps a firm secure its viability in foreign markets.Although resources are generally important for firm export market survival, we argue that their impact on survival is contingent upon the choice of internationalization strategy pursued. Gradual internationalizers face the lowest environmental turbulence. They step incrementally into foreign markets, beginning with proximate markets that are less culturally and institutionally different and are thus able to learn from their own experience. Because they limit their international expansion, they do not have to strain their resource base and do not have to adapt to many different foreign markets at the same time. Born-regional firms pursue quick and large-scale internationalization, but limit their scope to the home region. Born-regionals must invest more intensively right from the start and must address higher international complexity then gradual internationalizers that "feel their way" into international markets. However, born-regionals act in less-turbulent and less-hostile environments than born-globals because born-regional firms face only the intra-regional liabilities of foreignness, which are lower than the inter-regional liabilities of foreignness (Rugman &Verbeke, 2007). Born-global firms spread their activities into multiple environments and tax their resources. They have multiple opportunities abroad but also must cope with more hostile, divergent and turbulent environments than their counterparts.Because born-globals operate in turbulent and complex environments, they will require a stronger tangible resource base than gradual internationalizers orborn-regional firms. The slack resources are not only beneficial for overcoming risks but are also required for born-globals to profit from the full scope of the enhanced opportunities abroad (Eriksson, Johanson, Majkgård, &Sharma, 1997). If a firm has not enough tangible resources it will fail to explore and exploit opportunities abroad (Nohria &Gulati, 1996; V oss, Sirdeshmukh, &V oss, 2008), thus rendering a less effective strategy. Moreover, firms internationalizing at higher pace particularly must monitor their productivity if they want to effectively operate their multiple international engagements and maintain their survival chances abroad (Salomon &Shaver, 2005b). This argument is also supported by a recent study from Chang and Rhee (2011) that argues that riskier internationalization strategies require higher resource bases to be operated efficiently. Therefore born-global firms require particularly strong resource bases and productivity to be competitive due to the transportation and product adaptation costs in the foreign markets they serve. Hypothesis 2:The effect of firm size on export market survival is moderated by the internationalization strategy chosen. The effect of firm size on survival abroad will be strongest for born-global firms followed by born-regional firms and will be weakest for gradual internationalizers.Hypothesis 3:The effect of labor productivity on export market survival is moderated by the internationalization strategy chosen. The effect of labor productivity on survival abroad will be strongest for born-global firms followed by born-regional firms and will be weakest for gradual internationalizers.In addition to slack resources securing international operations, a firm's innovation resources are also an important driver for international value creation (Morck &Yeung, 1991) and survival in the export market. Cuervo-Cazurra et al. (2007) suggest that liabilities of foreignness occur when internationally transferred resources lose their innate advantage in a foreign environment, produce a disadvantage or fail to realize their potential because of a lack of complementary resources abroad. These causes of multiple liabilities are associated with different potential solutions. However, each solution requires a certain amount of adaptation to the foreign environment. A firm's ability to adapt to a new environment is reflected in its innovativeness (Golovko &Valentini, 2011) and by its general level of productivity. Accordingly, export market survival depends not only on a firm's slack resources, but is also highly dependent on its innovation capabilities (Chang &Rhee, 2011).The role of a firm's innovativeness in its survival and prosperity has been intensely emphasized in the business literature (Schumpeter, 1942). Innovation is a critical asset that generates value in the marketplace (Rubera &Kirca, 2012) and how it contributes to firm performance has been studied in great detail (Tellis, Prabhu, &Chandy, 2009). The literature generally suggests that innovation positively affects firm performance - including export market survival - by improving adaptation to foreign market conditions and ensuring better-matched strategic goals. Firms will be more successful in foreign markets if their products and services can attract potential customers, conform to institutional regulations and are priced competitively with respect to competitors (Cuervo-Cazurra et al., 2007). Innovation resources make it possible to identify the need for mandatory changes to product features that will increase。

我国中小企业国际化

高等教育自学考试毕业论文封面市地：济宁任城2012年 4 月8 日我国中小企业国际化之我见摘要：随着全球化的提高，我国将会有越来越多的中小企业融入国际分工和全球价值链。

中小企业国际化经营（简称“中小企业国际化”），越来越受到各国政府的关注。

欧美等发达经济体纷纷加强了有关中小企业国际化内容、表现、障碍、策略和政策的研究，并以此为基础，加大了对中小企业国际化的政策支持力度。

加快提升中小企业国际化水平，是我国对外开放的重要内容，在加快转变经济发展方式中将发挥重要作用，中小企业应成为今后政府有关部门工作的重点。

作者通过图书馆、电视新闻、互联网等，广泛收集关于我国中小企业国际化的资料，指出我国中小企业走向国际化的必要性，介绍我国中小企业国际化现状以及所处的环境，并介绍了欧美国家政府支持中小企业的经验，结合我国实际，分别对企业和政府两方面提出些建议，希望有助于加快中小企业国际化步伐的迈进。

关键词：中小企业；国际化；建议；Summary:As globalization increases,china will have more and more SMEs to integrats into the international divisions of labor and the global value chain. SMEs international operations(short for the “Internationalization of SMEs”),more and more the attention of governments,Europe and the United States and other developed economies have strenghened the internationalization of SMEs research,like content、expression、obstacle、strategy and policy,and on this basis,they increased policy support to the internationalization of SMEs.It’s china’s opening to the outside world of the contents to speed up the upgrading of the level of internationalization of SMEs,and plays an inmportant role in accelerating the transformation of economic development,SMEs should be the future focus of the work of relevant government departments.Author through the Library、TV News and Internet,etc.widely collect the information on the internationalization of SMEs in china,point out the necessary to SMEs going global,introduces the internationalization of SMEs in China Current Situation and environment,And describes the experience of Europe and United States government to support SMEs,conbined with china’s actual,two aspects of the business an government to put forward some suggestions, I hope this will help to accelerate the accelerate the pace of internationalization of SMEs of the forward.Keyword:SMEs;Internationalization;recommend;２正文目录1.绪论…………………………………………………………………………2.我国中小企业的国际化的现状和问题……………………………………2.1我国中小企业国际化发展现状…………………………………………2.2中小企业国际化发展的问题……………………………………………3.中小企业国际化面临的环境………………………………………………3.1中小企业国际化面临的国际环境………………………………………3.2中小企业国际化面临的国内环境………………………………………4. 对我国中小企业国际化战略的建议………………………………………4.1品牌国际化战略…………………………………………………………4.2加强技术创新，以技术在国际竞争中取胜……………………………4.3完善人才管理，为企业奠定人才基础…………………………………5.国家对中小企业国际化的支持………………………………………………5.1欧美日支持中小企业的经验……………………………………………5.2我国政策的扶持…………………………………………………………6.总结…………………………………………………………………………1.绪论我国中小企业数量已占全国企业总数量的99%，GDP占全国6成。

开题报告(我国中小企业国际化经营研究 )

三、本文文献综述
（一）本文主要涉及的理论
三、本文文献综述
1、传统企业国际化理论（1）小规模技术理论（2）技术地方化理论（3）比较优势理论（4）传统折衷理论分析框架
三、本文文献综述
2、中小企业国际化理论发展（1）企业国际化的阶段理论（2）企业国际化的网络模型（3）企业国际化的资源基础论

必须学会欣然面对的一种结果----被接纳

Thank you
本文研究进展
时间内容 9-10月研究背景文献调研方案撰写开题报告实证调研数据整理论文撰写 2011年 11-12月 1-2月 3-4月 5-6月 2012年 7-8月 9-10月 11-12月
求职应注意的礼仪

求职时最礼貌的修饰是淡妆面试时最关键的神情是郑重

无论站还是坐，不能摇动和抖动对话时目光不能游弋不定要控制小动作不要为掩饰紧张情绪而散淡
国际投资环境

发达国家是最大资本供给者和需求者。亚洲新兴工业化国家成为对外直接投资的后起之秀。中东欧、亚洲、中美洲和非洲成为国际投资热点。投资主体多样化，中小企业对外直接投资增速加快。
技术环境

知识经济条件下，中小企业国际化经营的战略地位更加凸现。由于知识的互补性正在逐步取代物资资本的互补性，从而改变了传统工业经济条件下中小企业对大企业的附属地位，企业之间相对地位取决于其拥有的知识质量、数量。因此，中小企业的资源配置能力与大企业几乎毫无区别。

最优雅的礼仪修养是体现自然
以一种修养面对两种结果

必须首先学会面对的一种结果----被拒绝

仍然感谢这次机会，因为被拒绝是面试后的两种结果之一。被拒绝是招聘单位对我们综合考虑的结果，因为我们最关心的是自己什么地方与用人要求不一致，而不仅仅是面试中的表现。不要欺骗自己，说“我本来就不想去”等等。认真考虑是否有必要再做努力。以具体的形式感谢招聘单位的接纳，如邮件、短信考虑怎样使自己的知识能力更适应工作需要把走进工作岗位当作职业生涯的重要的第一步，认真思考如何为以后的发展开好头。