英语科普阅读材料双语——科技4篇

（一）我们如何在28小时内到达火星？ (1)

（二）饮水鸟蕴含的工程学原理 (9)

（三）人们是否应该接受人造肉 (29)

（四）为什么当代手机电池还是这么不经用 (40)

（一）我们如何在28小时内到达火星？

How Could We Get To Mars In Only 28 Hours?

Everyone always wants to get to Mars.

每个人都总是渴望去火星

Unfortunately, the journey would be a long one,

不幸的是依靠我们目前的技术

taking hundreds of days of travel with our current technology.

这趟旅途将会十分漫长长达几百天

Well, what if we could shorten that time to only a matter of days

试想如果我们不使用宇宙飞船

by throwing away our spaceships

而是用一些在太空中急速穿梭的东西

and using something that’s already zooming acr oss space?

这趟旅程可以缩短到几天？

I’m talking about comets.

我说的是彗星

Comets are big ol’ cosmic snowballs,

彗星是一个由冻结气体岩石和尘埃

made from frozen gases, rock, and dust

组成的巨大雪球

that end up orbiting the Sun after the other planets

当其他行星试图把彗星扔向地球

tried throwing them at Earth and missed.

但没成功时它们便围绕地球飞行

Well, that last part probably isn’t true.

当然最后那部分可能是假的

Everyone knows that the planets only have water gun battles.

我们都知道行星上只有水枪之战

Not to mention, comets can actually be pretty big.

更不必说彗星实际上可能非常大

Frozen, you could probably liken them to about the size of a small town.

这些雪球你可以把它们比做一个小镇那么大

However, when these things get close to the Sun in their orbit,

然而它们在自己的轨道环形并接近太阳时

they can begin to heat up.

会逐渐变热

Then they start spewing dust and gases,

接着喷涌出尘埃和气体

forming a giant glowing head.

形成一个巨大的发光脑袋

Huh. I thought only I had that problem.

哈我认为只有我有这个顾虑

Luckily enough, if we want to use one of these things for stellar travel,

幸运的是如果我们想用其中一个彗星进行星际旅行

we have quite a few to choose from!

我们的选择有很多！

According to NASA,

根据美国航天局

there are around 3,600 comets that we currently know of.

我们目前已知的彗星约有3600颗

Beyond that, it’s believed that there are billions of other comets out there

此外据说在遥远的柯伊伯带还有数十亿颗彗星

orbiting our Sun in the Kuiper Belt and even more distant Oort Cloud. 甚至是更远的奥尔特云围绕着太阳运行的

What makes comets great for getting around in space

彗星能够穿梭星际

is that they can go SUPER fast.

是因为其速度极快

Yeah, this baby can fly!

是的这小东西会飞！

How fast they’re travelling depends on a bunch of different factors,它们的速度取决于多种不同因素

but they can travel anywhere from a few thousand kilometers per hour,

但在一定条件下它们的速度可以从时速几千公里

to over 160,000 kilometers per hour under certain conditions.

达到每小时超16万公里在任何地方飞行

In fact, in 2016, scientists at NASA recorded

2016年美国航天局的科学家们记录了

a comet traveling at nearly 600 kilometers per second as it dove toward the Sun.

一颗秒速六百公里驶向太阳的彗星

That’s over 2 /million/ kilometers per hour!

那超过了两百万公里每小时！

To put that in perspective,

就此展望

if we could travel at 2 million kilometers per hour,

如果我们能以每小时两百万公里的速度飞行

then wecould get to Mars from Earth in around 28 hours,

我们可以在一天多的时间里

just little more than a single day,

约28小时就可以完成火星之旅

assuming the two planets were close together in their orbits. 假设轨道上有两颗行星距离很近

Lining up the planets is the least of our worries though.

我们可以在可控范围内排列行星

While comets can go super fast,

彗星的速度超快

getting to them would be a big problem.

登上彗星仍会是一大问题

That’s because, not even considering how hard it would be to actually commandeer one,

因为我们甚至没有考虑控制一个彗星有多难

comets just don’t typically get that close to Earth.

彗星一般离地球很远

Hale-Bopp, a comet that made the news about two decades ago, 大概二十年前新闻上报道了海尔-波普彗星

came closer to Earth than most comets do,

它比大多彗星更靠近地球

and it was still about 200 million kilometers away.

但还是有约两百万公里的距离

We might as well just go straight to Mars at that point!

照那样我们还不如直接去火星吧！

Even if a comet did come by Earth,

即使彗星确实经过地球

we assume that its trajectory is towards Mars,

我们也断定它的轨道是朝着火星的

and we ignore that it would likely be in its more gassy, less-solid state,

并且我们忽略了它可能更多的是气体而非固态物质

you’d still have to keep yourself alive on the comet.

你还要在彗星上生存下去

I guess if it’s only a day or so then food and water would be less of an issue

我猜如果只是一天左右那食物和水就不是问题了

since the aliens would definitely feed you once we got there,

因为一旦我们到了那里外星人肯定会伺候我们的

but you’d still have to worry about oxygen and protecting your self from space.

但你仍要担心氧气并且保护自己远离太空

You would need about 0.84 kilograms of oxygen a day,

你每天约需0.84公斤的氧气

so you better grab a spacesuit and take a big breath before jumping on the comet.

所以跳上彗星前你最好穿上宇航服深吸一口气

So yeah, using comets as a means of space travel is probably not that viable in the end.

所以利用彗星进行太空旅行或许并不可行

Sometimes I like doing these thought experiments, you know,

有时我喜欢做这些思维实验

and then realizing that they can’t work.

然后意识到不可能实现

But it’s still interesting!

仍然它仍很有趣！

That’s how we learn people!

这也是咱认识人类的方法！

So do you have any questions about space that you want me to answer.

你有关于太空的疑问想要我解答？

Any planets that we should cover next?

接下来我们要讲哪些行星？

Let me know right now in the comment section below!

请立刻在下方评论区告诉我吧！

Curious to know what would happen if you were trapped on the international space station?

我很好奇如果你被困在国际空间站会发生什么？

We teamed up with our friend William Osman to answer that question.

我们会与我们的朋友William Osman一起为你解答

ISS actually gets its power from solar arrays made up of thousands of solar cells.

国际空间站的能量来自上万个太阳能电池组成的阵列

These arrays can efficiently covert solar energy into electrical power. 这些阵列可以有效地将太阳能转换成电能

Typically producing more power than the station needs at one time. 通常在同一时间产生超出所需的电力

（二）饮水鸟蕴含的工程学原理

The Engineering of the Drinking Bird

This toy has fascinated me since childhood.

我从小就对这个玩具着迷

To me its motion is almost hypnotic.

对我来说它的运动就像是催眠

Here’s how it operates.

它是这样运转的

Wet the bird beak thoroughly with room temperature water.

将鸟喙完全浸透在室温的水中

The opaque container makes it looked chilled,

不透明容器使它看起来冷淬了

but it isn’t…

其实并没有

Then stand it upright…

然后让它直立

It will take a few seconds for it to start drinking…

它要等几秒钟后才开始喝水

Notice that all of the action right now takes place in the stem here 注意现在所有的运动都发生在躯干这里

As l speed up the action

当我快进这个过程

you see liquid rising and the bird rocking back and forth.

可以看见液面上升饮水鸟开始前后摇摆

If I return to normal speed,

如果调回常速播放

you can see the bird slowly …

可以看到饮水鸟慢慢地

very, very slowly ….

非常非常慢地

Rock forward…

向前摆动

Until it takes a drink,

直到它喝到了水

which it will do again and again.

然后一遍又一遍地重复此过程

In this video I’ll detail the bird’s clever engineering design,在本视频中我将详述这只鸟精妙的工程设计

explain how it uses thermodynamics,

阐明它是如何运用热力学知识

and link its action to some of the greatest

将其运动与一些工程师创造的

and most impactful devices created by engineers.

伟大且影响深远的装置联系起来的

This toy has long history,

这个玩历史悠久

but its current incarnation is due to Miles V. Sullivan—

它的当前形态是由贝尔实验室一名科学家

a scientist at Bell Labs.

Miles V. Sullivan创造的

He specialized in methods of manufacturing semiconductors,

他专精于研究制造半导体的方法

but as a sideline invented toys.

发明玩具是他的副业

Its reported that this bird delighted U.S. President Herbert Hoover,据说这只饮水鸟深得美国总统赫伯特·胡佛喜爱

an engineer who failed to figure out how it worked,

作为一名工程师他没搞懂它的工作原理

and it also defeated the great scientist Albert Einstein,

而且它还难倒了伟大的科学家艾尔伯特·爱因斯坦

who spent three and half months studying it.

爱因斯坦花了三个半月来研究它

It’s reported that he refused to take the bird apart.

据报道他拒绝把这只鸟拆开

With the benefit of hindsight,

有了后见之明

let’s start by exploring how it works

让我们从探索它的工作原理

and examining the key engineering design aspects.

以及检查关键的工程设计方面开始

First, let’s ask is the water ornamental or essential?首先要问的是水是装饰品还是必需品？

At first the bird acts just as if the water were still there.最初饮水鸟的行为好像水还在那里一样

Now let’s speed up the bird’s motion

我们快进饮水鸟的动作

you see at 15 minutes it is still drinking.

可以看见过了15分钟它仍在喝水

At 30 still drinking.

30分钟还在喝水

45 minutes still drinking.

45分钟依然还在喝水

60 minutes still drinking.

60分钟还在喝水

75 minutes still drinking.

75分钟仍然还在喝水

And five or ten minutes later,

又过了5到10分钟后

at eighty or eight-five minutes it takes its last drink.

约在80到85分钟它喝了最后一次水

The liquid still rises a bit,

虽然液面上升了一点

but it never rises enough to make the bird tip over,

但它从没上升到足够使鸟翻倒的高度

which shows that the motion is not perpetual

说明这个运动不是永恒的

—as long as there is water, the bird keeps drinking.

只要有水鸟就一直喝水

Let’s look inside the bird

来看看饮水鸟的内部

to get an idea of how it works.

了解它的工作原理

Underneath the bird’s hat, beak and fabric covering lies a glass bulb 在鸟帽鸟嘴和织物覆盖物下面有一个玻璃泡

smaller than the bulb at the base, and also rounder.

它比底部的玻璃泡小也更圆

Now, watch as I put a few drops of isopropyl alcohol on the bulb to cool it.

现在我滴几滴异丙醇在玻璃泡上使它降温

The liquid rapidly rises to the head,

里面的液体快速上升到头部

this changes the bird’s center of gravity

这改变了饮水鸟的重心

so that it will tilt forward.

使它向前倾斜

The head now fills with liquid and then …

现在头部充满了液体接下来……

there…

你看

…it …drinks.

它喝水了

It becomes upright and the liquid drains from the head.

它直立后液体从头部排出

Liquid rises again to the head and…

液体再一次上升到头部……

the bird drinks again.

饮水鸟再一次喝水

This cycle repeats until all of the isopropyl alcohol on the bird ’s head evaporates.

这个过程循环往复直到鸟头上的异丙醇都蒸发掉

Why does the liquid rise?

为什么液面会上升呢？

The place to begin is with the bird’s manufacture.

我们从饮水鸟的制造说起

The bird is filled through this “tap ”—a small pipe built into the head —

通过装在头部里的小管子即龙头

with methylene chloride dyed red, which is then frozen,

向鸟内装入冷冻的染成红色的二氯甲烷

a vacuum applied to evacuate the air,

抽走空气形成真空

the tap sealed ( and of course, later hidden by the bird’s hat )…

把龙头密封(当然后来被鸟帽盖住了)

And then the methylene chloride melts:

之后二氯甲烷融化

It turns to liquid and then some of it evaporates（turns into vapor）.转变为液态其中部分二氯甲烷蒸发(变成蒸汽)

The key to the bird’s operation is

饮水鸟运转的关键就在于

that the vapor in the head and in the base are separated by the liquid in the base.

头部和底部的气体被底部的液体所隔离

It’s hard to see,

这很难看清楚

but the tube extends into the base, nearly reaching the bottom.

不过管子延伸到底部几乎接触到底面

This separates the vapor in base and the vapor in the tube

使得底部和管中的气体隔离……

and …of course, the head.

当然还有头部的气体

So, at rest the pressure in these two spaces are equal,

在静止状态这两个空间的压强相等

but when the bird’s beak is wet,

但当鸟喙湿润时

the temperature falls

鸟喙温度下降

and as I’ll explain in a moment the pressure in the head drops

头部的压强下降这个我稍后会解释

below that in the base and the liquid rises.

降到低于底部的压强然后液面上升

Of course this liquid in the head causes the bird to…tilt forward, to drink …

自然头部的液体导致饮水鸟向前倾斜喝水

and when it drinks,

当它喝水时

the vapor in the head and the base are connected,

头部和底部的蒸汽连通

the pressures is nearly equalize

两端压强几乎相等

—a slug of vapor rises to the top and some liquid drains from the head

一股蒸汽上升到头部迫使部分液体流出

and then the cycle repeats.

然后循环重复

To see the pressure equalize

为了看到压强平衡过程

l will slow down the bird as I tilt it forward.

我会慢一点倾斜饮水鸟

Right now the head is half full.

现在头部已经半满了

When I tilt it you see a slug of vapor go from bottom to top.

当它倾斜时可以看见一股蒸汽从底部升到顶部

I’ve tilted it far enough forward

我把它倾斜得够多

that the liquid in the head is below the top of the tube

以至于头部的液面低于管子的顶端

and the liquid in the base is below the section of the tube that almost reaches the bottom of the bird.

同时底部液面也低于几乎触底的管子底端

This allows the pressure to equalize,

这样头部和底部的压强相等

and as the bird becomes upright

而当饮水鸟站起来时

the liquid returns to the base before the cycle starts again.

液体会在下一次循环开始之前返回到底部

In operation it doesn’t tilt quite this far forward

实际运转时它不会向前倾斜这么多

and so the pressures don’t fully equalize.

因此压强不会完全平衡

Why, though, does the pressure in the head drop as the temperature falls?

那么头部压强为何会随着温度下降而下降呢？

You can see the answer if I shoot cool, compressed gas across the bird’s head.

你看我向头部射低温压缩气体就知道答案了

As the cool gas strikes,

遇到低温气体时

you see liquid condensing inside the head;

头部内壁出现了冷凝的液体

and, as you see on the left,

正如你在左图看到的

this causes the liquid in the base to rise.

这导致底部的液面上升

The cool gas withdraws energy as heat from the head,

低温气体带走头部的热量

causing some of the methylene chloride vapor inside to condense –to turn into a liquid.

导致头部部分二氯甲烷气体冷凝成液体

This decreases dramatically the amount of vapor in the head.

这大大减少了头部的气体体积

Liquid is 1,000 times more dense than vapor.

液体的密度是气体的1000倍

This in turn lowers the pressure in the head and causes the liquid to rise.

结果降低了头部的压强使液面上升

I used compressed gas to cool the head

我用压缩气体给头部降温

because I can control the amount of cooling;

因为我可以控制降温的程度

the bird, though, cools its head by “drinking.”

然而饮水鸟通过喝水来降温

The head is wrapped in fabric that absorbs water.

其头部包裹在吸水的织物中

As I put drops on its beak

当我把水滴在鸟喙上

you can see the water beads up at first…

一开始你可以看到水珠……

and then saturates the fabric and spreads rapidly across the bird’s face.

然后水珠浸透织物并迅速扩散到鸟的整个面部

On the right side you can see it creeping to back of the head.

从右边看可以看到水渍浸到了后脑勺

If I now turn the bird around,

如果我现在把鸟转过来

you can see that the water has spread to the back.

可以看到水已经蔓延到后面

As I continue adding drops on the beak

如果我继续往鸟喙上滴水

the saturated area on the back increases.

头背处渗水区域扩大

When this water evaporates into the air, it removes energy from the bulb as heat

当水蒸发到空气中带走了头部的热量

you feel this effect every time you step out of the shower,

每次你洗完澡都会有这种感受

(完整)人教版四年级下册英语阅读专项训练

四年级下册英语阅读专项（一）阅读短文,判定对错,对的写“T”,错的写“F”. I’m Helen . I’m an English girl . I’m a student . I’m in Class 1, Grade 1. I get up at six o’clock . I go to school at seven o’clock. We have three classes in the morning and two in the afternoon . We go home at four thirty . My father is a policeman . My mother is a driver . I love my father and mother . ( ) 1. Helen is a student . ( ) 2. Helen’s mother is a doctor . ( ) 3. Helen goes to school at 6:00 . ( ) 4. She goes home at four thirty . ( ) 5. She has four classes in the morning and two in the afternoon. （二）阅读下面的短文，判断句子，正确的写“T” ，错误的写“F” 。 My name is Jiaming,I’m nine.I am a primary school pupil.I study in ZhuJiang Primary School in Guaangzhou. I am in Class One,Grade Four.At school I have a good friend.His name is Ben,He often wears a blue shirt.He is an English boy.He and I are in the same class. We often study and play games together.I go to school at about 8 o’clock and go home at about 5 in the afternoon.Oh,it is 7:30 now.It is time to go to school.I must go now. ( )1. Jiamin is a pupil. ( )2. JIaming lives in Guangzhou. ( )3. Ben is an American girl.He often wears a blue shirt. ( )4. Ben is in Class One, Grade Five. ( )5. Jiamin and Ben often play games together. （三）阅读下面的短文，判断句子，正确的写“T” ，错误的写“F” 。 Look at that boy. His name is Liu Bing. He’s a Chinese boy. He is in the kitchen. He likes apples. Su Yang is at home too. She is in the study. She likes drawing. Is Gao Shan at home? No, he is in the park. He is thirsty. He wants to drink some juice. Miss Li is in the office. She is reading. ( )1.Liu Bing is in the kitchen . ( )2.Liu Bing likes eating pears. ( )3.Su Yang isn’t in the study . ( )4.Gao Shan is thirsty and he wants to drink. ( )5.Miss Li is drawing.

2020届高考英语一轮阅读理解热门话题针对训练-科教科普类(1)

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