中国科学院研究生院博士研究生入学考试试题
中国科学院(中科院)考博历年试题汇总
中国科学院（中科院）考博历年试题汇总中科院发育遗传所2002生物化学（博士）注：请将试卷写在答题纸上；不用抄题，但要写请题号；草稿纸上答题无效。
一、名次解释：（20分）二、以动物细胞或植物细胞为例说明细胞中的膜结构及其功能。
（12分）三、在研究位置基因的功能时往往采用推定的该基因所编码的氨基酸序列与已知功能的蛋白质的氨基酸序列比较来推断，你认为这种比较应采用什么原则？为什么？（12分）四、真核基因在原核细胞中表达的蛋白质常常失去生物活性，为什么？举例说明。
（12分）五、简述信号肽的结构特点、功能和从蛋白质产物中切除的机理。
（12分）六、分子筛、离子交换和亲和层析是三种分离、醇化蛋白质的方法，你如何根据所要分离、纯化的蛋白质的性质选择使用。
（12分）七、酶联免疫吸附实验（ELISA）的基本原理是什么？如何用此方法检测样品中的抗原和抗体？（12分）八、某一个蛋白，SDS凝胶电泳表明其分子量位于16900于37100标准带之间，当用巯基乙醇和碘乙酸处理该蛋白后经SDS凝胶电泳分析仍得到一条带，但分子量接近标准带13370处，请推断此蛋白质的结构？为什么第二次用前要加碘乙酸？（8分）中科院发育遗传所2000-2001生物化学（博士）2000年博士研究生入学考试生物化学试题1．酶蛋白的构象决定了酶对底物的专一性，请描述并图示酶与底物相互关系的几种学说。
（20分）2．什么是DNA的半保留复制和半不连续复制？如何证明？真核细胞与原核细胞的DNA复制有何不同？（20分）3．概述可作为纯化依据的蛋白质性质及据此发展的方法。
（20分）4．简述酵解和发酵两个过程并说明两者的异同。
（15分）5．吃多了高蛋白食物为什么需要多喝水？（10分）6．在非极端环境的生物体中是否存在氰化物不敏感的呼吸作用？如果有，其可能的生物学意义是什么？（5分）以下两题中任选一题（10分）7．概述植物或微生物细胞感应（应答）环境刺激因子（如养分缺乏、热、冷、干旱、强光等）的可能的生物化学过程模式。
中国科学院长春应用化学研究所二ОО五年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试
中国科学院长春应用化学研究所二ОО五年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试<电化学与电分析化学试题>一、选择题(20分)1．法拉第定律与哪些因素有关？A.温度和压力;B.电极材料或溶剂性质;C. 电子转移数;D. 浓度。
2．电化学实验中，可选择三电极电池装置，这是为了A. 消除充电电流的影响;B.有效减少溶液iR降;C.提高方法的灵敏度;D.增加极化电压稳定性。
3．同样浓度的铅离子在水中的极限扩散电流比氯化钾介质中要大，这是因为存在A.充电电流;B. 迁移电流;C.残余电流；D. 扩散电流。
4．恒电势电解时，电流与时间的关系为i(t)=i0e-Kt，式中K与下列哪些因素无关？A.扩散系数D或扩散厚度δ;B. 电极面积A;C. 溶液体积V；D. 起始电势E。
5．硫酸溶液中汞电极上铜离子的氧化还原峰电势差为28mV, 在盐酸溶液中的氧化还原峰电势差为：A.0mV;B. 56mV;C. 28Mv;D. 14 mV。
6．由扩散控制的电化学交流阻抗图表现为A.一条直线;B. 半圆;C. 椭圆；D. 直线连接半圆。
7．关于离子选择电极，不正确的说法是A.不一定有内参比电极和内参比溶液;B. 不一定有晶体敏感膜;C. 不一定有离子穿过膜相;D. 只能用于正负离子的测定。
8．要使某一物质在阳极上氧化析出，电极反应能持续进行，阳极电势应A.保持恒定;B.比阳极析出电势正;C.比阳极析出电势负;D.等于阳极析出电势。
9．E代表电极表面上的电子传递，C代表均相化学反应，那么催化反应O+ne==R（电极反应）, R+Z→O+Y（化学反应。
其中Y, Z在O还原为R电势下为非电活性物质）属于A. CE反应;B. EC反应;C. ECE反应;D. EC反应的一种特殊类型。
10．当只有吸附的反应物和产物具有电化学活性时，对理想的能斯特Nernst 反应且反应物和产物吸附强度一样情况下，其氧化还原峰电势差为A. 0 mV;B. 56/n mV;C. 90.6/n mV；D. 28/n mV。
中国科学院博士学位研究生入学考试英语试题3.doc
中国科学院博士学位研究生入学考试英语试题（2002 年 3 月）PAPER ONEPART II STRUCTURE &VOCABULARY (15 points, 25 minutes)Section A (0.5 point each)Directions: Choose the word or words below each sentence that best complete the statement, and mark the corresponding letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.16.Knowing that the cruel criminal has done a lot of unlawful things, I feel sure that I have no but to report him to the local police.A.timeB. changeC. authorityD.alternative17.Behind his large smiles and large cigars, his eyes often seemed to _______ regret.A.teem withB. brim withC. come withD. look with18.There is only one difference between and old man and a young one: the young one has a gloriousfuture before him and the old one has a ________ future behind him.A・ splendid B・ conspicuousC・ uproarious D. imminent19- That tragedy distressed me so much that I used to keep indoors and go out only necessity.A.within reach ofB. for fear ofC. by means ofD. in case of20.A young man sees a sunset and, unable to understand or express the emotion that it __________ in him, concludes that it must be the gateway to a world that lies beyond.A.reflectsB. retainsC. rousesD. radiates21. ________ the heat to a simmer and continue to cook for another 8-10 minutes or until most of thewater has evaporated.A.Turn offB. Turn overC. Turn downD. Turn up22.Banks shall be unable to ________ , or claim relief against the first 15% of any loan or bankrupted debt left with them.A.write offB. put asideC. shrink fromD. come cover23-1 am to inform you, that you may, if you wish, attend the inquiry, and at the inspectors discretion sate your case ___________ or through an entrusted representative.A. in personB. in depthC. in secretD. in excess24.In his view, though Hong Kong has no direct cultural identity, local art is thriving by"being _________ J being open to all kinds of art.A. gratifyingB. predominatingC. excellingD. accommodating25.In some countries preschool education in nursery schools or kindergartens ________ the 1 grade.A. leadsB. precedesC. forwardsD. advances26.Desert plants _______ two categories according to the way they deal with the problem of surviving drought.A.break downB. fall intoC. differ inD. refer to27.In the airport, I could hear nothing except the roral of aircraft engines which _______ all other sounds.A.dwarfedB.diminishedC. drownedD. devastated28.Criticism without suggesting areas of improvement is not ______________ and should be avoided if possible.A.constructiveB. productiveC. descriptiveD. relative29.The Committee pronounced four members expelled for failure to provide information in the of investigations.A.caseB. chaseC. causeD. course30.Since neither side was ready to __________ what was necessary for peace, hostility were resumed in 1980.A.precedeB.recedeC・ concede D. intercede31 • Such an __________ act of hostility can only lead to war.A.overtB. episodicC. ampleD. ultimate32._______ both in working life and everyday living to different sets of values, and expectationsplaces a severe strain on the individual.A. RecreationB. TransactionC. DisclosureD. Exposure33.It would then be replaced by an interim government, which would ______________ be replaced by a permanent government after four months.A. in stepB. in turnC. in practiceD. in haste34.Haven't I told you I don't want you keeping _______ with those awful riding about bicycle boys?A. companyB. acquaintanceC. friendsD. place35.Consumers deprived of the information and advice they needed were quite simply every cheat in the marketplace.A. at the mercy ofB. in lieu ofC. by courtesy ofD. for the price ofSection B (0.5 point each)Directions: In each of the following sentences there are four parts underlined and marked A, B, C, and D.Indicate which of the four partrs is incorrectly used by drawing a single bar across the squarebrackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.36.The auctioneer must know fair accurately the current market values of the goodsA B Che is selling.D37.Children are among the most frequent victims of violent, dmg・related crimes thatoverriding majority since they are at heavy demand in the market, c 44. Retailers offered Ddeep discounts and extra hours this weekend in B C (he bid toDlureshoppers.45. The amendments A A B Chave nothing doing with the cost of acquiring the drugs.D38.A large collection of contemporary photographs, including some taken by MaryA Bare on display at the meseum.C D39.There is much in our life which we do not control and we are not even responsible for.A B C D40.Capital inflows w订1 also tend to increase the international value of the dollar, A Bmake it more difficult to sell U.S. exports.C D41.It can be argued that the problems, even something as fundamental as theA Bever-increased world population, have been caused by technological advanceC D42.It takes lhe mosl cool-headed and good-tempered of drivers to resist theA B Ctemptation to revenge as subjected to uncivilized behavio匚D43.Wh订e experts in basic science are important, skilled talents should be theA Bof the laws on patent, trademark and copyright have enhancedBprotection of intellectual property rights and made them confonn to WTO rules. C DPART m CLOSE TEST (15 points, 15 minutes)Directions: For each blank in the following passage, choose the best answer from the choices given in the opposite column. Mark the corresponding letter of your choice with a single bar across the squarebrackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.At least since the Industrial Revolution, gender roles have been in a state of transition. As a result, cultural scripts about marriage have undergone change. One of the more obvious 46 has occurred in the roles that women 47 • Women have moved into the world of work and have become adept at meeting expectations in that arena, 48 maintaining their family roles of nurturing and their family roles of nurturing and creating a(n) 49 that is a haven for all family members. 50 many women experience strain from trying to “do it alf\ they often enjoy the increased 51 that can result from playing multiple roles. As womens roles have changed, changing expectations about merTs roles have become more 52 • Many men are relinquishing their major responsibility 53 the family provider. Probably the most significant change in men's roles, however, is in the emotional 54 of family life. Men are increasing 55 to meet the emotional needs of their families, 56 their wives.In fact, expectations about the emotional domain of marriage have become more significant for marriage in general. Research on 57 marriage has changed over recent decades points to the increasing importance of the emotional side of the relationship, and the importance of sharing in the "emotion work，，58 to nourish marriages and other family relationships. Men and women want to experience marriages that are interdependent, 59 both partners nurture each other, and encourage and promote each other. We are thus seeing marriages in which merTs and women's roles are becoming increasingly more 6() •46. A. incidents B・C・ results D. effects47. A. take B. do C. playD show48. A. by B. while C. hence D. thus49. A. home B. garden C. arena D. paradise50. A. When B. Even though C. Since D.Nevertheless51. A. rewards B. profits C. privileges D. incomes52. A. general B. acceptable C. popular D. apparent53. A. as B. of C. from D. for54. A. section B・ constituent C. domain D・ point55. A. encouraged B. expected C. advised D. predicted56. A. not to mention B. as well as C. including D. especially57. A. how B. what C- why D. if58. A. but B. only C. enough D. necessary59. A. unless B. although C. where D. because60. A. pleasant.important C. similar D. manageablePART IV READING COMPREHENSION (30 points, 60 minutes)Directions: Below each of the following passages you will find some questions or incomplete statements. Each question or statement is followed by four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Read each passagecarefully, and then select the choice that best answers the question or completes the statement.Mark the letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoringAnswer Sheet.Passage OneThe man who invented Coca-cola was not a native Atlantan, but on the day of his funeral every drugstore in town testimonially shut up shop. He was John Styth Pemberton, born in 1833 in Knoxville, Georgia, eighty miles away. Sometimes known as Doctor, Pemberton was a pharmacist who, during the Civil War, led a cavalry troop under General Joe Wheeler. He settled in Atlanta in 1869, and soon began brewing such patent medicines as Triplex Liver Pills and Globe of Flower Cough Syrup. In 1885, he registered a trademark for something called French Wine Coca-Ideal Nerve and Tonic Stimulant; a few months later he formed the Pemberton Chemical Company, and recruited the services of a bookkeeper named Frank M・ Robinson, who not only had a good head for figures but, attached to it, so exceptional a nose that he could audit the composition of a batch of syrup merely by sniffling it. In 1886-a year in which, as contemporary Coca-Cola officials like to point out, Conan Doyle unveiled Sherlock Holmes and France unveiled the Statue of Liberty-Pemberton unveiled a syrup that he called Coca-Cola- It was a modification of his French Wine Coca. He had taken out the wine and added a pinch of caffeine, and, when the end product tasted awful, had thrown in some extract of cola nut and a few other oils, blending the mixture in a three-legged iron pot in his back yard and swishing it around with an oar. He distributed it to soda fountains in used beer bottles, and Robinson, with his flowing bookkeeper's script, presently devised a label, on which "Coca-Cola" was written in the fashion that is still employed. Pemberton looked upon his mixture less as a refreshment than as a headache cure, especially for people whose headache could be traced to over-indulgence.On a morning late in 1886, one such victim of the night before dragged himself into an Atlanta drugstore and asked for a dollop of Coca-Cola. Druggists customarily stirred a teaspoonful of syrup into a glass of water, but in this instance the man on duty was too lazy to walk to the fresh-water tap, a couple of feet off. Instead, he mixed the syrup with some soda water, which was closer at hand. The suffering customer perked up almost at once, and word quickly spread that the best Coca-Cola was a fizzy one.61.What does the passage tell us about John Sty th Pemberton?A.He was highly respected by Atlantans.B.He ran a drug store that also sells wine.C.He had been a doctor until the Civil War.D.He made a lot of money with his pharmacy.62.Which of the following was unique to Frank M. Robinson, working with the Pemberton's Company?A.Skills to make French wine.B.Talent for drawing pictures.C.An acute sense of smell.D.Ability to work with numbers.63.Why was the year 1886 so special to Pemberton?A.He took to doing a job like Sherlock Holmes's.B.He brought a quite profitable product into being.C.He observed the founding ceremony of Statue of Liberty.D・ He was awarded by Coca-Cola for his contribution.64.One modification made of French Wine Coca formula wased beer bottles were chosen as containers.B.the amount of caffeine in it was increased.C.it was blended with oils instead of water.D.Cola nut extract was added to taste.65.According to the passage, Coca-Cola was in the first place prepared especially forA.the young as a soft drink・B.a replacement of French Wine Coca.C.the relief of a hangover.D・ a cure for the common headache.66.The last paragraph mainly tellsA.the complaint against the lazy shop-assistant.B.a real test of Coca-cola as a headache cure.C・ the mediocre service of the drugstore.D.a happy accident that gave birth to Coca-Cola.Passage TwoBetween 1833 and 1837, the publishers of a "penny press" proved that a low-priced paper, edited to interest ordinary people, could win what amounted to a mass circulation for the times and thereby attract an advertising volume that would make it independent. These were papers for the common citizen and were not tied to the interests of the business community, like the mercantile press, or dependent for financial support upon political party allegiance. It did not necessarily follow that all the penny papers would be superior in their handling of the news and opinion functions. But the door was open for some to make important journalistic advances.The first offerings of a penny paper tended to be highly sensational; human interest stories overshadowed important news, and crime and sex stories were written in full detail. But as the penny paper attracted readers from various social land economic brackets, its sensationalism was modified. The ordinary reader came to want a better product, too. A popularized style of writing and presentation of news remained, but the penny paper became a respectable publication that offered significant information and editorial leadership. Once the first of the successful penny papers had shown the way, later ventures could enter the competition at the higher level of journalistic responsibility the pioneering papers had reached.This was the pattern of American newspapers in the years following the founding of the New York Sim in 1833. The Sun, published by Benjamin Day, entered the lists against 11 other dailies. It was tiny in comparison; but it was bright and readable, and it preferred human interest features to important but dull political speechreports. It had a police reporter writing squibs of crime news in the style already proved successful by some other papers. And, most important, it sold for a penny, whereas its competitors sold for six cents. By 1837 the Sun was printing 30,000 copies a day, which was more than the total of all 11 New Yrok daily newspapers combined when the Sim first appeared. In those same four years James Gordon Bennett brought out his New York Herald(1835), and a trio of New York printers who were imitating Day's success founded the Philadelphia Public Ledger(1836) and the Baltimore Sun(1837). The four penny sheets all became famed newspapers.67.What does the first paragraph say about the "penny press?"A.It was known for its depth news reporting.B.It had an involvement with some political parties.C.It depended on the business community for survival.D.It aimed at pleasing the general public・68.In its early days, a penny paper oftenA.paid much attention to political issues.B.provided stories that hit the public taste.C.offered penetrating editorials on various issues.D.covered important news with inaccuracy.69.As the reader ship was growing more diverse, the penny paperA.improved its contentB.changed its writing style.C.developed a more sensational style.D.became a tool for political parties.70.The underlined word "ventures^ in Paragraph 2 can best be replaced byA.editors.B.reporters.C.newspapers.panies.71.What is true about the Philadelphia Public Ledger and the Baltimore SunlA.They turned out to be failures.B.They were later purchased by James Gordon Bennett.C.They were also founded by Benjamin Day.D.They became well-known newspapers in the U.S.72.This passage is probably taken from a book onA.the work ethics of the American media.B.the techniques in news reporting・C.the history of sensationalism in American media.D.the impact of mass media on American society.Passage ThreeForget what Virginia Woolf said about what a writer needs-a room of one's own. The writer she had in mind wasn't at work on a novel in cyberspace, one with multiple hypertexts, animated graphics and downloads of trancey, chiming music. For that you also need graphic interfaces, RealPlayer and maybe even a computer laboratory at Brown University. That was where Mark Amerika-his legally adopted name; don't ask him about his birth name-composed much of his novel Grammatron. But Grammatron isn't just a story. It，s an online narrative () that uses the capabilities of cyberspace to tie the conventional story line into complicated knots. In the four years it took to produce-it was completed in 1997-each new advance in computer software became another potential story device. “I became sort ofdependent on the industry：jokes Amerika, who is also the author of two novels printed on paper.“ThaFs unusal for a writer, because if you just write on paper the "technology" is pretty stable二Nothing about Grammatron is stable. At its center, if there is one, is Abe Golam, the inventor of Nanoscript, a quasi-mystical computer code that some unmystical corporations are itching to acquire. For much of the story, Abe wanders through Prague-23, a virtual "4city^ in cyberspace where visitors indulge in fantasy encounters and virtual sex, which can get fairly graphic. The reader wanders too, because most of Grammatron 9s 1,000-plus text screens contain several passages in hypertext. To reach the next screen, just double-click. But each of those hypertexts is a trapdoor that can plunge you down a different pathway of the story. Choose one and you drop into a corporate-strategy memo. Choose another and there's a XXX-rated sexual rant. The story you read is some sense the story you make.Amerika teaches digital art at the University of Colorado, where his students develop works that straddle the lines between art, film and literature. "I tell them not to get caught up in mere plot J he says. Some avant-garde writers-Julio Cortazar, Italo Calvino- have also experimented with novels that wander out of their author^ control. "But what makes the Net so exciting/7says Amerika, “is that you can add sound, randomly generated links, 3-D modeling, animation.” That room of one's own is turning into a fun house.73.The passage is mainly to tellA.differences between conventional and modern novels.B.how Mark Amerika composed his novel Grammatron.C・ common features of all modem electronic novels.D.why Mark Amerika took on a new way of writing.74.Why does the author ask the reader to forget what Virginia Woolf said about the necessities of a writer?A.Modern writers can share rooms to do the writing.B.It is not necessarily that a writer writes inside a room.C.Modem writers will get nowhere without a word processor.D.It is no longer sufficient for the writing in cyberspace.75.As an on-line narrative, Grammatron is anything but stable because itA.provides potentials for the story development.B.is one of the novels at (g ).C.can be downloaded free of charge.D.boasts of the best among cyber stories.76.By saying that he became sort of dependent on the industry, Mark Amerika meant thatA. he could not help but set his Grammatron and others in Industrial Revolution.B・ conventional writers had been increasingly challenged by high technology.C.much of his Grammatron had proved to be cybernetic dependent.D.he couldn't care less about new advance in computer software.77.As the passage shows, Grammatron makes it possible for readers toA.adapt the story for a video version.B.“walk in，，the story and interact with it.C.develop the plots within the author's control.D.steal the show and become the main character.78.Amerika told his students not toA.immerse themselves only in creating the plot.B.be captivated by the plot alone while reading. C・ be lagged far behind in the plot development.D.let their plot get lost in the on-going story.Passage FourIn 1993, a mall security camera captured a shaky image of two 10-year-old boys leading a much smallerboy out of a Liverpool, England, shopping center. The boys lured James Bulger, 2, away from his mother, who was shopping, and led him on a long walk across town. The excursion ended at a railroad track. There, inexplicably, the older boys tortured the toddler, kicking him, smearing paint on his face and pummeling him to death with bricks before leaving him on the track to be dismembered by a train. The boys, Jon Venables and Robert Thompson, then went off to watch cartoons.Today the boys are 18-year-old men, and after spending eight years in juvenile facilities, they have been deemed fit for release-probably this spring. The dilemma now confronting the English jsutice system is how to reintegrate the notorious duo into a society that remains horrified by their crimes and skeptical about their rehabilitation. Last week Judge Elizabeth Butler-Sloss decided the young men were in so much danger that they needed an unprecedented shield to protect them upon release. For the rest of their lives, Venables and Thompson will have a right to anonymity. All English media outlets are banned from publishing any information about their whereabouts or the new identities the government will help them establish. Photos of the two or even details about their current looks are also prohibited.In the U.S., which is harder on juvenile criminals than England, such a ruling seems inconceivable. "Wele clearly the most punitive in the industrialized world/9 says Laurence Steinberg, a Temple University professor who studies juvenile justice. Over the past decade, the trend in the U.S. has been to allow publication of ever more information about underage offenders. U.S. courts also give more weight to press freedom than English courts, which, for example, ban all video cameras.But even for Britain, the order is extraordinary. The victim's family is enraged, as are the ever eager British tabloids. "What right have they got to be given special protection as adults?97asks Bulger's mother Denise Fergus. Newspaper editorials next door. Says conservative Member of Parliament Humfrey Malins: Tt almost leaves you with the feeling that the nastier the crime, the greater the chance for a passport to a completely new life：'79.What (Kcurred as told at the beginning of the passage?A.2 ten-year-olds killed James by accident in play.B.James Bulger was killed by his two brothers.C.Two mischievous boys forged a train accident.D.A little kid was murdered by two older boys.80.According to the passage, Jon Venables and Robert ThompsonA.have been treated as juvenile delinquents.B.have been held in protective custody for their murder game.C・ were caught while watching cartoons eight years ago.D.have already served out their 10 years in prison・81.The British justice system is afraid that the two young men wouldA.hardly get accustomed to a horrifying general public.B.be doomed to become social outcasts after release.C.still remain dangerous and destructive if set free.D.be inclined to commit a recurring crime.82.According to the British courts, after their return to society, the two adults will beA.banned from any kind of press interview.B.kept under constant surveillance by police.C.shielded from being identified as killers.D.ordered to report to police their whereabouts.83.From the passage we can infer that a US counterpart of Venables or Thompson wouldA・ have no freedom to go wherever he wants.B.serve a life imprisonment for the crime.C.be forbidden to join many of his relatives.D.no doubt receive massive publicity in the U.S.84.As regards the mentioned justice ruling, the last paragraph mainly tells thatA.it is controversial as it goes without precedent.B.the British media are sure to do the contrary.C.Bulger^s family would enter all apeal against it.D.Conservatives obviously conflict with Liberals.Passage FiveCan the Internet help patients jump the line at the doctor's office? The Silicon Valley Employers Forum, a sophisticated group of technology companies, is launching a pilot program to test online "virtual visits'，between doctors at three big local medical groups and about 6,000 employees and their families. The six employers taking part in the Silicon Valley initiative, including heavy hitters such as Oracle and Cisco Systems, hope that online visits will mean employees wont have to skip work to tend to minor ailments or to follow up on chronic conditions. "With our long commutes and traffic, driving 40 miles to your docotr in your hometown can be a big chunk of time," says Cindy Conway, benefits director at Cadence Design Systems, one of the participating companies.Doctors aren't clamoring to chat with patients online for free; they spend enough unpaid time on the phone. Only 1 in 5 has ever E-mailed a patient, and just 9 percent are interested in doing so, according to the research firm Cyber Dialogue. "We are not stupid^ says Stirling Somers, executive director of the Silicon Valley employers group. "Doctors getting paid is a critical piece in getting this to work.” In the pilot program, physicians will get $20 per online consultation, about what they get for a simple office visit.Doctors also fear they'll be swamped by rambling E-mails that tell everything but what's needed to make a diagnosis. So the new program will use technology supplied by Healinx, an Alameda, Cal if.-based start-up. Healinx's "Smart Symptom Wizard" questions patients and turns answers into a succinct message. The company has online dialogues for 60 common conditions. The doctor can then diagnose the problem and outline a treatment plan, which could include E-mailing a prescription or a face-to-face visit.Can E-mail replace the doctor's office? Many conditions, such as persistent cough, require a stethoscope to discover what's wrong- and to avoid a malpractice suit. Even Larry Bonham, head of one of the doctor's groups in the pilot, believes the virtual doctor's visits offer a “very narrow" sliver of service between phone calls to an advice nurse and a visit to the clinic.The pilot program, set to end in nine months, also hopes to determine whether online visits will boost worker productivity enough to offset the cost of the service. So far, the Internet's record in the health field has been underwhelming. The experiment is "a huge roll of the dice for Helainx/5 notes Michael Barrent, an analyst at Internet consulting firm Forester Research. If the “Web visits” succeed, expect some HMOs (Health Maintenance Organizations) to pay for online visits. If doctors, employers, and patients aren't satisfied, firgure on one more E-health start-up to stand down.85.The Silicon Valley employers promote the E-health program for the purpose ofA. rewarding their employees.B. gratifying the local hospitals.C.boosting worker productivity.D. testing a sophisticated technology.86.What can be learned about the on-line doctors' visits?A.They are a quite promising business-B.They are funded by the local government.C.They are welcomed by all the patients.D.They are very much under experimentation.87.Of the following people, who are not involved in the program?A・ Cisco System employees. B. Advice nurses in the clinic.C.Doctors at three local hospitals.D. Oracle executives.88.According to Paragraph 2, doctors are。
中国科学院地球环境研究所博士生入学历年试题
中国科学院地球环境研究所2001年春季博士研究生入学试题《普通地质学》一、简述化学风化作用及其类型。
（10分）二、什么是冰期间冰期？简述冰川的形成及其类型。
（15分）三、什么是黄土？其成因、分布及成分如何？（20分）四、简述湖泊的地质作用。
（10分）五、简述地磁场的基本特征、及古地磁的研究方法及其研究意义。
（15分）六、简述地质年代的类型及它们的基本原理。
（10分）七、谈谈你对全球变化研究的认识。
（20分）中国科学院地球环境研究所2001年春季博士研究生入学试题《第四纪地质学》一、简述第四纪地质历史的基本特点。
（10分）二、简述第四纪与人类的关系。
（10分）三、什么是河流阶地？简述阶地的成因、分类及其研究意义。
（15分）四、什么是石钟乳？简述岩溶地貌的发育条件？（15分）五、谈谈第四纪地质的研究方法。
（15分）六、简述第四纪年代学的方法种类。
（15分）七、简述第四纪气候变化的证据。
（20分）2002年秋季博士研究生入学试题《普通地质学》一、名词解释（32分，每题4分）1．大气圈2．火山灰3．风化作用4．纹泥5．新构造运动6．断层7．新生代8．大陆漂移二、简答题（32分，每题8分）1. 简述板块演化对大气和海洋的影响。
2. 简述沉积岩形成过程中的搬运和沉积作用3. 简述岩石地层单位以及群、组、段的含义。
4．比较风力搬运和河水搬运的异同。
三、论述题（36分）1. 解释什么是环境和环境地质？探讨环境地质学的主要研究内容有那些？（16分）2.试述湖泊与沼泽的地质作用。
（20分）2002年秋季博士研究生入学试题《第四纪地质学》一、名词解释（32分，每题4分）1. 全新世适宜期2. 14C测年3. 树木年轮4. 冰期5. 直立人6. 东亚季风和印度季风7. 古地磁8. 古气候模拟二、简答题（32分，每题8分）1. 简述米兰科维奇理论。
2. 简述第四纪气候不稳定的可能原因。
3.简述微体化石在第四纪古环境重建中的作用和意义。
中国科学院研究生院博士研究生入学考试
中国科学院研究生院博士研究生入学考试 英语考试大纲本大纲是在 2002 年 10 月起试行的原《中国科学院研究生院博士研究生入学考试英语 考试大纲》的基础上修订的，自 2005 年 10 月起在中国科学院研究生院范围内试行。
矚慫润厲钐瘗睞枥。
考试对象 报考中国科学院所属各院、所、园、中心、站、台相关专业拟攻读博士学位的考生。
考试目的 检验考生是否具有进入攻读博士学位阶段的英语水平和能力。
考试类型、考试内容及考试结构 本考试共有五个部分：词汇（占 10%） 、完形填空（占 15%） 、阅读理解（占 40%） 、英 译汉占（15%） ，写作占 20%。
试卷分为：试卷一（Paper One）客观试题，包括前三个部分， 共 75 题，顺序排号；试卷二（Paper Two）主观试题，包括英译汉和写作两个部分。
聞創沟燴鐺險爱氇。
一、词汇 主要测试考生是否具备一定的词汇量和根据上下文对词和词组意义判断的能力。
词和 词组的测试范围基本以本考试大纲词汇表为参照依据。
残骛楼諍锩瀨濟溆。
共 20 题。
每题为一个留有空白的英文句子。
要求考生从所给的四个选项中选出可用在 句中的最恰当词或词组。
二、完形填空 主要测试考生在语篇层次上的理解能力以及对词汇表达方式和结构掌握的程度。
考生 应具有借助于词汇、句法及上下文线索对语言进行综合分析和应用的能力。
要求考生就所 给篇章中 15 处空白所需的词或短语分别从四个选项中选出最佳答案。
酽锕极額閉镇桧猪。
三、阅读理解 本部分共分两节。
要求考生能： 1）掌握中心思想、主要内容和具体细节； 2）进行相关的判断和推理； 3）准确把握某些词和词组在上下文中的特定含义； 4）领会作者观点和意图、判断作者的态度。
1 / 21A 节：主要测试考生在规定时间内通过阅读获取相关信息的能力。
考生须完成 1800-2000 词的阅读量并就题目从四个选项中选出最佳答案。
彈贸摄尔霁毙攬砖。
B 节：主要测试考生对诸如连贯性和一致性等语段特征的理解。
中科院博士考试样卷附答案
中国科学院研究生院英语B考试大纲笔试部分笔试部分由试卷一和试卷二构成。
试卷一包括：听力、英语知识运用与阅读理解两部分。
试卷二为书面表达部分。
时间总长共150分钟，满分100分。
试卷一（75分）第一部分：听力（20分）本部分考查考生理解英语口语、获取特定信息以及简要笔记的能力，由A、B两节组成。
A节：共10题，每题1分。
要求考生根据所听到的10段对话，从每题所给的4个选项中找出最佳答案。
每题有12-15秒答题时间。
每段对话的录音只播放一遍。
B节：共10题，每题1分。
要求考生根据所听到的3篇对话或独白简要回答10道有关该对话或独白的问题。
问题在试卷中印出但不在录音中读出。
录音材料只播放一遍。
本部分大约需要25分钟。
第二部分：英语知识运用与阅读理解（55分）本部分考查考生对用于一定语境中的词汇、表达方式和结构的掌握和理解书面英语的能力，由A、B和C三节组成。
A节：共15题，每题1分。
在1篇约300词的短文中留出15个空白，要求考生从短文后提供的30个词或表达式中选出最佳选项，使补足后的短文意义通顺，前后连贯，结构完整。
其中有11-12道题考查词汇和表达方式，3-4道题考查语法和语篇结构。
本节大约需要20分钟。
B节：共20题，每题1.5分，共30分。
考查考生理解总体和特定信息、猜词悟义、推断作者态度和意图的能力。
要求考生根据所提供的4篇文章（平均每篇约400词）的内容，从每题所给的4个选择项中选出最佳选项。
本节大约需要35分钟。
C节：共10题，每题1分。
考查考生对诸如连贯性和一致性等语段特征的理解。
要求考生根据2篇留有5段空白的文章（平均每篇约400词）的内容，在每篇文后所提供的6段文字中选择能分别放进该文章中5个空白处的5段。
本节大约需要20分钟。
本部分总需时间约75分钟。
试卷二（25分）本部分考查考生英语书面表达的能力，由A、B两节组成。
A节：共1题，10分。
要求考生根据所提供的1篇长约450词的、有相当难度的文章写出1篇字数为120—150词的内容提要（约占原文的1/4-1/3）。
中科院博士英语考试入学试题
中科院博士英语考试入学试题中科院博士英语考试入学试题PAPER ONEPAPER ONEPART 1 VUCABULARY (15 minutes, 10 points, 4.5 point each) 1. Reductions in overseas government expenditure took place, but ______and more gradually thannow seems desirable.A: reluctantlyB: unwittinglyC. impulsivelyD: anxiously2. In fear for their lives and in ______of their freedom, thousands of enslaved women and childrenfled to the Northern States on the eve of the American Civil War. A. WayB. viewC. visionD. pursuit3. If I could ensue a reasonably quick and comprehensive solution to the crisis inIraq, t would not have entitled my speech “the______ problem.”A. InstantB: InverseC. InsolubleD. Intact4. Some of the patients, especially the dying, wanted to ______ in the man and woman who hadeased their suffering.A. confideB. ponderC. wellD: reflect5. We all buy things on the ______ of the moment; this is what the retail trade calls an “impulse “buy.A: urgeB. forceC. spurD. rush.6. Nothing has ever equaled the ______ and speed with which the human species is altering thephysical and chemical world.A. concernB. magnitudeC. volumeD. carelessness7. The second distinguishing characteristic of jazz is a rhythmic drive that was ______called "hot" and later "swing."A. shortlyB. initiallyC. actuallyD. literally8. The depth of benefits of reading varies in ______ the depth ofone's one?s experienceA. tempo withB. time withC. place ofD. proportion to9. Whatever the questions he really wanted to ask at thereprocessing plant, though, he wouldnever allow his personal feelings to ______ with an assignment.A. interruptB. botherC. interfereD. intervene10. His ______ with computers began six months ago. A. imaginationB. invocationC. observationD. obsession11. I like cats but unfortunately I am ______ to them. A. vulnerableB. allergicC. inclinedD. hostile12. Some of the words employed by Shakespeare in his works havebecome______ and are no longer used in the present days. A. obsoleteB. obsceneC. obviousD. oblique13. One of the main ways to stay out of trouble with government agents is to keep a law______away from those situations wherein you call attention to yourself. A. mannerB. positionC. profileD. station14. With 1 million copies sold out within just 2 weeks, that book is indeed a ______ success.A. provisionalB. sensationalC. sentimentalD. potential15. As the core of the management hoard, he can always come up with______ ideas to promotethe corporation's marketing strategies.A. integralB. instinctiveC. intangibleD. ingeniousl6. They speak of election campaign polls as a musician might of an orchestra ______, or a painter of defective paint.A. in paceB. out of focusC. in stepD. out of tune17. Surely it doesn't matter where charities get their money from: what ______much is what they do with it.A. taunts forB. asks forC. consists ofD. approves ofl8. Any business needs ordinary insurance______ risks such as fire, flood and breakage. A. inB. againstC. raftD. of19. As he was a thoroughly professional journalist, he already knew the media______. A. to and froB. upside and downC. inside and outD. now and then20. There was little, if any, evidence to substantiate the gossip and, ______, there was little to disprove it.PART II CLOZE TEST (15 minutes, 15 points)There is a closer relationship between morals and architecture and interior decoration______21, we suspect. Huxley has pointed out that Western ladies did not take frequent baths ______22 they were afraid to see their own naked bodies, and this moral concept delayed the______23 of the modern white-enameled bathtub for centuries. One can understand, ______24 in the design of old Chinese furniture there was so little consideration for human______ 25 only when we realize the Confucian atmosphere in which people moved about. Chinese redwood Furniture was designed for people to sit______26 in, because that was the only posture approved by society.Even Chinese emperors had to sit on a (n) ______27 on which I would not think of______28 for more than five minutes, and for that matter the English kings were just as badly off. Cleopatra went about______29 on a couch carried by servants, because______30 she had never heard of Confucius. If Confucius should have seen her doing that, he would certainly have struck her shins with a stick, as he did______31 one of his old disciples, Yuan Jiang, when the latter was found sitting inan______32 posture. In the Confucian society in which we lived, gentlemen and ladies had to______33 themselves perfectly erect, at least on formal______34 , and any sign of putting one's leg up would be at once considered a sign of vulgarity and lack of______35.21. A. for B. than C. as D. that22. A. if B. when C. because D. though23. A. rise B. existence C. occurrence D. increase24. A. what B. where C. how D. why25. A. care B. choice C. concern D. comfort26. A. upright B. tight C. fast D. stiff27. A. armchair B. throne C. altar D. couch28. A. moving B. keeping C. remaining D. lasting29. A. traveling B. staying C. wandering D. reclining30. A. fortunately B. frankly C. accordingly D. apparently31. A. in B. on C. to D. at32. A. responsible B. incorrect C. immoral D. imperfect33. A. hold B. sit C. behave D. conduct34. A. conditions B. situations C. occasions D. instances35. A. culture B. confidence C. morality D. modestyPART III READING COMPREHENSIONSection A (60 minutes, 30 points)Passage OneMost people would be impressed by the high quality of medicine available to most Americans. There is a lot of specialization, a great deal of attention to the individual, a vast amount of advanced technical equipment, and intense effort not to make mistakes because of the financial risk which doctors and hospitals must face the courts if they handle things badly.But the Americans are in a mess. The problem is the way inwhich health care is organized and financed. Contrary to public belief, it is not just a free competition system. To the private system has been joined a large public system, because private care was simply not looking after the less fortunate and the elderly.But even with this huge public part of the system, which this year will eat up 84.5 billion dollars-more than 10 percent of the U.S.budget-large numbers of Americans are left out. These include about half the I1 million unemployed and those who fail to meet the strict limits on income fixed by a government trying to make savings where it can.The basic problem, however, is that there is no central control over the health system. There is no limit to what doctors and hospitals charge for their services. Over than what the public is able to pay. The number of doctors has shot up and prices have climbed. When faced with toothache, a sick child, or a heart attack, all the unfortunate person concerned can do is pay up.Two-thirds of the populations are covered by medical insurance. Doctors charge as much as they want knowing that the insurance company will pay the bill.The medical profession has as a result become America's new big businessmen. The average income of doctors has now reached $100,000 a year. With such vast incomes the talk in the doctor's surgery is as likely to be about the doctor's latest financial deal, as about whetherthe minor operation he is recommending at several thousand dollars is entirely necessary.The rising cost of medicine in the U.S.A. is among the most worrying problem facing thecountry. In 1981 the country's health cost climbed 15.9 percent-about twice as fast as prices in general.36. In the U.S. patients can effect, in medical ______.A. occasional mistakes by careless doctorsB. a great deal of personal attentionC. low charge by doctors and hospitalsD. stacking nurses and bad services37. Doctors and hospitals try hard to avoid making mistakes because ______. A. they fear to be sued by the patientsB. they care much about Their reputationC. they compete for getting more patentsD. they wish to join the private medical system38. What do most Americans think about health in the U.S.?A. It must be in total chaosB. It must be a free competition systemC. It should cover the unemployedD. It should involve private care.39. From Paragraph 3 we know that ______from the public health system.A. millions of jobless people get support.B. those with steady income do not seek help.C. some people are made ineligible to benefit.D. those with private health care are excluded.40. According to the author, what is the key factor in the rise of health cost in the US? A. The refusal of insurance companies to pay the billsB. The increase of the number of doctors and hospitalsC. the lack of government control over the medical pricesD. The merger of private health care with the public system.41. It is implied that American doctors often______.A. trade their professionalism for financial benefitsB. fails to recognize the paying power of the patientsC. discuss about how to make money during the surgeryD. gives the patients expensive but needless treatments.Passage twoAlmost every day the media discovers an African community fighting some form of environmental threat from land fills. Garbage dumps, petrochemical plants, refineries, bus depots, and the list go on. For years, residents watched helplessly as their communities became dumping grounds.But citizens didn't remain silent for long. Local activists have been organizing under the mantle of environmental justice since as far back as 1968. More than three decades ago, the concept of environmental justice had not registered on the radar screens of many environmental orcivil rights groups. But environmental justice fits squarely under thecivil rights umbrella. Itshould not be forgotten that Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. went to Memphis on an environmental and economic justice mission in 1968,seeking support for striking garbage workers who were underpaid andwhose basic duties exposed them to environmentally hazardous conditions.In 1979 landmark environmental discrimination lawsuit filed in Houston. Followed by similar litigation efforts in the 1980s, rallied activists to stand up to corporations and demand government intervention.In 1991, a new breed of environmental activists gathered inWashington, D.C., to bring national attention to pollution problems threatening low-income and minority communities Leaders introduced the concept of environmental justice, protesting that Black, poor andworking-class communities often received less environmental protection than White or more affluent communities. The first National People of Color Environmental Leadership Summit effectively broadened what "the environment" was understood to mean. It expanded the definition toinclude where we live, work, play, worship and go to school, as well as the physical and natural world. In the process, the environmentaljustice movement changed the way environmentalism is practiced in the United States and, ultimately, worldwide.Because many issues identified at the inaugural summit remain unaddressed, the second National People of Color EnvironmentalLeadership Summit was convened in Washington, D.C., this past October.The second summit was planned for 500 delegates; but more than 1,400 people attended the four-day gathering."We are pleased that the Summit II was able to attract a record number of grassroots activists, academicians, students, researchers, government officials We proved to the world that our planners, policy analysts and movement is alive and well, and growing," says Beverly Wright, chair of the summit. The meeting produced two dozen policy papers that show environmental and health disparities between people of color and Whites.42. In Paragraph 1, the word “residents?? refers to ______inparticularA. ethnic groups in the U.SB. the American general publicC. a Africa AmericanD. the U.S. working-class43. More than three decades ago, environments justice was ______.A. controversial，among local activitiesB. First proposed by Martin Luther King Jr.C. fascinating to the civil rights groupsD. barely realized by many environmentalists44. In 1968, Martin Luther King Jr. went to Memphis to help the garbage workers ______. A. get relieved of some of their basic dutiesB. know what environmental justice wasC. fight for better working conditionsD. recognize their dangerous surroundings45.. Paragraph 3 implies that, in 1979 ______.A. the environmental justice issues were first brought to court in HoustonB. environmental activists cooperated in defying the US governmentC. the government intervention helped promote environmental justiceD. environmental problems attracted the attention of the government46. the new breed of environmental activists differed from the previous activists in that______. A. they noticed environmental disparities between the rich and the poorB. they cried for government intervention in saving theenvironmentC. they knew what …the environment really meant to the White peopleD. they practiced environmentalism outside as well as within the US47. With respect to getting environmental justice, Summit II aimed for ______. A. showing the achieved successB. attracting national attentionC. identifying relevant issuesD. finding solutions to the problemsPassage ThreeAnyone who doubts that children are born with a healthy amount of ambition need spent only“tow minutes with“baby eagerly learning to walk or a headstrong toddler stating to walk. No matter how many times the little ones stumble in their initial efforts, most keep on trying, determined to master their amazing new skill. It is only several yearslater, around the start of middle or junior high school, many psychologists and teachers agree, that a good number of kids seem to lose their natural drive to succeed and end up joining the ranks of underachievers. For the parents of such kids, whose own ambition is often in separately tied to their children's success, it can be a bewildering, painful experience. So it is no wonder some parents find themselves hoping that ambition can be taught like any other subject at school.It's not quite that simple. "Kids can be given the opportunities,but they can't before，”saysJacquelyn Eccles, a psychology professor at the University of Michigan who tried a study examining what motivated first-andseventh-graders in three school districts. Even so growing number of educators and psychosis?s do believe it is possible to unearth ambition in students whodon't seem to have much. They say that by instilling confidence, encouraging some risk taking, being accepting of failure and expanding the areas in which children may be successful, both parents and teachers can reignite that innate desire to achieve.Dubbed Brainology, the unorthodox approach uses basic neuroscienceto teach kids how the brain works and how it can continue to develop throughout life. The message is that everything is within the kids' control, that their intelligence is malleable Some experts say our education system, with its strong emphasis on testing and rigid separation of students into disappearance of drive in some kids. Educators say it's important to expose kids to a world beyond homework and tests, through volunteer work, sports, hobbies and other extracurricular activities. “The crux of the iss ue is that many students that man y studentsexperience education as irrelevant to their life goals and ambitions …says Michael Nakkula, aHarvard education professor who runs a Boston-area mentoring program called Project IF (Inventing the Future), which works to get low-income underachievers in touch with their aspirations. The key to getting kids to aim higher at school is to tell them the notion that Glasswork is irrelevant is not true, to show them how doing well at school can actually help them fulfill their dreams beyond it. Like any ambitious toddler, they need to understand that they have to learn to walk before they can run.48. The passage is mainly about ______.A. when in one's life ambition is most neededB. what to do to reform the education systemC. why parents of underachievers are ambitiousD. how to help school children develop their ambition49. According to the passage, most educators believe that many kids ______. A. show a lack of academic ambition at birthB. amaze their parents by acting like adultsC. become less ambitious as they grow upD. get increasingly afraid of failing in school50. Paragraph 1 mentions some parents who would see their kids' failure as______. A. naturalB. trivialC. intolerableD. understandable51. The word "malleable" in Paragraph 3 most probably means ______.A. justifiableB. flexibleC. uncountableD. desirable52. Some experts suggest that many kids lose ambition in school because they are______. A. cut off from the outside worldB. exposed to school work onlyC. kept away from class competitionD. labeled as inferior to others53. The last paragraph implies______.A. the effectiveness of Project IFB. the significance of class workC. the importance of walking to runningD. the attainment of different life goalsPassage FourJan Hendrik Schon's success seemed too good to be true, and it was.In only four years as a physicist at Bell Laborites, Schon, 32, had co-authored 90 scientific papers--one every 16 days--dealing newdiscoveries in superconductivity, lasers, nanotechnology and quantum physics. This output astonished his colleagues, and made them suspicious. When one co-worker noticed that the same table of data appeared in two separate papers--which also happened to appear in the two mostprestigious scientific journals in the world, Science and Nature-the jig was up. In October 2002 a Bell Labs investigation found that: Schon had falsified and fabricated data. His career as a scientist wasfinished .Scientific scandals, witch are as old as science itself, tend to follow similar patterns of presumption and due reward.In recent years, of course, the pressure on scientists to publish in the top journals has increased, making the journals much more crucial to career success. The questions are whether Nature and Science have become to too powerful as arbiters of what science reach to the public, and whether the journals are up to their task as gatekeepers.Each scientific specialty has its own set of journals. Physicists have Physical Review Letters;neuroscientists have Neuron, and so forth. Science and Nature, though, are the only two majorjournals that cover the gamut of scientific disciplines, from meteorology and zoology to quantum physics and chemistry. Asa result, journalists look to them each week for the cream of the cropof new science papers. And scientists look to the journals in partto reach journalists. Why do they care? Competition for grants has gotten so fierce that scientists have sought popular renown to gain an edge over their rivals. Publication in specialized journals will win the acclaims from academics and satisfy the publish-or-perish imperative, but Science and Nature come with the added bonus of potentially getting your paper written up in The New York Times and other publications.Scientists tend to pay more attention to the big two than to other journals. When more scientists know about a particular paper, they're more apt to cite it in their own papers. Being oft-cited will increase a scientist's "Impact Factor," a measure of how often papers are cited by peers. Funding agencies use the "Impact Factor" as a rough measure of the influence of scientists they're considering supporting.54. The achievements of Jan Hendrik Schon turned out to be______.A. surprisingB. inconceivableC. praiseworthyD. fraudulent55. To find why scientific scandals like Schon's occur, people have begun to raise doubt about the two top journals for_____.A. their academic prestigeB. their importance to career successC. their popularity with scientific circlesD. their reviewing system.56. They according to the passage, what makes Science and Nature powerful?A. They cover the best researches on a variety of subjectsB. They publish controversial papers that others won't.C. They prefer papers on highly specialized research.D. They have a special system of peer-review.57. The expression "the cream of the crop" in Paragraph 3 likely means _____. A. the most of allB. best of allC. the recently releasedD. the widely spread58. Scientists know that by reaching the journalists for Science and Nature they would get a better chance to _____.A. have more of their papers published in the journals in the futureB. have their names appear in many other renown publicationsC. have their research results understood by the general publicD. have their superiors give them monetary award for the publication59. Compared with other journals, Nature and Science would give the authors an extra benefitthat their papers _____.A. will be more likely to become influential and be citedB. will be more likely to be free from challenge by peers.C. will be reviewed with greaser care to ensure me authorityD. will reappear in their original in papers like New York Times.。
中国科学院博士研究生入学考试《微观经济学》试题
中国科学院博士研究生入学考试《微观经济学》试题《微观经济学》一、名词解释（每题3分, 共12分）1、吉芬商品,2、效用函数3、寡头垄断4、斯勒茨基替代效用二、简答题（每题7分，共28分）1、收入分配差距的扩大对不同类别商品（奢侈品和必需品）市场需求的影响有何不同？简要讨论其对社会资源配置的影响。
2、设某企业的生产函数为Y=K0.6L0.7，请问它是否可以按边际产品的价值支付要素报酬？说明理由，并推导证明。
3、简述完全竞争和完全垄断条件下市场均衡状况的差异，并在同一张图上作图分析两者福利的差异。
4、在同一个地区有两个面积相同的牧场，A牧场为社区公共牧场，B 牧场为私人牧场。
请分析这两类牧场放牧数量是否有差异，并给出简短的理由。
三、综合题（每题20分，共60分），1．证明下面的两个效用函数给商品X和Y带来的是相同的需求函数。
1）U(X, Y)= log(X)+ log(Y)- A9 N: b7 P6 |2）U(X, Y)=(XY)0.5$ V7 E1 {2 H) h, N9 U |2．假设有一小农户种植小麦，其生产小麦的成本为：C=1000+300q+75q2，q是该农户小麦生产量（单位是吨），C是小麦生产总成本（单位是元，其中固定成本为1000元）。
9 R( t1）如果小麦市场价格是1200元/吨，为了使自己的利润最大化，该麦农应生产2.多少小麦？其利润为多少？生产者福利又是多少？生产者福利与利润之间有什么关系？"2）请推导该麦农在短期内的供应函数，用图形表示出来，并说明该麦农会在小麦价格最低为多少时抛荒。
3、在一条河的上游有一个造纸厂，而下游住着一群渔民。
造纸厂只能选择开工与否，开工就必然带来河流的污染，但是可以得到10的利润，若不开工，只能得到0利润。
渔民只能靠打鱼在市场上出售为生，在河水清洁没有污染时他们可以得到12的利润，而河水污染时只能得到5的利润。
1）假设初始产权不确定，渔民和造纸厂为此闹到法庭，而你恰好是审判这一纠纷的法官，问单纯从经济效率的角度出发，你应该做出什么样的判决？如果你做出和上面选择不同的判决，双方可以自由交易，且交易成本为0，问最终的均衡结果有什么不同？2）由于渔民自己组织起来，具有一定的协调成本，而且调节法律纠纷本身也存在一定的费用，所有此等费用总计为5，问在这一条件下，上题的答案会有什么变化？3）根据上两道题的提示，请给出科斯定理的一种表述。
中科院博士入学考试英语真题
中科院博士入学考试英语真题Text D Family MattersThis month Singapore passed a bill that would give legal teeth to the moral obligation to support one's parents. Called the Maintenance of Parents Bill, it received the backing of the Singapore Government.That does not mean it hasn't generated discussion. Several members of the Parliament opposed the measure as un-Asian. Others who acknowledged the problem o f the elderly poor believed it a disproportionate response. Still others believe it will subvert relations within the family: cynics dubbed it the "Sue Your Son" law.Those who say that the bill does not promote filial responsibility, of course, are right. It has nothing to do with filial responsibility. It kicks in where filial responsibility fails. The law cannot legislate filial responsibility any more than it can legislate love. All the law can do is to provide a safety net where this morality proves insufficient. Singapore needs this bill not to replace morality, but to provide incentives to shore it up.Like many other developed nations, Singapore faces the problems of an increasing proportion of people over 60 years of age.Demography is inexorable. In 19 80, 7.2% of the population was in this bracket. By the end of the century that figure will grow to 11%. By 2030, the proportion is projected to be 26%. The problem is not old age per se. It is that the ratio of economically active people to economically inactive people that will decline.But no amount of government exhortation or paternalism will completely eliminate the problem of old people who have insufficient means to make ends meet. Some people will fall through the holes in any safety net.Traditionally, a person's insurance against poverty in his old age was his family, lifts is not a revolutionary concept. Nor is it uniquely Asian. Care an d support for one's parents is a universal value shared by all civilized societies.The problem in Singapore is that the moral obligation to look after one's parents is unenforceable. A father can be compelled by law to maintain his children. A husband can be forced to support his wife. But, until now, a son or daughter had no legal obligation to support his or her parents.1989, an Advisory Council was set up to look into the problems of the aged. Its report stated with a tinge of complacency that 95% of those who did not have their own income were receiving cash contributions from relations. But what about the 5% who aren't getting relatives' support? They have several options: (a) get a job and work until they die; (b) apply for public assistance(you have to be destitute to apply); or(c) starve quietly. None of these options is socially acceptable. And what if this 5% figure grows, as it is likely to do, as society ages?The Maintenance of Parents Bill was put forth to encourage the traditional virtues that have so far kept Asian nations from some of the breakdowns encountered in other affluent societies. This legislation will allow a person to apply t o the court for maintenance from any or all of his children. The court would have the discretion to refuse to make an order if it is unjust. Those who deride the proposal for opening up the courts to family lawsuits miss the point. Only in extreme caseswould any parent take his child to court. If it does indeed become law, the bill's effect would be far more subtle.First, it will reaffirm the notion that it is each individual's - not society's - responsibility to look after his parents. Singapore is still conservative enough that most people will not object to this idea. It reinforces the traditional values and it doesn't hurt a society now and then to remind itself of its core values.Second, and more important, it will make those who are inclined to shirk their responsibilities think twice. Until now, if a person asked family elders, clergymen or the Ministry of Community Development to help get financial support from his children, the most they could do was to mediate. But mediators have no teeth, and a child could simply ignore their pleas.But to be sued by one's parents would be a massive loss of face. It would be a public disgrace. Few people would be so thick-skinned as to say, "Sue and be damned". The hand of the conciliator would be immeasurably strengthened. It is far more likely that some sort of amicable settlement would be reached if the recalcitrant son or daughter knows that the alternative is a public trial.It would be nice to think Singapore doesn't need this kind of law. But that belief ignores the clear demographic trends and the effect of affluence itself on traditional bends. Those of us who pushed for the bill will consider ourselves most successful if it acts as an incentive not to have it invoked in the first place.78. The Maintenance of Parents BillA. received unanimous support in the Singapore ParliamentB. was believed to solve all the problems of the elderly poorC. was intended to substitute for traditional values in SingaporeD. was passed to make the young more responsible to the old79. By quoting the growing percentage points of the aged in the population, the author seems to imply that __A. the country will face mounting problems of the old in futureB. the social welfare system would be under great pressureC. young people should be given more moral educationD. the old should be provided with means of livelihood80. Which of the following statements is CORRECT?A. Filial responsibility in Singapore is enforced by law.B. Fathers have legal obligations to look after their children.C. It is an acceptable practice for the old to continue working.D. The Advisory Council was dissatisfied with the problems of the old。
中国科学院博士研究生入学考试《计量经济学》试题
中国科学院博士研究生入学考试《计量经济学》试题
中国科学院博士研究生入学考试《计量经济学》试题
《计量经济学》
(一)、选择题 (每题3分，共21分)
1．在模型设定中引入不相干的变量，对原来变量的参数估计的无偏性的和统计检验的影响将是：（）
(A) 无偏的和有效的 (B) 无偏的，但检验是无效的
(C) 有偏的，但检验是有效的 (A) 有偏的，且检验是无效的8 g
2．出现异方差时，若用最小二乘法估计：（）
（A）影响无偏性，但不影响参数的方差（B）影响无偏性，且影响参数的方差（C）不影响无偏性，也不影响参数的方差（D）不影响无偏性，但影响参数的方差
3．在用工具变量处理单方程模型中的解释变量的内生性问题时，以下哪个条件不属于有效工具变量所必须要求的：（）
（A）该工具变量必须是外生的4
（B）该工具变量必须与需要处理的内生性的变量相关
（C）该工具变量必须对单方程模型中被解释变量有直接影响
（D）该工具变量不能是单方程模型中原有的其它解释变量
4．分析Panel Data时，双向固定效应模型与同时加时间和截面虚拟变量的虚拟变量模型的参数估计结果是：（）.
（A）一样的（B）不一样的（C）不一定
5．当不能观察到的随时间不变的因素与解释变量相关时，应用随机效应模型估计的结果与固定效应模型相比会：。
中国科学院研究生院博士研究生入学考试
中国科学院研究生院博士研究生入学考试 英语考试大纲本大纲是在 2002 年 10 月起试行的原《中国科学院研究生院博士研究生入学考试英语 考试大纲》的基础上修订的，自 2005 年 10 月起在中国科学院研究生院范围内试行。
矚慫润厲钐瘗睞枥。
考试对象 报考中国科学院所属各院、所、园、中心、站、台相关专业拟攻读博士学位的考生。
考试目的 检验考生是否具有进入攻读博士学位阶段的英语水平和能力。
考试类型、考试内容及考试结构 本考试共有五个部分：词汇（占 10%） 、完形填空（占 15%） 、阅读理解（占 40%） 、英 译汉占（15%） ，写作占 20%。
试卷分为：试卷一（Paper One）客观试题，包括前三个部分， 共 75 题，顺序排号；试卷二（Paper Two）主观试题，包括英译汉和写作两个部分。
聞創沟燴鐺險爱氇。
一、词汇 主要测试考生是否具备一定的词汇量和根据上下文对词和词组意义判断的能力。
词和 词组的测试范围基本以本考试大纲词汇表为参照依据。
残骛楼諍锩瀨濟溆。
共 20 题。
每题为一个留有空白的英文句子。
要求考生从所给的四个选项中选出可用在 句中的最恰当词或词组。
二、完形填空 主要测试考生在语篇层次上的理解能力以及对词汇表达方式和结构掌握的程度。
考生 应具有借助于词汇、句法及上下文线索对语言进行综合分析和应用的能力。
要求考生就所 给篇章中 15 处空白所需的词或短语分别从四个选项中选出最佳答案。
酽锕极額閉镇桧猪。
三、阅读理解 本部分共分两节。
要求考生能： 1）掌握中心思想、主要内容和具体细节； 2）进行相关的判断和推理； 3）准确把握某些词和词组在上下文中的特定含义； 4）领会作者观点和意图、判断作者的态度。
1 / 21A 节：主要测试考生在规定时间内通过阅读获取相关信息的能力。
考生须完成 1800-2000 词的阅读量并就题目从四个选项中选出最佳答案。
彈贸摄尔霁毙攬砖。
B 节：主要测试考生对诸如连贯性和一致性等语段特征的理解。
中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所博士入学考博专业课考题(最全)
２００９经济地理学研究生入学考试一、名词解释1.产业集群2.空间管制3.区域创新网络4.循环累计因果理论5.农业生态系统6.连接度二、简述题1.简述距离衰减原理的基本内容以及在产业布局中的应用。
2.试述中心—外围理论的核心观点。
3.分析自然环境对经济活动区位的影响。
三、论述题1.试论述地理信息系统在区域发展研究中的应用。
2.试论述经济全球化与经济区域化的关系。
中科院2007年博士入学考试人文地理（区域发展、经济地理）专业考试题 中科院2007年博士入学考试人文地理（区域发展、经济地理）专业考试题区域发展）：名词解释（每题4分）：三大自然区；倒U型曲线；里斯本战略；空间结构；生态补偿机制论述（任选4题，每题20分）：1、试论述改革开放后我国区域经济差异变化的特征及其原因。
2、我国经济发展兼顾“效率”与“公平”的难点。
3、协调发展的具体含意。
4、试论述我国“西部大开发、东北振兴、中部崛起、东部率先发展”的宏观区域经济发展战略与主体功能区划的关系。
5、市场经济的完善对我国区域规划的影响。
经济地理）：名词解释（每题4分）：杜能圈；垂直外资；郊区化；交通枢纽；发展轴论述题（任选4题，每题20分）：1、结合城市化快速发展的典型案例，解析乡村转型中的特征及存在的问题。
2、论述产业集中与产业集群的异同。
3、与我国1980－90年代相比较，我国小城镇发展的影响因素有什么变化，及其在新农村建设的作用。
4、结合下图我国的高速公路网建设布局方案，论述其经济地理基础及其对我国经济社会空间结构的影响。
5、谈谈我国主体功能区划有哪些科学依据。
中科院2006年博士入学考试人文地理（区域发展、经济地理）专业考试题城市地理学（2006）一、简述题：1.简述城市化的阶段性特征。
2.简述城市竞争力的影响因素。
3.城市发展定位。
4.简述我国大城市城市居住空间的分异特征。
二、论述题（3选2）1.比较城市群与都市圈在发展机制、形成条件和基本特征方面的异同。
中科院应用生态研究所博士入学英语考试试题
中科院应用生态研究所博士入学英语考试试题PhD Entrance Exam - Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of SciencesSection 1: Reading ComprehensionPassage 1: The Importance of Biodiversity Conservation1. What is the main idea of the passage?2. According to the passage, what are the main causes of biodiversity loss?3. Give two examples of ecosystem services provided by biodiversity.4. How can individuals contribute to biodiversity conservation, according to the passage? Passage 2: Climate Change and its Impact on Ecosystems1. What is the main focus of the passage?2. How does climate change affect biodiversity?3. Describe two strategies that can help mitigate the impacts of climate change on ecosystems.4. How can scientists contribute to combating climate change, as mentioned in the passage? Section 2: Vocabulary and Grammar1. Fill in the blank with the appropriate word from the given options:The ___________ of a species refers to its disappearance from a particular geographic area.a) extinction b) invasion c) adaptation d) rehabilitation2. Choose the correct option to complete the sentence:___________ rainforests are characterized by high levels of rainfall and biodiversity.a) Tropical b) Temperate c) Desert d) Savanna3. Choose the correct form of the verb to complete the sentence:The research team _________ extensive data on ecosystem dynamics.a) analyzed b) analyzes c) had analyzed d) have analyzed4. Rewrite the sentence in the passive voice:The researchers are studying the impact of pollution on coastal ecosystems.Section 3: Essay WritingChoose one of the following topics and write an essay of about 500 words.1. The Role of Technology in Conservation BiologyDiscuss the benefits and drawbacks of using technology in conservation biology. Provide examples and discuss potential future advancements in this field.2. Sustainable Agriculture and Food SecurityExplain the importance of sustainable agriculture in ensuring global food security. Discuss the challenges and potential solutions for achieving sustainable agricultural practices.3. Urbanization and Biodiversity ConservationAnalyze the impact of urbanization on biodiversity and discuss potential strategies for integrating biodiversity conservation into urban planning.Remember to use appropriate academic language, provide evidence and examples to support your arguments, and structure your essay with an introduction, body paragraphs, and a conclusion. Note: This sample exam paper is just for reference purposes and may not represent the actual entrance exam of the Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences.。
中国科学院研究生院2021博士研究生入学考试旅游管理试卷
中国科学院研究生院
博士研究生入学考试
旅游管理
2021年3月…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………考生须知：
1、本试卷为主观题，答卷使用答题纸作答。
答题时，必须用0.5毫米黑色笔书写，要求字体工整、清晰。
务必在答题纸上题号所指定的区域作答。
请保持答题纸清洁、无折皱。
答题纸切忌折叠。
2、全部考试时间总计180分钟，满分为100分。
一、名词解释（每题5分，答案不少于 30 字）
1.旅游动机：
2.可进入性：
3.可持续发展：
4.旅游基础设施：
二、简答（每题10分，答案不少于 300字）
1.影响人们选择旅行方式的主要因素有哪些？
2.国际旅游客流的基本规律与发展趋势
三、论述（每题30分，答案不少于 1000 字）
1.旅游季节性的成因、产生的后果及消除的措施。
2.现代旅游活动的特点并指出认识这些特点的意义。
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中国科学院研究生院博士研究生入学考试试题(1)考试科目：动物学一、名词解释(每题3分，其中举例1分；共30分)1．后口动物2. 咽鳃裂3. 羊膜动物4. 鳞嵴5. 物种6. 口咽式呼吸7. 混合体腔8. 生物多样性9. 动物区系10. 同源器官二、填空题（每空0.5 分，共15分）1. 降河洄游入海的鱼类其体液渗透压需要完成由（）转变为（）。
（提示：填高或低）。
2. 粘孢子虫是渔业养殖中危害较大的病原体之一，其无性生殖方式是（）生殖。
3. 华枝睾吸虫病是一种在我国较为流行的食源性寄生虫病。
其病原体的虫卵排入水体后被第一中间宿主螺吞食后逸出（），然后逐渐发育为胞蚴，（）和（）；后者成熟后被释放到水体中，遇到第二中间宿主鱼或虾后侵入其体内发育为（）。
4. 寡毛纲动物神经系统为（）。
5. 水体中常见的浮游动物蚤状溞属于甲壳纲（）亚纲。
6. 蚌和鳑鮍鱼是自然界生物间相互依存的典型实例；鱼将卵产于蚌的（）中，蚌的（）寄生于鱼的皮肤上。
7. 动物的肌肉组织是由（）胚层发育分化而来。
8. 我国陆地动物区系分属于（）届与( )届两大区系；现代动物区系的基本轮廓呈现于（）初期。
9. 甲壳纲动物体节常分为（）部和（）部；具有（）对附肢。
10. 藤壶是附着在海边岩石、船体上的一种常见生物，它隶属于（）亚门。
11. 大多数鱼类身上被有鳞片，而鱼鳞主要分为3种，即硬鳞、（）和（）。
12. 环毛蚓的生殖系统为雌雄（），生殖时（）受精。
13. 环节动物的循环系统属（）式循环；节肢动物的循环系统是（）式；两栖动物的循环方式为（）和（）的双循环。
14. 鸟类在繁殖期常各自占有一定的领域，不许其他鸟类（尤其是同种鸟类）侵入，称为（）现象。
15. 棘皮动物的成虫呈（）对称，其幼虫呈（）对称。
三、问答题(共55分)1. 简述脊索动物的三大主要特征及脊索的出现在动物演化史上的意义。
（8分）2. 简述近年来动物系统分类学中三大学派的主要观点。
（10分）3. 从节肢动物的特点，简要说明其在动物界种类多、分布广的原因。
（10分）4. 比较说明鱼类、两栖类、爬行类和鸟类呼吸系统的结构和呼吸方式的特点。
（12分）5. 简述在动物大进化范畴上的几种常见进化型式并举例说明。
（15分）(2)考试科目：微生物学一、名词翻译与解释(每题3分，共15分)纳米细菌水生微生物生境Outer membraneSpirocheteDiversity index二、填空题（每空 1 分，共15 分）1. 生态环境中的微生物是环境污染的直接承受者，任何环境变化都对微生物 (1) 和(2) 产生影响。
因此可用微生物指标指示 (3) 。
由于微生物 (4) ，(5) ，微生物作为环境污染的指示物在应用上 (6) 动物和植物广泛而规范。
2. 质粒和转座因子都是细胞中除了染色体以外的遗传因子。
前者是一种 (7) ，能进行 (8) 的 (9) 遗传因子，主要存在于 (10) 细胞中；后者是(11) 或 (12) 上的一段能 (13) 的DNA序列，广泛分布于 (14)和 (15) 细胞中。
三、简答题(每题 4分，共 20 分)1. 何谓生物降解？生物降解有哪4种基本反应？2. 举例说明控制微生物，防治生物霉腐最显生态效益的方法？3. 基因工程中使用的载体基本上是来自微生物，主要包括哪六大类型？4. 微生物在生态系统中的角色？5. 微生物种群相互作用的基本类型？四、论述题(每题 25分，共 50分)1．试论微生物能量转换与分子马达(molecular motor)的能量转换作用或研究事例2. 简要阐述真核微生物的生物多样性(3)考试科目：鱼类生态学一、名词解释(每题3分，共21分)1．Diadromous fish2．鱼类生长的不确定性和可变性3．生长离散4. Homing5．Gause’s Principle6．Hjort’s Critical Period Hypothesis7．剩余渔产量二、填空题（每空1分，共17分）1．消化速率的概念是。
列举三种测定消化速率的方法：、、。
2．鱼类的总代谢可以分解为、、。
3．鱼类产卵群体的结构中，初次性成熟的个体统称为，第二次以致多次重复性成熟的个体统称为。
种群中性未成熟的个体统称为。
4．Panella（1971）在鱼类耳石上发现了轮纹的日沉积现象，这种轮纹称为。
这一结构被广泛应用于研究、、等（列举三项）。
5．鱼类种群的基本特征包括、、。
三、简答题(每题6分，共30分)1．简述年轮形成的原理，介绍一种确证年轮年周期和年轮形成时间的方法。
2．简述四大家鱼的生活史和食性，说明江湖联系对长江四大家鱼资源的重要性。
3．以长江中下游鱼类为例，举例说明鱼类的主要食性类型，介绍一条捕食食物链。
4．什么是分批产卵鱼类和非分批产卵鱼类？各举一例说明。
如何确定分批和非分批产卵鱼类？5．以长江流域鱼类举例说明r和k型选择鱼类的生物学和种群增长特征。
四、论述题(每题16分，共32分)1．试分析三峡蓄水后库区鱼类群落演替的可能趋势。
2．我国湖泊渔业管理曾将食鱼性鱼类作为清除的对象，请分析这种管理方式对湖泊鱼类群落和生态系统的可能影响。
(4)考试科目：生物化学一、名词解释(每题4 分，共 20 分)1．microRNA 和 RNAi2. Methylation 和 Acetylation3. Sumoylation 和 ubiquitylation4. iPS cell 和 Stem cell5. Angiogenesis 和 metastasis二、简答题(每题8 分，共40 分)1简述低氧信号传导途径。
2简述MicroRNA调控基因表达的原理和过程。
3简述表观遗传修饰的主要方式。
4简述研究蛋白质与蛋白质相互作用的主要技术手段。
5简述筛选一个转录因子所调控基因的主要技术手段。
三、论述题(共40 分)1．在研究中克隆到一个人类的新基因（nover gene）,请设计一个完整的实验方案，研究该基因的体外和体内生物学功能。
（方案要具体，模式动物要明确）(5)考试科目：环境生物学一、名词解释（每题3分，共30分）1、Endocytosis2、Bioactivation3、Joint toxicity4、Priority5、Passive transport6、Bioremediation6、Conservation biology 8、Behavioral toxicity9、Dose-effect Relationship 10、IVCW9、填空题（每空1分，共20分）1、生物测试是系统地利用生物的反应测定一种或多种污染物或环境因素单独或联合存在时，所导致的影响或危害。
所利用的生物反应包括、、、、、、、各级水平上的反应。
2、致突变物作用于引起突变，致其不能与异性细胞结合，导致死亡，称为突变。
3、环境质量基准是同特定对象之间的剂量—反应关系确定的，不考虑社会、经济、技术等人为因素，不具法律效力。
环境质量标准则是以为依据，并考虑社会、经济、技术等因素，经过综合分析制定的，具有，体现国家环境保护和。
4、污染物在生态系统中的归宿参数包括、、和。
三、问答题（每题6分，共30分）1、影响微生物对物质降解转化作用的因素主要有哪些？2、什么是生物多样性？一般分为几种不同层次？分别简述之。
3、污染物生物迁移的形式有哪些，并简述影响因素。
4、水污染生物监测中，常用的种的多样性指数有哪几种，分别简述之。
5、试述A-A/O工艺的主要特点。
四、论述题（20分）试述人工湿地和生态修复在水污染治理和水环境保护中的作用。
(6)考试科目：遗传学一、名词解释(每题 4 分，共 20 分)1．等位基因（allele）2．协同进化(concerdent evolution)3．非复制转座(non-replicative transposition)4. 组成型异染色质(constitutive heterochromatin)5. 顺反互补测验(cis trans test)二、填空题（每空1 分，共20 分）1．摩尔根证明了____是以____形式排列在____上，并在____上占有一定位置。
____的传递同____所在的____的传递是____的，这就是____定律，同____研究指出的____定律和____定律合称为遗传学的三大定律。
2．密码子____除了编码_____外，还是____翻译产生____时的起始位点。
____是____生物的唯一起始密码子。
在____生物中，在某些情况下，____也可被用作起始密码子。
三、简答题(每题 10 分，共 40 分)1．由Osward Avery等人所进行的肺炎球菌的转化试验说明了什么？你认为该试验在当今还可作些什么改进？2．何谓分子伴侣（molecular chaperone）? 试举例说明其功用？3．线粒体DNA的主要遗传规律及其在物种进化研究中的应用价值？4。
试简述主要的基因定位技术路线和方法？四、论述题(每题 20 分，共 20 分)1．试述开展基因克隆工作的主要策略和方法？(7)考试科目：生态学一、名词解释(每题3分，共30分)1. P/B ratio2. Ichthyology3. Plankton ecology4.Watershed ecology5. The Yangtze floodplain6. Energy budget7. Endangered species8. Diatom blooms9. Grazing pressure10. Top-down effects二、简答题(每题6分，共30分)1．简述浮游植物的基本特征，列举主要类群；2. 浮游动物包括哪些类群？写出2个常见的拉丁属名；3. 何谓洄游性鱼类和半洄游性鱼类，各列举2种鱼类并写出英文名称；4. 底栖动物包括哪些类群？写出2个拉丁属名；5. 水生植物分为哪些类群？写出2个类群的英文名称；三、论述题(每题10分，共40分)1. 简述三峡建坝对香溪河水华的影响；2. 如何协调长江流域淡水湖泊中渔业发展与水环境保护之间的矛盾？3. 你认为我国湖泊的富营养化只需要控制磷吗？为什么？4．你认为用DNA指纹分析技术可以探讨什么样的浮游动物生态学问题？(8)考试科目:发育生物学一、名词解释：（每题5分，共20分）（1）suppression subtractive hybridization 和in situ hybridization（2）fertilization 和 gynogenesis（3）cell senescence 和 cell apoptosis（4）germ cells和germ plasm二、论述题：（每个20分，共80分）1.试论述性别决定和性别分化的异同。