新视野第四册第二单元

The US military has blocked public access to nearly all its web sites after its servers were attacked by a new computer virus.Late last week, the US Space Command, which provides security for military computers, instructed all military organizations to block public access after a number of sites had contracted the virus, called the "Code Red" bug, according to an official.The virus is known as a "denial of service" bug, because it replicates (自我复制) itself by reading the data files on a network server and sending copies to other servers—thereby multiplying and sometimes crashing a system—and denying access to legitimate (合法的) users of the site."The Code Red worm did in fact show up in some DoD (Department of Defense) web sites and we're working to contain that," Command Spokesman Army Maj. Barry Venable said. "Ways we're going about that include blocking public access to the Web sites, because that's the way this worm works, to prevent it from using our networks to propagate (繁殖) itself."The virus exploits a security flaw (缺陷) in certain Microsoft network servers. The flaw was announced last month when a patch was released to fix it."To protect our DoD web sites from being compromised, DoD organizations have been told to review the status of the Internet information servers... to make sure that all the patches that were previously installed had been installed," says Venable.Only a handful of the major Defense Department sites, with the suffix ".mil," appear currently accessible to the public, including the central public affairs site DefenseLink and the military services' main homepages. Public access is blocked to information connected to those sites, and others such as the National Missile Defense site and the US Air Force's European site. Registered Department of Defense personnel continue to have access to the sites, Venable said.1.Which of the following is the best title for this passage?A. The Code Red Worm.B. DoD Blocks Public Web Site Access.C. DoD Was Attacked.D. Protect DoD Web Sites Against Viruses.2.The word "contracted" (Para.2) most probably means ________.A. make less or smallerB. get an illnessC. make a legal agreementD. formally agree to marry somebody3.Which of the following statements is NOT true about the Code Red worm?A. It can multiply in large numbers.B. It may make a computer system stop working.C. It's included in a patch released by Microsoft.D. It may destroy the connection between legitimate users and the sites.4.Public access is blocked to most DoD web sites so that ________.A. the Code Red worm can't use the web site to replicates itself and send copiesB. DoD organizations can have necessary patches installed to protect their sitesC. the defense secrets can be prevented from being revealedD. the mistake in certain Microsoft network servers can be corrected5.Which of the following is NOT a measure taken by DoD to fight against the Code Red worm?A. Blocking public access.B. Shutting down e-mail.C. Reviewing the status of the Internet information servers.D. Having necessary patches installed.Questions 6 to 10 are based on the same passage or dialog.For an increasing number of students at American universities, old is suddenly in. The reason is obvious: the graying of America means jobs. Coupled with the aging of the baby-boom (生育高峰) generation, a longer life span means that the nation's elderly population is bound to expand significantly over the next 50 years. By 2050, 25 percent of all Americans will be older than 65, up from 14 percent in 1995. The change poses serious questions for government and society, of course. But it also creates career opportunities in medicine and health professions, and in law and business as well. "In addition to the doctors, we're going to need more sociologists, biologists (生物学家), city planners and specialized lawyers," says Professor Edward Schneider of the University of Southern California's (USC) School of Gerontology (老年学).Lawyers can specialize in "elder law", which covers everything from trusts and estates to nursing-home abuse and age discrimination (歧视). Businessmen see huge opportunities in the elder market because the baby boomers, 74 million strong, are likely to be the wealthiest group of retirees in human history. "Any student who combines an expert knowledge in gerontology with, say, an MBA or law degree will have a license to print money," one professor says.Margarite Santos is a 21-year-old senior at USC. She began college as a biology major but found she was "really bored with bacteria". So she took a class in gerontology and discovered that she liked it. She says, "I did volunteer work in retirement homes and it was very satisfying."6.The words "... old is suddenly in" (Para. 1) most probably means "_______".A. America has suddenly become a nation of old peopleB. gerontology has suddenly become popularC. more elderly professors are found on American campusesD. American colleges have realized the need of enrolling older students7.With the aging of America, lawyers can benefit _______.A. from the adoption of the "elder law"B. from rendering special services to the elderlyC. by enriching their professional knowledgeD. by winning the trust of the elderly to promote their own interests8.Why can businessmen make money in the emerging elder market?A. Retirees are more generous in spending money.B. They can employ more gerontologists.C. The elderly possess an enormous purchasing power.D. There are more elderly people working than before.9.Who can make big money in the new century according to the passage?A. Retirees who are business-minded.B. The volunteer workers in retirement homes.C. College graduates with an MBA or law degree.D. Professionals with a good knowledge of gerontology.10.It can be seen from the passage that the expansion of America's elderly population ________.A. will provide good job opportunities in many areasB. will impose an unbearable burden on societyC. may lead to nursing home abuse and age discriminationD. will create new fields of study in universitiesQuestions 11 to 15 are based on the same passage or dialog.The decline in moral standards—which has long concerned social analysts—has at last captured the attention of average Americans. And Jean Bethke Elshtain, for one, is glad.The fact that ordinary citizens are now starting to think seriously about the nation's moral climate, says this ethics (伦理学) professor at the University of Chicago, is reason to hope that new ideas will come forward to improve it.But the challenge is not to be underestimated. Materialism and individualism in American society are the biggest obstacles. "The thought that 'I'm in it for me' has become deeply rooted in the national consciousness," Ms. Elshtain says.Some of this can be attributed to the decay of traditional communities, in which neighbors looked out for one another, she says. With today's greater mobility and with so many couples working, those bonds have been weakened, replaced by a greater emphasis on self.In a 1996 poll of Americans, loss of morality topped the list of the biggest problems facing the US. And Elshtain says the public is correct to sense that: Data show that Americans are struggling with problems unheard of in the 1950s, such as classroom violence and a high rate of births to unmarried mothers.The desire for a higher moral standard is not a lament (挽歌) for some nonexistent "golden age," Elshtain says, nor is it a wishful (一厢情愿的) longing for a time that denied opportunities to women and minorities. Most people, in fact, favor a decrease in prejudice.Moral decline will not be reversed until people find ways to counter the materialism in society, she says. "Slowly, you recognize that the things that matter are those that can't be bought."11.Professor Elshtain is pleased to see that Americans ________.A. have adapted to a new set of moral standardsB. are longing for the return of the good old daysC. have realized the importance of material thingsD. are awakening to the lowering of their moral standards12.The moral decline of American society is caused mainly by ________.A. its growing wealthB. the self-centeredness of individualsC. underestimating the impact of social changesD. the prejudice against women and minorities13.Which of the following characterizes the traditional communities?A. Great mobility.B. Emphasis on individual effort.C. Concern for one's neighbors.D. Ever-weakening social bonds.14.In the 1950s, classroom violence ________.A. was something unheard ofB. attracted a lot of public attentionC. was by no means a rare occurrenceD. began to appear in analysts' data15.According to Elshtain, the current moral decline may be reversed ________.A. if people can return to the "golden age"B. when women and men enjoy equal rightsC. when people rid themselves of prejudiceD. if less emphasis is laid on material thingsLocked Away ForeverThe Sad Case of Rebecca FalconOne night when she was just 15, Rebecca Falcon got drunk and made the decision that ruined her entire life. Now, she is serving a life sentence without chance of parole (假释) at the Lowell Correctional Institution in Ocala, Florida. Looking back, Falcon faults her choice of friends."I was like a magnet for the wrong crowd," she says.At the time, Falcon was living with her grandmother in Panama City, Florida. On November 19, 1997, upset over an ex-boyfriend, she downed a large amount of alcohol and hailed a taxi with an 18-year-old friend. Her friend had a gun and, within minutes, the taxi driver was shot in the head. The driver, Richard Todd Phillips, 25, died several days later. Each of the teenagers later said the other had done the shooting.In Falcon's case, she was found guilty of murder, though it was never known precisely what happened. "It broke my heart," says Steven Sharp, one of the people who made the decision to send Falcon to prison. "Tough as it is, based on the crime, I think it's appropriate. Still, it's terrible to put a 15-year-old behind bars forever."Falcon's case is not so uncommon in the US, but it is rare around the world. About 9,700 American prisoners are serving life sentences for crimes they committed before age 18. More than a fifth have no chance for parole. Life without parole is available for young criminals in about a dozen countries, but a recent report by Human Rights Watch and Amnesty International found only 12 young criminals—in Israel, South Africa, and Tanzania—serving such sentences. In the U.S., more than 2,200 people are serving life without parole for crimes they committed before turning 18. More than 350 are 15 or younger.Cruel & Unusual?Young criminals are serving life terms (with or without the possibility of parole) in at least 48 states, according to a survey by The New York Times, and their numbers have increased sharply in the past decade. Of those imprisoned in 2001, 95 percent were male and 55 percent were black.Is such punishment fair for young offenders? In March 2005, the Supreme Court ruled that the death penalty for crimes committed by people under 18 violates the Eighth Amendment to the Constitution, which prohibits "cruel and unusual punishments." That might have surprised thepeople who agreed to the Amendment in 1791, many of whom found such executions neither cruel nor unusual. But the Court said that the meaning of the Amendment changes with "evolving standards of decency." Their decision has convinced lawyers and activists that the next legal battleground in the US will be over life sentences for young criminals."Unformed" PersonalitiesThe Supreme Court ruled that youths under 18 who commit terrible crimes are less blameworthy than adults, at least for purposes of the death penalty: They are less mature, more willing to give in to peer pressure, and their personalities are unformed. "Even a terrible crime committed by a young person," Justice Anthony M. Kennedy concluded, is not "evidence of a hopelessly evil character."Most of those youthful qualities were evident in Falcon, who had trouble fitting in at school. She is in prison for murder, meaning she participated in a crime that led to a killing but was not proved to have killed anyone.Jim Appleman, the lawyer that tried to put Falcon in jail, says she does not ever deserve to be free. He is convinced that she shot Phillips. "If she were a 29-year-old or a 22-year-old," he says, "I have no doubt she would have gotten the death penalty."Although Falcon believes her sentence is unfair, she says her eight years in prison have changed her. "A certain amount of time being in jail was what I needed," she says. "But the law I fell under is for people who have no hope of being changed for the better, career criminals who habitually break the law, and there's just no hope for them in society. I'm a completely different case." "This can be hard"The case of another Florida teenager, Timothy Kane, shows how youths can be sent away for life, even when they were not central figures in a crime. (Florida is among the states with the largest number of young offenders—about 600—serving life sentences, about 270 without parole.)On Jan. 26, 1992, Kane, then 14, was playing video games at a friend's house in Hudson, Florida, while some older boys planned a robbery. That night, five youths rode their bikes over to a neighbor's home. Two backed out, but Kane followed Alvin Morton, 19, and Bobby Garner, 17, into the house. He did not want others to think he was scared, he recalls. "This is the decision that shaped my life since," says Kane.He says he thought the house would be empty. But Madeline Weisser, 75, and her son, John Bowers, 55, were home. While Kane hid behind a dining-room table, Morton shot and killed Bowers. He then stuck a knife in Weisser's neck; Garner stepped on the knife, nearly cutting off her head.Morton was sentenced to death. Garner, like Kane, a young offender, was given a life sentence with no possibility of parole for 50 years. Kane was also sentenced to life, but he may be able to get parole after serving 25 years. He doubts that the parole board will ever let him out.Kane grows emotional when talking about that January night. "I witnessed two people die," he says. "I regret that every day of my life, being any part of that and seeing that." He does not dispute that he deserved punishment but says his sentence is harsh. His days at Sumter Correctional Institution in Bushnell, Florida, are spent in the prison print shop making 55 cents an hour. "You have no hope of getting out," Kane says. "You have no family. You have no moral support here. This can be hard."Will the court do anything to help?In deciding whether "evolving standards" have turned against a particular punishment, theSupreme Court looks at what the states are doing. Life without parole for young offenders is widely used, and only three states specifically ban it. If this form of punishment is to be banned by virtue of its violating the Eighth Amendment, it will likely happen only when a majority of the states first get rid of it.Robert W. Attridge, the lawyer in Kane's case, says he feels sorry for him. "But he had options," Attridge says. "He had a way out. Two other boys decided to leave."Could Tim Kane be your kid, being in the wrong place at the wrong time?" the lawyer asks. "I think he could. It only takes one night of bad judgment and, man, your life can be ruined."1.What happened on November 19, 1997?A. Falcon's boyfriend drank alcohol.B. A taxi driver was shot.C. Falcon drove into a taxi.D. Phillips killed Falcon's friend.2.In the U.S., the number of people who are serving life sentence with no parole for crimesthey committed before age 18 is ________________.A. more than 2,200B. about 9,700C. only 12D. more than 3503.Giving the death penalty to people under 18 goes against ________________.A. the Supreme CourtB. standards of decency in 1791C. the Eighth AmendmentD. The New York Times4.The Supreme Court ruled that young criminals under 18 ________________.A. are pressured by the death penaltyB. are guilty of terrible crimesC. are hopelessly evilD. are less blameworthy than adults5.Falcon feels that she should have received ________________.A. an unfair sentenceB. the death penaltyC. some time in prisonD. a lifetime in prison6.Florida is one of the states with the most ________________.A. criminals on paroleB. central figures involved in crimesC. young offenders with life sentencesD. young people with no hope7.Who stuck a knife in Madeline Weisser's neck and killed her?A. Timothy KaneB. Alvin Morton.C. Bobby Garner.D. John Bowers.8.Even though he was not a central figure in the killing, Garner was given a life sentencewithout possibility of .9.Kane has had a hard time in prison because he has no family, no moral support, and nohope of .10.According to Robert W. Attridge, a young person's life can be permanently affected for theworst from simply one night of .1.By the time he arrives in Beijing, we ________ here for two days.A. will have stayedB. shall stayC. have been stayingD. have stayed2.According to the American federal government, residents of Hawaii have the longest life________: 77.2 years.A. rankB. scaleC. spanD. scope3.The millions of calculations involved, had they been done by hand, ________ all practicalvalue by the time they were finished.A. had lostB. would loseC. would have lostD. should have lost4.As a public relations officer, he is said ________ some very influential people.A. to knowB. to be knowingC. to have been knowingD. to have known5.Our hopes ________ and fell in the same instant.A.aroseB. raisedC. roseD. aroused6.With the development in science and technology man can make various flowers ________before their time.A. be bloomedB. bloomC.bloomedD. blooming7. A season ticket _______the holder to make as many journeys as he wishes within the statedperiod of time.A. entitlesB. grantsC. presentsD. promises8._______ in the office made a mistake and the firm regretted causing the customer anyinconvenience.A. SomeoneB. SomeC. AnyoneD. One9.In recent years much more emphasis has been put ________ developing the students'productive skills.A. ontoB. inC.overD. on10.Only a selected number of landladies in the neighborhood have been allowed by theuniversity to take in ________.A. residentsB.lodgersC.settlersD. inhabitants11.The fire was finally brought under control, but not ________ extensive damage had beendone.A. beforeB.sinceC.afterD. as12.Purchasing the new production line will be a ________ deal for the company.A. forcefulB.tremendousC.favoriteD. profitable13.Rod is determined to get a seat for the concert ________ it means standing in a queue allnight.A. as ifB. even ifC. providedD. whatever14.We hadn't met for 20 years, but I recognized her ________ I saw her.A. the momentB. for the momentC. the moment whenD. at the moment when15.Though he was born and brought up in America, he can speak ________ Chinese.A.fluidB. smoothC.fluentD. flowingernment reports, examinations, compositions, legal documents, and most businessletters are the main situations ________ formal language is used.A. in whichB. at whatC. on whichD. in that17.Fifty years ago, wealthy people liked hunting wild animals for fun ________ sightseeing.A. rather than to goB. more than goingC. other than goingD. than to go18.If the building project ________ by the end of this month is delayed, the constructioncompany will be fined.A. being completedB. is completedC. to be completedD. completed19.He wrote an article criticizing the Greek poet and won ________ and a scholarship.A. faithB. statusC. fameD. courage20.Jack wishes that he ________ business instead of history when he was in university.A. studiedB. studyC. had been studyingD. had studied听力短文1. A. Lisa Marie B. Elvis Presley. C. Rock'n'roll. D. Priscilla Presley.2. A. Danny, a husband, is in a normal family.B. Lisa Marie didn't approve of how she was raised.C. Suburban families aren't really normal.D. Benjamin and Daniel are growing up like their mother.3. A. He was like a normal, suburban father.B. He gave her everything she wanted.C. He acted like he didn't want his daughter.D. He always complained about her.4. A. She was always in the public eye.B. She always complained.C. She had a famous father.D. She was well-known.5. A. Servants B. Lisa Marie.. C. Priscilla. D. Bodyguards.长对话1. A. Some famous movies. B. People in a war.C. The history of war.D. A battle station.2. A. In 1999.B. In 1978.C. In 1983.D. In 2005.3. A. The last group of episodes coming out before the first group.B. A man, like the one in the movie, who wears a black suit.C. A battle station that has the ability to destroy a planet.D. A group of movies that seems confusing to people.4. A. Darth Vader B. Han Solo.. C. Princess Leia. D. Luke Skywalker.5. A. The man was influenced by Star Wars.B. The man is exciting.C. The man likes Star Wars.D. The man has a new hope for movie history.短对话1. A. The woman is a talented singer and impressed the man.B. The man would like to go to a talent show.C. The man liked the show better than the woman.D. The woman had no interest in the show at all.2. A. He feels he isn't good enough.B. He feels he isn't a kid anymore.C. He can't make it on the 12th.D. He doesn't like trying.3. A. One's own values.B. One's hard work.C. One's personal contacts.D. One's special abilities.4. A. The man is a professional actor.B. The man never thinks about acting.C. Many people don't like acting.D. Many people think the man's a good actor.5. A. The man doesn't think second place is good.B. The man hasn't taught the woman anything.C. The woman is proud of winning the race.D. The woman believes she is a loser.。