Diabetes英文版糖尿病病因症状及对症
糖尿病(全英文版)DiabetesMellitus
Lab test
blood glucose is higher than 33.3 mmol/l, usually 33.3-66.6 mmol/l and serum osmolality > 350 mmol/l
Introduction
There are more and more people suffer from diabetes with the development of society, population aging and changes of life style.
Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic disorders characterized by chronic
Stage 5: clinical diabetes
Stage 6: beta cells of the clients who
have longtime diabetes are damaged
thoroughly, blood insulin level is very low
Type 2 diabetes
Type 1 diabetes
Stage 1: genetics emotivity Stage 2: start autoimmune Stage 3: immunology abnormality
Stage 4: progressive dysfunction of beta cells
gestational diabetes mellitus
关于糖尿病的英文文章
关于糖尿病的英文文章糖尿病作为一种代谢性疾病，其患病率随经济的发展呈逐年增加趋势。
糖尿病对人体的危害主要是造成各种器官功能障碍和衰竭。
下面是店铺带来的关于糖尿病的英文文章，欢迎阅读!关于糖尿病的英文文章1糖尿病英文简介-What is diabetesDiabetes is a chronic condition that affects over 150 million people in the world today.The precentage of people suffering from diabetes is increasing rapidly, to the point where many medical authorities are referring to it as an epidemic.So what is diabetes?Diabetes prevents your body from turning your food into energy. Instead glucose stays in your bloodstream, and left untreated can result in a range of complications.If you have recently been diagnosed as diabetic, don't worry. With proper treatment and care, you will lead a normal and happy life. You may need to make a few changes in your lifestyle - but then, if you are like me, you probably had plans to do that anyway and just never got round to it.Now is the time to kick yourself into action. You cannot leave this up to your doctor alone - it needs you to take responsibility for your own treatment, and that starts with understanding what you are dealing with.There are three types of Diabetes:Type 1 Diabetes, (sometimes called Juvenile Diabetes) is usually found in young children and teenagers, but can also occur later in life.In Type 1 Diabetes, your body is not producing insulin, ahormone needed to convert blood sugar into energy. Normally this hormone is produced by cells in your pancreas, but for some reason this is not happening as it should.As the glucose in your blood can't be converted into energy and absorbed by your cells, it builds up causing high blood sugar.Left untreated, high blood sugar can cause serious long-term health problems.The normal treatment for people with type 1 diabetes is daily injections of insulin which keeps the blood sugar level within normal ranges.Finding out you have diabetes can be upsetting, but it should not prevent you from living a long and happy life.If you think this condition will prevent you leading an active life, consider Sir Steve Redgrave, one of the World's greatest Olympic athletes.Sir Steve battled type 1 diabetes to win his record-breaking fifth Olympic Gold medal at the Sydney games in the coxless fours rowing event!Type 2 diabetes (sometimes called mature onset diabetes) is the most common form of diabetes.As with Type 1 Diabetes, the problem is related to insulin, a hormone needed to convert sugar into energy.With Type 2 diabetes your body might be producing too little insulin, or it might not be reacting to the insulin correctly. Either way, the end result is that glucose builds up in the bloodstream instead of going into the cells. Left untreated, high blood sugar can cause serious long-term health problems.Type 2 diabetes usually appears later in life, often between the ages of 35-45 years. As it often develops slowly, many people may not recognise the symptoms, and may have diabeteswithout knowing it.If you have recently been diagnosed with type 2 diabetes, you are one of the lucky ones. Many people have diabetes without knowing it, and are at much greater risk of long term medical complications.Finding out you have diabetes can be upsetting, but it should not prevent you from living a long and happy life. You may need to make a few changes in your lifestyle, but these changes are also good advice for non-diabetics, so probably a good idea anyway.Gestational diabetes is a type of diabetes, that is only suffered by pregnant women.In Gestational diabetes, a woman’s blood sugar is hig her than normal because of the other hormones pridcued during preganancy interfere with the insulin that is produced naturally.Gestational diabetes usually becomes apparent during the 24th to 28th weeks of pregnancy, and, in most cases, disappears of its own accord once the baby is born.Women with gestational diabetes usually do NOT have an increased risk of having a baby with birth defects.Generally, sufferers of gestational diabetes have normal blood sugar levels during the critical first stages of the preganancy.Whilst there can be complications caused by gestational diabetes, these can usually be managed by careful attention to nutrition and blood sugar levels.Approximately 3 to 5 percent of all pregnant women in the developed world suffer from gestational diabetes.关于糖尿病的英文文章2医学英语糖尿病专业词汇A1C –Hemoglobin A1c 醣化血色素A-II receptor antagonist/blockers-ARA [ARB]血管张力素II 接受体拮抗剂/阻断剂A chain,insulin, 胰岛素α链Acanthosis nigrans, 皮肤棘状黑色素瘤Acarbose，一种α-葡萄苷酶抑制剂 ,Acarbose [Glucobay-Bayer] Accountability measures 质量改善度评量ACCU-Check Compact-Roche Diabetes Monitoring Kit 一种携带型血糖机Accupril --Quinapril [Acupril-Parke Davis]之商品名ACEI=ACE inhibitor 血管张力素转化酶抑制剂 [ACEI 非正式名词] ACE inhibitors 血管张力素转化酶抑制剂ACE-K煮甜甜--Acesulfame Potassium [煮甜甜—益富]一种Sweatener 甜味矫味剂Aceon--Perindopril [Aceon-Solvay] [Acertil-Servier]一种血管张力素转换酶抑制剂Acertil--Perindopril [Aceon-Solvay] [Acertil-Servier]一种血管张力素转换酶抑制剂Acesulfame Potassium =ACE-K [煮甜甜—益富]- 一种Sweatener 甜味矫味剂,Adalat--Nifedipine [Adalat-Bayer] [Adalat OROS-Bayer] 一种钙离子径路阻断剂Adalat OROS--Nifedipine[Adalat OROS-Bayer]一种钙离子径路阻断剂长效型Adhesion molecule 黏着分子与动脉硬化形成有关，可被HDL 抑制Acertil --Perinodopril [Acertil-Servier]商品名,属于ACE inhibitor用于糖尿肾病变Acetoacetate 乙酰乙酸盐乙酰醋酸Acetohexamide 口服降糖药物 Acetohexamide [Dymelor-Lilly]Acetone 丙酮Acetylsalicylic acid: [Aspirin-Bayer],乙酰水杨酸,阿司匹林Acidosis 酸血症Acipimox [Olbetam-Pharmacia] 烟碱酸类降脂剂Acromegaly肢端肥大症Action--Insulin 胰岛素之作用Actos –Pioglitazone,Insulin sensitizer胰岛素敏感度反应性增强剂新降血糖药物Actrapid Human Insulin-Novo Regular, Human insulin快速作用型人体胰岛素Acute myocardial infarction急性心肌梗塞ADA=American Diabetes Association 美国糖尿病学会Additive--Insulin胰岛素制剂之添加剂ADDQOL=Adult of Diabetes Dependent QOL成人糖尿病相应生活质量Adhesion--Insulin 胰岛素沾粘性Adrenergic blockers交感神经阻断剂Aducut--Delapril [Adecut-武田] 一种血管张力素转换酶抑制剂Adult of Diabetes Dependent QOL=ADDQOL成人糖尿病相应生活质量Adult Treatment Panel III , National Cholesterol education Program =NCEP ATP IIIAER Albumin excretion rate尿液白蛋白排出率。
糖尿病diabetesmellitu
02
糖尿病的病因
遗传因素
家族史
糖尿病具有明显的家族聚集性，直系 亲属患病者患病风险增加。
基因突变
部分患者存在基因突变，导致胰岛素 分泌或作用障碍。
环境因素
生活方式
长期高热量、高脂肪饮食，缺乏运动等不良生活方式可增加患病风险。
化学物质
某些化学物质、药物或重金属可能诱发糖尿病。
生活方式因素
01
02
糖尿病及其并发症可能导致患 者产生焦虑、抑郁等心理问题
，影响生活质量。
经济负担
长期治疗糖尿病及其并发症需 要大量医疗费用，给家庭和社
会带来经济压力。
提高公众对糖尿病的认识
糖尿病教育
通过开展糖尿病教育活动，提 高公众对糖尿病的认知，了解
预防和管理糖尿病的方法。
媒体宣传
利用媒体平台宣传糖尿病知识 ，提高公众意识。
定期监测血糖水平，了解 血糖变化情况，以便及时 调整治疗方案。
合理用药
遵循医生的指导，按时服 药，不擅自停药或更改剂 量。
避免应激
尽量避免长时间处于高压 力状态，学会调节情绪， 减少应激对血糖的影响。
定期检查与监测
定期进行糖尿病相关检查
定期随访
如肾功能、血脂、血压等，以便及时 发现并处理并发症。
遵循医生的建议，定期到医院进行随 访，评估病情控制情况，调整治疗方 案。
糖尿病（Diabetes Mellitus
目录
• 糖尿病概述 • 糖尿病的病因 • 糖尿病的诊断与治疗 • 糖尿病的预防与管理 • 糖尿病的社会影响与应对策略
01
糖尿病概述
定义与分类
定义
糖尿病是一种慢性代谢性疾病， 由于胰岛素分泌不足或作用受损 导致血糖升高。
糖尿病(diabetes mellitus,DM)(1)
概述糖尿病（diabetes mellitus，DM）是由于胰岛素分泌或作用缺陷引起的以高血糖为主要特征的代谢疾病群，伴有碳水化合物、蛋白质、脂肪代谢异常，严重时常导致酸碱平衡失常。
临床上早期无症状，至症状期才有多食、多饮、多尿、烦渴、善饥、消瘦或肥胖、疲乏无力等症群，久病者常伴发心脑血管、肾、眼及神经等病变。
严重病例或应激时可发生酮症酸中毒、高渗昏迷、乳酸性酸中毒而威胁生命，常易并发化脓性感染、尿路感染、肺结核等。
本病使患者生活质量下降，寿限缩短，病死率增高，因此应积极防治。
流行病学据世界卫生组织估计，全球目前大约有1.5亿糖尿病患者，到2025年将增加一倍。
我国首次糖尿病调查于1978～1979年在上海10万人口中发现患病率为10.12‰，1980～1981年在全国14省市30万人口中患病率为6.09‰（标化患病率6.74‰），当时我国约有700万糖尿病患者。
本病多见于中老年，患病率随年龄而增长，自45岁后明显上升，至60岁达高峰。
国内各地区患病率相差悬殊，以宁夏最高（10.94‰）、北京次之，贵州最低（1.51‰）。
职业方面，干部、知识分子、退休工人、家庭妇女较高，农民最低，脑力劳动者高于体力劳动者，城市居民高于农村中人。
体重超重者（体重质量指BMI≥24）者患病率3倍于体重正常者。
民族方面以回族最高，汉族次之，少数民族与汉族相仿。
我国糖尿病绝大多数属Ⅱ型（NIDDM），上海10万人中20岁以下者仅1人（0.09‰），IDDM的确切患病率据上医大儿童医院调查研究80～91年及89～93年期间分别为万分之0.61和0.83.1994～1995年在全国约25万人口中（＞25岁），又进行了一次调查，发现糖尿病和IGT各占2.5%，患病数较15年前增长了三倍多，其主要原因是生活水平提高，生活方式现代化，体力活动减少，营养过剩。
分型（一）糖尿病各型特点如下： 1.胰岛素依赖型（IDDM，Ⅰ型）其特征为：①起病较急；②典型病例见于小儿及青少年，但任何年龄均可发病；③血浆胰岛素及C肽水平低，服糖刺激后分泌仍呈低平曲线；④必须依赖胰岛素治疗为主，一旦骤停即发生酮症酸中毒，威胁生命；⑤遗传为重要诱因，表现于第6对染色体上HLA某些抗原的阳性率增减；⑥胰岛细胞抗体（ICA）常阳性，尤其在初发病2～3年内。
糖尿病
糖尿病疾病常识英文名称：diabetes mellitus, DM别称：消渴症临床症状：多饮、多食、多尿、乏力并发疾病：肾盂肾炎、膀胱炎、糖尿病酮症酸中毒好发人群：肥胖者、长期高糖、高脂饮食者、直系亲属有糖尿病病史者就诊指南就诊科室：内分泌科治疗周期：需要终身间歇性治疗常用药品：磺酰脲类、二甲双胍、α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制剂、胰岛素增敏常用检查：尿糖测定、口服葡萄糖耐量试验、糖化血红蛋白测定是否医保：是概览定义糖尿病是一组由多病因引起以慢性高血糖为特征的代谢性疾病，是由于膜岛素分泌和（或）利用缺陷所引起。
长期碳水化合物以及脂肪、蛋白质代谢紊乱可引起多系统损害，导致眼、肾、神经、心脏、血管等组织器官慢性进行性病变、功能减退及衰竭；病情严重或应激时可发生急性严重代谢紊乱，如糖尿病酣症酸中毒（DKA）、高渗高血糖综合征。
流行病学糖尿病是常见病、多发病，目前在全球范围内，糖尿病的患病率与发病率极攀升。
1.以2型糖尿病为例，2013年全国调查中2型糖尿病患病率为10.4%，男性高于女性（11.1%比9.6%）。
2.各民族间的糖尿病患病率存在较大差异：满族15.0%、汉族14.7%、维吾尔族12.2%、壮族12.0%、回族10.6%、藏族4.3%。
3.未诊断糖尿病比例较高。
2013年全国调查中，未诊断的糖尿病患者占总数的63%。
4.肥胖和超重人群糖尿病患病率显著增加，肥胖人群糖尿病患病率升高了2倍。
2013年按体质指数（BMI）分层显示，BMI<25 kg/m^2者糖尿病患病率为7.8%、25 kg/m2≤BMI<30 kg/m^2者患病率为15.4%，BMI≥30 kg/m^2者患病率为21.2%。
疾病分类我国目前采用WHO1999年的病因学分型体系，将糖尿病分为以下四大类：1.1型糖尿病：胰岛B细胞破坏，导致胰岛素绝对缺乏。
又分为免疫介导性和特发性（无自身免疫证据）。
2.2型糖尿病：以胰岛素抵抗为主伴胰岛素进行性分泌不足和以胰岛素进行性分泌不足为主伴胰岛素抵抗。
糖尿病(Diabetesmellitus)-教学课件
自我监测
血糖监测
了解血糖水平，及时发现高血糖或低血糖情况， 调整饮食和运动。
记录血糖数据
将血糖监测结果记录下来，以便分析病情变化和 调整治疗方案。
定期检查
定期到医院进行相关检查，如糖化血红蛋白、肾 功能等，评估病情状况。
健康生活方式的养成
合理饮食
控制总热量摄入，保持营养均衡，避免高糖、高脂肪食物。
遵循医生的治疗建议，按时服药，不随意更改治疗方案。
THANKS
谢谢
视力模糊：由于高血糖导致晶 状体渗透压改变，引起视力模
糊。
皮肤瘙痒：高血糖可引起皮肤 干燥和瘙痒。
疲劳、乏力：由于胰岛素分泌 不足或作用受损，导致葡萄糖 利用障碍，引起疲劳和乏力。
02
CHAPTER
糖尿病的病因与病理生理
病因
01
02
03
04
遗传因素
糖尿病具有家族聚集性，部分 患者因遗传基因缺陷导致患病
类型
糖尿病主要分为1型糖尿病、2型 糖尿病、妊娠期糖尿病和其他特 殊类型糖尿病。
糖尿病的流行病学
全球患病率
全球范围内，糖尿病的患病率呈上升趋势，特别是在发展中 国家。
危险因素
糖尿病的危险因素包括遗传、年龄、性别、生活方式和环境 因素等。
糖尿病的症状与体征
01
02
03
04
多饮、多尿、多食、体重下降 ：典型的三多一少症状。
胰岛素抵抗
部分患者身体对胰岛素产生抵抗，影响胰岛 素的作用。
脂肪、蛋白质代谢异常
长期高血糖导致脂肪、蛋白质代谢异常，引 发一系列并发症。
03
CHAPTER
糖尿病的诊断与评估
诊断标准
糖尿病简介英文版
糖尿病简介英文版Diabetes Mellitus: An OverviewIntroduction:Diabetes Mellitus, commonly known as diabetes, is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood sugar levels. It affects millions of individuals worldwide and poses a significant healthcare challenge. In this article, we will provide a comprehensive overview of diabetes, its types, causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and management.Types of Diabetes:There are three main types of diabetes: type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, and gestational diabetes.1. Type 1 Diabetes:Type 1 diabetes, also known as insulin-dependent diabetes, typically occurs in children and young adults. It is an autoimmune disease where the body's immune system attacks and destroys the insulin-producing cells in the pancreas. Individuals with type 1 diabetes require lifelong insulin therapy.2. Type 2 Diabetes:Type 2 diabetes, the most common form, occurs when the body becomes resistant to insulin or fails to produce enough insulin to regulate blood sugar levels effectively. It is often associated with obesity, sedentary lifestyle, and poor dietary habits. Initially, it can be managed with lifestyle modifications, including a healthy diet, regular exercise, and possibly oral medications. In severe cases, insulin therapy may be required.3. Gestational Diabetes:Gestational diabetes develops during pregnancy and usually resolves after childbirth. It occurs when hormonal changes during pregnancy lead to insulin resistance. If left uncontrolled, it can pose risks for both the mother and the baby. Proper monitoring and management are crucial to prevent complications.Causes of Diabetes:The causes of diabetes vary depending on the type:1. Type 1 Diabetes:The exact cause of type 1 diabetes is unknown, but it is believed to be a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Certain genes make individuals more susceptible to developing type 1 diabetes, and environmental triggers, such as viral infections, may initiate the autoimmune response.2. Type 2 Diabetes:Type 2 diabetes is primarily attributed to lifestyle factors, including obesity, physical inactivity, unhealthy eating habits, and genetic predisposition. Excessive body weight and abdominal fat accumulation increase insulin resistance, leading to elevated blood sugar levels.3. Gestational Diabetes:The hormonal changes during pregnancy are the main cause of gestational diabetes. These hormones can obstruct the action of insulin, resulting in high blood sugar levels.Symptoms of Diabetes:The symptoms of diabetes can vary, but some common signs include:1. Frequent urination2. Excessive thirst3. Unexplained weight loss4. Fatigue5. Blurred vision6. Slow healing of wounds7. Tingling sensation or numbness in the hands and feetDiagnosis of Diabetes:Diabetes can be diagnosed through various tests, including:1. Fasting Plasma Glucose Test: Measures blood sugar levels after fasting for at least 8 hours.2. Oral Glucose Tolerance Test: Measures blood sugar levels before and 2 hours after consuming a glucose-rich drink.3. Glycated Hemoglobin (HbA1c) Test: Measures average blood sugar levels over the past three months.Management of Diabetes:Diabetes management aims to keep blood sugar levels within the target range to prevent complications. It primarily involves:1. Healthy Eating: A well-balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and healthy fats is essential. Avoiding sugary foods and drinks helps control blood sugar levels.2. Regular Exercise: Engaging in physical activity for at least 150 minutes per week helps improve insulin sensitivity and regulate blood sugar levels.3. Medications: Depending on the type and severity of diabetes, oral medications, injectable drugs, or insulin may be prescribed to manage blood sugar levels effectively.4. Regular Monitoring: Regular monitoring of blood sugar levels and periodic check-ups with healthcare professionals are crucial for adjusting treatment plans and preventing complications.Conclusion:Diabetes Mellitus is a chronic condition requiring lifelong management. Understanding the types, causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and management strategies is crucial in effectively controlling blood sugar levels and preventing complications. By adopting a healthy lifestyle and working closely with healthcare professionals, individuals with diabetes can lead fulfilling lives and minimize the risks associated with the disease.。
糖尿病(diabetes mellitus)
（四）胰岛素治疗 1．适应症：1型DM；糖尿病酮症酸中毒，高 渗性昏迷和乳酸性酸中毒；各种严重的糖尿 病急性或慢性并发症；消耗性疾病；围手术 期；妊娠和分娩；2型DM口服降糖药效果不 满意者；全胰腺切除者。
2．制剂类型
动物胰岛素 人胰岛素 胰岛素类似物 短效、中效、长效、预混。
各种胰岛素的特点
服药次数 作用时间 肾排泄 次/日 h %
1～2 1～2 1～2 1 ～3 1 10 ～ 20 16 ～ 24 12 ～ 24 12～ 24 50 89 80 5 60
格列本脲 格列吡嗪 格列齐特 格列喹酮 格列美脲
2．双胍类：改善外周组织对胰岛素的敏感性，增加外 周组织对葡萄糖的摄取和利用；抑制肝葡萄糖输出； 减肥。 常用药物：二甲双胍 0.5～1.5g/d，分2～ 3次服用 禁忌证: 禁忌证 肾、肝、心、肺功能减退以及高热患者、 慢性胃肠病、慢性营养不良、消瘦者； T1DM不宜单 独使用； T2DM合并急性代谢紊乱、感染、外伤、手 术、孕妇、哺乳期妇女；对药物过敏或有严重不良反 应者；酗酒者；使用碘造影剂前后 副作用：胃肠道反应，皮疹，乳酸性酸中毒 副作用
三、病因与发病机制 1型糖尿病 环境因素 ↓诱发因素 遗传易感性→自身免疫反应→自身抗体 →β细胞功能损伤至衰竭→DM
2型糖尿病 环 境 因 素 ↓ 遗传易感性→IR及分泌缺陷→IGT/IFG→DM
胰岛素抵抗(IR)
胰岛素作用的靶器官（主要是肝脏、肌肉和 脂肪组织）对胰岛素作用的敏感性降低。 胰岛素降低血糖的主要机制包括抑制肝脏葡 萄糖产生（HGP）、刺激内脏组织（肝和胃 肠道）对葡萄 糖的摄取以及外周组织（骨骼 肌、脂肪）对葡萄糖的利用。
糖尿病 （diabetes mellitus）
一、概述
糖尿病DiabetesMellitus
2020/5/24
20
三、患病率
近年来调查结果表明，MS在各种族中都相当多见 在≥20岁以上全人群中以WHO标准进行诊断
美籍墨西哥人(38%)>美籍阿拉伯人及美籍非洲人(28%)>美 籍白种人(24%)>中国人(14%-18%)
以NCEP-ATP Ⅲ标准诊断
美 籍 墨 西 哥 人 (27%)> 美 籍 白 种 人 (24%)> 美 籍 阿 拉 伯 人 (23%)> 美 籍 非 洲 人 (22%)> 非 洲 阿 拉 伯 人 (21%)> 葡 萄 牙 人 (14.45%)>中国人(12% -21%)
种族和民族
– 白人高于黑人高于黄色人种
2020/5/24
11
时间分布
季节性 秋冬季节性升高：北半球12-2月，南半球6-8月 长期趋势 增长明显
2020/5/24
发病率(1/100 000)
0.90 0.80 0.70 0.60 0.50 0.40 0.30 0.20 0.10 0.00
1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 时间(年)
图21-2 分年度儿童1型糖尿病发病率
（王克安等，1999）
12
二、2型糖尿病的分布
流行情况
广泛分布于世界各地，不同国家、人群发病率与患病率不同 工业化国家患病率居高不下，某些国家的发病率呈↑趋势 发展中国家患病率逐年↑，某些地区已达到一个很高的水平
2020/5/24
13
地区分布
国家间或地区间 保持传统生活方式的地方患病率↓ 生活方式西化的发展中国家人群患病率>欧洲人群 北美本土及西太平洋区最高
Diabetes
MODY Clinical feature
Early onset, at least one patient develops Diabetes before the age of 25
Autosomal Dominant Inheritance , disease deliver fit
Epidemiology
3.5
3.3
全球DM患者总数（亿）
3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0
2.2 1.94
2004 year
2010 year
2025 year
Global prevalence of diabetes
Epidemiology
糖尿病患者前10位的国家
排名 1 2 国家 印度 中国 美国 俄联邦 日本 巴西 印度尼西亚 巴基斯坦 墨西哥 Ukraine 所有其他国家 Total 1995 (百万) 19.4 16.0 国家 印度 中国 美国 巴基斯坦 印度尼西亚 俄联邦 墨西哥 巴西 埃及 2025 (百万) 57.2 37.6
Mitochondrial maternal inheritance diabetes clinical feature
Maternal inheritance; means children of female patient possible
with disease, children of male patient not with disease
LADA– Clinical feature
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Called type 1.5 DM or slowly progressing insulin-dependent diabetes T cell mediated autoimmune disease Adult age at diagnosis (range 30-70year) Lean or non-obesity The presence of diabetes-associated autoantibodies(IA2, ICA, GAD ) Delay (at least half year )from diagnosis in the need for insulin therapy to manage hyperglycemia Having type 1 DM’s predisposing genes( such as HLA-DR3,HLADR4,BW54, DQ-131-57-NON-ASP etal) Often accompany thyroid and gastric parietal cells organ specific antibody
医学课件：糖尿病(英文版)
医学课件：糖尿病(英文版) xx年xx月xx日CATALOGUE 目录•糖尿病简介•糖尿病的病因•糖尿病的诊断•糖尿病的治疗•糖尿病的并发症•糖尿病的预防01糖尿病简介Diabetes Mellitus一种慢性、代谢性疾病，由于体内胰岛素绝对或相对不足，导致血糖过高，尿糖排出增加。
发病机制胰岛素抵抗、胰岛素分泌不足、葡萄糖利用障碍糖尿病的定义Type 1 diabetes胰岛素依赖型，由于自身免疫或不明原因导致胰岛素分泌不足。
Type 2 diabetes非胰岛素依赖型，由于生活方式、环境因素导致胰岛素抵抗或分泌不足。
糖尿病的分类糖尿病的症状高血糖、高血脂、高血压多尿、多饮、多食、体重减轻神经病变、心脑血管病变、糖尿病足等视力模糊、伤口愈合缓慢02糖尿病的病因遗传因素类型1糖尿病是一种自身免疫性疾病，受遗传因素的影响，易感人群在病毒感染、化学物质等多种因素的作用下，诱发机体免疫反应，导致胰岛细胞的损伤和破坏。
环境因素环境因素在类型1糖尿病的发病中也起到重要作用，如病毒感染、化学物质等。
类型1糖尿病的病因类型2糖尿病的发生与遗传有关，家族中有患病史的人群患病风险较高。
遗传因素环境因素是类型2糖尿病发病的重要诱因，主要包括缺乏运动、饮食不合理、肥胖、吸烟、饮酒等。
环境因素类型2糖尿病的病因遗传因素妊娠期糖尿病与遗传有关，家族中有糖尿病史的女性患病风险较高。
环境因素妊娠期糖尿病的发生还与多种环境因素有关，如孕期饮食不合理、缺乏运动、肥胖、妊娠期年龄过大等。
妊娠期糖尿病的病因03糖尿病的诊断针对高危人群，如家族遗传史、肥胖、高血压、血脂异常等，应定期进行糖尿病筛查。
糖尿病的筛查常规筛查出现多饮、多尿、多食和不明原因的体重减轻等典型症状，应尽早就医，接受糖尿病筛查。
临床筛查针对妊娠期、老年人、有慢性肾脏疾病或心血管疾病史等特定人群，应根据医生建议进行筛查。
特殊筛查空腹血糖空腹血糖≥7.0 mmol/L，或OGTT试验2小时血糖≥11.1 mmol/L，或随机血糖≥11.1mmol/L，同时伴有典型症状，即可诊断为糖尿病。
英文介绍糖尿病
英文介绍糖尿病Diabetes is a chronic medical condition that affects how your body turns food into energy. There are two main types of diabetes: type 1 and type 2. In type 1 diabetes, the body does not produce insulin, a hormone necessary for regulating blood sugar levels. This type of diabetes is usually diagnosed in children and young adults, and it requires lifelong insulin therapy. Type 2 diabetes, on the other hand, occurs when the body becomes resistant to insulin or does not produce enough insulin. This type of diabetes is more common in adults and is often linked to lifestyle factors such as obesity and lack of physical activity.One of the key symptoms of diabetes is high blood sugar levels, which can lead to a range of complications if not properly managed. These complications can include heart disease, stroke, kidney disease, nerve damage, and vision problems. It is important for individuals with diabetes to monitor their blood sugar levels regularly and follow atreatment plan prescribed by their healthcare provider. This may include taking medication, following a healthy diet, exercising regularly, and monitoring blood sugar levels.Diabetes management also involves making lifestyle changes to help control blood sugar levels and prevent complications. This can include maintaining a healthy weight, eating a balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains, and getting regular physical activity. It is also important to avoid smoking and limit alcohol consumption, as these habits can worsen diabetes symptoms and increase the risk of complications. Additionally, individuals with diabetes should work closely with their healthcare team to develop a personalized treatment plan that meets their needs and helps them achieve their health goals.In addition to lifestyle changes, individuals with diabetes may also need to take medication to help manage their condition. This can include insulin injections, oral medications, or other treatments to help control bloodsugar levels. It is important for individuals with diabetes to take their medication as prescribed and to monitor their blood sugar levels regularly to ensure that their condition is well-managed. In some cases, individuals with diabetes may also need to use devices such as insulin pumps or continuous glucose monitors to help monitor and control their blood sugar levels.Overall, diabetes is a complex and chronic condition that requires ongoing management and care. By making lifestyle changes, following a treatment plan, and working closely with healthcare providers, individuals with diabetes can effectively manage their condition and reduce the risk of complications. It is important for individuals with diabetes to stay informed about their condition, seek support from healthcare providers and loved ones, and take an active role in their own health to live a full and healthy life with diabetes.。
英文糖尿病病因症状及对症
NO.2
Cause
It results from the pancreas's failure to produce enough insulin.
Type 1 Diabetes
"other specific types"
Type 2 Diabetes
a collection of a few
to insulin properly.
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NO.3
Symptoms
The classic symptoms of untreated diabetes are weight loss, increased urination, increased thirst, and increased hunger. Symptoms may develop rapidly (weeks or months) in type 1 Diabetes, while they usually develop much more slowly and may be subtle or absent in type 2 Diabetes.
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NO.4 Treatments
1.Healthy lifestyle：maintain a healthy diet, regular physical exercise, a normal body weight, and avoid the use of tobacco
2. Medications：Medications are used to lower the patients’ levels of blood sugar.
NO.1
糖尿病全英文课件(医学课件)
遗传易感性、环境因素（如饮食、缺乏运动等）导致胰岛素抵抗和分泌不足。
发病机制
临床表现
多饮、多尿、多食、体重减轻等典型症状。长期高血糖可引起视物模糊、肾病、神经病变、心血管疾病等。
诊断标准
空腹血糖≥7.0 mmol/L，或餐后2小时血糖≥11.1 mmol/L，或随机血糖≥11.1 mmol/L，同时伴有尿糖阳性。
提高公众对糖尿病的认识和重视程度，促进早期筛查和预防。
THANK YOU.
谢谢您的观看
糖尿病患者应积极参与健康管理，掌握自身病情进展情况，及时调整治疗方案。
05
糖尿病患者教育及心理疏导
患者教育的内容
了解糖尿病的病因、诊断、治疗方法、并发症的预防等知识，培养患者健康的生活方式。
患者教育的目标
提高患者对于糖尿病的认识，培养患者自我管理能力，提高生活质量。
患者教育的形式
包括集体授课、小组讨论、案例分析、示范教育等。
临床表现与诊断标准
02
糖尿病的危害与并发症
急性并发症
Hyperglycemia
高血糖，可能导致脱水、电解质失衡、肾功能受损
Hypoglycemia
低血糖，可能导致脑损伤、昏迷、甚至死亡
Ketoacidosis
酮症酸中毒，一种严重的代谢紊乱，导致脱水、电解质失衡、酸中毒
01
02
03
慢性并发症
三级预防
强化治疗
糖尿病患者应积极参与健康管理，包括定期检查、合理饮食、适当运动等，以维持身体健康。
健康管理
糖尿病是一种慢性疾病，对患者心理和生活质量都有一定影响，因此应给予患者必要的心理支持和帮助。
心理支持
健康管理的重要性
糖尿病diabetesmellitusDM
• 胰岛素(分泌)缺陷：
•
对血糖变化不能作出灵敏分
泌反应。
➢ 第一时相 反应减弱、消失
➢ 第二时相 分泌延缓 • 第一阶段：相对不足。
• 分泌量可为正常或高于正常 ，但对高血糖而言仍为不足 。
• 第二阶段：绝对不足。
• 分泌量低于正常，由部分代 偿转为失代偿状态
2021/1/24
胰 岛 素 分 泌 （ 纵 坐 标 ） 基值
高葡萄糖水平 第1相
第2相
0～5 分钟 时间
➢ 糖尿病概述 ➢ 糖尿病分类 ➢ 病因和发病机制 ➢ 病理解剖病理生理 ➢ 临床表现及并发症 ➢ 实验室及其他检查 ➢ 诊断与鉴别诊断 ➢ 治疗
2021/1/24
病理生理
• 肝、肌肉和脂肪组织对糖利用减少
•
高血糖
• 肝糖原合成↓分解↑ 糖异生↑
• 脂肪合成减少——脂肪酸和甘油三酯增多
糖尿病diabetesmellitusDM
➢ 糖尿病概述 ➢ 糖尿病分类 ➢ 病因和发病机制 ➢ 病理解剖病理生理 ➢ 临床表现及并发症 ➢ 实验室及其他检查 ➢ 诊断与鉴别诊断 ➢ 治疗
2021/1/24
•糖尿病定义：是由多种病因引起以慢性高血糖为特征的 代谢紊乱。
高血糖 是胰岛素分泌的缺陷或/和其生物效应降低（胰岛素抵抗 ）所致。 慢性高血糖将导致多种组织，特别是眼、肾脏、神经、心血管的 长期损伤、功能缺陷和衰竭 显著高血糖的症状：多尿、多饮、多食及体重减轻
临床表现
• 一、三多一少——代谢紊乱综合症
•
许多无症状,体检发现(约2/3)
•
多尿、多饮、多食、消瘦
•
血糖增高( >160mg/dl)→尿糖阳性→渗透性
•