英语语法第一、二讲 140307
视频全英讲解英语语法系列第一、二讲
第一讲：sentenceWhat is a sentence?A sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought.A sentence fragment is a group of words that doesn’t express a complete thought. 视频索取：270527344A sentence fragment, which might be clear in conversation, is not clear in writing.Always write in complete sentences, not in sentence fragments.eg. out to lunch = sentence fragmentSusan and I are going out to lunch.Frank was out to lunch when I visited his office.maybe later = sentence fragment-- Oh, do you feel like having a bit of lunch right now?-- Maybe later.In writing, a sentence always begins with a capital letter.A sentence always ends with a punctuation mark.period -- . question mark -- ? exclamation point -- !Four main kinds of sentences:①declarative ②interrogative ③exclamatory ④imperative1. A declarative sentence states a fact.The sun is shining today.2. An interrogative sentence asks a question.Do you have any plans for this afternoon?3. An exclamatory sentence expresses a strong emotion.What a beautiful day for a picnic!4. An imperative sentence makes a request or gives an order.Come with me!四种句型的使用频率：most common, common, rare, rare Exercise 11. When will tomorrow morning’s band rehearsal begin? Interrogative sentence2. Always read the safety instructions before using a new power tool. Imperative sentence3. Having sepnt over two hours working on her dance toutine sentence fragment4. The local wildlife refuge is home to over seventy species of birds.5. That was a fabulous party! Exclamatory sentenceLesson 2 Parts of a SentenceThe Two Main parts of a sentence subject predicateThe subject tells what the sentence is talking about. The most important word in the subject is the simple subject.The predicate describes something that the subject is or does. The most important word int eh predicate is the verb (a word that expresses action or state of being).Subject and predicateMy younger sister Ingrid once worked as a costume designer.She enjoys creating things with her hands.Compound subject:A compound subject is two or more things that work together as the subject, joined by the word “and” or the word “or.”Dogs and cats sometimes enjoy living together.Compound verb:A compound verb is two or more verbs that describe what the subject does, joined by the word “and” or the word “or.”The giant tree bent and swayed in the wind.Review: Two main parts of a sentencethe subject: who or what the sentence is aboutmost important word = simple subjectthe predicate: what the subject is or doesmost important word = the verbExcecise 21. Fifty-three officers received medals at the Police Department awards ceremony.2. Bored with the grown-up conversation, little Amy fell asleep under the kitchen table.3, The number of businesses in this county has increased every year forthe past decade.4. According to scientists, birds and dinosaurs are biologically related.5. All day and all night unceasingly fell the rain.Lesson 3 Four types of sentence structuresClauses: A clause is a group of words that includes both a subject and a verb.Two kinds of clauses①independent clause: can stand alone as a sentence because it expressesa complete thoughtEuropa is of the moons of Jupiter.②subordinate clause: can’t stand alone as a sentence becuase it doesn’t express a complete thought.A subordinate clause usually starts with a subordinating conjunction – if, after, because, since although, when, untilBecause Europa has oceans filled with water, like the Earth4 types of sentence structures①Simple sentence②compound sentence③complex sentence④compound-complex sentenceSimple sentence: consists of one independent clauseLife may exist on Europa.compound sentence: contains two or more independent clauses joined either by a comma and a coordinating conjunction, or by a semicolon Most common coordinating conjunctions: and – or – butMany astronomers believe in extraterrestrial life, but others disagree. Many astronomers believe in extraterrestrial life; but otehr disagree. complex sentence: contains an independent clause and one or more subordinate clauses.eg. If extraterrestrial life is ever discovered, it will change human history. compound-complex sentences: contains two or more independent clauses adn one or more subornidate clauses.Although no sign of life on other worlds has yet been found, the search continues, and many predict success.Grammatical ErrorsA subordinate clause cannot stand alone as a sentence – that is a sentence fragmentA run-on sentence –includes two or more independent clauses that are joined only by a comma or by nothing at alle.g. Visit the city science museum, you’ll see some fascinating exhibits about outer space.Exercise 31. Jazz is the greatest American musical form, and Duke Ellington is its greatest genius. (compoud)2. Although young women ant to participate in sports as much as young men, women’s sports often don’t receive equal funding from colleges. (complex)3. The tallest mountain in Africa, Mount Kilimanjaro is the subject of a stunning new IMAX documentary film. (simple)4. The author Mark Twain was fascinated by technology, he was the first ever to deliver a typed manuscript to his publisher. (run-on sentence)5. When I visited California last summer, I spent one week in San Francisco, and I visited the nearby Napa Valley with my cousin. (compound-complex)Conclusion:第二讲：英语语法系列Introduction:Lesson 1Verbs, Nouns, and PronounsWe’ll discuss in this program. Nine parts of speechverbs, nouns, pronouns, adjectives, articles, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, interjectionsVerbs: Every sentence can be divided into two main parts: the subject and the predicate.The subject is what the sentece is about.The predicate tells something that the subject is or does.The most important word in the predicate is the verb.A verbs epresses action done by or to be subject, or it expresses a state of being of the subject.Examples of verbsgo, decorate, believe, is, appearsgo: I go to school every day.decorate: Every spring we decorate the gym for our annual dance. believe: I believe it’s going to rain today.is: The weather is cloudy today.appear: Susan appears on television as a singer.The weather appears cloudy.Verbs may contain more than one word. A verb consisting of two or more words is called verb phrase –is’s made up of a main verb plus one or more helping verbs.Examples of verb phrases:had gone, will decorate, must believe, should have been, may appearwill decorate: We will decorate the gym next year.We decorate teh gym every year. (happening now)Verb tenses are used to express the time when an action or a state of being takes place.Nouns: A noun names a person, a place, a thing, or an idea.example: student, Barbara, state, Cleveland, sofa, freedomStuden = person Barbara = person state = placeCleveland = place sofa = thing freedom = ideaTypes of NounsA common noun: names a category of people, places, things, or ideas.A proper noun: names a specific example; it normally begins with a capital letter.mouth May ocean AtlanticNouns may be singular or plural.A singular noun refers to one thing, person, place, or idea.A plural noun refers to a number of people, places, things, or ideas (two or more would be plural).Most plural nouns are formed by adding the letter “s” to the end of the singular noun.sofa –sofas man –men woman –women child –children leaf – leavesPronouns: A pronoun takes the place of a noun or a group of nouns.he, some, she, any, it, who, we, which, they, someoneWhy do we use pronouns?The word or words that a pronoun refers to is called teh antecedent of the pronoun.Example: Angela quickly ate her lunch.Jeremy asked Paul to give him a ride.Exercise 11. When Nichole read the letter, she realized that she must change the plans for her vacation.2. Henry Ford created teh Model T, which was for many years the most popular car in the world.3. Is anyone in your class interested in attending next week’s seminar on Italian painting?4. Tim bought several beautiful rugs while he was traveling in Turkey.5. When you are designing a bridge, safety is the most important consideration.Lesson 2Adjectives, Articles, and AdverbsAn adjective modifies a noun or a pronoun.large, unusual, green, impossiblea large boat, that unusual hat, the green tree, an impossible task The adjective usually comes before the noun.The adjective can come after a verb of being.This task is imporrible.task = noun = subject of verb of being is = verb of being impossible = adjectiveSometimes a noun or a pronoun can be used as an adjective.I like to watch baseball.Willie Mays was a great baseball player.Which is your favorite sport?Which sport do you enjoy the most?Articles: An article introduces a noun.a an = indefinite articles the = definite articleI would like an apple for lunch.I would like the apple for lunch.a/an a used in fornt of a word that begins iwth a consonant sound an used in front of a word that begins with a vowel sound___ potato, ____ tomato, ____ orange, ____ appleAdverbs: An adverb modifies a verb, or an adjective, or another adverb. Adverbs often end in –ly, but not always.quickly, soon, very, rather, too, not (most commonly used)Not – often used to interrupt a verb phrase; it negates the meaning of the verb phrase... is happening ... ... is not happening ...Adverbs are most often used to modify verbs.He walks quickly.Adverbs can be used to modify adjectives, or other adverbs.He is quick.He is very quick.He walks too quickly for me.The adverb not is often contracted to n’t.Willima is not going to the movies with us.Sharon isn’t going either.Exercise 21. When water in a lake is deeply tinged with red, a heavy growth of algae is present.2. If Peter has enough free time next summer, he will visit southern Italy on his vacation.3. Auto racing is generally considered one of the most dangerous sports in the world.4. “Silver Blaze”was recently selected as teh best story about the adventures of the famous detetive Sherlock Holmes.5. The veterinarian arrived too late to save teh injured bird.Lessson 3 Connecting Words Prepositions, Conjunctions Prepositions: A preposition relates a noun or pronoun to another part of teh sentence.e.g. in for by from with to below throughPrepositons: Prepositions are always followed by a noun or a pronoun (most often a noun) – that combination of words is called a prepositional phrase.e.g. in my house for my sister by William Shakepeare from New York with my father-in-law to Chicago below the equator throughSome prepositions consis of more than one word.e.g. according to because of in front of instead of prior to according to the weatherman because of today’s rain in front of the hotel instead of dinner prior to bedtimeConjunctions: A conjunction connects two or more other words. Coordinating Conjunctions: A coordinating conjunction connects words, phrases, or clauses.There are seven different coordinating conjunctions: and but or nor for yet soSubordinating Conjunctions: A subordinating conjunction connects clauses, making the clause that follows teh conjunction a subordinate clause.e.g. if It rains this afternoon. If it rains this afternoon, the picnic will be cancelled.A coordinating conjunction joins two things taht are more or less equal in importance or value.A subordinating conjunction joins an indepedent clause and a clause whihc is subordinate.Correlative Conjunctions: Correlative conjunctions come in pairs.both ... and either ... or neither ... nor not only ... but also e.g. Both my mother and my fater will be coming to the awards banquet.1. If gasoline prices keep rising, driving to work will become more and more expensive.2. In my opinion, Picasso was the greatest painter of the twentieth century, and one of the greatest of any era.3. Neither the coach nor the players could explain the dismal performance turned in by the soccer team agasint their local rivals.4. According to most surveys, parents usually prefer sending their children to schools located in the neighborhoods where they live.5. We missed the last bus of the nigh, so we traveled to Oakland by taxi instead.Lesson 4 Interjections, and Recognizing Parts of Speech Interjections: An interjection expresses a strong emotion, and is not grammatically connected to the rest of the sentence.Gosh! Yikes! Ouch! Hooray! D’oh!Tips!How to reognize parts of speech?Look for the main verb first. Then look for the subject of the verb. Then identify modifying words and connecting words.The same word may be used as more than one part of speech. You can’t tell a word’s part of speech just by looking at it in isolation.e.g. Ben surprised Nancy with a party on her birthday.It was a surpsie party.That was quite a surprise!Exercise 4:1. My car gets thrity miles to the gallon.2. People say that too many young athletes today are selfish.3. The Hudson River in New York is not actually a river, in fact, it is a tidal esturay.4. Paul Klee created some of teh greatest abstract paintings of the twentieth century.5. Wow! You have a really beautiful view of the Rocky Mountains from your balcony.Conclusion:第三讲：英语语法系列Introduction:Lesson 1 Three Kinds of Verbs2m。
英语语法分析 (全面)
句子是一个按照一定的语法规律组成的，表达一个完整的意义。
一个句子一般由两部分构成，主语部分和谓语部分。
这两部分也叫句子的主要成分。
句子的次要成分包括宾语，定于，状语，表语等。
1）主语：是一句的主体，是全句述说的对象，常用名词，数词或代词担任，一般放于句首。
如：Students study. (学生学习。
)We are friends.(我们是朋友)这两句话中单词students是个名词，we是代词，它们在句中做主语。
2）谓语：是对主语加以陈述，表示主语的行为或状态，常用动词或者动词词组担任，放在主语的后面。
如：Students study. (学生学习。
)We are friends. (我们是朋友)这两句话中单词study和are都是动词，study叫做实意动词，are叫做be动词，它们在句中作谓语。
3）宾语：表示行为的对象，常由名词或者代词担任。
放在及物动词或者介词之后。
如：They are teachers. ( 他们是老师。
)I play with him. (我和他一起玩。
)这两句话中单词teachers是名词，单词him是带词，它们在句中作宾语。
4）定语：是用来说明或者限制名词的成分，常用形容词或者相当于形容词的短语或从句担任。
形容词放在名词之前，相当于形容词的短语或从句放在名词的后面。
如：This is a red sun.(这是个红太阳.)He is a tall boy.（他是个高个子男孩。
）这两句话中单词red和tall都是形容词，它们作定语。
５）状语是用来说明动词，形容词，副词或整个句子的成分。
常由副词担任。
修饰动词时可以放在动词之前，也可以放在动词之后；修饰形容词或副词时放在它们之前。
如：The students study hard. (这些学生学习努力。
)I often write to him. (我常给他写信。
)The bag is too heavy. (这个书包太重了。
新概念英语一册1-72课语法总结
What colour引导的特殊疑问句、祈使句I
Lesson15-16
名词变复数的规则
Lesson17-18
Who构成的特殊疑问句、形容词性物主代词
Lesson19-20
There be结构的用法
Lesson21-22
Which引导的特殊疑问句、主格和宾格的人称代词
Lesson23-24
介词on的用法
Lesson25-26
定冠词the的用法
Lesson27-28
some与any的用法
Lesson29-30
情态助动词的用法I
Lesson31-32
现在进行时I
Lesson33-34
现在进行时II
Lesson35-36
不及物动词构成的短语动词
Lesson37-38
一般将来时I be going to构成的一般将来时
Lesson51-52
定冠词的省略
Lesson53-54
常用的不同国家的人的名词的单复数
Lesson55-56
一般现在时III
Lesson57-58
一般现在时与现在进行时的区别、时间I
Lesson59-60
have的用法I、all的用法
Lesson61-62
系动词的用法、have的用法II
Lesson63-64
新概念、一般疑问句
Lesson3-4
否定句、代词的功能
Lesson5-6
冠词、特殊疑问句
Lesson7-8
What构成的两种特殊疑问句
Lesson9-10
how构成的特殊疑问句、形容词的基本用法
Lesson11-12
Whose构成的特殊疑问句、’s的名词所有格
(完整版)新概念1-30课语法总结
1-30课语法点总结一. be 动词的一般现在时为：am, is, are. 请大家记好这个口诀：我(I)用am ，你(you)用are ，is 连着他(he)，她(she)，它(it)；单数名词用is ，复数名词全用are 。
变疑问，往前提，句末问号莫丢弃。
变否定，更容易， be 后not 莫忘记。
疑问否定任你变，句首大写莫迟疑。
二. 人称代词和物主代词：1. 人称代词：是为了避免重复，用来代替前面提到过的人、动物、事物的名称的词。
e.g. Lisa and Lucy, Mom is waiting for you!2. 人称代词根据用法不同而有人称、数与格的变化。
单数复数数格人称主格宾格主格宾格第一人称I me we us 第二人称youyouyouyou第三人称he sheithim herittheythem3. it 的基本用法A. 代替前面已经提到过的事物。
B. 代替性别不明的婴儿或动物。
C. 代替不确定的人或事物。
D. 用来表示时间，距离和自然现象等。
4. 物主代词：是表示所有关系的词。
有形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词两种，其人称和数的变化见下表：单数复数数人称类别第一人称第二人称第三人称第一人称第二人称第三人称形容词性物主代词myyourhis her itsouryourtheir名词性物主代词mineyourshis hers itsours yours theirs记住：名词性物主代词具有名词性质：相当于：“形容词性物主代词+名词”，以避免重复。
三、冠词。
冠词分为：定冠词和不定冠词两类。
定冠词是the ，主要用法：1. 用于特定的人或物前面。
2. 用于上文提到过的人或事。
3. 用于世上独一无二的事物前。
4. 用在形容词前，表示一类人。
5. 用在表示乐器的名词前。
6. 用在姓氏的复数名词前，表示一家人。
不定冠词是指a, an。
没有特指的作用，通常泛指同类事物中的某一个（位、枝、块、片……）。
新概念英语一册语法1-72总结
新概念英语第一册1-72课重点语法总结一．时态：一般现在时，现在进行时，一般过去时1. 一般现在时表示一般性，经常性的动作或一般性事实。
◆∙∙∙∙∙∙ 含有be动词的句子I am a student.He is a teacher.The girl is very beautiful.Tim and Jack are students.★变疑问句将be动词移到句首Is he a teacher?Is the girl very beautiful?Are Tim and Jack students?★变否定句在be动词后面加notI am not a student.He is not a teacher.The girl is not very beautiful.Tim and Jack are not students.★肯定回答及否定回答Yes, he is. No, he is not.Yes, she is. No, she is not.Yes, they are. No, they are not.◆∙∙∙∙∙∙ 不含有be动词的句子，而含有一般动词的句子第三人称单数及单数名词作主语He likes books.She likes him.The dog likes bones.★变疑问句在句首加does, 动词变为原型Does he like books?Does she like him?Does the dog like bones?★变否定句在主语及动词之间加doesn’t, 动词变为原型He doesn’t like books.She doesn’t like him.Th e dog doesn’t like bones.★肯定回答及否定回答：Yes, he does. No, he doesn’t.Yes, she does. No, she doesn’tYes, it does. No, it doesn’t.注意：第三人称单数形式一般在动词后面加S，不要和名词复数混淆，变否定句或疑问句时名词复数本身不会有任何变化。
七年级上外研社版英语一到五单元语法知识点
七年级上外研社版英语一到五单元语法知识点一、名词1. 名词的分类名词可以分为可数名词和不可数名词两大类。
可数名词可以用来表示可以数清的事物或东西，比如book、student等。
不可数名词则表示不可以数清的事物或东西，比如water、rice等。
2. 可数名词复数形式的变化可数名词的复数形式有三种变化规则：一般在词尾加-s，如books；以s，sh，ch，x，o结尾的名词在词尾加-es，如buses，watches；以辅音字母+y结尾的名词，变y为i再加-es，如cities。
3. 不可数名词的使用不可数名词表示不能数清的事物，通常用作集体名词，表示一类事物，比如food、music等。
二、动词1. 动词的时态英语中的动词有多种不同的时态，例如现在时、过去时、将来时等。
学生需要掌握各种时态的构成和用法，如一般现在时用于表示现在或经常发生的动作，一般过去时用于表示过去发生的动作等。
2. 动词的否定形式英语中的动词否定形式通常在动词前加not构成，例如I am not happy。
3. 动词的被动语态动词的被动语态表示动作的承受者是谁，被动语态的构成是由“be + 过去分词”构成，如The book is read by me.三、形容词与副词1. 形容词的比较级与最高级形容词的比较级和最高级构成规则较多，主要包括一般形容词和部分双音节形容词的比较级在词尾加-er，最高级在词尾加-est；以不规则变化的形容词则需特殊学习，如good-better-best。
2. 副词的用法副词主要用来修饰动词、形容词或其他副词，表示程度、时间、地点或方式等。
学生需要掌握副词的用法和位置，如修饰动词时通常位于动词之前，修饰形容词或副词时通常位于其后。
四、介词1. 介词的用法介词用来表示名词或代词与其他词之间的关系，如位置、方向、时间、原因等。
学生需要掌握各种介词的用法，如in表示在……之内，on表示在……之上等。
2. 介词短语的用法介词短语是构成形式固定的词组，由介词和名词、代词或动名词构成。
新概念2 1~24课语法点
新概念1~24课语法点Lesson1-6语法点1.简单陈述句①完整的结构：主语+谓语+宾语+方式状语+地点状语+时间状语I played basketball happily on the playground yesterday.②两种基本结构主系表：She is nervous./She is a secretary.主动宾：Jenny caught a fish./Jenny likes going sailing.2.一般现在时①经常性或习惯性的动作，常与表示频度的时间状语连用。
时间状语：every…, sometimes, on Sundays。
例如：I leave home for school at 7 every morning. 每天早上我七点离开家。
②客观真理，客观存在，科学事实。
例如：The earth moves around the sun. 地球绕太阳转动。
③主语的状态、能力、性格、个性。
例如：She is a lovely girl.动词三单变化规则：情况构成方法读音例词一般情况加-s 清辅音后读/s/浊辅音和元音后读/z/swim-swims；help-helps；like-likes以o结尾的词加-s或-es 读/z/ tomatoes；potatoes；photos 以ce,se,ze,ge等结尾的词加-s 读/iz/ prices；cases；oranges以s,sh,ch,x等结尾的词加-es 读/iz/ teach-teaches；bus-buses以辅音字母+y结尾的词变y 为i再加es读/z/ study-studies3.what和how引导的感叹句基本结构：What+a/an+形容词+名词（+主语+谓语）！例：What a beautiful girl she is!How+形容词+a/an+名词（+主语+谓语）！例：How beautiful a girl（she is）!区别：①what重点修饰名词，how重点修饰形容词②how只能修饰单数可数名词，what可以修饰可数名词单/复数、不可数名词3.一般过去时（动词过去时不规则变化表、时间状语）一般过去时由动词的过去式表示，表示过去发生的动作或状态。
新概念1-72课知识点
Lesson 1-72 总复习时态（四种）现在进行时：含义：此时此刻正在做的事情动词构成： Be（am,is, are）+现在分词doing现在分词的变化规则：【直、去、双、不变、特】⑴【直】一般情况直接加-ing:do-doing/ help-helping/ go-going⑵【去】以不发音的e结尾，去e加：make-making/ take-taking/live-living⑶【双】以重读闭音节结尾要双写尾巴：swim-swimming/ cut-cutting/begin-beginning/put-putting/ sit-sitting/shop-shopping/travel-travelling⑷【不变】辅音字母+y 的情况不用发生变化(5)【特】以ie结尾,将ie变y加ing：lie-lying / die-dying时间标志词：now, at the moment, look , listen肯定句：I am doing my homework.否定句：I am not doing my homework.一般疑问句：Are you doing your homework? (有be 提be)特殊疑问句：What are you doing?一般将来时含义：表示准备去，将要去干….动词构成： Be（am,is, are）going to do sth.时间标志词：tomorrow肯定句：I am going to paint the bookcase.否定句：I am not going to paint the bookcase.一般疑问句：Are you going to paint the bookcase? (有be 提be) 特殊疑问句：What are you going to do?语法：一般现在时含义：描述某种状态、规律性或客观事实。
例句：1. I go to school every day. (一般性)2. Peter usually brushes his teeth three times a day.（规律性）⒊ The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.（客观事实）动词：不变→主语非三单如：I read newspaper every day. .变化→主语为三单形式如：He reads newspaper every day.标志词： 1) 频率副词：all the time, always, usually, often, sometimes2) 时间标志词：every+时间, in the morning/afternoon/ evening, at night/noonI. 带动词的句子：主语非三单肯定句：I like apples.否定句：I don’t like apples. “见动词，找助动”口诀一般疑问句: Do you like apples? “无be无情，就借助”特殊疑问句：What do you like?主语为三单：肯定句：Mr. Sawyer usually watches TV at night .否定句：Mr. Sawyer doesn’t usually watch TV at night . “见动词，找助动”口诀一般疑问句: Does Mr. Sawyer usually watch TV at night? “无be无情，就借助”特殊疑问句：What does Mr. Sawyer usually do at night?When does Mr. Sawyer usually watch TV ?Ⅱ.Ⅰ.带有Be动词句子:肯定句:I am a student.否定句: I am not a student.在Be动词后加NOT即可一般疑问句：Are you a student? ”有be 提be”特殊疑问词：What are you? 特殊疑问词+ 一般疑问句一般过去时含义：描述过去发生的动作，已经在过去结束和终止，成为过去的事动词：动词过去式变化规则：⑴【直】一般情况加ed：help-helped / look-looked / watch-watched⑵【去】以不发音的e结尾：live-lived / love-loved /hope-hoped⑶【双】以重读闭音节词结尾： stop-stopped / shop-shopped / plan-planned以元音+ y结尾，直接加ed： play- played / enjoy-enjoyed⑷【改】以辅音+y结尾，去y加ied： carry-carried/ cry-cried /study-studied⑸【特】不规则变化，详见书中P179和P183时间标志词： yesterday, last…,…ago, just now, in the past, in 2000句型变化：肯定句：I went to the zoo yesterday.否定句:I did go to the zoo yesterday. 借助动词did一般疑问句：Did you go to the zoo yesterday?特殊疑问句：What did you do yesterday?【特】带有Be动词句子，Be动词两种变化形式（was和were）：肯定句：Lily was a teacher two years ago.否定句：Lily wasn’t a teacher two years ago.一般疑问句: Was Lily a teacher two years ago? “将Be动词was ,were提前”特殊疑问句即：What was Lily two years ago? 特殊疑问词 + Be+ 主语 +其他其他语法：1．选择疑问句：前升后降调；不用yes 或no 回答含特殊疑问句的选择疑问句：What do you want, beef or lamb? Beef, please.含一般疑问句的选择疑问句:Do you want beef or lamb？lamb, please.2．情态动词1)must 必须: What must I do?2)can 能肯定句： I can make the tea.否定句： I can’t make the tea. “情态动词后直接加not 改否定”一般疑问句：Can you make the tea? “有情提情”特殊疑问句：What can you do?3．there be 句型：某处有（存在）某物There is a（an） + 单数可数名词/(some)不可数名词 + 地点（介词短语）There is a book on the floor. / There is some water in the bottle.There are + （some）复数可数名词+ 地点（介词短语）There are some books on the floor.4．不可数名词：a piece of cheese,a loaf of bread,a bar of soap,a bar of chocolate,a pond of sugar,a tin of tobacco,a bottle of orange juice5. 时间介词年和月共用in，星期日期共用on，具体时刻用at，季节前面也用in，周末at 和on都可以。
英语语法精讲
英语语法精讲（上）语法精讲班第1讲讲义概述一个句子的主要成分：主语+ 谓语+ 宾语词性和句子之前的关系：不可替代的关系，最为重要；巧学词性的方法：分类记忆，主次学习，考点学习；语法体系中，词性学习三部曲：一注意事项，二功能作用，三重点试题讲解；名词篇：一注意事项：1. 可数名词和不可数名词2. 单复数3. 集合名词；二功能作用：1.主语，宾语，表语，同位语2. 其他功能（专讲）三考题部分：改错题+ 选择题（高考题+四六级+考研英语题+托福题）In the United States , presidential elections are held once every four year .在美国，总统选举每四年一次。
The superintendent of women nurse for the Union Army during the Civil War Dorothea Dix .美国内战期间，为联邦军队服务的女护士主管人是多罗西亚，迪克斯。
Before the automobiles , the horse-drawn carriage was the primary mean of private transportation .在汽车诞生之前，马车是私人运输的基本手段。
In the Middle ages , taxes were paid with good rather than money .在中世纪，缴税用的是货物，而不是钱。
The diamond is the hardest substance in natures.钻石是自然界最硬的物质。
Sunlights cannot reach far beneath the ocean’s surface .阳光不能照射到海面之下很远的地方。
Mathematic and logic depend extensively on the deductive method of reasoning .数学和逻辑学广泛地依靠推理的演绎方法。
初一上册英语语法口诀及用法总结
初一上册英语语法口诀及用法总结初一英语的学习是为整个初中时期英语学习打好基础的关键，那么语法的学习对同学们灵活运用所掌握的词汇就十分有用了。
初一英语是一个衔接的阶段，小学阶段所学习的英语主要是学习一些简单的词汇积累，简单的语句表达，不会涉及语法的学习，那么进入初一就需要接受一些新挑战。
以下是初一英语语法口诀及用法总结，希望能帮助同学们快速记忆。
第一、动词be(is,am,are)的记忆口诀。
我(I)用am, 你(you)用are，is跟着他(he)，她(she)，它(it)。
单数名词用is，复数名词全用are。
变否定，更容易，be后not加上去。
变疑问，往前提，句末问号莫丢弃。
还有一条须注意，句首大写莫忘记。
第二、this，that和it的用法。
(1)this和that是指示代词，it是人称代词。
(2)距离说话人近的人或物用this, 距离说话人远的人或物用that。
如：This is a flower. 这是一朵花。
(近处)That is a tree. 那是一棵树。
(远处)(3)放在一起的两样东西，先说this, 后说that。
如：This is a pen. That is a pencil. 这是一支钢笔。
那是一支铅笔。
(4)向别人介绍某人时说This is…,不说That is…。
如：This is Helen. Helen, this is Tom. 这是海伦，海伦，这是汤姆。
(5)This is 不能缩写, 而That is可以缩写。
如：This is a bike. That’s a car. 这是一辆自行车。
那是一辆轿车。
(6)打电话时，介绍自己用this, 询问对方用that。
如：—Hello! Is that Miss Green? 喂，是格林小姐吗?—Yes, this is. Who’s that? 是的，我是，你是谁?注意：虽然汉语中使用“我”和“你”，但英语中打电话时绝不可以说：I am…, Are you…?/Who are you?(7)在回答this或that作主语的疑问句时, 要用it代替this或that。
英语语法入门-崔荣容(已经整理-可打印)(汇编)
英语语法入门崔荣容第一讲语序和五种基本句式He learns English every day.他每天学习英语。
（中英语序不同）英语五种基本句式一、主+谓二、主+系+表系动词：起到联系作用的动词，连接主语与表语。
表语：描述主语的身份、性质、特征、状态三、主+谓+宾主语：动作发出者谓语：作出的动作宾语：动作的对象四、主+谓+间宾+直宾间宾：通常是人直宾：通常是物五、主+谓+宾+宾补宾补：对宾语的补充说明一、主+谓The universe remains.宇宙长存中英文语序一致二、主+系+表The food is delicious.这个食物很好吃中英文语序一致三、主+谓+宾He took his bag and left.（left是第二个谓语）他拿着他的包离开了中英文语序一致四、主+谓+间宾+直宾Her father bought her a dictionary. buy sb sth（双宾语）她爸爸给她买了一本词典（her与 a dictionary，两个宾语，一个是人、一个是物）中英文语序一致五、主+谓+宾+宾补We made him our monitor.我们选他当班长（him与 our monitor，都是指同一个人，our monitor是对him的补充说明）中英文语序一致Nothing is impossible to a willing heart!有志者事竟成！第二讲 be动词的形式和用法一、be动词的形式：be、am、is、are、was、were、being 、been1、 The man is back.2、 They are back.3、 He was back.4、 They were back.5、 They have been back.6、I’ll be back.上述“back”是副词，构成主系表结构。
二、be动词的用法：起到联系前后的作用(一般翻译为“是”，或无实意而不作翻译)，多用于主系表结构。
小学英语语法大全完美版(含练习)
目录概述 (1)第一讲句子 (2)第二讲名词 (4)第三讲冠词 (7)第四讲代词 (9)第五讲形容词和数词 (11)第六讲副词 (14)第七讲介词 (15)第八讲连词 (17)第九讲动词 (18)第十讲语法的基本概念 (20)第十一讲一般现在时 (22)第十二讲现在进行时 (24)第十三讲一般过去时 (26)第十四讲一般将来时 (28)第十五讲句法 (30)第十六讲话题 (32)概述英语语法是什么：英语语法是针对英语语言进行研究后，英语语法系统地总结归纳出来的一系列语言规则。
英语语法的精髓在于掌握语言的使用。
英语语法是分类的，分为词法和句法。
小学英语语法和初高中相比较，只是在语法数量和难易程度上有差别。
英语有些方面是有一些规律可循的，但是英语还有它另外一个显著的特点，那就是知识点的零碎、分散。
万丈高楼从地起，想要学好英语，那就需要注重英语基础。
基础打牢才会越学越轻松。
对于小学语法的讲解，将会从词法、句法、时态三个方面展开：【词法】八大词法：名词形容词副词代词动词数词介词冠词【句法】七种句型：陈诉句、疑问句（一般疑问句、选择疑问句、特殊疑问句）祈使句、被动句、There be句型、if条件句、感叹句【时态】四种时态：一般现在时、现在进行时、一般过去时、一般将来时第一讲：句子第二讲：名词名词的定义：名词是指表示人和事物名称的词，可以分为专有名词和普通名词两大类。
一：名词的种类：1e.g. Jim Green，New York，Bank of China，Peking University星期、月份、节日、学科、报刊名也是专有名词。
e.g. Monday，May，Christmas，Spring Festival，Maths，China Daily2、普通名词：表示一类人或物或抽象概念的名称。
普通名词又可以分为四类:个体名词—— 表示某类人或东西中的个体，如：student , desk集体名词—— 表示若干个体组成的集合体，如：class , family物质名词—— 表示无法分为个体的物质名称，如：water , rice , sand，hair抽象名词—— 表示情感，状态，品质等抽象名称，如：love ，carelessness个体名词和集体名词多数可以用数目来计算，称为可数名词，有单、复数形式；物质名词和抽象名词通常无法用数目计算，称为不可数名词，一般只有一种形式。
七年级上第一,二单元语法知识讲解
语法知识讲解一、词类二、英语句子成分：组成句子的各个部分即句子成分。
句子成分包括：主语、谓语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、补足语等。
一、主语（subject）: 句子说明的人或事物。
1.The sun rises in the east.太阳从东方升起。
（名词）2.He likes dancing.他喜欢跳舞。
（代词）3.Twenty years is a short time in history. 二十年在历史中是个很短的时间。
(数词)4.Seeing is believing.眼见为实。
（动名词）5.To see is to believe. 眼见为实。
（不定式）6.What he needs is a book. 他所需要的是本书（主语从句）二、谓语（predicate）: 说明主语的动作、状态和特征。
1.We study English. 我们学习英语2. He is asleep. 他睡着了。
三、表语（predicative）:表示主语“是什么”或者“怎么样”，表语前面的动词称为系动词。
1. He is a teacher.他是个老师（名词2. Five and five is ten.五加五等于十（数词）3.He is asleep.他睡着了（形容词）4.His father is in. 他的父亲在家（副词）5.The picture is on the wall.画在墙上。
(介词短语)6.That sounds good 那听起来很好。
7.Tom looks thin. 汤姆看上去很瘦。
常见的系动词有: be, sound（听起来）, look（看起来）, feel(摸起来，smell（闻起来）, taste（尝起来、吃起来）, feel（感觉）...四、宾语：动作、行为的对象1.I like China.我喜欢中国。
（名词）2.You can help me. 你能帮助我。
（代词）3.How many do you need? We need two. 你们需要多少？我们需要两个。
新概念英语第一册语法每节课重点总结.doc
新概念一共144课，其中单课为课文，双课为语法和练习。
整本书是以单数课为正课，并附带有插图，而双数课则是针对单数课所讲的内容有针对性地进行练习。
学习目标：（1）达到初中或高中一年级的英语水平（2）掌握英语初级语法（3）应对一般的日常对话（4）掌握800至1200个单词，其中的800个词汇全部是英语日常用语中出现频率最高的词汇。
上册(1—68课)
上册所学单词在600左右，含有名词、形容词、动词及少数介词，其中名词占大多数，会学习到较多的生活用词。
语法点归纳：
(1) 1--68课本中出现的时态：
Lesson 31—34 现在进行时
Lesson 37--40 第一次出现be going to 的将来时
Lesson 51—56 一般现在时
Lesson 67—76 一般过去式
中册（69—106课），大约有300单词，包含名词、动词、形容词、副词、介词，其中所学的动词和副词会有所增加。
课文中出现的时态有：
Lesson 67—76 一般过去时
Lesson 83—90 现在完成时
Lesson 91—96 一般将来时
下册（107—144课），大约有300个单词语法点归纳：
1、L107-108形容词的比较级，最高级
2、L117-118时间状语从句和过去进行时
3、L121-122定语从句
4、L119-120 过去完成时
5、L139-140宾语从句
6、L141-144被动语态。
新概念一册语法分课讲解
第1单元语法一点通（L1-12）Lesson 1 一般疑问句的变法1. Be 动词的用法：Be妈妈的三个儿子分别是am, is, are.2. 用法口诀：我用am, 你用are, is跟着他她它，复数全部都用are.eg: I am a teacher. You are a student. He is a boy.She is a girl. It is a cat. We are students.3. 一般疑问句定义：⑴用yes或no回答的问句;⑵以系动词(助动词, 情态动词)开头的问句(近期只学Be动词开头).⑶译为―……吗?‖的问句。
eg: Are you a student? Is he a boy?4. 由肯定句变一般疑问句：口诀：找到be动词，直接提句首,人称做变化,问号别忘了。
（I →you, my →your）eg: ⑴I am a teacher. →Are you a teacher?⑵This is my book. →Is this your book?5. 多学一手：He is a yes-man. 一个唯唯诺诺的人。
Lesson 3 否定句的变法1. 1—20的基数词必须会背写。
one two three four five six seven eight nine ten eleven twelve thirteen fourteen fifteen sixteen seventeen eighteen nineteen twenty2. 肯定句变否定句：口诀：找到be动词，后面加not.eg: This is a book. →This is not a book. I am a teacher. →I am not a teacher.缩写：is not=isn‘t /＇iznt/ are not=aren‘t /a:nt/注意：简约回答的肯定式不能用缩写，如：Yes, I am / he is / they are 等。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
本部分以袁懋梓红皮《大学英语语法》为蓝本，参考张道真《实用英语语法》及网络资源。
第一章英语语法基本概念1.1 概述语法Grammar是研究语言结构规律的科学，包括词法和句法两部分。
词法Morphology指的是对词的结构、形式和类别的研究、分析和描述。
英语中词的形式变化包括：名词和代词的数、性、格；动词的人称、时态、语态、语气；形容词和副词的比较等级等。
句法Syntax指的是对句子中词以上的语言形式所进行的研究、分析和描述，包括词与词的关系、词的排列、短语和句子的组成以及句子成分和句子种类。
现代英语把语言结构分成五个语法单位Grammatical Units：词素、词、短语、分句和句子。
其中，词素是最低一级的语法单位，句子是最高一级的语法单位。
五个语法单位之间的关系存在着这样的层次关系：一个或一个以上的词素构成词；一个或一个以上的词构成短语；一个或一个以上的短语构成分句；一个或一个以上的分句构成句子。
词素Morpheme是指语言中最小的语义单位。
词是由词素构成的，一个词可有一个或几个词素构成，如：book，kindly，unkindly。
辞书中给词word所下的定义通常是：具有意义和语音形式的、能够单独承担句子成分或构成整个句子的基本语言单位。
但是这种定义是不尽严格的，例如，英语中的冠词、介词和连词是无法单独使用的。
事实上，给词下一个准确的定义是很困难的。
从语言的层次性属性出发，我们可以说：词室友一个或一个以上的词素构成的、介于词素和短语之间的语法单位，每个词都具有一定的语音形式、词汇意义和语法意义。
关于短语、分句和句子，参见1.3-1.5。
（文中如此标注的参考文献均指袁懋梓版语法书）1.2 词类人们划分Word Class主要是根据词在句中的位置和功能，其次是根据其形式，再次是根据其意义。
根据这三个原则，我们可以把英语的词分成两大类（十种）：1. 主要词类Major Word Class名词Noun形容词Adjective实意动词Full Verb （Notional Verb）副词Adverb主要词类表达了一个句子中的大部分内容和意义，所以又称为实词Content Word或Full Word。
由于这一类词的数量可以不断增加，因此又称为开放词类Open Word Class。
2.次要词类Minor Word Class限定词Determiner代词Pronoun介词Preposition助动词Auxiliary Verb和情态动词Modal Verb连词Conjunction感叹词Interjection次要词类的结构作用往往超过其意义本身，所以又称为结构词Structure Word或功能词Function Word。
这类词的数量是有限的，一般来说是不能增加的，因此又称为封闭词类Closed Word Class。
上述分类方法并不是唯一的，也是不尽严格的。
例如，以-ly结尾的方式副词属于开放性词类，而其他副词则属于封闭性词类；感叹词属于次要词类，但其数量却是可以增加的，也应属于开放性词类。
一般来说，只有主要词类才有屈折变化inflection，如cat-cats，write-writes，但作为次要词类的代词也有屈折变化。
划分词类的界限并不是绝对清楚的。
有许多这样的词：它们的功能和特征使得它们部分地属于一种词类，又部分地属于另一种词类。
例如：few的功能像限定词和代词，但从形式上看，它的词形变化又像形容词。
英语中的另一种普遍现象是，许多次兼属两种或多种词类，例如：book既是名词又是动词，neither 可以是副词、连词、限定词和代词。
1.3 短语短语Phrase是按照一定的语法规则并围绕一定的中心词所结合起来的一组词。
短语不包括主谓结构，是介乎于词和分句之间的语法单位。
中心词Head Word是指在短语中其主要语法作用、受其他词修饰的词。
中心词所属的词类决定着它所在短语的类别。
短语可分为名词短语、限定动词短语、非限定动词短语、形容词短语、副词短语和介词短语。
1.3.1 名词短语名词短语Noun Phrase是以名词为中心词的一组词。
名词短语有时只是一个中心词（如专有名词或带零冠词的名词），很简单，有时被其他词、短语或从句修饰，很复杂。
名词短语在句中可作主语、补语、宾语、定语、状语和同位语，如：Steel is a kind of medal. 钢是一种金属。
（主语）Tom has become a poet. 汤姆成了一名诗人。
（主语补语）His parents make him a player,which he didn‟t want to be. 他的父母使他成为了一名运动员，而他自己并不想当运动员。
（宾语补语）We missed the start of the movie. 我们错过了这部电影的开头部分。
（动词宾语）They were both of middle hight. 他们俩都是中等身材。
（介词宾语）He often does morning exercise. 他经常做早操。
（定语）He came to see me one day. 有一天他来看我。
（状语）I‟ll call Tom, her classmate. 我将给她的同班同学汤姆打电话。
（同位语）代词也能起名词短语的作用，如上面例句中的we，he，me等。
1.3.2 限定动词短语限定动词短语Finite Verb Phrase是以具有时和体的形式、有人称和数的变化的动词为中心词的一组词，在句子中作谓语。
（人称、数、时、体）限定动词短语中，除中心词外还可以有补语、宾语或状语，如：Your answer is correct. 你的答案是正确的。
（中心词为is）They have known each other for many years.他们相识多年了。
（中心词为have known→know）1.3.3 非限定动词短语非限定动词短语Non-Finite Verb Phrase是以只具有体的形式而没有人称和数的变化的动词为中心词的一组词。
短语中的中心词可以有逻辑主语，并可以带有补语、宾语和状语。
非限定动词短语可以在句中作主语、补语、宾语、定语、状语、同位语等。
非限定动词短语可分为不定式短语Infinitive Phrase、动名词短语Gerund Phrase和分词短语Participle Phrase。
关于这些短语的用法，详见第八章（非限定动词）。
举例：1.3.4 形容词短语形容词短语Adjective Phrase是由形容词为中心词的一组词，可能带有修饰中心词的状语或补语。
形容词短语通常在句中作定语或补语，如：We came to a very attractive house. 我们来到一幢很迷人的房子前。
（前置定语）This is a question too difficult to answer. 这个问题太难回答了。
（后置定语）She is full of enthusiasm. 她充满热情。
（主语补语）The police found the safe empty.警察发现这个保险柜空了。
（宾语补语）形容词短语有时可以做状语，可视为缩略的状语从句，现代语法把这种结构成为无动词分句，如：Ripe(=When they are ripe或者最好是As they are ripe), these apples are very sweet.这些苹果熟了的时候很甜。
我：下面的说法是错误的形容词短语还可以具有名词短语的作用，在句中作主语、宾语等，如：We should take good care of the sick. 我们应该细心照顾病人。
黑体部分是名词短语1.3.5 副词短语副词短语Adverb Phrase是以副词为中心词的一组词，在句中通常做状语，修饰动词、形容词、副词、介词短语等，也可修饰整个句子，如：He spoke very fast. 他讲得很快。
（修饰动词）The situation was extremely delicate then. 当时的形势非常微妙。
（修饰形容词）Ask him to come right now. 请他马上来。
（修饰副词）He is well over sixty. 他远不止六十岁。
（修饰介词短语）There was very little food left. 只剩下一点点食物了。
（修饰限定词）Nearly everybody went there. 大家几乎都到那儿去了。
（修饰代词）That‟s rather a beautiful place. 那是个相当美的地方。
（修饰名词短语）Luckily, he was in when i called. 幸运的是，我打电话的时候他在家。
（修饰全句）副词短语还可作定语或补语，如：He couldn‟t understand the sentence below. 他不懂下面这个句子。
（定语）Your dictionary is here.你的词典在这儿。
（主语补语）Don‟t let the children in. 别让那些孩子进来。
（宾语补语）思考：以上三个词是介词还是副词？1.3.6 介词短语介词短语Prepositional Phrase是以介词加介词宾语构成的一组词。
介词的宾语可以是名词短语、代词、动名词短语和名词性从句。
介词短语可在句中作后置定语、状语、补语等，如：The cat under the table is one of my neighbour‟s.桌子下面的那只猫是我的一个邻居的。
（定语）In spite of her handicap, the girl did well at school. 那个姑娘虽然有残疾，但学习成绩优秀。
（状语）The room smells of paint. 这个房间有油漆味儿。
（主语补语）I found him in a good temper.我发现她情绪很好。
（宾语补语）关于介词短语的构成及其句法功能，详见第十一章。
补：习语（set phrase）一个词组有时可作为一个整体来使用，有其特别的意思，与一个单词相近，可称为习语（set phrase）或成语（idiom）。
Set phrase的意思已经不完全是其所包含名词原来的意思。
如：blue blood不是表示“蓝色的血液”，而是指“贵族血统”；Keep a good house不是表示“有好房子”，而是表示“善于款待客人”。
另外，它所包含的词不能随便改动，如：take care of (照顾)不能改为take a care of, give care of, 或do care of;又如：look after 不能改为look behind 或watch after。