法学论文外文翻译
附录
Revolution of Chinese Occupational Health Legal Protection Mechanisms Based on the Concept of Innovation
Jinke Tan
East China University of Political Science and Law, Shanghai, China 201620 Keywords: Workers, Occupational Health, Occupational Safety
Abstract. Occupational Health Act hermeneutics development affects its law policy design direction. Therefore, the law of Chinese worker occupational health protection needs to be wary of some cognitive bias and its potential directional bias. It is imperati ve to abandon the “unitary view”with which people take occupational health protection equivalent to the skeletal muscle and other health protection; and “big occupational safety concept” which focuses on occupational safety but ignore occupational health a nd “occupational disease-oriented view” which narrows the occupational health governance as a statutory occupational disease prevention, reducing the risk management objects; toward “triadic” occupational health protection which are social well-adapted on the aspects of occupational physical health, mental health and occupation; to unify the Occupational Safety and Health Occupational Health and Safety legislation to promote good governance synergies; and establish the concept of occupational health risk management, strengthen early warning and prevention and the priority of control, and come into the whole process of comprehensive occupational health and disaster management.
Legal protection concept adaptation based on new cognition of occupational health By the definition of occupational health and management of related concepts connotation,occupational health concept has been clear: occupational health of workers is a complete body physiology, steady and good mental state and social well-adapted stable state. Occupational Health has the following characteristics: it includes the physical, psychological and social aspects; it is dynamic, along with the development of social development; occupational Health and occupational Safety are dialectical unity, and occupational health protection is risk-oriented, rather than confined to statutory occupational disease. This understanding is corresponding to the inherent nature of occupational health compliance requirements, leading the legal protection of occupational health and adaptation.
1 Protection from physical health to “physical, psychological and social adaptation good”three-dimensional health protection With economic globalization, increasing competition, rapid technological innovation, China labor environment has undergone major changes. Workers face more physical, psychological and social risks and hazards, and new occupational injuries continuously emerge, so the traditional occupational Health Act has been difficult to adapt to the real needs. Therefore, the future occupational safety law should go beyond the traditional emphasis on security to protect the health of the shackles, and promote physical health, mental health, and social adaptability:
To establish the concept of the work environment right. Working environment right does not just refer to the health of workers rights protection, also includes a workplace mental health and social adaptability good protection,
in order to achieve the highest standards of health and comfort of the psychological environment for legislative purposes, which is a new realm of the development of occupational health protection. Sweden has modified the previous workers protection law into worker environment rights law, Norway also specially formulated workplace rights law. Infrastructure development of occupational health and safety law should move towards “physical - social –psychological” protection, focusing on the protection of the work environment right.
Legislation establishment of “physical - social –p sychological” occupational health protection mode. In the future, we need to modify the definition of occupational diseases in the second article of “Occupational Disease Prevention Law”, whose causative factors are no longer confined to the dust, radiation, toxic substances and other harmful substances, but also include social pressure and other risk factors. Secondly, it is recommended that workers’ mental illness due to work stress should be included in the List of Occupational Diseases within the scope of compensation into the work injury insurance, and the most important and urgent is the need to include post-traumatic stress disorder (as mentioned in the case of two diseases ) and depression after injury. In this way,we can beyond the traditional limitations of physical health protection, emphasize the overall health and safety of the working environment and reduce occupational injury risk, thus achieving the goal of health promotion.
Improve the specific implementation mechanisms. We need to strengthen labor inspection regulations, mental health assessment, risk communication psychology, psychological counseling and other content right (force) obligation mechanism, clear the responsibility attribution and reporting time of
specification of occupational injuries, and actively implement duty and obligation of the employing unit labor psychological occupational health, self-protection management and security education and training aspects, and carry out a plan to promote planned, positive, persistent workplace mental health promotion programs to prevent and control mental illness. Secondly, we must pay attention to the rehabilitation of injured workers reconstruction, not only to promote the rehabilitation of workers with mental illness, but also stress the social rehabilitation and vocational rehabilitation. Through the establishment of vocational rehabilitation assessment and accountability,not only make the injured worker get timely and effective treatment, but also protect the workers to have the institutional support to want to re-employment or to maintain existing job or return to work to overcome old related disorders support to ensure their adaptation in social life.
2 From heavy Occupational Safety and light Occupational Health to systematize and good governance
Latent, occult and complexity of Occupational health risks decide the professional of occupational health protection, while the Occupational Safety and Health have a close link, we need to emphasize systematize and good governance. Currently the legal protection of occupational health system with Occupational Disease Prevention Law as the core and the Occupational Safety and legal protection system with “Production Safety Law” as the core architecture the dividing and conquering situation of the Chinese occupational health and occupational safety. In the specific regulation, because China occupational health regulatory mechanisms has experienced the labor department responsibility system in the early founding period of this country,
the health health administrative department system in 1998, the health sector and production safety supervision department “cohabitation” system in 2003, and the newly revised “Occupational Disease Prevention Law” which takes the production sector regulatory regime in 2011. Through many of the shifting alliances, it has formed a production safety supervision and management departments, health administrative departments of labor and social security administrative departments at the core of“concerted efforts” but the “bulls dispersed” situation.
Therefore, there are serious “fragmentation” governance orientation in the occupational health protection on the internal mechanisms of occupational safety and occupational health and protection of the relationship: (1) institutional fragmentation: legal protection of occupational health hazards institutional design is lack of coordination, and even have conflicts and contradictory, such as too much emphasis on complement compensation (pay) and neglect prevention and break institutional balance; (2) regulatory powers and resource allocation fragmentation: for example, the safety supervision departments have no professional independent department to undertake occupational health, and health department has no enforcement authority, and various regulatory bodies manage are segmentation and lack coordination; (3) the fragmentation of the system during operation:occupational health protection processes are broken, rigid, heavy compensation (pay) and light prevention and rehabilitation, the process of mutual is segmented and so forth.
In order to achieve the purpose of protection of occupational health, we must recognize the relationship between occupational safety and occupational health rightly. As the futurist AlvinToffler said, “To re-integrate the right big
ideas, as well as on the general theory of the fractional part into the overall return.” “Faced with occupational health management with the global issues,”you first need to emphasize the dialectical unity of occupatio nal health and occupational safety systems, break the current legislation of both decentralized, functional partitioning, regulatory discrete situation, and formulate a unified “Occupational Health and Safety Act” to integrate the existing “occupational Disease Prevention Law” and “production Safety Law”. Second, we should improve the integration of occupational safety and health regulatory model, and establish a relatively independent occupational health sub-supervision and law enforcement agencies, and the lead in establishing occupational health sector regulation coordination mechanisms to promote occupational health and safety protection for joint development.
3 A whole process of governance from a passive response to prevention and control of priority
Occupational health protection risk-oriented philosophy requires the awareness of the risks of new occupational hazards, analyze and evaluate and put them into control objects. On the other hand, it is no longer limited to the statutory occupational pr otection, “making the workplace healthier eyes of governance move from risk attributes of the work itself to a variety of risk factors associated with workplace.” A full range of occupational health hazards governance model is not only adopted for traditional occupational diseases, but also for multistory diseases and the “work-related disease”and other general risk prevention, such as emerging technologies product Nan particle materials.
Ideal regulatory mechanisms need to prevent and control occupational health management from the source to the early prevention and control in the
process of labor protection, manage occupational hazards consequence, to clear responsibility in the formation of occupational therapy rehabilitation, and manage the integration powerfully, seamless regulation (see below figure), but China occupational health prevention and control regulatory mechanisms is still far to reach this goal. Although many scholars proposed to improvement suggestions about occupational health supervision dispersed, overlapping functions, un-standardized regulatory agencies settings, the lack of definitive measures, but in context of the continuous occupational health disaster, this“government regulation dependence” reform path does not eradicate the dilemma of occupational health protection.
Occupational health laws should govern toward a mode of government regulation guidance, market coordination and the main power: optimal allocation of government supervision and monitoring of the management of rights, to mobilize the enthusiasm of the employer initiative,enrich and strengthen the rights of workers’ occupational health, the formation of “internal controls” and “external monitor” interactive coordination of occupational health promotion approach.
This requires: the first is to form system “cooperation”: including occupational health hazard reporting, evaluation system; “three simultaneous” system; occupational hazards assessment system; standardization system; occupational health surveillance system; education and training system; prevention and control of industrial injury insurance system, etc. institutional system. The second is to improve the implementation of the safeguard mechanism: It is necessary to take the health administration department of the core regulatory body, other departments cooperate to improve the supervision
and coordination mechanism, to adopt a linkage, consolidated supervision model. In the Central, the Minister of Health and the State Administration of Work Safety Secretary can be regarded as convener, and in the local co-ordination by all levels of government, the Secretary of Health and Safety Authority Secretary can be regarded as the convener, making formation of normalization and legalization of“responsible government, departmental interaction” regulatory coordination mechanisms. Followed,we should arise the employer’s positive initiative, propose system of the difference between rates of injury insurance mechanism for the prevention and control of occupational health hazards good performance the employer had a lower rate, and vice versa, then high; meanwhile, we should sound the participation in monitoring occupational health rights obligations and responsibilities of institutional arrangements of industry associations, occupational health service organizations, trade unions, community, labor, social media and other social subjects, with the procedural rules of science to promote the participation of social regulation system technology. Moreover, we should enrich and strengthen the rights of workers in occupational health, refine and strengthen the realization of the right path, such as rules to refuse dangerous work as specified safeguards, and clearly define employers and workers occupational health consultation procedures.
References
[1]Wencong Qiu. Talks on Rational Governance Paradigm Shift from the Workers Compensation System for Occupational Hazards Identified. Taiwan technology development and legal norms Biennial, 2008: pp.101.
[2]WHO Expert Committee, Identification and Control of Work-related Disease, WHO Technical Report Series, No. 714, 1985, p.13.
[3]Yueqin Huang. International Comparison of Worker Safety and Health Research - Work Environment Right exploration. Taiwan "Executive Yuan department worker safety and health institute": 1993(93-94).
[4]Jigang Chen. The International Occupational Health Management System Architecture and Development Trend. Environmental and Occupational Medicine, 2006(6): pp. 537.
[5]Wencong Qiu. Talks on Rational Governance Paradigm Shift from the Workers Compensation System for Occupational Hazards Identified. Taiwan technology development and legal norms Biennial, 2008: pp.105.
[6]Di Xie & Qin He. Occupational Safety and Regulation Issues: Based on the Law and Economics Perspective. Economist: 2008(2), pp. 47, 48.
[7]Occupational Disease Prevention Law revised at the end of December 2011.
基于创新理念的中国职业卫生法律保护机制革命
谭金科
华东政法大学，上海，中国
摘要：职业卫生法解释学的发展影响其法律政策设计方向。因此，中国工人的职业健康保护的法律需要警惕一些认知偏差及其潜在的定向偏差。这是放弃“整体观”与人们所采取的职业卫生防护相当于骨骼肌和其他健康保护势在必行；和“大安全观”侧重于职业安全而忽视职业卫生与职业病观”缩小了职业健康治理作为一种法定职业病的预防，减少风险管理的目标；对“三位一体”的职业卫生防护，对职业健康方面的社会适应良好，心理健康和职业；统一的职业安全卫生和职业健康促进良好治理的协同安全立法；建立职业健康风险管理理念，加强预警和预防控制优先，进入全过程的综合性职业卫生和灾害管理。
关键词：工人，职业卫生，职业安全
法律保护的概念适应基于职业健康的新认识通过对相关概念的内涵和职业健康管理的定义，职业健康概念已经明确：工人的职业健康是一个完整的人体生理，稳定和良好的心理状态和社会适应良好稳定的状态。职业健康具有以下特点：它包括身体，心理和社会方面的；它是动态的，随着社会的发展；职业卫生与职业安全和职业健康保护的辩证统一，是以风险为导向的，而不是局限于法定职业病。这种理解是对应于职业健康法规要求的内在本质，领先的职业健康和适应的法律保护。
1从身体健康保护身体，心理适应良好的“三维健康保护和社会”
随着经济全球化，竞争日益激烈，技术的快速革新，中国的劳动环境发生了重大变化。工人面临更多的身体，心理和社会的风险和危害，以及新的职业伤害的不断出现，使得传统的职业卫生法已难以适应现实的需要。
因此，未来的职业安全法律应该超越传统安全的重点保护的束缚的健康，促进身体健康，心理健康，社会适应性：
树立正确的工作环境。工作环境权不只是指劳动者权益保护的健康，还包括心理健康和社会适应良好的工作场所的保护，以实现对立法目的的心理环境的健康和舒适的最高标准，这是一个新的职业健康保护的发展领域。瑞典已经修改了以前的工人保护法在工作环境权利的法律，挪威还专门制定了工作权利法。职业健康和安全法基础设施的发展应该朝着“体育社会–心理”的保护，注重工作环境权的保护。
“体育社会–心理“职业健康保护模式的立法构建。在未来，我们需要在“职业病防治法》第二条修改职业病的定义，其致病因素也不再局限于灰尘，辐射，有毒物质和其他有害物质，还包括社会压力和其他风险因素。其次，建议职工心理疾病由于工作压力应列入职业病名单范围内赔偿纳入工伤保险，以及最重要的，迫切的是需要包括创伤后应激障碍（在两种疾病的案例所提到的）和抑郁伤后。这样，我们可以超越身体健康保护的传统局限，强调整体的健康和工作环境的安全性和减少职业伤害风险，从而达到促进健康的目的。
完善具体的实施机制。我们需要加强劳动监察法规，心理健康评估，风险沟通心理学，心理咨询等内容的权利（力）的责任机制，明确责任归属和报告职业伤害的规范，积极推行用人单位劳动心理职业健康的责任和义务，保护管理和安全教育培训方面，并开展计划的推进计划，积极的，持续的职场心理健康促进预防和控制精神疾病。其次，我们必须重视工伤职工的康复重建，不仅促进精神疾病患者康复工作者，但也强调社会康复和职业康复。通过职业康复评估和问责制的建立，不仅使受伤人员得到及时有效的治疗，同时也保护工人要想重新就业或保持现有的工作或返回工作岗位，克服旧的相关疾病的支持来确保他们在适应社会生活的制度支持。
2从繁重的职业安全和职业健康体系的光和良好治理
潜在的，职业健康风险隐匿性和复杂性决定了职业卫生防护专业，而职业安全与健康有着密切的联系，我们需要强调系统化和良好治理。目前的法律保护，职业卫生与职业病防治法律体系为核心的职业安全的法律保护体系，“安全生产法”为核心架构的分治局面的中国职业健康和职业安全。在具体的监管，因为中国的职业卫生监管机制经历了劳工部的责任制在这个国家的初期，1998的卫生行政部门，卫生部门和2003安全生产监督部门“同居”系统，和新修订的《职业病防治法》以生产部门的监管体制2011。通过移动联盟，形成了安全生产监督管理部门，卫生行政部门、劳动和社会保障行政部门为核心的“共同努力”，但“牛散”的局面。
因此，存在严重的“碎片化”治理导向的职业健康保护的关系对职业安全和职业健康保护的内在机制：（1）制度碎片化：职业健康危害的制度设计的法律保护是缺乏协调，甚至有冲突和矛盾，如补充赔偿太多重点（付出）而疏于防范，打破制度平衡；（2）监管权力和资源分配的碎片：例如，安全监督部门没有专业独立的部门进行职业卫生，卫生部门没有执法权，与各监管机构管理分割、缺乏协调；（3）术中系统碎片化：职业卫生保护过程是破碎的，刚性的，沉重的薪酬（工资）、轻预防和康复的过程中，相互的我分割的等等。
为了实现职业健康保护的目的，我们必须认识到职业安全和职业健康的关系正确。作为未来alvintoffler说，“重新整合合适的大创意，以及对一般理论的小数部分为整体回报。”面对全球问题的职业健康管理，你首先需要强调职业健康和职业安全系统的辩证统一，打破分散目前，功能划分的立法，监管离散情况，并制定了统一的“职业健康和安全法”，整合现有的《职业病防治法》和《安全生产法》。其次，我们应该提高职业安全与健康管理模式的整合，建立一个相对独立的职业健康监督子和执法机构，并建
立职业卫生部门监管协调机制，促进共同发展的职业健康和安全保护的领导。
3全过程治理的预防和控制的优先权的被动响应
职业卫生防护风险导向理念需要新的职业危害风险意识，分析和评估并控制对象。另一方面，它不再局限于法定的劳动保护，“从工作本身的风险属性，各种与工作场所的危险因素使工作场所的健康眼睛的治理举措。”全方位的职业健康危害治理模式不仅采用传统的职业病，而且多层的疾病和“职业病”和其他一般风险防范，如新兴技术产品南颗粒材料。
理想的监管机制需要预防和控制职业健康管理，从源头上预防和早期控制在劳动保护的过程中，管理职业危害后果，明确在职业康复治疗的形成和管理责任，整合有力，无缝监管，但中国职业卫生的预防和控制监管机制还远未达到这个目标。虽然很多学者提出了改进建议的职业卫生监督管理分散，职能交叉，监管机构设置不规范，缺乏明确的措施，但在连续职业健康灾难的背景下，这种“政府规制改革路径依赖”没有根除职业健康保护的困境。
职业卫生法律应该控制向政府监管指导模式，市场协调的主要力量：政府监管的最优配置和权利的管理监控，调动业主的主动性积极性，丰富和加强对劳动者的职业健康权利，形成“内部控制”和“外部监控“互动协调职业健康促进的方法。
这就要求：第一是形成系统的“合作”：包括职业健康危害的报告，评价体系；“三同时”制度；职业危害评价体系；标准体系；职业健康监护制度；教育培训制度；预防和工伤保险制度等制度体系的控制。二是提高实施的保障机制：要以核心监管机构的卫生行政部门，其他部门合作，完善监管协调机制，采取联动，综合监管模式。在中央，而健康和国家安全生产管理局局长部长可以作为召集人，并在当地协调各级政府，卫生与安
全管理局局长可以作为召集人的秘书，使正常化和“负责任的政府合法化的形成，部门联动”的监管协调机制。其次，我们应当引起雇主的积极主动性，提出系统的差异率工伤保险机制对于预防和控制职业病危害性能好的雇主有一个较低的利率，反之亦然，那么高；同时，要健全职业卫生监测的权利、义务和行业协会制度安排责任的参与，职业卫生服务机构，社区，工会，劳动，社会媒体和其他社会学科，随着科学的程序规则，促进社会调控系统技术的参与。此外，我们应该充实和加强职业卫生工作者的权利，完善和加强对权利的实现路径，如规则拒绝危险的指定工作保障，明确用人单位和劳动者职业健康咨询程序。
参考文献
[1]邱文聪.在合理的治理模式的转变从工伤补偿制度,职业病危害因素确定会谈-台湾科技发展与法律规范双年展[C],台湾:2008
[2]世卫组织专家委员会的鉴定与工作有关的疾病的控制,世界卫生组织技术报告系列[C]，714号,1985年,第13页。
[3]黄月琴.工人的安全和健康的工作环境权研究——探索国际比较[R].台湾:行政院部门工人的安全与健康研究所,1993（93-94）。
[4]陈济刚.国际职业健康管理体系架构和发展趋势[J].环境与职业医学,2006,（6）:537
[5]邱文聪.在合理的治理模式的转变从工伤补偿制度,职业病危害因素确定会谈-台湾科技发展与法律规范的双年展[C],台湾:2008
[6]谢帝,贺秦.职业安全规制问题:基于法经济学的视角[J].经济学人,2008,（2）:47-48
[7]《职业病防治法》2011十二月修订版
原文出处：谭金科.基于创新理念的中国职业卫生法律保护机制革命[C].第
三届教育与教育管理国际会议论文集.台湾:2013
毕业论文外文翻译模版
吉林化工学院理学院 毕业论文外文翻译English Title（Times New Roman ，三号） 学生学号：08810219 学生姓名：袁庚文 专业班级：信息与计算科学0802 指导教师：赵瑛 职称副教授 起止日期：2012.2.27～2012.3.14 吉林化工学院 Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology
1 外文翻译的基本内容 应选择与本课题密切相关的外文文献（学术期刊网上的），译成中文，与原文装订在一起并独立成册。在毕业答辩前，同论文一起上交。译文字数不应少于3000个汉字。 2 书写规范 2.1 外文翻译的正文格式 正文版心设置为：上边距：3.5厘米，下边距：2.5厘米，左边距：3.5厘米，右边距：2厘米，页眉：2.5厘米，页脚：2厘米。 中文部分正文选用模板中的样式所定义的“正文”，每段落首行缩进2字；或者手动设置成每段落首行缩进2字，字体：宋体，字号：小四，行距：多倍行距1.3，间距：前段、后段均为0行。 这部分工作模板中已经自动设置为缺省值。 2.2标题格式 特别注意：各级标题的具体形式可参照外文原文确定。 1．第一级标题（如：第1章绪论）选用模板中的样式所定义的“标题1”，居左；或者手动设置成字体：黑体，居左，字号：三号，1.5倍行距，段后11磅，段前为11磅。 2．第二级标题（如：1.2 摘要与关键词）选用模板中的样式所定义的“标题2”，居左；或者手动设置成字体：黑体，居左，字号：四号，1.5倍行距，段后为0，段前0.5行。 3．第三级标题（如：1.2.1 摘要）选用模板中的样式所定义的“标题3”，居左；或者手动设置成字体：黑体，居左，字号：小四，1.5倍行距，段后为0，段前0.5行。 标题和后面文字之间空一格（半角）。 3 图表及公式等的格式说明 图表、公式、参考文献等的格式详见《吉林化工学院本科学生毕业设计说明书（论文）撰写规范及标准模版》中相关的说明。
概率论毕业论文外文翻译
Statistical hypothesis testing Adriana Albu，Loredana Ungureanu Politehnica University Timisoara,adrianaa@aut.utt.ro Politehnica University Timisoara,loredanau@aut.utt.ro Abstract In this article,we present a Bayesian statistical hypothesis testing inspection, testing theory and the process Mentioned hypothesis testing in the real world and the importance of, and successful test of the Notes. Key words Bayesian hypothesis testing; Bayesian inference;Test of significance Introduction A statistical hypothesis test is a method of making decisions using data, whether from a controlled experiment or an observational study (not controlled). In statistics, a result is called statistically significant if it is unlikely to have occurred by chance alone, according to a pre-determined threshold probability, the significance level. The phrase "test of significance" was coined by Ronald Fisher: "Critical tests of this kind may be called tests of significance, and when such tests are available we may discover whether a second sample is or is not significantly different from the first."[1] Hypothesis testing is sometimes called confirmatory data analysis, in contrast to exploratory data analysis. In frequency probability,these decisions are almost always made using null-hypothesis tests. These are tests that answer the question Assuming that the null hypothesis is true, what is the probability of observing a value for the test statistic that is at [] least as extreme as the value that was actually observed?) 2 More formally, they represent answers to the question, posed before undertaking an experiment,of what outcomes of the experiment would lead to rejection of the null hypothesis for a pre-specified probability of an incorrect rejection. One use of hypothesis testing is deciding whether experimental results contain enough information to cast doubt on conventional wisdom. Statistical hypothesis testing is a key technique of frequentist statistical inference. The Bayesian approach to hypothesis testing is to base rejection of the hypothesis on the posterior probability.[3][4]Other approaches to reaching a decision based on data are available via decision theory and optimal decisions. The critical region of a hypothesis test is the set of all outcomes which cause the null hypothesis to be rejected in favor of the alternative hypothesis. The critical region is usually denoted by the letter C. One-sample tests are appropriate when a sample is being compared to the population from a hypothesis. The population characteristics are known from theory or are calculated from the population.
毕业论文英文参考文献与译文
Inventory management Inventory Control On the so-called "inventory control", many people will interpret it as a "storage management", which is actually a big distortion. The traditional narrow view, mainly for warehouse inventory control of materials for inventory, data processing, storage, distribution, etc., through the implementation of anti-corrosion, temperature and humidity control means, to make the custody of the physical inventory to maintain optimum purposes. This is just a form of inventory control, or can be defined as the physical inventory control. How, then, from a broad perspective to understand inventory control? Inventory control should be related to the company's financial and operational objectives, in particular operating cash flow by optimizing the entire demand and supply chain management processes (DSCM), a reasonable set of ERP control strategy, and supported by appropriate information processing tools, tools to achieved in ensuring the timely delivery of the premise, as far as possible to reduce inventory levels, reducing inventory and obsolescence, the risk of devaluation. In this sense, the physical inventory control to achieve financial goals is just a means to control the entire inventory or just a necessary part; from the perspective of organizational functions, physical inventory control, warehouse management is mainly the responsibility of The broad inventory control is the demand and supply chain management, and the whole company's responsibility. Why until now many people's understanding of inventory control, limited physical inventory control? The following two reasons can not be ignored: First, our enterprises do not attach importance to inventory control. Especially those who benefit relatively good business, as long as there is money on the few people to consider the problem of inventory turnover. Inventory control is simply interpreted as warehouse management, unless the time to spend money, it may have been to see the inventory problem, and see the results are often very simple procurement to buy more, or did not do warehouse departments . Second, ERP misleading. Invoicing software is simple audacity to call it ERP, companies on their so-called ERP can reduce the number of inventory, inventory control, seems to rely on their small software can get. Even as SAP, BAAN ERP world, the field of
论文外文翻译
Analysis of the role of complaint management in the context of relationship marketing Author: Leticia Su′arez ′Alvarez, University of Oviedo, Spain Abstract This research aims to contribute to the relationship-marketing strategy by studying the role of complaint management in long-term relationships. Two factors distinguish it from other studies: it takes into account two types of customers, consumers and firms, and the result variable selected is the probability of ending an ongoing relationship. Two questionnaires were designed for every population. One of them was auto-administrated to a sample of consumers in the north of Spain, and the other one was sent to a representative sample of Spanish firms. The data analyses were conducted using structural equation modeling. The findings confirm the importance that theory accords to the relationship-marketing strategy, and also provide evidence for the importance of complaint management. Thus having a good complaint-handling system and trained and motivated staff who are fully committed to the firm’s objectives are fundamental requisites for firms to be able to build a stable customer portfolio. Keywords complaint management; relationship marketing; relationship termination; trust; satisfaction Introduction Nowadays, the main task for tourism firms is undoubtedly to deliver superior value to customers. One way that these firms can achieve part of this value is by maintaining quality relationships with their customers. In fact, it is well known that managing these relationships is critical for achieving corporate success. Thus the general aim of the present research is to analyze the most important factors that contribute to relationship stabilization between tourism firms and their customers. This research canters on retail travel agencies. We chose this particular type of tourism firm for two reasons. First, competition between retail travel agencies is becoming much more intense, fundamentally due to the advent of the Internet as an alternative distribution channel for tourism services (Wang & Cheung, 2004). The second reason is the current phenomenon of disintermediation, or the tendency of some tourism service providers to contact the end-customer directly. Because of these two developments, retail travel agencies urgently need to develop a strategy that allows them to maintain a stable portfolio of customers over time if they are to remain in the market for the long term. In order to achieve the proposed objective, we set out a causal model that incorporates a number of factors that can condition the future of the relationships between travel agencies and their customers. Specifically, we chose two variables that
毕业论文 外文翻译#(精选.)
毕业论文（设计）外文翻译 题目：中国上市公司偏好股权融资：非制度性因素 系部名称：经济管理系专业班级:会计082班 学生姓名：任民学号： 200880444228 指导教师：冯银波教师职称:讲师 年月日
译文： 中国上市公司偏好股权融资：非制度性因素 国际商业管理杂志 2009.10 摘要：本文把重点集中于中国上市公司的融资活动，运用西方融资理论，从非制度性因素方面，如融资成本、企业资产类型和质量、盈利能力、行业因素、股权结构因素、财务管理水平和社会文化，分析了中国上市公司倾向于股权融资的原因，并得出结论，股权融资偏好是上市公司根据中国融资环境的一种合理的选择。最后，针对公司的股权融资偏好提出了一些简明的建议。 关键词：股权融资，非制度性因素，融资成本 一、前言 中国上市公司偏好于股权融资，根据中国证券报的数据显示，1997年上市公司在资本市场的融资金额为95.87亿美元，其中股票融资的比例是72.5％，，在1998年和1999年比例分别为72.6％和72.3％，另一方面，债券融资的比例分别是17.8％，24.9％和25.1％。在这三年，股票融资的比例，在比中国发达的资本市场中却在下跌。以美国为例，当美国企业需要的资金在资本市场上，于股权融资相比他们宁愿选择债券融资。统计数据显示，从1970年到1985年，美日企业债券融资占了境外融资的91.7％，比股权融资高很多。阎达五等发现，大约中国3/4的上市公司偏好于股权融资。许多研究的学者认为，上市公司按以下顺序进行外部融资：第一个是股票基金，第二个是可转换债券，三是短期债务，最后一个是长期负债。许多研究人员通常分析我国上市公司偏好股权是由于我们国家的经济改革所带来的制度性因素。他们认为，上市公司的融资活动违背了西方古典融资理论只是因为那些制度性原因。例如，优序融资理论认为，当企业需要资金时，他们首先应该转向内部资金（折旧和留存收益），然后再进行债权融资，最后的选择是股票融资。在这篇文章中，笔者认为，这是因为具体的金融环境激活了企业的这种偏好，并结合了非制度性因素和西方金融理论，尝试解释股权融资偏好的原因。
英语专业毕业论文翻译类论文
英语专业毕业论文翻译 类论文 Document number：NOCG-YUNOO-BUYTT-UU986-1986UT
毕业论文（设计）Title:The Application of the Iconicity to the Translation of Chinese Poetry 题目:象似性在中国诗歌翻译中的应用 学生姓名孔令霞 学号 BC09150201 指导教师祁晓菲助教 年级 2009级英语本科（翻译方向）二班 专业英语 系别外国语言文学系
黑龙江外国语学院本科生毕业论文（设计）任务书 摘要
索绪尔提出的语言符号任意性，近些年不断受到质疑，来自语言象似性的研究是最大的挑战。语言象似性理论是针对语言任意性理论提出来的，并在不断发展。象似性是当今认知语言学研究中的一个重要课题，是指语言符号的能指与所指之间的自然联系。本文以中国诗歌英译为例，探讨象似性在中国诗歌翻译中的应用，从以下几个部分阐述：（1）象似性的发展；（2）象似性的定义及分类；（3）中国诗歌翻译的标准；（4）象似性在中国诗歌翻译中的应用，主要从以下几个方面论述：声音象似、顺序象似、数量象似、对称象似方面。通过以上几个方面的探究，探讨了中国诗歌翻译中象似性原则的重大作用，在诗歌翻译过程中有助于得到“形神皆似”和“意美、音美、形美”的理想翻译效果。 关键词：象似性；诗歌；翻译
Abstract The arbitrariness theory of language signs proposed by Saussure is severely challenged by the study of language iconicity in recent years. The theory of iconicity is put forward in contrast to that of arbitrariness and has been developing gradually. Iconicity, which is an important subject in the research of cognitive linguistics, refers to a natural resemblance or analogy between the form of a sign and the object or concept. This thesis mainly discusses the application of the iconicity to the translation of Chinese poetry. The paper is better described from the following parts: (1) The development of the iconicity; (2) The definition and classification of the iconicity; (3) The standards of the translation to Chinese poetry; (4) The application of the iconicity to the translation of Chinese poetry, mainly discussed from the following aspects: sound iconicity, order iconicity, quantity iconicity, and symmetrical iconicity. Through in-depth discussion of the above aspects, this paper could come to the conclusion that the iconicity is very important in the translation of poetry. It is conductive to reach the ideal effect of “the similarity of form and spirit” and “the three beauties”. Key words: the iconicity; poetry; translation
论文外文翻译正文
Technique summary on the deformation monitoring towards the high side-slope of the diversion tunnel Abstract.This paper discusses in length the deformation monitoring towards the high side-slope of the diversion tunnel. The diversion tunnel lies on the left side of the dam. Its main task is to diverse the water so that the construction on the dam can be fulfilled successfully. On one hand, it tells us how to build the plane (two-dimensional) control network and how to conduct the horizontal displacement; on the other hand, it tells us how to set up the vertical control network and how to carry out the vertical displacement. Keywords:diversion tunnel, high side-slope, deformation monitoring, Horizontal displacement, vertical displacement 1 Introduction to the diversion tunnel The diversion tunnel and its related projects lies on the opposite side of the underground workplace, namely, the left bank of the Shuibuya Valley. Its natural slope is 255 meters high, consisting of soft rocks and hard rocks. The geological structure is so complicated. Specifically speaking, the slope contains two parts, with the above part hard and the below part soft; meanwhile, it also contains lots of fissures. To protect the worker’s safety during the construction period, it is quite necessary to carry out the rigorous monitoring towards the high side-slope. 2 Coordinate system (1)Beijing Geodetic Coordinate System, 1954; (2)Wusong Altitude system, 1956; (3)Gauss projection 3° Zone; (4)Central Meridian 111°. 3 Introdution to deformation of Structures When the structure is being constructed and in use, so many factors will cause five phenomena, such as: structure subsidence, structure displacement, structure oblique and structure fissure etc. These factors mainly include: the uneven geological component of the foundation, the difference of the physical attribute of the soil, the rigid deformation of the soil, the change in the underground water, the change of the atmospheric temperature, the self
大学毕业论文---软件专业外文文献中英文翻译
软件专业毕业论文外文文献中英文翻译 Object landscapes and lifetimes Tech nically, OOP is just about abstract data typing, in herita nee, and polymorphism, but other issues can be at least as importa nt. The rema in der of this sect ion will cover these issues. One of the most importa nt factors is the way objects are created and destroyed. Where is the data for an object and how is the lifetime of the object con trolled? There are differe nt philosophies at work here. C++ takes the approach that con trol of efficie ncy is the most importa nt issue, so it gives the programmer a choice. For maximum run-time speed, the storage and lifetime can be determined while the program is being written, by placing the objects on the stack (these are sometimes called automatic or scoped variables) or in the static storage area. This places a priority on the speed of storage allocatio n and release, and con trol of these can be very valuable in some situati ons. However, you sacrifice flexibility because you must know the exact qua ntity, lifetime, and type of objects while you're writing the program. If you are trying to solve a more general problem such as computer-aided desig n, warehouse man ageme nt, or air-traffic con trol, this is too restrictive. The sec ond approach is to create objects dyn amically in a pool of memory called the heap. In this approach, you don't know un til run-time how many objects you n eed, what their lifetime is, or what their exact type is. Those are determined at the spur of the moment while the program is runnin g. If you n eed a new object, you simply make it on the heap at the point that you n eed it. Because the storage is man aged dyn amically, at run-time, the amount of time required to allocate storage on the heap is sig ni fica ntly Ion ger tha n the time to create storage on the stack. (Creat ing storage on the stack is ofte n a si ngle assembly in structio n to move the stack poin ter dow n, and ano ther to move it back up.) The dyn amic approach makes the gen erally logical assumpti on that objects tend to be complicated, so the extra overhead of finding storage and releas ing that storage will not have an importa nt impact on the creati on of an object .In additi on, the greater flexibility is esse ntial to solve the gen eral program ming problem. Java uses the sec ond approach, exclusive". Every time you want to create an object, you use the new keyword to build a dyn amic in sta nee of that object. There's ano ther issue, however, and that's the lifetime of an object. With Ian guages that allow objects to be created on the stack, the compiler determines how long the object lasts and can automatically destroy it. However, if you create it on the heap the compiler has no kno wledge of its lifetime. In a Ianguage like C++, you must determine programmatically when to destroy the
毕业论文外文翻译模板
农村社会养老保险的现状、问题与对策研究社会保障对国家安定和经济发展具有重要作用，“城乡二元经济”现象日益凸现，农村社会保障问题客观上成为社会保障体系中极为重要的部分。建立和完善农村社会保障制度关系到农村乃至整个社会的经济发展，并且对我国和谐社会的构建至关重要。我国农村社会保障制度尚不完善，因此有必要加强对农村独立社会保障制度的构建，尤其对农村养老制度的改革，建立健全我国社会保障体系。从户籍制度上看，我国居民养老问题可分为城市居民养老和农村居民养老两部分。对于城市居民我国政府已有比较充足的政策与资金投人，使他们在物质和精神方面都能得到较好地照顾，基本实现了社会化养老。而农村居民的养老问题却日益突出，成为摆在我国政府面前的一个紧迫而又棘手的问题。 一、我国农村社会养老保险的现状 关于农村养老，许多地区还没有建立农村社会养老体系，已建立的地区也存在很多缺陷，运行中出现了很多问题，所以完善农村社会养老保险体系的必要性与紧迫性日益体现出来。 （一）人口老龄化加快 随着城市化步伐的加快和农村劳动力的输出，越来越多的农村青壮年人口进入城市，年龄结构出现“两头大，中间小”的局面。中国农村进入老龄社会的步伐日渐加快。第五次人口普查显示：中国65岁以上的人中农村为5938万，占老龄总人口的67.4%.在这种严峻的现实面前，农村社会养老保险的徘徊显得极其不协调。 （二）农村社会养老保险覆盖面太小 中国拥有世界上数量最多的老年人口，且大多在农村。据统计，未纳入社会保障的农村人口还很多，截止2000年底，全国7400多万农村居民参加了保险，占全部农村居民的11.18%，占成年农村居民的11.59%.另外，据国家统计局统计，我国进城务工者已从改革开放之初的不到200万人增加到2003年的1.14亿人。而基本方案中没有体现出对留在农村的农民和进城务工的农民给予区别对待。进城务工的农民既没被纳入到农村养老保险体系中，也没被纳入到城市养老保险体系中，处于法律保护的空白地带。所以很有必要考虑这个特殊群体的养老保险问题。
英语专业翻译类论文参考文献
参考文献 一、翻译理论与实践相关书目 谢天振主编. 《当代国外翻译理论导读》. 天津：南开大学出版社，2008. Jeremy Munday. 《翻译学导论——理论与实践》Introducing Translation Studies---Theories and Applications. 李德凤等译. 北京：商务印书馆，2007. 包惠南、包昂. 《中国文化与汉英翻译》. 北京：外文出版社, 2004. 包惠南. 《文化语境与语言翻译》. 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司. 2001. 毕继万. 《世界文化史故事大系——英国卷》. 上海：上海外语教育出版社, 2003. 蔡基刚. 《英汉汉英段落翻译与实践》. 上海：复旦大学出版社, 2001. 蔡基刚. 《英汉写作对比研究》. 上海：复旦大学出版社, 2001. 蔡基刚. 《英语写作与抽象名词表达》. 上海：复旦大学出版社, 2003. 曹雪芹、高鄂. 《红楼梦》. 陈定安. 《英汉比较与翻译》. 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司, 1991. 陈福康. 《中国译学理论史稿》（修订本）. 上海：上海外语教育出版社. 2000. 陈生保. 《英汉翻译津指》. 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司. 1998. 陈廷祐. 《英文汉译技巧》. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社. 2001. 陈望道. 《修辞学发凡》. 上海：上海教育出版社, 1979. 陈文伯. 《英汉翻译技法与练习》. 北京：世界知识出版社. 1998. 陈中绳、吴娟. 《英汉新词新义佳译》. 上海：上海翻译出版公司. 1990. 陈忠诚. 《词语翻译丛谈》. 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司, 1983. 程希岚. 《修辞学新编》. 吉林：吉林人民出版社, 1984. 程镇球. 《翻译论文集》. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社. 2002. 程镇球. 《翻译问题探索》. 北京：商务印书馆, 1980. 崔刚. 《广告英语》. 北京：北京理工大学出版社, 1993. 单其昌. 《汉英翻译技巧》. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社. 1990. 单其昌. 《汉英翻译讲评》. 北京：对外贸易教育出版社. 1989. 邓炎昌、刘润清. 《语言与文化——英汉语言文化对比》. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社, 1989. 丁树德. 《英汉汉英翻译教学综合指导》. 天津：天津大学出版社, 1996. 杜承南等，《中国当代翻译百论》. 重庆：重庆大学出版社, 1994. 《翻译通讯》编辑部. 《翻译研究论文集（1894-1948）》. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社. 1984. 《翻译通讯》编辑部. 《翻译研究论文集（1949-1983）》. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社. 1984. . 范勇主编. 《新编汉英翻译教程》. 天津：南开大学出版社. 2006. 方梦之、马秉义（编选）. 《汉译英实践与技巧》. 北京：旅游教育出版社. 1996. 方梦之. 《英语汉译实践与技巧》. 天津：天津科技翻译出版公司. 1994. 方梦之主编. 《译学辞典》. 上海：上海外语教育出版社. 2004. 冯翠华. 《英语修辞大全》，北京：外语教学与研究出版社, 1995. 冯庆华. 《文体与翻译》. 上海：上海外语教育出版社, 2002. 冯庆华主编. 《文体翻译论》. 上海：上海外语教育出版社. 2002. 冯胜利. 《汉语的韵律、词法与句法》. 北京：北京大学出版社, 1997. 冯志杰. 《汉英科技翻译指要》. 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司. 1998. 耿占春. 《隐喻》. 北京：东方出版社, 1993.