测控专业英语课件(一) [兼容模式]
测控技术与仪器专业英语
Unit 1 Definition of Measurement and Measurement Theory定义的测量方法和测量理论1. Definition of Measurement测量的定义A possible operational description of the term measurement which agrees with our intuition is the following :“measurement is the acquisition of inform ation ”;the aspect of gathering information is one of the most essential aspects of measurement ;measurement are conducted to learn about the object of measurement ;the measurand .This means that a measurement must be descriptive with regard to that state or that phenomenon in the world around us which we are measuring .一个可能的操作描述这个术语的同意,我们凭直觉测量是下列的“测量信息获取”,采集信息的方面是最重要的方面进行测量,计量了解测量的对象,进行测量。
这意味着一个测量必须描述对于这种状态或这一现象在我们周围的世界我们衡量。
There must be a relationship between this state or phenomenon and the measurement result .Although the aspect of acquiring information is elementary ,it is merely a necessary and not a sufficient aspect of measurement :when one reads a textbook ,one gathers information ,but one does not perform a measurement.必须有一个关系状态或现象和测量结果信息获取的角度,即使是基础,那只是一个必要的和非充分方面的测量:当一个人阅读教科书,一个收集信息,但是一个人不能进行测量。
测控专业英语
integrated control 集中控制
drawback 缺点
length 持续时间 长度
distributed control 分散型控制 分布式控制、、
launch 提出 开创 开始
de-facto standard 事实上的标准
acronym缩写字
supervision programs 监督控制
elusive 逃避的
optimization programs 优化程序
direct digital control 直接数字控制器
soda ash 纯碱
centralise =centralize 集中
monolith 整体 单一 一致】
timer 定时器 计时器
ladder diagram 梯形图
programmable logic controller 可编程逻辑控制器
single-board computer 单板机
oem（）original equipment manufacturer 原始设备制造商
lottery 彩票
AOT analogue output card 输出
PIN pulse input card 脉冲输入卡
DIN discrete ---- 离散
DOT discrete output card 离散输出卡
RTC real time clock 实时时钟
peripheral 周边的，外围的
pulp and paper 制浆与造纸
utility 公用工程
hierarchical approach 低阶方法
测控专业英语
UNIT1accomplishment n)成果；成就integrate (v.a)使...结合，综合circuit (n)电路circuitry (n)电路（总称）sophisticated (a)复杂的，尖端的equivalent (a)相等的，相同的transducer (n) 同义词传感器；换能器IC (integrated circuit)集成电路VLSI (very large scale integrated circiut)超大规模集成电路chip (n)芯片analog (n)模拟stopwatch 秒表biomedical 生物医学的linear 线性的nonlinear 非线性的instrumentation仪表检测oscilloscope 示波器microprocessor 微处理器bit; kilobit; megabit 位；千位；兆位to name just...这仅仅是......, to name the more prevalent...这些仅是较流行的功能take aback (astound)使...大吃一惊UNIT 2electromagnetic Indution电磁感应flux density 磁通密度q ___coulombs is inQ是库仑potential gradient电势梯度electromotive force (emf)电动势intensity 电流强度magnitude 大小，流量，幅度at right angles to与...垂直deficit 缺少，亏损weber 韦伯（磁通量）Eq. =equation等式systematic troubleshooting系统的检修malfunction故障UNIT 3 resistance电阻inductance电感capacitance电容resistor(resister)电阻inductor电感器capacitor电容器resistive电阻的inductive感应的capacitive电容性的terminal 终端insulating coating 绝缘外套energize 激励，通电coil 线圈magnetic flux磁通量reversing polarity极性逆转counter electromotive force (CEMF)反电动势inductive reactance感抗impedance阻抗insulator绝缘反义词conductor 导体dielectric 电介质farad; 法拉（电容单位）hertz; 赫兹henry; 亨charge；电荷charging;使充电discharging放电leak away 漏出，漏电promote 促进反义词block 阻塞transformer 变压器compress 压缩passive circuit components 无源电路元件AC; 交流电DC 直流电forward biased正向偏置reverse biased反向偏置solid arrow; 实心箭头dashed arrow虚线箭头UNIT4series Circuits串联电路pertain (v)附属，关于Pythagorean Theorem-based formula 基于勾股.. Phasor相量parenthesis括号triangle; triangulation三角形base; altitude; hypotenuse (n)低/高/斜边conversely (v)相反地resonance 共振phasoral layout 相量排列Had..., the voltage would lag, rather than lead.若..,电压将滞后而不是超前于电流UNIT5semiconductor Diode半导体二极管transistor 晶体管silicon (n) 硅crystalline晶体的impurity 杂质rectifier; rectification整流器/整流triac; diac三端双向晶体管/二端交流开关covalent bonding共价键junction结adjacent临近的diffuse传播equilibrium平衡，均衡...be on the order of ...相当于，近似于UNIT6Amplifier放大器Distinction区别，差别be regard as被视为load resistance 负载电阻substantially=essentially基本地/实质上inherently本质上/生来deduce=reach a conclusion推断transistor circuit晶体管电路precaution预防措施distortion 失真shunt 使...并联impractical不切实际的field-effect场效应UNIT7implement 执行，实现sensor 传感器measurand被测量vat 大桶= tubquantitative 数量的，定量的representative 代表性的，典型的condition 调整，调节categorize 分类transformation 转换photovoltaic 光伏的piezoelectric 压电的thermoelectric 热电的thermistor 热敏电阻RTD 电阻式温度检测器LVDT 线性差动变压器be not representative of…不能代表UNIT8geometric 几何的propagate 传播coordinate 坐标graduated 分度的theodolite 经纬仪bubble 气泡dexterity 灵巧，机敏blunder 大错，失误gross 显著的，严重的obviate 消除，排除conscientious 尽责的algebraic 代数的curvature 弯曲，曲率refraction 折光，折射trigonometric 三角法的calibration 标度unquantifiable 不可测量的UNIT 9solenoid 电磁线圈pneumatic 气动的hydraulic 液动的rinse 漂洗blower 鼓风机cereal 谷物的pellet 颗粒throttling 节流调节detrimental 不利的globe 球形pinch 收缩butterfly 蝶形的flange 法兰，凸缘thread 拧螺丝be prone to 倾向于UNIT10radix 基数predecessor前者contraction缩写saturated 饱和的energize 给通电cutoff 截止的de-energized 失电的UNIT11block 积木integration 集成电路CPU 中央处理单元MSI 中等规模集成电路ALU 算术/逻辑单元tailor 制作decoder 解码器synchronization 同步bus 总线pin 管脚multiplex 多路传输assorted 已分类的processor-on-a-chip 单片处理器UNIT12potentiometer 电位计digitize 将….数字化predefine预定义quantize 量化increment 增加acquisition 获取，采集imperfect 半完成的，减弱的UNIT13element 元件manipulate操纵ambient 周围的，环境的trace 示踪excursion 偏差adversely 相反地intervention 介入consistently 协调地UNIT14sinusoidal 正弦的abscissa 横坐标ramp 斜坡parabolic 抛物线的infer 推断fall into 自然的分作from this standpoint the system time-domain analysis is well justified.从这个观点看，对系统进行时域分析是很合理的。
专业英语(测控专业)
Lession 1Function in use•normal probability function 概率正态分布函数•orthonormal function 正交函数•self-correlation function 自相关函数•trigonometrical function 三角函数•unbounded function 无界函数•unit step function 单位阶跃函数•zero Bessel function 零次贝塞尔函数•function of first degree 一次函数•function of many variables 多元函数•function of random variable 随机变量函数Periodic signals 周期信号Time-domain description 时域描述Polynomial expansion 多项式Taylor series 泰勒级数Fourier series 傅里叶级数Frequency-domain description 频域描述Orthogonal function 正交函数Vectors 矢量Description in dictionary•描述：描述的行为，过程或技术•声明，叙述：描述某事的声明或叙述•用画表示：•一种，一类：Description in text•A discussion of orthogonal functions and of their value for the description of signals may be conveniently introduced by considering the analogy between signals and vectors.•通过分析信号和矢量之间的相似之处，引入用来描述信号的正交函数概念。
Description in use•published a description of her travels; gave a vivid description of the game•出版她的游记；关于这场比赛的生动描述•Monet's ethereal descriptions of haystacks and water lilies.•莫内关于干干草垛和睡莲的精妙描绘•cars of every size and description.•各种大小和类型的小汽车Function in dictionary•作用，功能•职务，职责•角色，工作•重大聚会，庆典•函数：功能：•操作：子程序•Function in text•The fact that great majority of functions which may usefully be considered as signals are functions of lends justification to the treatment of signal theory in terms of time and of frequency.•借助于时间和频率的信号处理理论，许多常被看作是信号的函数都用来进行信号处理。
《测控专业英语》PPT课件
M&C Sec. of EI D. of PTU
• with respect to:如果……将怎么样;相对于；关于，至于 • It's going to raise a lot of problems with respect to atmosphere pollution. 这将会引起许多有关环境污染方面的问题。
• proportion-integral-differential:比例-积分-微分
• resultant: adj. 作为结果而发生的, 合成的 • resistance: n. 抵抗；抵制；阻力；电阻值 • summation： n. 总和，总数
M&C Sec. of EI D. of PTU
Specified English for Automation
Part Ⅰ Electrical & Electronic Engineering Basics
Unit 1-A Electrical Networks
• Words
• resistor-inductor-capacitor:电阻器-电感器-电容器 • active-passive:有源-无源
• 着重号：需强调某些成分时可借助文字斜体、某些强调词 汇、特殊句型、标点停顿等方法
M&C Sec. of EI D. of PTU
• ③英文的省略号是三个点(…)，在行底； 中文是六个点(……)，在行中 • ④英文的破折号是中文是——
M&C Sec. of EI D. of PTU
• 常见错误：
• ②中文中的某些标点在英文中没有
• 顿号：改用逗号分割句中的并列成分 • She slowly, carefully, (and) deliberately moved the box. • 书名号：书名、报刊名及文章、诗歌、乐曲、电影、绘画 等均用斜体或下划线表示，也可用双引号 • The NewYork Times/ The NewYork Times • 间隔号：需要时改用逗号 • 奥黛丽· 赫本 Audrey Hepburn
【测控专业英语】Fieldbuses and Interoperability控制系统的集成与互操作性
• CIM:Computer Integrated Manufacturing计算机集成制造
• MAP：Manufacturing Automation Protocol生产自动化协议 •
在开始现场总线技术被最初的提出作为在计算 机集成制造结构中底层的网络，自动化系统的等级 结构来自于生产自动化协议工作组。今天，这样的 形势是相当不同的。
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Fieldbuses and Interoperability
• Firstly, the strictly pyramidal model of automation systems is now recognized as not being well suited to explaining or modeling all communication aspects. 首先,自动化系统的严格金字塔模型是目前公认的 不是很适合所有通信方面解释或建模。 Indeed, it is necessary to distinguish the functional architecture from the real or operational architecture (Simonot-Lion et al. ,1995). 事实上，从真实的操作体系结构中区分功能体 系结构是必要的。
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•
Fieldbuses and Interoperability
•
The fieldbus was initially presented at its beginning, as the network at the bottom level in a CIM architecture, the hierarchical organization of an automation system derived form the MAP task force. Today, the situation is rather different.
测控专业英语翻译
测控专业英语翻译Unit 1 Measurement, Control and InstrumentationInstrumentation is defined as the art and science of measurement and control. Instrumentation engineers are responsible for controlling a whole system like a power plant.译为：仪器可定义为测量和控制的艺术和科学。
仪器工程师负责控制整个系统，比如一个电厂。
An instrument is a device that measures and/or regulates process variables such as flow, temperature, level, or pressure. Instruments include many varied contrivances that can be as simple as valves and transmitters, and as complex as analyzers.译为：仪器是一种用来测量和/或调节过程变量（如流量、温度、液位或压力）的装置。
仪器包括许多不同的设备，可以像阀和变送器那样简单，也可以像分析仪那样复杂。
Instruments often comprise control systems of varied processes such as refineries, factories, and vehicles. The control of processes is one of the main branches of applied instrumentation. Instrumentation can also refer to handheld devices that measure some desired variable. Diverse handheld instrumentation is common in laboratories, but can be found in the householdas well. For example, a smoke detector is a common instrument found in most western homes.译为：仪器通常由如精炼厂、工厂和车辆这些不同流程的控制系统组成。
【测控专业英语】SignalProcess信号处理精品PPT课件
•
当模型推动数学描述方法和人类发展的界限，
数学描述最终到达定义极限。通常，适当的细节能
够被构造进模型之前产生。算法是由于模型不足而
产生的需要。
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Overview of Algorithmic Methods
• As the algorithm increases in complexity, the
the lack of a suitable mathematical formulation or
powerful enough processor to run the algorithm.
•
经常当算法因为缺乏适合的数学表达式和足
够强大处理器去运行算法而不能展开时，他们是
唯一的解决方案。
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• Signal processing in the modern instrument,
implementation of these models in measurement
systems is often impractical.
•
数学模型主要的缺点是迅速变得复不能实现的。
• In this class, the single, or set of multiple, input signal(s) to the data processor is converted to the output form using tightly formulated mathematical description.
development and in computer power, the algorithmic methodology eventually encountered mathematical and
《测控专业英语》PPT课件
• 如：It was raining hard, they could not work in the fields. It was raining hard. (;)they could not work in the fields.
• ②书名号、顿号、省略号错误
M&C Sec. of EI D. of PTU
• Useful Sentence
• In studying the behavior of … • Since … • A summary of …for …is given …
M&C Sec. of EI D. of PTU
Tips:
•
① ② ③ ④
• ③冒号用于注明引用圣经的章节 毕业论文中的参考文献
• The story of Menahem is found in II Kings 15:1422. 亦是同样的用法要求！
M&C Sec. of EI D. of PTU
• ④冒号用于表示比例、美式时间
• Among students of French, women outnumber men by more than 4:1. • 2:15 (两点十五分) (英国式 2.15) • 11:30 (A) (上午十一点三十分) (英国式 11.30 am)
M&C Sec. of EI D. of PTU
• 常用缩略词：
• Eq. /Eqs. • Fig.
• e.g.=for example • no.=number • i.e.=that is • etc.=et cetera • 1st=first 2nd=second • ∴=therefore • ∵=because • &=and ......
测控专业英语unit1.ppt
❖ 摘录;选用(例子,章节等) He extracted some sentences from the book. 他从那本书中摘录了几个句子。
11. arbitrary ['ɑ:bi,trəri] adj. 1）随心所欲的,武断的 This is an arbitrary decision.
这是个武断的决定。 . 2）反复无常的,任性多变的
测量定义与测量理 论
词汇和短语
1.operational description 操作描述
2. acquisition of information 信息采集
3. object of measurement 测量目标
4. measurand [meʒərənd]被测变量,被测物 理量
5.measurement result 测量结果
1）.结论;推论;决定[C][+that] They drew different conclusions from the facts. 他们从这些事实中引出了不同的结论。 ❖ 2）.结尾,结局[C]
❖ 3）.终结,结束
❖ The debate did not come to a conclusion until midnight. 辩论直到午夜才结束。
阅读主要目的在于语言吸收上的潜移默化，在于获得 语感。阅读需要“量”，没有大量语言“输入”难以 学好英语。国内学习者恰恰语言输入量太少，输出量 就更少，往往事倍功半。
练习要做，但要适量；重要ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ是阅读，大量的阅读。
节引自：黄源深，英语阅读也轻松，文汇报， 2004.8.2
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Unit 1 Definition of Measurement and Measurement Theory
测控专业英语课件3.ppt
and sampled version of the cosine and pulse waveforms
have similar spectra in the region
, but the
sampled-data spectra repeat indefinitely at intervals in of
• The introduction of the fast Fourier transform (FFT)
Байду номын сангаас
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《测控技术与仪器英语教程》
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3.4 The z-transform
3.4.1 Introduction 3.4.2 Z-plane Poles and Zeros
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• Terminology
– Digital electronics 数字电子 – The Dirac function 迪拉克函数 – Shifting property 移位算子 – Time and frequency-domain 时域和频域 – Spectral lines 谱线 – DFT 离散傅里叶变换 – FFT 快速傅里叶变换 – Mapping 映射 – Decaying oscillatory function 衰减振荡函数
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3.4.1 Introduction
• Example:
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《测控技术与仪器英语教程》
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3.4.2 Z-plane Poles and Zeros
• The relation between s-plane and the z-plane, and the introduction of z-plane
英语测控专业英语
2020/6/12
《测控技术与仪器英语教程》
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4.4.1 The Spectral Properties of Random Signals
• Using examples to define the probability of an event
• the basic additive law of probability
=
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《测控技术与仪器英语教程》
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4.2.2 Joint and Conditional Probabilities
Backgrounds
• Terminology
– Bayes’rule 贝叶斯公式 – Correlation function 相关函数 – Morse code 莫尔斯码 – Neurophysiology 神经生理学 – Normal distribution 正态分布 – Poisson distribution 泊松分布 – Probability 概率 – Standard deviation 标准偏差 – Time-shifted version 时移形式 – Expect 期望 – Standard deviation 标准方差
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4.2.3 The Probability Density Function
• the probability density function
Figure 4.3 A continuous random signal
测控技术与仪器专业英语
全句译为：然而，微处理器技术的出现使得传感器必须要 有电信号输出，这样便于接口以实现无人测控。
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Unit3 Smart Sensors
That also required the analog signal level to be amplified and converted to digital format prior to （在……之前） being supplied to the process controller. Today’s MCUs and analog-to-digital (A/D) converters typically have a 5V power supply, which has dictated the supply voltage for many amplified and signal conditioned sensors.
译为：一些半导体制造商正在积极的进行控制系统的输 入和输出两个方面的智能装置的研究。微机电系统 （MEMS）这个术语用来描述对传感器和加载器用半导体 制造工艺建立的结构。
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Unit3 Smart Sensors
Before the availability of microelectronics, the sensors or transducers used to measure physical quantities, such as temperature, pressure, and flow, usually were coupled（连接，联结，联系）directly to a readout device, typically a meter that was read by an observer.
测控技术与仪器专业英语
1
第2页/共34页
The intelligence required by such devices is available from microcontroller unit (MCU), digital signal processor (DSP), and application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) technologies developed by several semiconductor manufacturers.
主语为the reduction和the presence，谓语为pose，宾语 challenges。
全句译为：然而，供应电压从5V衰减到3.3V甚至更低， 以及系统中多种电压形式的出现，并不只是对最智能的传 感器提出的考验。
Separate integrated circuits (ICs) are available to handle the variety of voltages and resolve the problem, but they add to system and sensor complexity. 译为：单独的集成电路（ICs）可用来处理各种不同的电压 并解决问题，但它们增加了系8 统和传感器的复杂性。
译为：该转换器将测量的物理量进行转换。观察员对系 统进行修正以使结果接近理想值。典型的测量系统的组成 框图如图3.1所示。
Figure 3.1 General sensing system 5 第6页/共34页
Many home thermostats（恒温（调节）器）, tire pressure gauges（轮胎气压表）, and factory flow meters still operate in the same manner.
测控专业英语1
句中flowmeters意为“流量计”。
5. Instrument and Control Products Contributing to Effective Operation of Water and Sewage Plants
Water and sewage systems are an important part of the social infrastructure and indispensable in people’s daily lives. A water system must provide safe water at a11 times. While a sewage system must purify sewage and rainwater collected by sewerage pipes and transform them into clear water before discharge into a river or ocean. At the same time, reduction of electricity consumption by water and sewage plants is important to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, which lead to global warming. It is also necessary to prevent overdosing of chemicals in treated water from the standpoint of environmental protection. In addition, the reduction of chemical consumption is important from the viewpoint of reducing the operating and maintenance costs of plants.
测控专业英语大全
5、amenable in use
• a person amenable to kindness [advise, reason, flattery] • 易受仁慈感动的[愿听从劝告的, 通情达理的, 易为谗言
所动的]人
• We are amenable to the law [to discipline]. • 我们应该服从法律[有遵守纪律的义务]。 • • The case is not amenable to ordinary rules. • 这情形不是按照普通规定所能处理的。
• appreciate sb.'s friendship • 珍视某人的友谊
2nd diagram in dictionary
• [‘ɑ:gənd] • 阿根图(两垂直轴,一为实数轴,一为虚数轴)
•
由于日内瓦城的Jean Robert Argand，(1768-1822)
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《测控技术与仪器英语教程》
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4、awkward in use
• an awkward question • 棘手问题
• in an awkward situation • 处境困难
• an awkward remark • 不得体的话
• awkward age • 不成熟的年纪
2020/4/7
在复数的图形表示所做的工作，因此以他的名字来命
名A+jB形式的复数图解法，其中实数(A)轴垂直于虚数
(jB)轴，j是-1的平方根，为单位虚数。两条轴是正交的，
通常A轴为水平轴。从坐标点(0，0)到坐标点(A,jB)的
线段的长度就是矢量X=A+jB的幅度，矢量的方向规定
为从A轴逆时针方向测量的矢量的角度，用于用度、弧
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z中心是客观现象及事物本身，而非动作的发出者，把论证说明的对象 置于句子主语的位置，既能突出中心，又能吸引读者的注意。 1) Electricity can be measured in amount and quality. 电可以用数量和质量来度量。
electrical energy is capacitance. It is measured in farads.
电能可储存在由一绝缘介质隔开的两块金属极板内。这样的装置称 之为电容器，其储存电能的能力称为电容。电容的测量单位是法拉。
2.1 Grammar Features
(1) 广泛使用被动语态 (客观性)
2) An object becomes hot. It is placed in the sun. Once being placed in the sun, an object becomes hot. 物体放置在太阳下会变热。
1. 专业英语与普通英语
{ The rotation of the earth on its own axis causes the change from day to night. 地球绕轴自转，引起昼夜的变化。 名词化结构the rotation of the earth on its own axis 使复合句简化成简单句，而且使表达的概 念更加确切严密。
{ If the Earth's rotation was not slowing, there would be none of this stress, and its shape would have remained constant throughout the ages
{ Work must be done in setting a body in motion. 使一个物体运动时，必须做功(词义引申)。
farads.
{ Electrical energy can be stored in two metal plates
separated by an insulating medium. Such a device is
called capacitor or condenser. Its ability to store
课文： z Introduction to Measurement; z Introduction to Control System; z Introduction to Measurement/test Technology and Equipment; z Modern Measurement and Control Technology.
2.1 Grammar Features
(2)广泛使用非谓语形式 (精炼)
非谓语动词在句子中可以起到名词，形容词或副词作用，动词的非谓语 形式分为动名词,分词,动词不定式。
① 动名词
9用动名词短语取代时间从句或简化时间陈述句
1)The signal should be filtered before it is amplified. The signal should be filtered before being amplified. 放大信号前，应先对其进行滤波
人人都知道世界是由物质构成的。
专业英语在句法上最突出的特点是被动语态数量可以 占全部谓语动词的1/3到一半以上。
2.1 Grammar Features
(1) 广泛使用被动语态 (客观性)
试观察并比较下列两段短文的主语
{ We can store electrical energy in two metal plates separated by an insulating medium. We call such a device a capacitor, or a condenser, and its ability to store electrical energy capacitance. It is measured in
电能是在发电站或发电厂产生的 4) The meters are calibrated and the scale is designed to read the
value of the desired unit. 这些仪表可以被校准并且设计了不同的量程 ，以便读出期望的数值。
5) Electrical energy can be stored in two metal plates separated by an insulation medium. Such a device is called a capacitor, and its ability to store electrical energy is termed capacitance. It is measured in ’Farads.
z论文写作： zResume z学习科技文献的写作格式及写作技巧
Chapter 1
Features of Specialized English
专业英语的特点
2.1 Grammar Features 语法特点
客观性（Objective）、准确性（accuracy）和精练性(conciseness)。 (1) 广泛使用被动语态 (2) 广泛使用非谓语形式 (3) 省略句使用频繁 (4) It句型和祈使句使用频繁 (5) 复杂长句使用频繁 (6) 后置形容词短语作定语多
发电机可以把机械能再转换成电能
1.2 学习专业英语的重要性
(1) 科研信息获取 专业英语阅读能力
z当前大部分资料都可以通过互联网传播，而这些资料中90％以上都 是英语。 z世界上科技情报资料的交流主要靠使用英语,对于机械相关专业来说， 绝大部分专业资料和信息都是以英语形式出观。
(2) 研究成果展示 专业英语写作能力
Specialized English for The Measurement and Control Technology and Instrumentation
测控技术与仪器专业英语
授课教师：郝勇 邮箱：haonm@
Introduction
引言
1.1 什么是专业英语
⎧ 普通英语（Common English, Ordinary English）
z申请专利 z发表学术论文：85％以上的科技资料都是以英语形式出版的
(3) 国际交流合作 专业英语表达、听说、应变能力
1.3 课程的学习内容
基础知识 z 文体特点，语法特点， z 词汇特点，常用符号公式表达
z阅读翻译 z 专业词汇的翻译，词性的转换，形容词和名词的翻译， z 被动语态和长句的翻译等
专业英语与科技英语既有区别又有联系。专业英语的学 习需要有一个良好的科技英语基础，同时也要注意其自 身的词汇特点、语法特点、修辞特点和翻译特点等等。
2. 科技英语与专业英语
{ It is a known fact that the rotation of the Earth is gradually slowing. For four and one half billion years, its entire life, it has been slowing down.
2.1 Grammar Features
(1) 广泛使用被动语态 (客观性)
科技英语叙述的对象往往是事物，现象或过程，强调的是所 叙述事话题（topic）的主位（thematic position）的语用功能。 如：
Heat and light are given off by the chemical reaction. 这种化学反应能发出热和光。 被动语态隐含施动者，可以避免给人以主观臆断的对象，如： It is universally known that the world is made of matter.
⎪⎪ ⎨ ⎪
⎪⎩ 科技英语（English for Science and Technology）
专业英语（English for Special Science and Technology） 1. 专业英语与普通英语 (1). 专业英语在词义上具有不同于基础英语的特点和含义。 plant, bus, error, performance, horsepower, microchip, semiconductor
例2：Connect the black pigtail with the dog- house. 错误译法：把黑色的猪尾巴系在狗窝上。 专业译法：将黑色的引出线接在（高频高压电源）屏罩上。
1.1 什么是专业英语
1. 专业英语与普通英语
(2) 外文科技文章在结构上也具有很多自身的特点，如长句多， 被动语态多，大量的名词化结构等，这都给对原文的理解 和翻译带来了基础英语中很难解决的困难。
1.1 什么是专业英语
{ 例 1 ： If a mouse is installed in a computer, then the available memory space for user will reduce.
{ 错误译法：如果让老鼠在计算机里面筑窝，那么使用者的记忆空间 就会减少。
{ 专业译法：如果计算机安装了鼠标，则用户可利用内存空间就会减 少。
电能可以储存在被一绝缘介质隔开的两块金属板中，这样的装置被称为电容 器，它储存电能的能力就被称为电容。电容的测量单位是法拉。
2.1 Grammar Features
英语中存在一些自动性（Intransitivity）很强的动 词或动词词组produce， originate， enable， emerge， vary， give， send， occur， represent， flow， bring about， come within 等，使用这些动词或词组作谓语时 不必使用被动式，可以简化语态，在现代科技英语中也 用得越来越频繁。