美国文学期末复习

作家作品

Naturalism

1、Stephen Crane斯蒂芬·克莱恩1871-1900 战争小说之父

Maggie: A Girl of the Streets《街头女郎麦琪》（美国文学史上首次站在同情立场上描写受辱妇女的悲惨命运）, a pioneering work of sociological naturalism；关于南北战争的The Red Badge of Courage《红色英勇勋章》，奠定了他在美国文坛上不可动摇的地位；优秀短篇小说集The Open Boat《海上扁舟》和blue hotel 《蓝色旅馆》; wounds in the rain 《雨中的伤痕》The Bride Comes to Yellow Sky《新娘来到黄天镇》

2、Theodore Dreiser西奥多·德莱塞1871-1945美国文学史上最杰出的现实主义小说家，一位以探索充满磨难的现实生活着称的美国自然主义作家.

Sister Carrie《嘉莉妹妹》，真实再现了当时美国社会;Jennie Gerhardt《珍妮姑娘》，被称为《嘉莉妹妹》的姐妹篇;Trilogy of Desire欲望三部曲（Financer金融家,The Titan巨人,The Stoic斯多噶）;An American Tragedy《美国悲剧》是德莱赛成就最高的作品，是人们清晰地看到了美国社会的真实情况，“至今依然具有巨大的现实意义”

在《美国悲剧》中，Dreiser intended to tell us that it is the social pressure that makes Clyde's downfall inevitable. Clyde's tragedy is a tragedy that depends upon the American social system which encouraged people to pursue the "dream of success" at all costs.

1、Naturalism emphasized heredity and environment as important deterministic forces shaping individualized characters who were presented in special and detailed circumstances.

2. The effect of Darwinist idea of "survival of the fittest" was shattering. It is not surprising to find in Dreiser's fiction a world of jungle, where “kill or to be killed” was the law.

Dreiser's Writing Features:

✓As a naturalist writer, Dreiser stressed determinism in his novels which deals with everyday life, often with its sordid side.

✓As a naturalist, he developed the capacity for photographic and relentless (无情的) observation, thereby truthfully reflecting the society and people of his time.

✓His narrative method is natural and free from artifice.

Modern Poetry

3、Robert Frost罗伯特·弗罗斯特1874-1963

20世纪最受欢迎的美国诗人, 美国文学中的桂冠诗人田园诗；自然诗☐He used symbols from everyday country life to express his deep ideas. His graceful and traditional poetic style is highly appreciated in the country.

A Boy's Will少年心愿and North of Boston波士顿之北were published and highly acclaimed in England. Mending Wall修墙,After Apple-picking摘苹果之

后;Mountain Interval山间The Road Not taken没有选择的道路;

New Hampshire 《新罕布什尔West-running Brook西流的溪涧;A Further Range 又一片牧场;A Witness Tree一株作证的树a masque of reason《理智的假面具》a masque of mercy慈悲的假面具complete poems诗歌全集a steeple bush尖塔丛林The Analysis of “The Road Not Taken”

1.when confronted with important decisions which one must make in life, one must accept the

consequences, for he will not have a chance to go back.

2.He encourages people to try things new and choose the road less traveled by. At the same time,

he expresses the regrets that one can not choose two at the same time.

3.The poem is written in iambic pentameter with the rhyme scheme ABAAB

4.Symbolism is used as a very effective writing technique.

4、Ezra Pound艾兹拉·庞德1885-1972

Imagism

1) With a spirit of revolt against conventions, imagism was anti-romantic and anti-Victorian.

2) Imagism produced free verse without imposing a rhythmical pattern.

3) Imagism tried to record objective observations of an object or a situation without interpretation or comment by the poet (creating an image). It calls for brief language, and pinpoints the precise picture in as few words as possible.

美国著名诗人，意象派的代表人物。他和艾略特同为后期象征主义诗歌的领军人物。他从中国古典诗歌、日本俳句中生发出“诗歌意象”的理论，为东西方诗歌的互相借鉴做出卓越贡献。他帮助了乔伊斯的《尤里西斯》的出版。庞德在促进中西文化交流方面作了很大努力。

意象派（Imagists）现代英美诗歌流派。意象即融入了主观情意的客观物象，本是中国古典文艺理论固有的概念。20世纪初以美国诗人艾兹拉·庞德、艾米·洛威尔和英国诗人托马斯·休姆、理查德·奥尔丁顿为代表的一部分作家、评论家在法国象征主义和中国古典诗歌意象的丰富性、含蓄性、形象性影响下，兴起反对抽象说教，反对陈旧题材与表现形式的诗歌运动。1912年，庞德首次采用了意象派名称。帮助T.S.艾略特修改《荒原》获诺贝尔文学奖。

In London, he came into contact with T.E Hulme and the Poets’ club and soon became the leader

of the imagist movement. Then he moved to “vorticism动感意象派”，which though still stressing direct and bare presentation, sought for some principle of dynamism and energy in the image..

A quinzaine for this Yule; Exultations; The Spirit of Romance罗曼司精神; Personage面具The Anthology Des Imagistes意像派诗选;Cathay华夏（英译中国诗）Cathay: a collection of Chinese translations, based on the manuscripts of Ernest Fennellosa; The Cantos of Ezra Pound庞德诗章（109首及8首未完成稿）

The Analyses of “ In a Station of the Metro”地铁站一瞥

Appreciation:

1) The most celebrated imagist works

3) The use of one dominant image to represent what he was experiencing

5) The complex is represented “instantaneously,” the transition from the Metro Station to the wet bough somewhere outside liberates us from “space limits”, and the transition from the present faces to the remembered petals breaks down “time limits”

5、Thomas Stearns Eliot托马斯·艾略特1888-1965

曾受法国象征主义文学的影响

The love song of J.Alfred Prufrock《J.阿尔弗雷德·普鲁弗洛克的情歌》, a poem that reveals the spiritual crisis of modern intellectuals. Prufrock and Other Observations 《普鲁弗洛克及其他》;The Waste Land荒原，which catches precisely the state of