英国文学简史lecture 2(revised)
英国文学史及选读(Lecture 1)
The Flea
Mark but this flea, and mark in this, How little that which thou denies me is; Me it sucked first, and now sucks thee, And in this flea our two bloods mingled be; Thou know’st that this cannot be said A sin, or shame, or loss of maidenhead, Yet this enjoys before it woo, And pampered swells with one blood made of two, And this, alas, is more than we would do.
Requirements for this course: 1. Class attendance; 2. A wide reading before and after class; 3. Remembering some important facts; 4. Class discussion.
small wingless jumping insect feeding on human and other blood
over-indulge
Oh stay, three lives in one flea spare, Where we almost, nay more than married are. This flea is you and I, ant this Our marriage bed and marriage temple is; Though parents grudge, and you, we are met, And cloistered in the living walls of jet.
英国文学简史2
PART FOUR: THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURYChapter 5 Defoe and the Rise of the English Novel1)The Rise of the English NovelThe modern English novel began in the 18th century. The rise and growth of the realistic novel is the most prominent achievement of 18th century English literature.Swift's world-famous novel Gulliver's TravelsDefoe's Robinson Crusoe was one of the forerunners of the English realistic novel.The development of the English novel was continued by Richardson who wrote his first novel Pamela(帕米拉) by accident. It was followed by two other long works, Clarissa(克拉丽莎) and Sir Charles Grandison(查尔斯.格兰迪森爵士).Fielding(菲尔丁) was the real founder of the realistic novel in England.Smollett(斯摩莱特), Roderick Random(蓝登传) and Humphry Clinker(亨弗利.克林克) Stern(斯特恩), Tristram Shandy(项狄传) (sentimentalist school)2)Defoe(笛福)The Trueborn Englishman-A Satire(纯血统英国人)The Shortest Way with the Dissenters(铲除反对者的捷径)Hymn to the Pillory(木枷颂)The Review(评论报), a political and literary magazinea true representative of the Enlightenmentjack-of-all-trade (万事通)He acquired a pure naked English-smooth, easy, almost colloquial, yet never coarse. He loved short, crisp, plain sentence.3)Defoe's novelCaptain Singleton(辛克顿船长)Colonel Jacque(陆军上校杰克)Moll Flanders(摩尔.弗兰德斯) is written in the form of autobiography. A lovely woman became the central character of a piece of literary work, it anticipates many later novels that take women as the center in order to expose how the social system victimized those like Molly.The principal problem of the Enlightenment-influence of society on man's nature-stands in the centre of all these novels.4)Robinson Crusoe(鲁滨逊漂流记) masterpieceBackground: In 1704, Alexander Selkirk(亚历山大.塞尔格), a Scottish sailor, was marooned on the island of Juan Fernandez in the Atlantic, and lived there quire alone for four years. The story of his adventures aroused great public interest and several records of his solitary life on the island appeared in the press. Defoe took up the subject and wrote a novel when he was almost 60. He embellished the sailor's story with many incidents of his own imagination.Story: The story takes place in the middle of the 17th century. Robinson, the protagonist, runs away from home and sets out to sea when he is 19. After many perils and adventures on the sea, he settled down in Brazil. Then he embarks on another voyage to Africa. A frightful storm changes the course of the ship and it is wrecked off the coast of an uninhabited island. Then he makes a living there all by himself. Robinson's will-power inbettering his living conditions is amazing. He save one of the victims. This man, named Friday by Robinson, proves to be a clever young Negro and becomes Robinson's true and faithful companion. After he is took back to England, he pays a visit to the island once more. During an attack of the Indians his faithful Friday is killed.Character:①The character of Robinson Crusoe is representative of the English bourgeoisie at the earlier stages of its development. He is most practical and exact, always religious and at the same time mindful of his own profit.②Labor: Robinson's every voyage is connected with some commercial enterprise. He owns a plantation where colored slaves are exploited.③Defoe's bourgeois outlook manifests itself in the fact that he does not condemn Negro-slavery in his book. Here lies colonization in germ.Chapter 6 Samuel Richardson(塞缪尔.理查逊)He was noted as a storyteller, letter writer and moralizer.Richardson wrote his first novel at 50, quite by accident. He was invited by two booksellers to compile for them "a little volume of letters, in a common style, on such subjects as might be of use to those country readers who were unable to indite for themselves."Pamela(帕米拉), Virtue Rewarded: In a Series of Familiar Letters form a Beautiful Young Damsel to Her Parents(贞洁得报：一个漂亮姑娘写给父母的几封家信): The story is told in a series of letters from the heroine, Pamela Andrews. (Mr. B)Pamela was a new thing in three ways: Firstly, it discarded the "improbable and marvellous" accomplishments of the former heroic romances, and pictured the life and love of ordinary people. Secondly, its intention was to afford not merely entertainment but also moral instruction. Thirdly, it described not only the sayings and doings of the character but also their secret thoughts and feelings. The first English psycho-analytical novel.Clarissa Harlowe(克拉丽莎.哈罗伊), Sir Charles Grandison(查尔斯.格兰迪森爵士), in the same form of letters and in the same moralizing strain(道德说教).Clarissa:①Like Pamela, Clarissa is written entirely in letters.②The theme of Clarissa is much the same as Pamela: female virtue pursued by masculine viciousness; but the theme is raised to a higher level and treated on the tragical plane③Clarissa is a lady of independent character and personal dignity. She was not only high above Pamela but very much in advance of her own time.Clarissa is the best of Richardson's novel.The hero of Sir Charles Grandison represents Richardson's ideal of manly virtue. Contribution:①He made letters become a special form for novel-writing(Epistolary novel).②He kindled the fire of sentimentalism in the western Europe with his detailed description of human psychology in his works.Limitation:①The form and character of his novels are monotonous.②His novels include too much moral instruction.Chapter 7 Henry Fielding(亨利.菲尔丁)1)LifeFielding mercilessly exposed the English courts of law, the parliamentary system and the corruption of state officials. He chastised the vices of the bourgeoisie and aristocracy, their hypocrisy, greed and cruelty.The Champion(斗士), a newspaper published thrice a week, and written mainly by Fielding. From 1742 onward, Fielding wrote four novels: Joseph Andrews(约瑟夫.安德鲁), Jonathan Wild(大伟人江奈生.魏尔德), Tom Jones(汤姆.琼斯) and Amelia(爱米莉亚),his last novel. 2)Fielding as a PlaywrightFielding wrote 26 plays.His dramatic theory and practice were in conformity with the theory of "a return to nature" and the principle that "the stage should be a school of morality" in the Enlightenment period.The Historical Register for the Year 1736(一七三六年历史纪事) (Robert Walpole罗伯特.瓦尔浦)Fielding's work as a dramatist taught him how to construct effective situations, and how to conduct natural and vivid dialogues. It developed his gift of satire. It also practiced him in characterization.3)Joseph Andrews(the epic of road)Fielding's first novel was written in connection with Pamela of Richardson.In February 1742 was published The History of the Adventures of Joseph Andrews, and of His Friend Mr. Abraham Adams: Written in Imitation of the Manner of Cervantes, Author of Don Quixote. In the Preface Fielding describes this novel as "a comic epic poem in prose."①Fielding began his novel with the intention of ridiculing Richardson's work. Later the novel talks mainly about adventures of Joseph and Parson Adams.②The character of Parson AdamsA. Abraham Adams is a poor, honest old parson.B. Parson Adams is high-minded, simple-hearted and ardently devoted.C. He wonderfully retains his dignity.D. He is magnificently strong and healthy.E. He is a man of extraordinary learning.F. He is the most absent-minded man in the world.G. In spite of all his weaknesses, Parson Adams is a good man. He is pure. It is this truthfulness and uprightness that give the character of parson Adams a peculiar beauty.In fact, Parson Adams is the most outstanding character in the novel, while Joseph is the center of the plot.Fielding managed to produce one of the gayest, raciest, and most amusing books in the English language.4)Jonathan WildThe history of the Life of the late Mr. Jonathan Wild the Great(已故大伟人江奈生.魏尔德) is a satirical novel, in which Fielding exposes the English bourgeois society and mocks at its political system.①Jonathan Wild, the hero of the novel, is a figure taken from actual life. He was an English highwayman.②Throughout the story the thieves represent the corrupt politicians and the chief of the thieves represents the English prime minister, all living luxuriously on the plunder of the nation.③In the chapter "On Hats", Fielding mercilessly satirizes the English political system. Wild's band is divided into two conflicting parties, one of which suggests the Tories and the other, the Whigs. To avoid quarrelling about their hats (symbolizing principles) at the moment of the division of spoils and, on the contrary, to quarrel about them in the presence of the people to mislead them and thus ensnare them in the traps and rob them of their property.④Newgate prison represents England; the debtors are the tax-payers, destined to be plundered, no matter which party is in power; the thieves are the greedy politicians; the contest between the two chiefs of thieves, with the party cries, signifies the English parliamentary election; while the suppression of Johnson by Wild symbolizes a change in the ministry, which is merely a trifling change of coats and hats.⑤In a new edition of the novel, Fielding subjected it to a thorough revision. He rendered his book less a satire of a particular "great man" and more a general satire of all "great man". Jonathan Wild is one of the most devastating exposures of the nature of bourgeois society.5)Tome Jones①Fielding's greatest work is The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling(一个弃儿汤姆.琼斯的生平).②Tom Jones gives a comprehensive, all-embracing picture of the life of 18th century England, combined with understanding of human psychology and criticism of social evils, together with full-blooded characters, realistically depicted in brilliant, witty and highly artistic language. All this makes Tom Jones a masterpiece of English literature.③Characterization(40 characters)Tom Jones: frank and open, kind, disinterested, "good nature", imprudenceBlifil: villain, selfish, malicious and hypocriticalSophia: Sophia Western, the heroine of the book; she was Fielding's ideal of what an amiable English girl should be; her good qualities, her gaiety and candor, and her calm courage in face of life's difficulties and perplexitiesSquire Western: Sophia's father, a boorish old hunting squire; he is a barbarian, an autocrat. Partridge: Jack-of-all-trades; he is simple, good-natured but a little whimsical fellow, and a very faithful companion to Tom Jones.6)Summary①Fielding the ManFielding was a man full of vigor, despondency never belonged to him. His capacity for work was outstanding. His mind was incessantly active--learning, meditating, creating.②Fielding as the Founder of the English Realistic NovelHe is the founder of the English realistic novel and sets up the theory of realism in literary creation. "Nature herself," i.e., the exact observation and study of real life, was the basis of Fielding's work. The center of Fielding's working philosophy was Man, common earthly Man.③Some Features of Fielding's Novels.a. Fielding's method of Relating a Story: There are three way in telling the story of a novel. (Richardson in a series of letters; Defoe and Swift put in the mouth of the principal character; Fielding told directly by the author) It enables the author to develop his narrative in thefullest, freest, clearest and most straightforward manner, and also affords him opportunities of giving, at suitable places, personal explanations.b. Satire in Fielding's Novels: There are two kinds of satire. One is the humorous satire(instructive and corrective); on the other hand, there is a kind of grim satire(used to lash the cardinal evils of the corrupt ruling classes). This severe, scathing and relentless satire is best exemplifies in Jonathan Wild the Great.c. Fielding believed in the educational function of the novel. The object of his novels is to present a faithful picture of life, while sound teaching is woven into their very texture.d. Style: Fielding is a master of style. His style is easy, unlabored and familiar, but extremely vivid and vigorous.He has been rightly called the "father of the English novel". Byron called Fielding "the Prose homer of Human Nature."Chapter 8 Smollett and Sterne1)Tobias Smollett(托比亚斯.斯摩莱特)The Regicide, a Tragedy(弑君记)a translation of Gil Blas(吉尔.布拉斯) by the French writer Le Sage(乐萨日), in 1749In 1755 he published a translation of Don Quixote.In 1758 he published his History of England(英国通史)His novels are, in a great degree, recollections of his own adventures.Roderick Random(蓝登传) was the first important work by Smollett. It is a picaresque novel, modeled on Le Sage's Gil Blas, in part autobiographical.Theme: Smollett "attempted to represent modest merit struggling with every difficulty to which a friendless orphan is exposed." His intention is to promote that "generous indignation which ought to animate the reader against the sordid and vicious disposition of the world." As a result, he exposes in Roderick Random, crudely and brutally, a brutal and crude society. Peregrine Pickle(皮克尔传) Its chief interest lies in some amusing characters that it includes, especially in the description of the retired naval officer Hawser Trunnion(major character). It provides a comic and caustic portrayal of 18th century European society.Humphry Clinker(亨弗利.克林克) is generally regarded as the best and pleasantest of Smollett's novels. It relates, in the form of letters, the adventures of Mr. Mathew Bramble's family as they travel through England and Scotland. (Bramble; Tabitha, a bad-tempered woman; Jery, his nephew; Lydia, Jery's sister; Mrs. Winifred Jenkins, the maid; Humphry Clinker, a ragged stableman)Smollett the humorist is better shown in Humphry Clinker than anywhere else.Smollett used the form of the picaresque novel, i.e., the novel of travels and adventures. Dickens was a great reader of Smollett, whose influence can be seen in Pickwick Papers. Clarissa, Tom Jones, and Humphry Clinker remain among the greatest masterpieces of English fiction.2)Laurence Sterne(劳伦斯.斯特恩)a novelist of the sentimentalist schoolHis literary career is represented by two works, Tristram Shandy(项狄传) and A Sentimental Journey(感伤的旅行)The life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy①a novel without a regular plot.②One of the special features of Tristram Shandy is its art of digression, and episodes, which make it almost formless.③It seems that Sterne tried to catch the actual flow of human mind and sentiment in ordinary life, in the manner of a modern "stream-of-consciousness" novelist.④Tristram Shandy is one of the most original works in English literature. It is sometimes called a "fantasy."A Sentimental JourneyIt is a narrative of Sterne's personal experiences of travel in France.He has been remembered as a representative of sentimentalism in the 18th century.Chapter 9 18th Century Drama and Sheridan1)18th Century English Drama①One of the main reasons of the decline of the English drama is that the Licensing Act of 1737, which restricted the freedom of expression by dramatists.②The greatest name in 18th century English drama is David Garrick(大卫.加里克)③He created a school of acting that was "natural".④Garrick was a great popularizer of Shakespeare.⑤Interest in Shakespeare was also reflected in criticism and editions.George Lillo(乔治.里娄): The London Merchant(伦敦商人), the first domestic tragedy in prose on the London stage.Arthur Murphy(亚瑟.墨菲): The Orphan of China(中国孤儿), a tragedy adapted from Voltaire(伏尔泰).John Gay(约翰.盖伊): The Beggar's Opera(乞丐歌剧), a musical drama of criminal life.The Beggar's Opera contains some indirect satire against contemporary political and social life.The English drama experienced a brief flowering in the second half of the 18th century for the comedies of Sheridan and Goldsmith.2)Richard Brinsley Sheridan(理查德.布林斯利.谢里丹)the most important English playwright of the 18th century.The Rivals(情敌); The school for Scandal(造谣学院), his masterpiece①The rivals: Lydia; Captain Absolute; Bob AcresMrs. Malaprop, Lydia's aunt, is a famous comic character in this play.(Malapropism: a ridiculous misusage of big words)②The School of Scandal: Charles Surface and Joseph Surfacea. a great comedy of manners(风俗喜剧)b. It gives a brilliant portrayal and a biting satire of English high society.c. This play, repudiating the high society for its vanity, greed and hypocrisy, has been regarded as the best English comedy since Shakespeare.Chapter 10 Samuel Johnson(塞缪尔.约翰逊)1)Lifelexicographer, critic and poet, followed his long struggle as a hack writerHis principal works include London(伦敦) and The Vanity of Human Wishes(人类欲望之虚幻), two satires in heroic couplets in imitaetion of Juvenal the Roman poetLife of Richard Savage(理查德.沙维支的一生), biographyIrene(艾琳), a tragedyRasselas(拉塞拉斯), a didactic romanceHe edited two periodicals, The Rambler(漫游者) and The Idler(闲散者)Johnson became "the great cham of literature"; Literary Club2)Johnson's Dictionary(1755)Johnson's purpose was to make a dictionary "by means of which the pronunciation of our language, i.e., English may be fixed, and its attainment facilitated; by which its purity may be preserved, its use ascertained and its duration lengthened."It marked an epoch in the study of the English language.His Dictionary also marked the end of English writers' reliance on the patronage of noblemen for support.3)Boswell's life of Johnson(鲍斯威尔的《约翰逊传》)It has become a classic of English biography.Chapter 11 Oliver Goldsmith(奥利弗.哥尔德斯密斯)1)Lifea little periodical The Bee(蜜蜂报)The Traveler(旅游人), The Deserted Village(荒村), his poemsThe Vicar of Wakefield(威克菲尔德牧师传), his novelThe Good-Natured Man(好心人), She Stoops to Conquer(屈身求爱), his comediesThe Citizen of the World(世界公民), his collection of essaysGoldsmith is one of the most lovable characters in English Literature.2)Work①PoemsThe Traveler and The Deserted Village are both written in the heroic couplet, which was the ruling poetic form in the 18th century.The Traveler is based on Goldsmith's personal observations during his European wanderings.(human happiness depends less on political institution than on our own minds) The Deserted Village is Goldsmith's best poema. It contains some charming descriptions of village life.b. The poet laments a state of society where "wealth accumulates and men decay."c. He marks the depopulation in the countryside owing to the inroads of monopolizing riches.②The Vicar of Wakefield(Goldsmith's masterpiece)a. the depravity of the landed gentry and the corruption of the town lifeb. an idyll of quiet family happiness in the bosom of nature and the peaceable manners of the villagec. his compassion for the poor and the afflictedd. appeals to human sentiment as a means of achieving happiness and social justice. representatives of English sentimentalism③ComediesThe Good-Natured Man, a comedy of character, was written as a counterblast of the"weeping comedy," i.e. the comedy full of sentimental moralizing. The play depicts the history of the young man's education. Here Goldsmith preaches prudent benevolence.She Stoops to Conquer, a comedy of manners, was an immediate success on its first performance, and has since remained one of the most popular plays on the English stage. Young Marlow, the hero, is "one of the most bashful and reserved young fellows in the world."Goldsmith's comedies are examples of the brief revival of the English comedy in the 1770s.④The Citizen of the WorldGoldsmith's place as one of the greatest English essayists is mainly founded on The Citizen of the World, a collections of essays.Following Montesquieu's example, Goldsmith comments on English life through a series of letters. The best-known character-sketches in the book are those of the Man in the Black, and English humorist, and Beau Tibbs, a man poor and unknown, but boasting of familiarity with the nobility and affecting the airs of a man of fashion.Comments on Goldsmitha. Goldsmith was a poet, novelist, dramatist and essayist.b. He was concerned with social problems of his time and depicted the social and economic evils in England.c. He adopted the conventional form of heroic couplet.d. One of the representative poets, called "sentimentalists".Chapter 12 Edward Gibbon(爱德华.吉朋)1)Lifemost eminent historianIn 1771, Essai sur l'Etude de la Litterature(Essay on the study of Literature关于文学研究的散文).In 1776 appeared the first volume of The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire(罗马帝国衰亡史).His Memoirs of My Life and Writings(回忆录) was published in 1796.2)The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire(monumental work of the 18th century) subjects:the establishment and spread of Christianity; the re-organization of European nations; the rise of Mohammedanism and the CrusadesThe most famous chapters of the History are the 15th and 16th.style: It is a classical and elevated style, characterized by precision, lucidity, economy and elegance.Decline and Fall remains a remarkable product of the Enlightenment of the 18th century and the greatest historical work in English literature.Chapter 13 Sentimentalism and Pre-Romanticism in Poetry1)Sentimentalism in English PoetryIn the first half of the 18th century, Pope was the leader of English poetry and the heroic couplet the fashion of poetry.Sentimentalism: By the middle of 18th century, sentimentalism came into being as the result of a bitter discontent among the enlightened people with social reality. Dissatisfiedwith reason, which classicists appealed to, sentimentalists appealed to sentiment, "to the human heart." Sentimentalism turned to the countryside for its material.sympathy for the poverty-stricken, expropriated peasants; "simple annals of the poor," though still in a classical style.The appearance and development of sentimentalist poetry marks the midway in the transition from classicism to its opposite, Romanticism, in English poetry.Thomas Gray(托马斯.格雷), Elegy Written in the Country Churchyard(墓园挽诗), which is a model of sentimentalist poetry. (The poet meditates in a village cemetery on the graves of the humble and poor that surround him)Thomas Gray was the leader of the sentimental poetry, known as " the Graveyard School." William Cowper(威廉.柯柏), The Task(任务) is a long poem written in blank verse. It is well-known for its description of country scenes, of woods and brooks, of plowmen and teamsters and the letter-carrier on his rounds. The poet voices a strong cry against oppression.George Crabbe(乔治.克雷布), using classical forms, the couplet especially, he described the life of the peasants--bitter, painful, tragical, often horrible. His masterpiece is The Village, a powerful description of the miseries of the life of the English peasants. His poetry is a realistic picture of the English countryside of his age.He is called "a Pope in worsted stockings."2)Pre-RomanticismIn the latter half of the 18th century, a new literary movement arose in Europe, called the Romantic Revival. It was marked by a strong protest against the bondage of Classicism, by a recognition of the claims of passion and emotion, and by a renewed interest in medieval literature.Pre-Romanticism in poetry, which was ushered in by Percy, Macpherson and Chatterton, and represented by Blake and Burns.Thomas Percy(托马斯.帕西), Reliques of Ancient English Poetry(英诗辑古) in 1765. Percy's Reliques marks an epoch in the history of English poetry. It did much to hasten the coming of the new Romantic movement.James Macpherson(詹姆士.马克菲森) won immense fame by a series of literary forgeries. Fingal(芬歌儿), an epic.Thomas Chatterton(托马斯.查特顿), The Rowley Papers(罗利诗篇).All hastened the decline of classicism and the revival of romanticism.Chapter 14 William Blake(威廉.布莱克)1)LifeHis first collection of poems, Poetical Sketches(诗歌素描). In these early attempts at poetry, he tried the Spenserian stanza, Shakespearean and Miltonic blank verse, the ballad form and lyric meters. He was opposed to the classical tradition of the 18th century.Songs of Innocence(天真之歌) and Songs of Experience(经验之歌), short lyrics; The Marriage of Heaven and Hell(天堂与地狱的婚姻), a prophetic satire.Prophecies(预言书); The French Revolution(法国大革命), a Prophecy; Visions of the Daughters of Albion and America(阿尔比恩之女的幻觉), a Prophecy2)Songs of Innocence and Songs of ExperienceThe best of Blake's short poems is to be found in these two little collections of lyrics. Songs of Innocence was written for children. Here everything seems to be in harmony. The Little Black Boy and The Chimney Sweeper, we find racial discrimination and sufferings.The contrast between Songs of Innocence and Songs of experience is of great significance. It marks a progress in the poet's outlook on life. But in the later years, experience had brought a fuller sense of the power of evil, and of the great misery and pain of the people's life. The poet had to set himself against the current of the capitalist world.Holy Thursday(庆祝耶稣升天日), white passion beneath the picture of poor children.In Songs of Experience, we find particularly Blake's hate of the church and the clergy.3)The Marriage of Heaven and HellThis prose work is important for its expression of Blake's spirit of revolt against oppression. Here he maintains liberty against the law of bourgeois society. One central idea in this work is his denial of the authority of injustice.4)Blake's Position in English Literature(Comments)①Blake's genius was essentially opposed to the classical tradition of that age.②His lyric poetry displays the characteristics of the romantic spirit; the imagery and symbolism; revolutionary.③Blake is called a Pre-Romantic or a forerunner of the Romantic poetry of the 19th century. Chapter 15 Robert Burns(罗伯特.彭斯)1)LifePoems Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect(苏格兰方言诗集); Farewell to Scotland(再见苏格兰)2)The Poetry of Burns①Burns is remembered mainly for his songs written in the Scottish dialect on a variety of subjects. One of his most famous songs of the manhood and dignity of the poor and down-trodden people in defiance of the rank and title of the gentlefolk.②Numerous are Burns' songs of love and friendship, which carry with them a new spirit of romanticism, which would prevail as the main trend of English literature in early 19th century.③Bruce at Bannockburn(布鲁士在班诺克本) is a typical song of patriotism, Burns' passionate love of his native country.④Burns was an outspoken supporter of the French Revolution. The Tree of Liberty(自由树) and A Revolutionary Lyric(一首革命抒情诗) are on the theme of revolution. In these poems Burns calls on the people to rise in arms for a happy life in future.⑤The Slave's Lament(奴隶怨)⑥The sting of his satire was directed at the hypocrisy of the church leaders and the parasitism of the lackeys of the ruling classes. The Toadeater(致谄媚者) is a piece of bitter satire.⑦The Jolly Beggars(欢乐的乞丐), optimism in spite of poverty and misery in life.3)Features of Burns' PoetryBurns is the national poet of Scotland. His songs are Scottish to the core.Burns' great success as a poet of the peasants, a poet of the people.He obtains characteristic of old Scottish songs, simplicity, humor, directness and optimism. (Auld Lang Syne往昔时光)。
英国文学简史PPT课件
LOREM IPSUM DOLOR
6.The 18TH Century The Age Of Enlightenment ⅰ Enlightenment Movement ⅱ Neo-classicism ⅲ Realism ⅳ Sentimentalism
LOREM IPSUM DOLOR
Q3: The genres of Literature?
fiction & non-fiction Fiction: Novels, Short stories, Plays and Poems.
LOREM IPSUM DOLOR
Non-fiction : Essay (4 categories -- description, narration, exposition and argumentation.)
7. The Romantic Period (1798-1832): a. desire for the good old times b. Looking into the future Wordsworth, Coleridge, Byron, Shelley and Keats Walter Scott Jane Austen
(3) Factors related to religious background: the spread
and establishment of Christianity
LOREM IPSUM DOLOR
2. General colors of English Literature (1) Factors affecting the colors of English literature: A. Its environment.
英国文学第一章Lecture 1(Revised)
II. Learning Method sources of work and genre contents of the work (plot, theme, position in literary history) author’s attitude style
☼ We should analyze a literary work from the following three aspects, but remember, when we write a literature review, we should interpret the work from one aspect.
Celts—the earliest settlers of the British Isles
Cultural relics left over by the Celts
I. Old English Period (also called Anglo-Saxon Period, 450-1066) 1. Roman Conquest (前55年-410年） From 55 B. C. to 410 A.D. the British Isles were under the rule of Roman empire. Julius Caesar (102-44 B.C.) crossed the Dover Strait in 55 B. C., but Caesar himself only stayed there for a few weeks. Though the Romans built temples, roads, walls, and military camps, they made little influence on the cultural life of Celts.
外研社英美文学简史及名篇选读教学课件英国文学u2
A nine-line stanza consisting of eight lines of iambic pentameter and a concluding line of iambic hexameter, rhyming ABABBCBCC , named after English poet Edmund Spenser.
Other definition:
During the 14th and 16th centuries an intellectual movement known as the Renaissance swept Europe. It was characterized by admiration of the Greek and Latin classic works. The sonnet and other Italian literary influences began to appear in English literature. (谢福之，2013:67）
2. Plot and theme of The Faerie Queene :
--12 books were to describe the 12 adventures (only finished 6). Each knight represents a virtue, as Holiness, Chastity, Friendship, Justice and Courtesy. It is written in a 9-line stanza form, named Spenserian Stanza.
(3) His works paved the way for the plays of the greatest English dramatist，Shakespeare.
英国文学史及选读二
英国文学史及选读（第二册）The Romantic Period----IndividualismRomanticism: A movement that flourished in literature, philosophy, music and art in western culture during most of the nineteenth century, beginning as a revolt against classicism. It emphasize the special qualities of each individual`s mind. Many of the ideas of English Romanticism were first expressed by the poets, William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge.Lake Poets: Wordsworth, Coleridge and SoutheyPoet laureate：William Wordsworth, Southey, TennysonRepresentatives：William Wordsworth，George Gordon, Lord Byron, Shelley, John Keats, Walter Scott, Jane AustenThe beginning and the end of Romanticism:The English Romanticism is generally said to have begun in 1798 with the publication of Wordsworth and Coleridge‟s Lyrical Ballads and to have ended in 1832 with Sir Walter Scott‟s death and the passage of the first Reform Bill in the parliament.Features of Romanticism:1. Romanticists expressed the ideology and sentiment of those classes and social stratum that were discontent with and opposed to the development of capitalism.2. Romanticism can be seen as a rejection of the precepts of order, calm, harmony, balance, idealization, and rationality that typified Classicism in general and late 18th-century Neoclassicism in particular.3. Romanticism emphasized the individual, the subjective, the irrational, the imaginative, the personal, the spontaneous, the emotional, the visionary, and the transcendental.William WordsworthI Wandered Lonely as a Cloud / The DaffodilsWilliam Wordsworth in his poem I wandered Lonely as a Cloud is possibly making an attempt to show the reader the essence of life in nature, and what kind of a role a memory from childhood can play on us as adults. In his poem William Wordsworth is using daffodils as a metaphor for living, perhaps even eternal life, or life after death.The theme of this poem is harmony between humanity and nature.The Solitary ReaperIt is an iambic verse. Most of the lines in the poem are octosyllabics. The rhyme-scheme for each stanza is ababccdd.The Solitary Reaper use rural figures to suggest the timeless mystery of sorrowful humanity and its radiant beauty.It describes a nameless listener's delight in a young woman's melancholy song in an unknown language as, working by herself in a Scottish valley, she swings a sickle, reaping grain.Wordsworth may deliberately impoverish(使贫穷) his speaker's language so as to contrast it with the reaper's song.The Solitary Reaper‟s “song”, like a found poem, springs directly from nature, without literary context. Her "music" runs like water ("overflowing" the valley) and surpasses the beauty of two celebrated English song-birds, the nightingale and the cuckoo.The Solitary Reaper relates an ecstatic moment in which a passer-by transcends the limitations of mortality. Both the song and he go on together.George Gordon, Lord ByronByronic heroes: In his works appear the “Byronic heroes”, Who are men of noble origin with fiery pas sions and unbending will and express the poet‟s own ideal of freedom. These heroes rise against tyranny and injustice, but they are merely lone fighters striving for personal freedom and some individualistic ends.When We Two PartedIt is a poem speaking about unity and separation within the couple.She Walks in BeautyThe first couple of lines can be confusing if not read properly. Too often readers stop at the end of the first line where there is no punctuation. This is an enjambed line, meaning that it continues without pause onto the second line.That “she walks in beauty like the night”may not make sense as night represents darkness. However, as the line continues, the night is a cloudless one with bright stars to create a beautiful mellow(圆润的,柔美的) glow.The first two lines bring together the opposing qualities of darkness and light that are at play throughout the three verses.The remaining lines of the first verse employ another set of enjambed lines that tell us that her face and eyes combine all best of dark and bright.No mention is made here or elsewhere in the poem of any other physical features of the lady.The focus of the vision is upon the details of the lady’s face and eyes which reflect the mellowed and tender light. She has a remarkable quality of being able to contain the opposites of dark and bright.The third and fourth lines are not only enjambed, but the fourth line begins with an irregularity in the meter called a metrical（韵律）substitution. The fourth line starts with an accented syllable followed by an unaccented one, rather than the iambic meter of the other lines, an unaccented syllable followed by an accented one. The result is that the word “Meet”receives attention, an emphasis. The lady’s unique feature is that opposites “meet”in her in a wonderful way.The second stanza tells us that the glow of the lady’s face is nearly perfect. The shades and rays are in just the right proportion, and because they are, the lady possesses a nameless grace. This conveys the romantic idea that her inner beauty is mirrored by her outer beauty. Her thoughts are serene and sweet. She is pure and dear.The last verse is split between three lines of physical description and three lines that describe the lady’s moral character. Her soft, calm glow reflects a life of peace and goodness. This is a repetition, an emphasis, of the theme that the lady’s physical beauty is a reflection of her innerbeauty.Byron wrote the lines the morning after he had met his beautiful young cousin by marriage, Mrs. Robert John Wilmot, who wore a black mourning gown brightened with spangles. (亮晶晶的小东西)The poem was written shortly before Lord Byron’s marriage to Anna Milbanke and published shortly after the marriage.Percy Bysshe ShelleyOde:Ode is a dignified and elaborately structured lyric poem praising and glorifying an individual, commemorating an event, or describing nature intellectually rather than emotionally. Odes originally were songs performed to the accompaniment of a musical instrument.Ode to the West WindOde to the West Wind is Shelley‟s most famous short poem. It is an invocation（符咒）for an unseen force to take control and revive life. It was first composed on October 19, 1819, inspired by a walk in woodland near Florence, and it was first published in August, 1920 with Prometheus Unbound.The personal conflicts explain the imagery of death and decay in the first stanza of the poem. The poem calls for a mythical power to inspire and induce change or "a new Birth". It is about the regenerative powers of Nature to bring forth not only new life but also poetic inspiration. The call for inspiration comes in the form like a prayer, not to a Christian God, but to an unseen spiritual force which has the same omnipresence and power as a god.John KeatsOde to a NightingaleOde to a Nightingale expresses the contrast between the happy world of natural loveliness and human world of agony.In this poem, by singing of the nightingale and its plaintive songs, describing the beautiful and embalmed natural world, and expressing his wish to fly away with the bird, Keats makes a contrasts between the happy world of natural loveliness and human world of agony in order to show his resentment against the social wrongs and his desire for a world of eternal happiness.Walter ScottWalter Scott `s historical novel paved the path for the development of the realistic novel of the 19th century.Jane AustenSense and SensibilityPride and PrejudiceNorthanger AbbeyMansfield ParkEmmaPersuasionJane Austen is one of the realistic writers/novelists. She drew vivid and realistic pictures of everyday life of the country society in her novels.Pride and PrejudicePride and Prejudice was first titled First Impressions, and these titles embody the themes of the novel. The narrative describes how the prejudices and first impressions (especially those dealing with pride) of the main characters change throughout the novel, focusing on those of Elizabeth.Elizabeth's judgments about other characters' dispositions are accurate about half of the time. While she is correct about Mr. Collins and how absurdly self-serving he is and about Lady Catherine de Bourgh and how proud and snobbish she is, her first impressions of Wickham and Darcy steer her incorrectly. Wickham is first thought to be a gentleman by all. His good looks and his easy manner fool almost everyone, and Elizabeth believes without question all that he tells her of Darcy. Elizabeth's first impressions of him are contradicted when she realizes that he has lied about Darcy.The Victorian Age---Critical Realism in EnglandChartism(宪章主义):The year between 1832 and the early 50‟s saw an important series of events known as the Chartist Movement. Chartism arose out of the increasing strength and a greater confidence of the working class as well as their increasing miseries in life. The Chartist Movement sprang from “the social degradation produced by the unregulated growth of industry and by the subordination of human to commercial interests.The Chartist movement writers introduced a new theme into English literature---the struggle of the proletariat(无产阶级)for its right.Realism: In art and literature, an attempt to describe human behavior and surroundings or to represent figures and objects exactly as they act or appear in life. Attempts at realism have been made periodically(周期的) throughout history in all the arts; the term is, however, generally restricted to a movement that began in the mid-19th century, in reaction to the highly subjective approach of romanticism.Charles Dickens (critical realist writer批判现实主义小说家)The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwich club 1836-1837Oliver Twist 1838The Ode Curiosity Shop 1841David Copperfield 1850Bleak House 1852A Tale of Two Cities 1859Great Expectations 1861Our Mutual Friend 1865Hard Times 1854Oliver TwistOne of Dickens‟ most enduringly popular stories is Oliver Twist.Like many of his later novels, its central theme is the hardship faced by the dispossessed and those of the outside of…polite‟ society. Oliver himself is born in a workhouse and treated cruelly there as was the norm at the time for pauper children. The story follows Oliver as he escapes the workhouse and runs away to London. Here he receives an education in villainy from the criminal gang of Fagin that includes the brutal thief Bill Sikes, the famous …Artful Dodger‟ and Nancy, Bill‟s whore. Oliver is rescued by the intervention of a benefactor - Mr Brownlow - but the mysterious Monks gets the gang to kidnap the boy again. Nancy intervenes but is murdered viciously by Sikes after she has showed some redeeming qualities and has discovered Monk‟s sinister intention. The story closes happily and with justice for Bumble and the cruel Monks who has hidden the truth of Oliver‟s parentag e out of malice(怨恨). His achievement was in fact in presenting the underworld and problems of poverty to the well-off in a way rarely attempted previously.William M. ThackerayVanity Fair（1847-1848）The Book of Snobs（1846-1847）V anity FairThemesAs the title suggests, this is a book about Vanity Fair. The term“Vanity Fair”is apparently taken from John Bunyan‟s famous allegory The Pilgrim’s Progress,which Christian and his friend faith have to pass on their way to the celestial city.From the subtitle, Novel without a Hero, we are enlightened about the world it depicts. As a novel with out heroes, it can only mean:1)In this novel there is no exactly positive characters, that is to say, this is a world full of bad or faulty people. No one here is really good enough to be a hero. The world or society here is corrupted.2)his is a novel not about some particular person but a bout a society—the upper middle class society. The social manners, made up of individual behaviors, become the predominant concern, and the general impression is that of noisy, whirling commotion, and3)It can be a book about women instead of men. Evidence is found in the absolute domination of the stage by the major characters: Becky sharp and her foil Amelia. They, particularly Becky, are the heroines at the center of life while all the male characters are but means and tools in their climb or search for position and money.A comparison between Thackeray’s and DickensThe main features of Thackeray‟s work can best be found in co mparison with those of his contemporary, Charles Dickens. Though writing about the same time, Thackeray differs from the latter in some aspects. First, his criticism of the society is seldom directed at the inhuman social institution and corrupted government which bring great misery and suffering to the poor working class, as is shown in Dickens‟ works. What Thackeray criticizes is the social moral that makes up the society, not the political structure and organizations that run the society. To him, the society is diseased because it is morally corrupted, because most people are money-oriented. To obtain money and the comfort and luxury it brings, they take every means to fight and to cheat each other. Besides, unlike Dickens who has a firm belief in the honesty and respectability of the working class, Thackeray criticism embraces people of all social strata. Though the world he depicts ispredominantly that of the upper-middle class in the early 19th century-with its whirling ballrooms, noisy parties, heavily curtained bedrooms. Elegantly dressed ladies and gentlemen at card-tables and billiard rooms, flirting or gambling, where money is made or last, marriages are contracted, the ambitious are thwarted and the stupid favored—his social—climbers and snobs and money-grabbers can be found in any class.Thackeray also differs from Dickens in the way of writing. Though both are noted for the realistic depiction of life and people, we feel we would like to meet Dickens‟ interesting. Langer-than-life characters b ut we are sure we‟ve seen too many and know too well those of Thackeray‟s. We are fascinated by the former and smile at the easy identification of the later moreover, Dickens strikes us as always“in”the play while Thackeray is constantly“out”. Dickens always imagines himself one of the characters, he sees, thinks and does things their way, he laughs and cries with them, and constantly he pleas for them when he sees them suffer from maltreatment and injustice. But Thackeray always speaks in an ironical, sarcastic and cynical tone of an on-looker. He is a puppet-player who monitors his puppets at backstage, with a sureness and familiarity of master craftsmanship, although now and then he is willing to give a piece of his mind. And finally Thackeray, as the better educated of the two, proves a more conscious artist, his works are known for their fine language, careful overall planning, mastering of detail, vast scope of view and faithfulness to the history.Charlotte Bronte and Emily BronteCharlotte Bronte`s Jane EyreThemesEver since its publication, Jane Eyre has appealed to the general reading public. It is known as a work of critical realism as well as the first and one of the most popular works of the working middle-class women. Its social criticism is found in its vivid description of life of a poor orphan left dependent on some selfish, cold-hearted people and her hard struggle to retain her dignity as a human being. The ill-treatment of and despise for the unfortunate lower class by the rich and the privileged are clearly shown. What is more, the brutality and hypocrisy of the English educational system are laid bare here in the example of Lowood School where children are exposed to unbearably harsh conditions and unreasonably rigid disciplines and are trained to be humble slaves only. On the other hand, the idle and vian life of the corrupted rich is also vividly depicted and sharply criticized.Another factor for the popularity of the novel lies in the fact that it is the first governess novel in the history of English literature. Upon its first publication, the contemporary readers were fascinated as well as shocked by its titular heroine. Instead of the rich, gentle, frail, modest and virtuous beauties of the conventional heroine, here we have a small, plain, poor governess who begins her life all alone, with no body caring for her and nothing attractive. What she has is an intense feeling, a ready sympathy and a strong sense of equality and independence. And she, in defiance of the social convention, dares to love her master, declares it openly, and finally marries him when he is in the most wretched situation. Alt this should certainly disqualify her as a heroine due to the then social prejudices. However, the young lady, for all her obscurity and inferiority, stands out as one of the most remarkable fictional heroines of the time. Her very unconventionality marks her as an entirely new woman.Besides Jane‟s exceptional personalities, the book is also hailed as a representative work offeminist writings, i.e., works reflecting the experience and defending the interest of the weaker sex. In a way, it speaks not only for those unfortunate governesses like Jane, but all the middle-class women and women of all classes. Jane‟s declaration to Mr. Rochester of her equality with him is really a declaration of the women of middle class and all classes. Such an independent and equal attitude was an astonishment and wonder to people of the day, but it is the first manifestation of the awakening of the exploited and maltreated women. Jane, smell and weak as she is , becomes an amazon fighting for the emancipation of women.Emily Bronte’s Wuthering HeightsThemesWuthering Heights is a riddle which has meant so many things to so many people. Even today it is still hard for people to come to a universally accepted understanding of the book. It is small wonder Clement shorter would call its author“the sphinx of our modern literature.”One way of reading is to treat it as a romantic story, as a tale of love and revenge. As such, it is superb.From the social point of view, the story is a tragedy of social inequality.At some deeper level, however, the story is more than a mere copy of real life. To many people it is an illustration of the workings of the universe, a book about the cosmic harmony of the universe and the destruction and re-establishment of this harmony.It is obvious that whereas charlotte‟s and Anne‟s stories —the stories of governess and machines and trains— belong basically to the nineteenth century, Emily‟s novel, though belonging to the time of the eighteenth century England with its horse transport, rough tracks remote houses, characters unsoftened by urban contacts which lingered in her day in the Haworth uplands, is in essence timeless. It is a tale not of the society or people but of elemental, universal passions.Alfred, Lord TennysonBreak, Break, BreakThis short lyric is written in memory of Tennyson‟s best friend, Arthur Hallam, whose death has a life-long influence on the poet. Here, the poet‟s own feelings of sadness are contrasted with the carefree, innocent joys of the children and the unfeeling movement of the ship and the sea waves. The beauty of the lyric is to be found in the musical language and in the association of sound and images with feelings and emotions. The poem contains four quatrains, with combined iambic and anapestic feet. Most lines have three feet and some four. The rhyme scheme is abcb.(The anapest is a foot that consists of two unaccented syllables followed by one accented syllable.) The poem contains four quatrains, with combined iambic and anapestic feet.The rhythm of this poem is rich in its variety. Most of the lines are anapestic feet with three stressed syllables. Some of the lines are iambic.Generally speaking, an apestic feet read fast. But the reader can‟t read this poem this way for there are many long vowels in this poem, which shows the poet‟s grief.Crossing the BarThis poem was written in the later years of Tennyson‟s life. We can feel his fearlessness towards death, his faith in God and an afterlife.Bar, a bank of sand or stones under the water as in a river, parallel to the shore, at the entrance to harbor.“Crossing the bar” means leaving this world and entering the next world.Sunset, evening star, twilight, evening bell: all images of the end of life.Sea, tide, deep, flood: all symbols of life.Bourne: boundary.Pilot: Here it refers to God.Robert BrowningDramatic monologue: is a lyric poem which reveals“a soul in action”through the conversation of one character in a dramatic situation. The character is speaking to an identifiable but silent listener at a dramatic moment in the speaker’s life.My Last DuchessMy Last Duchess is Browning‟s best-know dramatic monologue. The poem takes its sources from the life of Alfonso II, duke of Ferrara of the 16th century Italy, whose young wife died suspiciously after three years of marriage. Not long after her death, the duke managed to arrange a marriage with the niece of another noble man. This dramatic monologue is the duke‟s remarks addressed to the agent who comes to negotiate the marriage. In his talk about his“Last duchess”,the duke reveals himself as a self-conceited, cruel and tyrannical man. The poem is written in heroic couplets, but with no regular metrical system. In reading, it sounds like blank verse.dramatic monologue; the heroic couplet (rhymed every two lines and most of the lines have 10 syllables); colloquial language; insertion; comment and description is interwoven.Twentieth Century Literature---Realistic VS Anti-realisticRealistic:George Meredith, Samuel Butler, T. Hardy, G. B. Shaw‟, H. G. Wells, and John GalsworthyAnti-realistic: Robert Louis Stevenson, Oscar WildeImportant events:ImperialismSocial reformFirst world warSecond world warThis is an age of dramaPoets of the Victorian age leave a general impression of beauty, of faith,and therefore of cheerfulness.The end of the 19th century is a period of struggle between realistic and anti-realistic trends in art and literature.Stream of consciousness: is the narrative method of capturing and representing the inner workings of a character‟s mind. (Or it is literary technique, first used in the late 19th century, employed to evince(表示)subjective as well as objective reality. It reveals the character's feelings,thoughts, and actions, often following an associative rather than a logical sequence, without commentary by the author.) In English Literature, James Joyce and Virginia Woolf are the two best-known novelists of the“stream of consciousness”school.Modernism: is loosely a synonym of anything contemporary strictly. Modernism was an international movement in literature and arts. Especially in literary criticism, which began in the late 19th century and flourished until 1950s. Modernism takes the irrational philosophy and the theory of psycho-analysis as it‟s the theoretical base. The modernist writers concentrate more on the private and subjective than on the public and objective, mainly concerned with the inner being of an individual. Therefore they pay more attention to the psychic time than the chronological one. The major themes of the modernist literature are the distorted, alienated and ill relationships between man and nature, man and society, man and man, and man and himself. In the United States, modernism refers to the 20th century American literature, which can also be called the second American Renaissance.Thomas Hardy Tess of the D’urbervillesJohn Galsworthy The Forsyte SagaOscar Wilde The Picture of Dorian GrayGeorge Bernard Shaw Mrs.Warren`s Profession 掀起莎士比亚后第二次戏剧浪潮D.H. Lawrence Sons and Lovers 现代派先驱之一，谴责工业革命Virginia Woolf Mrs. Dalloway 意识流作家James Joyce Araby 意识流作家名词解释1. Romanticism: A movement that flourished in literature, philosophy, music and art in western culture during most of the nineteenth century, beginning as a revolt against classicism. It emphasize the special qualities of each individual`s mind. Many of the ideas of English Romanticism were first expressed by the poets, William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge.2. Ode:Ode is a dignified and elaborately structured lyric poem praising and glorifying an individual, commemorating an event, or describing nature intellectually rather than emotionally. Odes originally were songs performed to the accompaniment of a musical instrument.3.Realism: In art and literature, an attempt to describe human behavior and surroundings or to represent figures and objects exactly as they act or appear in life. Attempts at realism have been made periodically(周期的) throughout history in all the arts; the term is, however, generally restricted to a movement that began in the mid-19th century, in reaction to the highly subjective approach of romanticism.4. Dramatic monologue: is a lyric poem which reveals“a soul in action”through the conversation of one character in a dramatic situation. The character is speaking to an identifiable but silent listener at a dramatic moment in the speaker’s life.5. Stream of consciousness: is the narrative method of capturing and representing the inner workings of a character‟s mind. (Or it is literary technique, first used in the late 19th century, employed to evince(表示)subjective as well as objective reality. It reveals the character's feelings, thoughts, and actions, often following an associative rather than a logical sequence, without commentary by the author.) In English Literature, James Joyce and Virginia Woolf are the two best-known novelists of the“stream of consciousness”school.6. Modernism: is loosely a synonym of anything contemporary strictly. Modernism was an international movement in literature and arts. Especially in literary criticism, which began in the late 19th century and flourished until 1950s. Modernism takes the irrational philosophy and the theory of psycho-analysis as it‟s the theoretical base. The modernist writers concentrate more on the private and subjective than on the public and objective, mainly concerned with the inner being of an individual. Therefore they pay more attention to the psychic time than the chronological one. The major themes of the modernist literature are the distorted, alienated and ill relationships between man and nature, man and society, man and man, and man and himself. In the United States, modernism refers to the 20th century American literature, which can also be called the second American Renaissance.。
《英国文学简史》完整版笔记
Chapter 4 English Literature of the 17th Century I.A HistoricalBackgroundII. The Overview of the Literature （1640-1688）1. The revolution period（1）The metaphysical poets;（2）The Cavalier poets.（3）Milton: the literary and philosophical heritage of the Renaissance merged with Protestant political and moral conviction2. The restoration period.（1）The restoration of Charles II ushered in a literature characterized by reason, moderation, good taste, deft management, and simplicity. （school of Ben Jonson）（3）The great philosophical and political treatises of the time emphasize rationalism.（4）The restoration drama.（5）The Age of Dryden.III. John Milton1. Life: educated at —visiting the continent—involved into the revolution—persecuted—writing epics.2. Literary career.（1）The 1st period was up to 1641, during which time he is to be seen chiefly as a son of the humanists and Elizabethans, although his Puritanism is not absent.L'Allegre and IL Pens eroso （1632）are his early masterpieces, in which we find Milton a true offspring of the Renaissance, a scholar of exquisite taste and rareculture. Next came Comus, a masque. The greatest of early creations was Lycidas, a pastoral elegy on the death of a college mate, Edward King.3. Major Works（1）Paradise Losta. the plot.b. characters.c. theme: justify the ways of God to man.（2）Paradise Regained.（3）Samson Agonistes.4. Features of 's works.（1）Milton is one of the very few truly great English writers who is also a prominent figure in politics, and who is both a great poet and an important prose writer. The two most essential things to be remembered about him are his Puritanism and his republicanism.（2）Milton wrote many different types of poetry. He is especially a great master of blank verse. He learned much from Shakespeare and first used blank verse in non-dramatic works.（3）Milton is a great stylist. He is famous for his grand style noted for its dignity and polish, which is the result of his life-long classical and biblical study.（4）Milton has always been admired for his sublimity of thought and majesty of expression.IV.John Bunyan1. Life:（1）puritan age;（2）poor family;（3）parliamentary army;（4）Baptist society, preacher;（5）prison, writing the book.2. The Pilgrim Progress（1）The allegory in dream form.（2）the plot.（3）the theme.V. Metaphysical Poets and Cavalier Poets.1. Metaphysical Poets2. Cavalier PoetsThe other group prevailing in this period was that of Cavalier poets. They were often courtiers who stood on the side of the king, and called themselves “sons” of Ben Jonson. The Cavalier poets wrote light poetry, polished and elegant, amorous and gay, but often superficial. Most of their verses were short songs, pretty madrigals, love fancies characterized by lightness of heart and of morals. Cavalier poems have the limpidity of the Elizabethan lyric without its imaginative flights. They are lighter and neater but less fresh than the Elizabethan's.VI. John Dryden.1. Life:（1）the representative of classicism in the Restoration.（2）poet, dramatist, critic, prose writer, satirist.（3）changeable in attitude.（4）Literary career—four decades.（5）Poet Laureate2. His influences.（1）He established the heroic couplet as the fashion for satiric, didactic, and descriptive poetry.（2）He developed a direct and concise prose style.（3）He developed the art of literary criticism in his essays and in the numerous prefaces to his poems.Chapter 5 English Literature of the 18th CenturyI. Introduction1. The Historical Background.2. The literary overview.（1）The Enlightenment.（2）The rise of English novels.When the literary historian seeks to assign to each age its favourite form of literature, he finds no difficulty in dealing with our own time. As the Middle Ages delighted in long romantic narrative poems, the Elizabethans in drama, the Englishman of the reigns of Anne and the early Georges in didactic and satirical verse, so the public of our day is enamored of the novel. Almost all types of literary production continue to appear, but whether we judge from the lists of publishers, the statistics of public libraries, or general conversation, we find abundant evidence of the enormous preponderance of this kind of literary entertainment in popular favor.（3）Neo-classicism: a revival in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries of classical standards of order, balance, and harmony in literature. John Dryden and Alexander Pope were major exponents of the neo-classical school.（5）SentimentalismII. Neo-classicism. （a general description）1. Alexander Pope（1）Life:a. Catholic family;b. ill health;c. taught himself by reading and translating;d. friend of Addison, Steele and Swift.（2）three groups of poems:e. An Essay on Criticism （manifesto of neo-classicism）;f. The Rape of Lock;g. Translation of two epics.（3）His contribution:h. the heroic couplet—finish, elegance, wit, pointedness;i. satire.（4）weakness: lack of imagination.2. Addison and Steele（1）Richard Steele: poet, playwright, essayist, publisher of newspaper.（2）Joseph Addison: studies at Oxford, secretary of state, created a literary periodical “Spectator” （with Steele, 1711）（4）The significance of their essays.a. Their writings in “The Tatler”, and “The Spectator” provide a new code of social morality for the rising bourgeoisie.b. They give a true picture of the social life of in the 18th century.3. Samuel Johnson—poet, critic, essayist, lexicographer, editor.（1）Life:a. studies at ;b. made a living by writing and translating;c. the great cham of literature.（2）works: poem （The Vanity of Human Wishes, London）; criticism （The Lives of great Poets）; preface.（3）The champion of neoclassical ideas.III. Literature of Satire: Jonathan Swift.1. Life:（1）born in Ireland;（2）studies at Trinity College;（3）worked as a secretary;（4）the chief editor of The Examiner;（5）the Dean of St. Patrick's in .2. Works: The of Books, A Tale of a Tub, A Modest Proposal, Gulliver's Travels.3. Gulliver's Travels.Satire—the Whig and the Tories, Anglican Church and Catholic Church.Part II. Satire—the legal system; condemnation of war.Part III. Satire—ridiculous scientific experiment.Part IV. Satire—mankind.IV. English Novels of Realistic tradition.1. The Rise of novels.（1）Early forms: folk tale – fables – myths – epic – poetry – romances –fabliaux – novella - imaginative nature of their material. （imaginative narrative）（2）The rise of the novela. picaresque novel in Spain and England （16th century）: Of or relating to a genre of prose fiction that originated in Spain and depicts in realistic detail the adventures of a roguish hero, often with satiric or humorous effects.b. : .c. Addison and Steele: The Spectator.（plot and characterization and realism）（3）novel and drama （17the century）2. Daniel Defoe—novelist, poet, pamphleteer, publisher, merchant, journalist.）（1）Life:a. business career;b. writing career;c. interested in politics.（2）Robinson Crusoe.a. the story.b. the significance of the character.c. the features of his novels.d. the style of language.3. Henry Fielding—novelist.（1）Life:a. unsuccessful dramatic career;b. legal career; writing career.（2）works.（3）Tom Jones.a. the plot;b. characters: Tom, Blifil, Sophia;c. significance.（4）the theory of realism.（5）the style of language.V. Writers of Sentimentalism.1. Introduction2. Samuel Richardson—novelist, moralist （One who is unduly concerned with the morals of others.）（1）Life:a. printer book seller;b. letter writer.（2）Pamela, Virtue Rewarded.a. the storyb. the significancePamela was a new thing in these ways:b）Its intension was to afford not merely entertainment but also moral instruction.c）It described not only the sayings and doings of characters but their also their secret thoughts and feelings. It was, in fact, the first English psycho-analytical novel.3. Oliver Goldsmith—poet and novelist.A. Life:a. born in ;b. a singer and tale-teller, a life of vagabondage;c. bookseller;d. the Literary Club;e. a miserable life;f. the most lovable character in English literature.B. The Vicar of .a. story;b. the signicance.VI. English Drama of the 18th century1. The decline of the drama2. Richard Brinsley SheridenA. life.B. works: Rivals, The School for Scandals.C. significance of his plays.b. In his plays, morality is the constant theme. He is much concerned with the current moral issues and lashes harshly at the social vices of the day.c. 's greatness also lies in his theatrical art. He seems to have inherited from his parents a natural ability and inborn knowledge about the theatre. His plays are the product of a dramatic genius as well as of a well-versed theatrical man.d. His plots are well-organized, his characters, either major or minor, are all sharply drawn, and his manipulation of such devices as disguise, mistaken identity and dramatic irony is masterly. Witty dialogues and neat and decent language also make a characteristic of his plays.Chapter 6 English Literature of the Romantic AgeI. Introduction1. Historical Background2. Literary Overview: RomanticismCharacteristics of Romanticism:（1）The spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings（2）The creation of a world of imagination（3）The return to nature for material（5）Emphasis upon the expression of individual genius（6）The return to Milton and the Elizabethans for literary models（7）The interest in old stories and medieval romances（8）A sense of melancholy and loneliness（9）The rebellious spiritII. Pre-Romantics1. Robert Burns（1）Life: French Revolution（2）Features of poetrya. Burns is chiefly remembered for his songs written in the Scottish dialect.b. His poems are usually devoid of artificial ornament and have a great charm of simplicity.c. His poems are especially appreciated for their musical effect.d. His political and satirical poems are noted for his passionate love for freedom and fiery sentiments of hatred against tyranny.（3）Significance of his poetryHis poetry marks an epoch in the history of English literature. They suggested that the spirit of the Romantic revival was embodied in this obscure ploughman. Love, humor, pathos, the response to nature – all the poetic qualities that touch the human heart are in his poems, which marked the sunrise of another day – the day of Romanticism.2. William Blake（1）life: French Revolution（2）works.l Songs of Innocencel Songs of Experience（3）featuresa. sympathy with the French Revolutionb. hatred for 18th century conformity and social institutionc. attitude of revolt against authorityd. strong protest against restrictive codes（4）his influenceBlake is often regarded as a symbolist and mystic, and he has exerted a great influence on twentieth century writers. His peculiarities of thought and imaginative vision have in many ways proved far more congenial to the 20th century than they were to the 19th.III. Romantic Poets of the first generation1. Introduction2. William Wordsworth: representative poet, chief spokesman of Romantic poetry（1）Life:a. love nature;b. ;c. tour to ;d. French revolution;e. Dorathy;f. The ;g. friend of Coleridge;h. conservative after revolution.（2）works:a. the Lyrical Ballads （preface）: significanceb. The Prelude: a biographical poem.c. the other poems（3）Features of his poems.a. ThemeA constant theme of his poetry was the growth of the human spirit through the natural description with expressions of inward states of mind.b. characteristics of style.His poems are characterized by a sympathy with the poor, simple peasants, and a passionate love of nature.3. Samuel Taylor Coleridge: poet and critic（1）Life:a. ;b. friend with Southey and Wordsworth;c. taking opium.（2）works.l The fall of Robespierrel The Rime of the Ancient Marinerl Kubla Khanl Biographia Literaria（3）Biographia Literaria.（4）His criticismHe was one of the first critics to give close critical attention to language. In both poetry and criticism, his work is outstanding, but it is typical of him that his critical work is very scattered and disorganized.IV. Romantic Poets of the Second Generation.1. Introduction2. George Gordon Byron（1）Life:a. , published poems and reviews;b. a tour of and the East;c. left ;d. friend with Shelley;e. worked in : national hero;f. radical and sympathetic with French Revolution.（2）Works.l Don Juanl When We Two Partedl She Walks in Beauty（3）Byronic Hero.Byron introduced into English poetry a new style of character, which as often been referred to as “Byronic Hero” of “satanic spirit”. People imagined that they saw something of Byron himself in these strange figures of rebels, pirates, and desperate adventurers.（4）Poetic style: loose, fluent and vivid3. Percy Bysshe Shelley: poet and critic（1）Life:a. aristocratic family;b. rebellious heart;c. ;d. Irish national liberation Movement;e. disciple of William Godwin;f. marriage with Harriet, and Marry;g. left and wandered in EUrope, died in ;h. radical and sympathetic with the French revolution;i. Friend with Byron（2）works: two types – violent reformer and wanderer（3）Characteristics of poems.a. pursuit of a better society;b. radian beauty;c. superb artistry: imagination.（4）Defense of Poetry.4. John Keats.（1）Life:a. from a poor family;b. ;c. friend with Byron and Shelley;d. attacked by the conservatives and died in .（2）works.（3）Characteristics of poemsa. loved beauty;b. seeking refuge in an idealistic world of illusions and dreams. V. Novelists of the Romantic Age.1. Water Scott. Novelist and poet（1）Life:a. ;b. ;c. poem to novel;d. unsuccessful publishing firm;e. great contribution: historical novel.（2）three groups of novels（3）Features of his novels.（4）his influence.2. Jane Austen（1）Life:a. country clergyman;b. uneventful life, domestic duties;（2）works.（3）features of her writings.（4）rationalism, neoclassicism, romanticism and realism. VI. Familiar Essays.1. Introduction2. Charles Lamb: essayist and critic（1）life:a. poor family;b. friend of Coleridge;c. sister Mary;d. worked in the East India House;e.a miserable life;f. a man of mild character.g. a Romanticist of the city.（2）works: Essays of Elia. Three groups.（3）Features.a. The most striking feature of his essays is his hum our.b. Lamb was especially fond of old writers.c. His essays are intensely personal.d. He was a romanticistChapter 7 English Literature of the Victorian AgeI. Introduction1. Historical Background（1）An age of expansion（2）The conditions of the workers and the chartist movement（3）Reforms（4）Darwin's theory of evolution and its influence（5）The women question2. Literary Overview: critical realism.In Victorian period appeared a new literary trend called critical realism. English critical realism of the 19th century flourished in the 40s and in the early 50s. It found its expression in the form of novel. The critical realists, most of whom were novelists, described with much vividness and artistic skill the chief traits of the English society and criticized the capitalist system from a democratic viewpoint.II. Novels of Critical Realists.1. Charles Dickens.（1）Life:a. clerk family;b. a miserable childhood;c. a clerk, a reporter, a writer;d. a man of hard work.（2）works of three periods.a. optimizeb. frustrationc. pessimism（3）Features of his works.a. character sketches and exaggerationb. broad humor and penetrating satired. the power of exposure2. William Makepeace Thackeray（1）Life:a. born in ;b. studied in ;c. worked as artist and illustrator and writer.（2）work: The Vanity Fair（3）Thackeray and Dickens – featuresa. Just like Dickens, Thackeray is one of the greatest critical realists of the 19th century . He paints life as he has seen it. With his precise and thorough observation, rich knowledge of social life and of the human heart, the pictures in his novels are accurate and true to life.b. Thackeray is a satirist. His satire is caustic and his humour subtle.c. Besides being a realist and satirist, Thackeray is a moralist. His aim is to produce a moral impression in all his novels.3. The Bronte Sisters（1）Charlotte Bronte and Jane Eyre（2）Emily Bronte and The Wuthering Heights.4. George Eliot.（1）Life:a. Mary Ann Evans;b. the rural midland;c. abandoned religion;d. interested in social philosophical problems;e. editor of the Westminster Review;f. George Henry Lewis.（2）worksl Adam Bedel Silas Marnerl Middlemarch（3）Features of works.As a moralist, she shows in each of her characters the action and reaction of universal forces and believes that every evil act must bring inevitable punishment to the man who does it. Moral law was to her as inevitable and automatic as gravitation.5. Thomas Hardy: novelist and poet（1）Life:a. —“Wexssex;b. close to peasantry;c. belief in evolution.（2）Works:a. Romances and fantasiesb. novels of ingenuityc. novels of characters and environment（3）Ideas of Fate.Unlike Dickens, most of Hardy's novels are tragic. The cause of tragedy is man's own behaviour or his own fault but the supernatural forces that rule his fate. According to Hardy, man is not the master of his destiny; he is at the mercy of indifferent forces which manipulate his behaviour and his relations with others.III. English Poets of the Age1. Alfred Tennyson（1）life:a. ;b. friend with Hallem;c. poet laureate.（2）Works: In Memoriam; Idylls of the King.2. Robert Browning.（1）Life: married Elizabeth Barret, a poetess.（2）Works（3）the Dramatic MonologueThe dramatic monologue is a soliloquy in drama in which the voice speaking is not the poet himself, but a character invented by the poet, so that it reflects life objectively. It was imitated by many poets after Browning and brought to its most sophisticated form by T. S. Eliot in his The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock （1915）IV. English Prose of the age1. Thomas Carlyle（1）life（2）works2. John Ruskin（1）life（2）works（3）social and aesthetic ideasV. Aestheticism1. AestheticismThe basic theory of the aesthetic –“art for art's sake” – was set forth by a French poet, Theophile Gautier. The first Englishman who wrote about the theory of aestheticism was Walter Peter, the most important critical writer of the late Victorian period, whose most important works were studies in the History of Renaissance and Appreciations. The chief representative of the movement in was Oscar Wilde, with his The Picture of Dorian Gray. Aestheticism places art above life, and holds that life should imitate art, not art imitate life. According to aesthetes, all artistic creation is absolutely subjective as opposed to objective. Art should be free from any influence of egoism. Only when art is for art's sake can it be immortal. It should be restricted to contributing beauty in a highly polished style.2. Oscar Wilde（1）Life: dramatist, poet, novelist and essayist, spokesman for the school of “Art for art's sake”, the leader of the Aesthetic movement（2）worksl The Happy Prince and Other Talesl The Picture of Dorian Grayl The Importance of Being EarnestChapter 8 English Literature of the first half of the 20th Century I. Historical Background1. Rational changes on old traditions, in social standards and in people's thoughts2. The high tide of anti-Victorianism3. The First World War4. The success of women's struggle for social and civil rightsII. Overview of the Literature – the Modernism1. What is modernism?2. Features of modernism（1）Complexity（2）Radical and deliberate break with traditional aesthetic principles（3）Back to Aristotle3. Development of modernism after WWIISection 1 Poetry I. A General Survey1. The century has produced a large number of both major and minor poets, many of whom have received general acclaim.2. Many writers of significant works of fiction also write distinguished poetry.3. The poets of the 20th century have tended to group themselves into schools whose poetry has particular distinguishing characteristics.II. Thomas Hardy1. Life2. Works（1）his poetrya. Poems and Other Versesb. Poems of the Past and the Presentc. Time's Laughing Stocksd. Moments of Visione. Late Lyrics and Earlierf. The famous Tragedy of the Queen of Cornwellg. Winter Words（2）his fictionsa. Tess of the D'Urbervillesb. Jude the Obscurec. The Return of the Natived. Far from the Madding Crowde. The Mayor of Casterbridge3. Point of viewAccording to his pessimistic philosophy, mankind is subjected to the rule of some hostile mysterious fate, which brings misfortune into human life.III. William Yeats1. Life – poet and dramatist2. Works（1）his poetrya. The Responsibilitiesb. The Wild Swans at Coolec. The Towerd. The Winding Stair（2）his dramasa. The Hour Glassb. The 's Desirec. On Baile's（3）his book of philosophy – Visions3. StyleIV.Thomas Stearns Eliot1. life- poet, playwright, literary critic2. Works（1）poemsl The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrockl The Waste Land （epic）l Hollow Manl Ash Wednesdayl Four Quarters（2）Playsl Murder in the Cathedrall Sweeney Agonistesl The Cocktail Partyl The Confidential Clerk（3）Critical essaysl The Sacred Woodl Essays on Style and Orderl Elizabethan Essaysl The Use of Poetry and The Use of Criticismsl After Strange Gods3. Point of view（1）The modern society is futile and chaotic.（2）Only poets can create some order out of chaos.4. Style（1）Fresh visual imagery, flexible tone and highly expressive rhythm（2）Difficult and disconnected images and symbols, quotations and allusions （3）Elliptical structures, strange juxtapositions, an absence of bridges5. The Waste Land: five parts（1）The Burial of the Dead（2）A Game of Chess（3）The Fire Sermon（4）Death by Water（5）What the Thunder SaidSection 2 Fiction I. The Continuing of Realism 1. The two characteristics of 20th century fiction （1）Modernism（2）Continuation of the tradition of realism2. The beginning3. General featuresII. John Galsworthy1. Life2. Works（1）The Island Pharisees（2）Turgenev（3）The Man of Property（4）In Chancery（5）Forsyte Saga（6）The End of the Chapter（7）The Silver Box（8）Strife3. Point of view4. Style（1）strength and elasticity（2）powerful sweep（3）brilliant illustrations（4）deep psychological analysisIII. Stream of Consciousness1. James Joyce（1）life（2）major worksa. A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Manb. Dublinersc. Ulyssesd. Finnegans Wake（3）significance of his worksa. He changed the old style of fictions and created a strange mode of art to show the chaos and crisis of consciousness of that period.b. From him, stream of consciousness came to the highest point as a genre of modern literature.c. In Finnegans Wake, this pursue of newness overrode the normalness and showed a tendency of vanity.2. Virginia Woolf（1）life（2）worksa. Mrs. Dallowayb. To the Lighthousec. The Wavesd.e. Flushf. The Yearsg. Between the Actsh. A Room of One's Owni. Threej. Modern Fictionk. The Common Reader （2 series）（3）point of viewa. She challenged the traditional way of writing and created her novels in a new way.b. She thought the depiction of details darkened the characters.c. She called the writers for writing about events of daily life that gave one deep impression.3. Influence（1）The stream of consciousness presented by Joyce and Woolf marks a total break from the tradition of fiction and has promoted the development of modernism.（2）However, at the same time, because of the newness in form but hard to understand, this kind of fiction cannot attract readers.（3）The writers showed interest in the psychological depiction of the bourgeoisie but neglected the conflict that most people cared about at that time.IV.David Herbert Lawrence1. Life2. Works（1）Sons and Lovers（2）The Rainbow（3）Women in Love（4）Lady Chatterlay's Lover3. His influenceSection 3 Drama I. Overview1. the development of science （light）and the revival of drama2. Social dramas3. The renaissance of Irish dramas4. The poetic drama5. Different schools of dramaII. George Bernard Shaw1. Life2. Works（1）Widower's Houses（2）Man and Superman（3）Major Barbara（4）Pygmalion（5）Heartbreak House（6）Mrs. 's Profession（7）The Apple Cart（8）Saint Joan3. Point of view（1）Shaw was very much impressed by the Norwegian dramatist Ibsen.（2）He opposed the idea of “art for art's sake”, maintaining that “the theatre must turn from the drama of romance and sensuality to the drama of edification”.4. Style（1）Shaw is a critical realist writer. His plays bitterly criticize and attack English bourgeois society.（2）His plays deal with contemporary social problems. He portrays his situations frankly and honestly, intending to shock his audiences with a new view of society.（3）He is a humorist and manages to produce amusing and laughable situations.版权所有,谢绝转载~31/ 31。
lecture 2英国文学
Lecture 2 English & American Literature◆Old and Medieval English Literature（8th century—14th century）中古英国文学1.Old English ---language spoken by the Anglo-Saxons, which is the foundation of Englishlanguage and literature.2.Beowulf 《贝奥武甫》—the most impressive long poem (3000 lines). A heroic Scandinavianepic legend. Pagan heroism. 异教英雄主义3.Prose WritersVenerable Bede 比德—Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum英吉利人教会史Alfred the Great 阿尔弗烈德大帝—father of English ProseAnglo-Saxon Chronicle盎格鲁-撒克逊编年史4. Romances传奇故事---the prevailing form of literature in the Middle ages. A longcomposition, sometimes in verse, sometimes in prose, describing the life and adventures of a noble hero.The Gawain poet –Sir Gawain and the Green Knight《高文爵士与绿色骑士》5.Geoffrey Chaucer (杰弗里.乔叟)The father of modern English poetryThe 14th century is called ―Age of Chaucer‖His works:The Canterbury Tales《坎特伯雷故事集》—a collection of stories told by pilgrims. It is influenced by Boccaccio’s Decameron (薄伽丘的《十日谈》)英国文学史上现实主义第一部杰作The Romaunt of the Rose《玫瑰罗曼史》The House of Fame《声誉之堂》Troilus and Criseyde《特罗勒斯与克丽西德》6.William Langland (威廉.兰格伦)The Vision of Piers Plowman《农夫皮尔斯之幻象》—in the form of dream vision7.The 15th Ballads 民歌，民谣The Robin Hood Ballads 罗宾汉民谣集8.Thomas Malory 托马斯.马洛里–Morte d’Arthur《亚瑟王之死》◆The Renaissance Period (14th century- Mid 17th century) 文艺复兴时期1.Renaissance—originated in Italy. Humanism became the keynote of this period.2.The real main stream of the English Renaissance is the Elizabethan drama.3.English poetsa)Thomas Wyatt 怀亚特The most interesting poet of the first half of 16th centuryb)Henry Howard 亨利.霍华德c)Sir Philip Sidney 菲利普.雪尼爵士i.Arcadia 阿卡狄亚ii.Astrophel and Stella阿斯特罗菲尔与斯特拉iii.Defense of Poetry为诗辩护d)Edmund Spenser 埃德蒙. 斯宾塞The poets’ poetHis worksThe Faerie Queen《仙后》—the glory of the Queen Elizabeth, in the form ofallegory 《寓言》The Shepherd Calendar《牧羊人日志》Spenserian Stanza 斯宾塞诗体—a nine-line verse stanza (ababbcbcc)4.English prose1)Thomas More 莫尔–Utopia乌托邦2)John Lyly 约翰.黎里—Euphuism 夸饰文体（abundant use of balanced sentences,alliterations, and other artificial prosodic means; the use of odd similes and comparisons）3)Francis Bacon培根the trumpeter of a new age (in the transition from late Middle Ages to modern Europe)England’s first essayistHis essays: Of Studies, Of Travel, Of Wisdom5.English dramaChristopher Marlowe 马洛The greatest playwright before Shakespeare and the most gifted of the ―University Wits‖His play: The Tragic History of Doctor Faustus《浮士德博士的悲剧》First made blank verse the principle instrument of English drama.6.William Shakespeare 莎士比亚Born in Stratford-on-Avon in 1564His comedies:A Midsummer Night’s Dream《仲夏夜之梦》As You Like It 《皆大欢喜》Merchant of Venice《威尼斯商人》The Twelfth Night《第十二夜》His tragedies:Romeo and JulietHamlet—To be or not to be; the summit of ShakespeareOthelloKing LearMacbethThe TempestHis historical plays:Henry IVHenry VOne of the founders of realism in English literatureHis sonnets7.Ben Johnson 本.琼森The most important dramatist of many successors of ShakespeareV olpone《狐狸》—satirical comedy◆17世纪英国文学1.literature of the Revolution Period (Age of Milton)—the main literary form is poetry1)The Metaphysical poets 玄学派诗人John Donne 约翰.多恩—the founder of the Metaphysical SchoolHis masterpiece: A Valediction: Forbiding Mourning《临别辞：莫悲伤》 George Herbert 乔治.赫伯特—the ―saint of the Metaphysical School‖2)The Cavalier poets（骑士）3)John Milton 约翰.弥尔顿Paradise Lost—the greatest English epic 《失乐园》God & SatanSamson Agonistes《力士参孙》Paradise Regained《复乐园》4)John Bunyan 约翰.班扬The Pilgrim’s Progress《天路历程》Known for his simple and lively prose style2.literature of the Restoration Period (Age of Dryden)John Dryden 约翰.德莱顿the founder of the heroic couplet 英雄史诗式两行诗England’s poet laureate 英国桂冠诗人The representative of English classicism◆18世纪英国文学1.the main literary stream of this century was Realism2.Enlightenment启蒙运动—the intellectual movement through Western Europe; the struggleof the bourgeoisie against feudalism3.Neo-Classicim in English literature 新古典主义1）writers of this school: Addison, Steel, and Pope2）important writers and literary worksAlexander Pope亚历山大.蒲伯An Essay on Criticism《论批评》The Rape of the Lock 《夺发记》Essay on Man《论人类》Richard SteeleThe periodicals The Tattler《闲谈者报》(the founder) and The Spectator《旁观者报》—Steel and Addison’s chief contributionSamuel Johnson—grand champion in literature of that ageThe Dictionary of the English Language 《英语字典》The Lives of English Poets《诗人传》4.English Novelists of Realistic Tradition1）Daniel Defoe丹尼尔.笛福The discoverer of the modern novel“Father of English and European novels.‖Robinson Cruisoe《鲁宾逊漂流记》—represent the rising of the English bourgeoisie2）Jonathan Swift乔纳森.斯威夫特A Modest Proposal《一个小小的建议》Gulliver’s Travels《格利佛游记》—travel to the island of Liliput, Brobdingnagians and Houyhnhnms3）Henry Fielding亨利.菲尔丁The greatest novelist of the 18th centuryThe founder of English realistic novelsThe History of Tom Jones, a Foundling《弃婴汤姆.琼斯的故事》—Mr.Allworthy4）Tobias George Smollett 托比亚斯.斯摩莱特.乔治（以冒险小说著称）5.English Novelists of Sentimental Tradition1）Samuel Richardson 塞缪尔.理查森2）Laurence Sterne 劳伦斯.斯特恩The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy《项狄传》3）Oliver Goldsmith 奥利弗.戈德史密斯The Deserted Village—his poem 《荒村》The Vicar of Wakefield 《威克菲尔德的牧师》6.Poetry of the Pre-Romanticism and Sentimentalism1）Romanticism2）Sentimentalism 感情主义3）Important writersJames Thomson詹姆斯. 汤姆森-- The Seasons《季节》Edward Young 爱德华.杨William Collins 威廉.柯林斯His best known ode is Ode to Evening《晚颂》Thomas Gray 格雷.托马斯Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard《墓园挽歌》4）William Blake 威廉.布莱克浪漫主义诗人Songs of Innocence《天真之歌》Songs of Experience《经验之歌》5）Robert Burns 罗伯特.彭斯A Red, Red Rose《红红的玫瑰》Auld Lang Syne《旧日美好时光》The greatest songwriter in the worldThe people’s poet, the national poet of Scotland7.DramaRichard Brinsley Sheridan 谢立丹The greatest playwright of the centuryThe Rivals《情敌》The School for Scandal《造谣学校》a comedy◆浪漫主义时期文学Romanticism1.General introduction (1798—1832)The publication of Lyrical Ballads marked the beginningthe death of the last romantic writer Walter Scott marked the endit is the age of poetryWordsworth, Coleridge, Byron, Shelly, Keats2.Romantic poets of the First Generation1）William Wordsworth 华兹华斯―Poet Laureate‖桂冠诗人Lyrical Ballads 《抒情歌谣集》the joint work of Wordsworth and ColeridgeBest-known poems in Lyrical Ballads: Lines Composed a Few Miles above Tintern Abbey《丁登寺旁》，Lines Written in Early Spring《早春》Other famous poems: I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud 《我似流云天自游》&The Solitary Reaper《孤独的麦女》Famous longer poem : The Prelude《序曲》2）Samuel Taylor ColeridgeThe Rime of the Ancient Mariner《古舟子咏》Kubla Khan 《忽必烈汗》Christabel 《克里斯特贝尔》3）Lakers or Lake Poets: Wordsworth, Coleridge, and Robert Southey（骚赛）3.Romantic Poets of the Second Generation1）George Gorden Byron拜伦Lyrical poems:She Walks in Beauty《她走在美的光影里》When We Two Parted《昔日依依别》Hebrew Melodies《希伯莱歌曲》Long poems:Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage《恰尔德.哈罗尔德游记》Don Juan《唐璜》masterpiece2）Percy Bysshe Shelley 雪莱Prometheus Unbound 《解放了的普罗米修斯》masterpieceHis odes: Ode to the West Wind 《西风颂》—If Winter comes, can spring be far behind?To a Skylark 《云雀颂》3）John Keats济慈Ode is his main form of poetryOde to a Nightingale 《夜莺颂》Ode on a Grecian Urn 希腊古瓮颂》Ode to Autumn 《秋颂》4.Prose writers of the Romantic Age1）Charles Lamb 兰姆Tales from Shakespeare《莎士比亚故事集》Old China《古旧的瓷器》His striking feature is humor2）William Hazlitt 哈兹利特The Characters of Shakespeare’s Plays《莎士比亚戏剧中的人物》Lectures on the Dramatic Literature of the Age of Queen Elizabeth《伊丽莎白时期的戏剧》Lectures on the English Poets《英国诗人》all the above are critical worksHis essays: My First Acquaintance with Poets《我与诗人的第一次接触》& On Goinga Journey《论出游》5.English Fiction in the Romantic Age1）Walter Scott 司各特Waverley 《威弗利》Rob Roy《罗布.罗伊》Ivanhoe《艾.凡赫》His death marked the transition from Romanticism to Realism2）Jane Austen 奥斯丁The first English woman novelistPride and Prejudice《傲慢与偏见》Sense and Sensibility《理智与情感》Emma《爱玛》◆维多利亚时期文学1. General introduction1）a new literary trend—Critical Realism2）the main form—novels (Charles Dickens)3.Critical Realist novelists in Victorian Age1)Charles Dickens 狄更斯The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club匹克威克外传;Oliver Twist奥利弗·退斯特《雾都孤儿》;American Notes美国札记Martin Chuzzlewit马丁·朱述尔维特;The Old Curiosity Shop老古玩店;Dombey and Son董贝父子;David Copperfield大卫·科波菲尔;Hard Times艰难时世;A Tale of Two Cities双城记;Great Expectatio n远大前程2)William Makepeace Thackeray 萨克雷Vanity Fai r名利场The title of the novel is taken from Bunyan’s Pilgrim Progress 3）The Bronte Sisters 勃朗特姐妹a)Charles Bronte 夏洛蒂.勃朗特Jane Eyre简爱Shirley雪丽b)Emily Bronte 艾米丽. 勃朗特Wuthering Height呼啸山庄c)Anne Bronte 安妮. 勃朗特Agones Gre y艾格尼斯·格雷4）(Mrs.) Elizabeth Cleghorn Gaskell盖斯凯尔Mary Barton玛丽·巴顿—his masterpieceRuth露斯;Cranford克兰弗德;North and South北与南;Life of Charlote Bronte夏洛蒂勃郎特传5）George Eliot爱略特, 女作家Adam Bede亚当·贝德;The Mill on the Floss弗洛斯河上的磨坊；Silas Marne r织工马南6）Thomas Hardy哈代His novels –Wessex novelsUnder the Greenwood Tree绿茵下;Far from the Madding Crowd远离尘嚣;The Return of the Native还乡;The Mayor of Casterbridge卡斯特桥市长;Tess of the D’urbervilles德伯家的苔丝;Jude the Obscure无名的裘德7）Samuel Butler勃特勒The Way of All Flesh如此人生《众生之路》4.Victorian poetry—Alfred Tennyson and Robert Browning are the representatives1）Alfred Tennyson丁尼生—the greatest poet in this periodThe Pricess 公主;In Memoriam H H 悼念哈拉姆;Maud 莫德;Enoch Arden 伊诺克·阿登;Idylls of the King 国王之歌名诗：Ulysses;Break,Break,Break拍岸曲2）Robert Browning 勃朗宁Men and Women男男女女His main works: My Last Duchess我的前公爵夫人Meeting at Night夜间相会His contribution to poetry: his dramatic monologue5.Victorian prose1）Thomas Carlyle卡莱尔The French Revolutio n; 法国革命Heroes and Hero-worship论英雄与英雄崇拜2）John Ruskin 罗斯金作家和艺术批评家Modern Painters《近代画家》The Seven Lamps of Architecture《建筑的七盏明灯》Unto this Last《给那后来的》Sesame and Lilies《芝麻与百合》3）Matthew Arnold 阿诺德Dover Beach《多弗尔海滩》6.Working Class Literature in the 19th century1）Ernest Jones 琼斯—the greatest of the Chartist poets宪章派诗人2）William Morris莫里斯Novels: A Dream of John Ball梦见给翰·保尔;News from Nowhere乌有乡消息Poems: The Earthly Paradise地上乐园; Pilgrims of Hop e希望的探求者7.Literary Trend at the end of the 19th century1）Important termsa)Naturalism 自然主义–to develop out of realism; greatly influenced by Darwin’sbiological theories; Emile Zola 左拉（法）& George Gissing（吉辛）are therepresentativesb)New-romanticism 新浪漫主义–be against the idea that life reflects life reality.Stevensen史蒂文森is the representativec)Aestheticism 唯美主义—art is self-sufficient and has no reference to lifed)Decadence 颓废派文艺—the opposition of the democratic and socialist ideals. ―Artfor art’s sake‖Oscar Wilde is the representative2）Important writersOscar Wilde王尔德The Picture of Dorian Gray道林·格雷的画像a typical decadent novelThe Happy Prince and Other Tales快乐王子—童话◆现代时期英国文学1.John Galworthy高尔斯华绥The winner of the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1932His masterpiece-- The Forsyte Saga福赛特家史（The Man of Property有产业的人;In Chancery骑虎难下;To Let出租）2.George Bernard Shaw萧伯纳The greatest dramatist in English literature in the 20th centuryWidoer’s Houses鳏夫的房产;Mrs Warren’s Profession华伦夫人的职业The Devil’s Disciple魔鬼的门徒;Man and Superman人与超人;Major Barbara巴巴拉少校;Pygmalion 皮革马利翁（卖花女）;Heartbreak House伤心之家;The Apple Cart苹果车3.William. Bulter Yeats叶芝Byzantium驶向拜占庭The Second Coming基督再临Leda and the Swan丽达及天鹅He won the Nobel Prize in 19234.Thomas Stearns Eliot艾略特The Waste Land荒原Ash-Wednesday圣灰星期三Four Quartets四个四重奏A merican--British5.David Herbert Lawrence劳伦斯T he White Peacock白孔雀;Sons and Lovers儿子与情人—semi-autographical;The Reinbow虹;Women in Love恋爱中的妇女;Lady Chatterley’s Love r查泰莱夫人的情人6.James Joyce乔伊斯Dubiners都柏林人长篇小说：A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man青年艺术家的画像;Ulysess尤利西斯;Finnegans Wak e芬尼根的觉醒The stream of consciousness7.Virginia Woolf沃尔芙Mrs Dalloway达洛威夫人To the Lighthouse到灯塔去The Waves浪Orlando奥兰多传A Room of One’s Own自己的房间;Three Guineas三个基尼亚—classics of thefeminist movement 女权运动8.William Golding戈尔丁Lord of the Flies蝇王9.Robert Tressell 屈赛尔The Ragged Trousered Philanthropists《穿着破裤子的慈善家》10.John James Osborne 詹姆斯奥斯本Look Back in Anger愤怒的回顾11.Samuel Beckett 贝克特Waiting for Godot等待戈多。
《英国文学简史》完整版笔记
Chapter 4 En glish Literature of the 17th Cen tury I.A HistoricalBackgro undII. The Overview of the Literature (1640-1688)1. The revoluti on period(1)The metaphysical poets;(2)The Cavalier poets.(3)Milto n: the literary and philosophical heritage of the Ren aissa nee merged with Protesta nt political and moral conv icti on2. The restorati on period.(1)The restorati on of Charles II ushered in a literature characterized by reas on, moderatio n, good taste, deft man ageme nt, and simplicity. (school of Ben Jon son)(3)The great philosophical and political treatises of the time emphasize rati on alism.(4)The restorati on drama.(5)The Age of Dryde n.III. Joh n Milt on1. Life: educated at —visiti ng the continent—invo Ived in to the revoluti on —persecuted—writi ng epics.2. Literary career.(1)The 1st period was up to 1641, duri ng which time he is to be see n chiefly as a son of the huma ni sts and Elizabetha ns, although his Purita nism is not abse nt. L'Allegre and IL Pens eroso (1632) are his early masterpieces, in which we find Milt on a true offspri ng of the Ren aissa nee, a scholar of exquisite taste and rare culture. Next came Comus, a masque. The greatest of early creati ons was Lycidas, a pastoral elegy on the death of a college mate, Edward King.3. Major Works(1)Paradise Losta. the plot.b. characters.c. theme: justify the ways of God to man.(2)Paradise Rega in ed.(3)Sams on Agoni stes.4. Features of 's works.(1)Milt on is one of the very few truly great En glish writers who is also a prominent figure in politics, and who is both a great poet and an importa nt prose writer. The two most esse ntial thi ngs to be remembered about him are his Purita nism and his republica ni sm.(2)Milt on wrote many differe nt types of poetry. He is especially a great master of bla nk verse. He lear ned much from Shakespeare and first used bla nk verse in non-dramatic works.(3)Milt on is a great stylist. He is famous for his grand style no ted for its dig nity and polish, which is the result of his life-lo ng classical and biblical study.(4)Milt on has always bee n admired for his sublimity of thought and majesty of expressi on.IV. John Bun yan1. Life:(1)purita n age;(2) poor family;(3) parliame ntary army;(4) Baptist society, preacher;(5) pris on, writ ing the book.2. The Pilgrim Progress(1) The allegory in dream form.(2) the plot.(3) the theme.V. Metaphysical Poets and Cavalier Poets.1. Metaphysical Poets2. Cavalier PoetsThe other group prevail ing in this period was that of Cavalier poets. They were ofte n courtiers who stood on the side of the king, and called themselves Ben Jonson. The Cavalier poets wrote light poetry, polished and elega nt, amorous and gay, but ofte n superficial. Most of their verses were short son gs, pretty madrigals, love fan cies characterized by light ness of heart and of morals. Cavalier poems have the limpidity of the Elizabetha n lyric without its imagi native flights. They are lighter and n eater but less fresh tha n the Elizabetha n's.VI. John Dryde n.1. Life:the represe ntative of classicism in the Restorati on.poet, dramatist, critic, prose writer, satirist.(4) Literary career —four decades.(1) (2)(3) cha ngeable in attitude.(5)Poet Laureate2. His in flue nces.(1)He established the heroic couplet as the fashi on for satiric, didactic, and descriptive poetry.(2)He developed a direct and con cise prose style.(3)He developed the art of literary criticism in his essays and in the nu merous prefaces to his poems.Chapter 5 En glish Literature of the 18th Cen turyI. I ntroducti on1. The Historical Backgro und.2. The literary overview.(1)The En lighte nment.(2)The rise of En glish no vels.When the literary historia n seeks to assig n to each age its favourite form of literature, he finds no difficulty in deali ng with our own time. As the Middle Ages delighted in long roma ntic n arrative poems, the Elizabetha ns in drama, the En glishma n of the reig ns of Anne and the early Georges in didactic and satirical verse, so the public of our day is en amored of the no vel. Almost all types of literary producti on con ti nue to appear, but whether we judge from the lists of publishers, the statistics of public libraries, or gen eral conv ersati on, we find abundant evide nee of the eno rmous prep on dera nee of this kind of literary en terta inment in popular favor.(3)Neo-classicism: a revival in the seve ntee nth and eightee nth cen turies of classical sta ndards of order, bala nee, and harm ony in literature. Joh n Dryde n and Alexa nder Pope were major exp onents of the n eo-classical school.(4)Satiric literature.(5)Sen time ntalismII. Neo-classicism. (a general description)1. Alexa nder Pope(1)Life:a. Catholic family;b. ill health;c. taught himself by readi ng and tran slat ing;d. friend of Addis on, Steele and Swift.(2)three groups of poems:e. An Essay on Criticism (manifesto of neo-classicism);f. The Rape of Lock;g. Tran slati on of two epics.(3)His contribution:h. the heroic couplet——fini sh, elega nee, wit, poin ted ness;i. satire.(4)weak ness: lack of imagi nati on.2. Addis on and Steele(1)Richard Steele: poet, playwright, essayist, publisher of n ewspaper.(2)Joseph Addis on: studies at Oxford, secretary of state, created a literary periodical “ Specta(orzith”Steele, 1711)(3)Spectator Club.(4)The sig ni fica nee of their essays.a. Their writings in “ The Tatler ” , and “ The Spectator ” provide a nesocial morality for the risi ng bourgeoisie.b. They give a true picture of the social life of in the 18th century.3. Samuel Joh nso—poet, critic, essayist, lexicographer, editor.(1)Life:a. studies at ;b. made a liv ing by writi ng and tran slat ing;c. the great cham of literature.(2)works: poem (The Vanity of Huma n Wishes, Lon don ； criticism (The Lives of great Poets ； preface.(3)The champi on of n eoclassical ideas.III. Literature of Satire: Jon atha n Swift.1. Life:(1)born in Ireland;(2)studies at Trinity College;(3)worked as a secretary;(4)the chief editor of The Examiner;(5)the Dean of St. Patrick's in .2. Works: The of Books, A Tale of a Tub, A Modest Proposal, Gulliver's Travels.3. Gulliver's Travels.Satire—the Whig and the Tories, An glica n Church and Catholic Church.Part II. Satire— the legal system; condemn ati on of war.Part III. Satire—ridiculous scie ntific experime nt.Part IV. Satire—ma nki nd.IV. En glish Novels of Realistic traditi on.1. The Rise of no vels.(1)Early forms: folk tale -fables -myths -epic -poetry -romances —fabliaux —no vella - imagi native n ature of their material. (imag in ative n arrative)(2)The rise of the novela. picaresque novel in Spain and England (16th century) : Of or relating to a genre of prose ficti on that origi nated in Spain and depicts in realistic detail the adve ntures of a roguish hero, often with satiric or humorous effects.b. :.c. Addis on and Steele: The Spectator.(plot and characterization and realism)(3)no vel and drama (17the cen tury)2. Daniel Defoe— novelist, poet, pamphleteer, publisher, merchant, journalist.)(1)Life:a. bus in ess career;b. writi ng career;c. in terested in politics.(2)Robinson Crusoe.a. the story.b. the sig ni fica nee of the character.c. the features of his no vels.d. the style of Ian guage.3. Henry Fieldi ng—no velist.(1)Life:a. un successful dramatic career;b. legal career; writi ng career.(2)works.(3)Tom Jon es.a. the plot;b. characters: Tom, Blifil, Sophia;c. sig ni fica nee.(4)the theory of realism.(5)the style of Ian guage.V. Writers of Sen time ntalism.1. In troducti on2. Samuel Richardson- no velist, moralist (One who is un duly con cer ned with the morals of others.)(1)Life:a. prin ter book seller;b. letter writer.(2)Pamela, Virtue Rewarded.a. the storyb. the sig ni fica neePamela was a new thing in these ways:b) Its intension was to afford not merely en terta inment but also moral in structi on.c) It described not only the say ings and doings of characters but their also their secret thoughts and feeli ngs. It was, i n fact, the first En glish psycho-a nalytical no vel.3. Oliver Goldsmith—poet and no velist.A. Life:a. born in ;b. a sin ger and tale-teller, a life of vagab on dage;c. bookseller;d. the Literary Club;e. a miserable life;f. the most lovable character in En glish literature.B. The Vicar of .a. story;b. the sig nican ce.VI. En glish Drama of the 18th cen tury1. The decli ne of the drama2. Richard Brin sley Sheride nA. life.B. works: Rivals, The School for Scan dals.C. sig nifica nee of his plays.b. In his plays, morality is the con sta nt theme. He is much concerned with the curre nt moral issues and lashes harshly at the social vices of the day.c. 's great ness also lies in his theatrical art. He seems to have in herited from his pare nts a n atural ability and inborn kno wledge about the theatre. His plays are the product of a dramatic genius as well as of a well-versed theatrical man.d. His plots are well-orga ni zed, his characters, either major or minor, are all sharply draw n, and his man ipulatio n of such devices as disguise, mistake n ide ntity and dramatic irony is masterly. Witty dialogues and n eat and dece nt Ian guage also make a characteristic of his plays.Chapter 6 En glish Literature of the Roma ntic AgeI. I ntroducti on1. Historical Backgro und2. Literary Overview: Roma nticismCharacteristics of Roma nticism:(1)The spontan eous overflow of powerful feeli ngs(2)The creati on of a world of imag in atio n(3)The return to n ature for material(5)Emphasis upon the expressi on of in dividual genius(6)The return to Milt on and the Elizabetha ns for literary models(7)The in terest in old stories and medieval roma nces(8) A sense of mela ncholy and Ion eli ness(9)The rebellious spiritII. Pre-Roma ntics1. Robert Burns(1)Life: French Revolutio n(2)Features of poetrya. Bur ns is chiefly remembered for his songs writte n in the Scottish dialect.b. His poems are usually devoid of artificial orn ame nt and have a great charm of simplicity.c. His poems are especially appreciated for their musical effect.d. His political and satirical poems are no ted for his passi on ate love for freedom and fiery sen time nts of hatred aga inst tyranny.(3)Signi fica nee of his poetryHis poetry marks an epoch in the history of En glish literature. They suggested that the spirit of the Roma ntic revival was embodied in this obscure ploughma n. Love, humor, pathos, the resp onse to n ature -all the poetic qualities that touch the huma n heart are in his poems, which marked the sun rise of ano ther day-the day of Roma nticism.2. William Blake(1)life: French Revoluti on(2)works.l Songs of Innocencel Songs of Experie nee(3)featuresa. sympathy with the French Revoluti onb. hatred for 18th cen tury con formity and social in stituti onc. attitude of revolt aga inst authorityd. strong protest aga inst restrictive codes(4)his in flue neeBlake is ofte n regarded as a symbolist and mystic, and he has exerted a great in flue nee on twen tieth cen tury writers. His peculiarities of thought and imagi native visi on have in many ways proved far more congenial to the 20th cen tury tha n they were to the 19th.III. Roma ntic Poets of the first gen erati on1. In troducti on2. William Wordsworth: represe ntative poet, chief spokesma n of Roma ntic poetry(1)Life:a. love n ature;b. ；c. tour to ;d. Fre nch revolutio n;e. Dorathy;f. The ;g. friend of Coleridge;h. con servative after revoluti on.(2)works:a. the Lyrical Ballads (preface) : significaneeb. The Prelude: a biographical poem.c. the other poems(3)Features of his poems.a. ThemeA con sta nt theme of his poetry was the growth of the huma n spirit through the natural descripti on with expressi ons of i nward states of mind.b. characteristics of style.His poems are characterized by a sympathy with the poor, simple peasa nts, and a passi on ate love of n ature.3. Samuel Taylor Coleridge: poet and critic(1)Life:a. ；b. friend with Southey and Wordsworth;c. tak ing opium.(2)works.l The fall of Robespierrel The Rime of the An cie nt Marinerl Kubla Khanl Biographia Literaria(3)Biographia Literaria.(4)His criticismHe was one of the first critics to give close critical atte nti on to Ian guage. In both poetry and criticism, his work is outsta nding, but it is typical of him that his critical work is very scattered and disorga ni zed.IV. Roma ntic Poets of the Second Gen erati on.1. In troducti on2. George Gordon Byron(1)Life:a. , published poems and reviews;b. a tour of and the East;c. left ;d. friend with Shelley;e. worked in : n ati onal hero;f. radical and sympathetic with Fre nch Revolutio n.(2)Works.l Don Jua nl When We Two Partedl She Walks in Beauty(3)Byro nic Hero.Byron in troduced in to En glish poetry a new style of character, which as ofte n been referred to as “ Byronic Hero ” of “ satanic spirit ” . People imagine( someth ing of Byron himself i n these stra nge figures of rebels, pirates, and desperate adve nturers.(4)Poetic style: loose, flue nt and vivid3. Percy Bysshe Shelley: poet and critic(1)Life:a. aristocratic family;b. rebellious heart;c. ;d. Irish n atio nal liberati on Moveme nt;e. disciple of William Godwi n;f. marriage with Harriet, and Marry;g. left and wan dered in EUrope, died in ;h. radical and sympathetic with the French revoluti on;i. Frie nd with Byron(2)works: two types -viole nt reformer and wan derer(3)Characteristics of poems.a. pursuit of a better society;b. radia n beauty;c. superb artistry: imagi nati on.(4)Defense of Poetry.4. Joh n Keats.(1)Life:a. from a poor family;b. ;c. friend with Byron and Shelley;d. attacked by the con servatives and died in .(2)works.(3)Characteristics of poemsa. loved beauty;b. seek ing refuge in an idealistic world of illusi ons and dreams. V. Novelists of the Roma ntic Age.1. Water Scott. Novelist and poet(1)Life:a. ;b. ;c. poem to no vel;d. un successful publish ing firm;e. great con tributio n: historical no vel.(2)three groups of no vels(3)Features of his no vels.(4)his in flue nee.2. Jane Auste n(1)Life:a. country clergyma n;b. un eve ntful life, domestic duties;(2)works.(3)features of her writi ngs.(4)ratio nalism, n eoclassicism, roma nticism and realism.VI. Familiar Essays.1. In troducti on2. Charles Lamb: essayist and critic(1)life:a. poor family;b. friend of Coleridge;c. sister Mary;d. worked in the East In dia House;e. a miserable life;f. a man of mild character.g. a Roma nticist of the city.(2)works: Essays of Elia. Three groups.(3)Features.a. The most striki ng feature of his essays is his hum our.b. Lamb was especially fond of old writers.c. His essays are inten sely pers on al.d. He was a roma nticistChapter 7 En glish Literature of the Victoria n AgeI. I ntroducti on1. Historical Backgro und(1)An age of expa nsion(2)The con diti ons of the workers and the chartist moveme nt(3)Reforms(4)Darwi n's theory of evoluti on and its in flue nee(5)The wome n questi on2. Literary Overview: critical realism.In Victoria n period appeared a new literary trend called critical realism. En glish critical realism of the 19th cen tury flourished in the 40s and in the early 50s. It found its expressi on in the form of no vel. The critical realists, most of whom were no velists, described with much vivid ness and artistic skill the chief traits of the En glish society and criticized the capitalist system from a democratic viewpoi nt.II. Novels of Critical Realists.1. Charles Dicke ns.(1)Life:a. clerk family;b. a miserable childhood;c. a clerk, a reporter, a writer;d. a man of hard work.(2)works of three periods.a. optimizeb. frustrati onc. pessimism(3)Features of his works.a. character sketches and exaggerati onb. broad humor and pen etrati ng satired. the power of exposure2. William Makepeace Thackeray(1)Life:a. born in ;b. studied in ;c. worked as artist and illustrator and writer.(2)work: The Vanity Fair(3)Thackeray and Dicke ns-featuresa. Just like Dicke ns, Thackeray is one of the greatest critical realists of the 19th cen tury . He pai nts life as he has see n it. With his precise and thorough observati on, rich kno wledge of social life and of the huma n heart, the pictures in his no vels are accurate and true to life.b. Thackeray is a satirist. His satire is caustic and his humour subtle.c. Besides being a realist and satirist, Thackeray is a moralist. His aim is to produce a moral impressio n in all his no vels.3. The Bro nte Sisters(1)Charlotte Bron te and Jane Eyre(2)Emily Bronte and The Wutheri ng Heights.4. George Eliot.(1)Life:a. Mary Ann Eva ns;b. the rural midla nd;c. aba ndoned religi on;d. in terested in social philosophical problems;e. editor of the Westmi nster Review;f. George Henry Lewis.(2)worksl Adam Bedel Silas Marnerl Middlemarch(3)Features of works.As a moralist, she shows in each of her characters the acti on and reacti on of uni versal forces and believes that every evil act must bring in evitable puni shme nt to the man who does it. Moral law was to her as in evitable and automatic as gravitati on.5. Thomas Hardy: no velist and poet(1) Life:a. —“ Wexssex;b. close to peasa ntry;c. belief in evolutio n.(2)Works:a. Roma nces and fan tasiesb. no vels of ingenuityc. no vels of characters and en vir onment(3)Ideas of Fate.Un like Dicke ns, most of Hardy's no vels are tragic. The cause of tragedy is man's own behaviour or his own fault but the super natural forces that rule his fate. Accord ing to Hardy,man is not the master of his desti ny; he is at the mercy of in differe nt forces which man ipulate his behaviour and his relati ons with others.III. En glish Poets of the Age1. Alfred Tennyson(1)life:a. ;b. friend with Hallem;c. poet laureate.(2)Works: In Memoriam; Idylls of the King.2. Robert Brow ning.(1)Life: married Elizabeth Barret, a poetess.(2)Works(3)the Dramatic Mono logueThe dramatic mono logue is a soliloquy in drama in which the voice speak ing is not the poet himself, but a character inven ted by the poet, so that it reflects life objectively. It was imitated by many poets after Brow ning and brought to its most sophisticated form by T. S. Eliot in his The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufroc( 1915)IV. En glish Prose of the age1. Thomas Carlyle(1)life(2)works2. John Ruskin(1)life(2)works(3)social and aesthetic ideasV. Aestheticism1. AestheticismThe basic theory of the aesthetic —“ art for art's sake was setforth by a French poet, Theophile Gautier. The first En glishma n who wrote about the theory of aestheticism was Walter Peter, the most importa nt critical writer of the late Victoria n period, whose most importa nt works were studies in the History of Ren aissa nee and Appreciations. The chief representative of the movement in was Oscar Wilde, with his The Picture of Doria n Gray. Aestheticism places art above life, and holds that life should imitate art, n ot art imitate life. Accord ing to aesthetes, all artistic creatio n is absolutely subjective as opposed to objective. Art should be free from any in flue nee of egoism. On ly whe n art is for art's sake can it be immortal. It should be restricted to con tributi ng beauty in a highly polished style.2. Oscar Wilde(1)Life: dramatist, poet, no velist and essayist, spokesma n for the school of “ Art for art's sake ” , the leader of the Aesthetic movement(2)worksl The Happy Prince and Other Talesl The Picture of Doria n Grayl The Importa nee of Bei ng Ear nestChapter 8 En glish Literature of the first half of the 20th Cen tury I. Historical Backgro und1. Ratio nal cha nges on old traditi ons, in social sta ndards and in people's thoughts2. The high tide of an ti-Victoria nism3. The First World War4. The success of wome n's struggle for social and civil rightsII. Overview of the Literature -the Modernism1. What is moder ni sm?2. Features of moder nism(1)Complexity(2)Radical and deliberate break with traditional aesthetic principles(3)Back to Aristotle3. Developme nt of moder nism after WWIISection 1 Poetry I. A General Survey1. The cen tury has produced a large nu mber of both major and minor poets, many of whom have received gen eral acclaim.2. Many writers of sig nifica nt works of ficti on also write dist in guished poetry.3. The poets of the 20th cen tury have ten ded to group themselves into schools whose poetry has particular disti nguishi ng characteristics.II. Thomas Hardy1. Life2. Works(1)his poetrya. Poems and Other Versesb. Poems of the Past and the Prese ntc. Time's Laughi ng Stocksd. Mome nts of Visio ne. Late Lyrics and Earlierf. The famous Tragedy of the Quee n of Cornwellg. Winter Words(2)his fictionsa. Tess of the D'Urbervillesb. Jude the Obscurec. The Retur n of the Natived. Far from the Maddi ng Crowde. The Mayor of Casterbridge3. Point of viewAccord ing to his pessimistic philosophy, mankind is subjected to the rule of some hostile mysterious fate, which brings misfort une into huma n life.III. William Y eats1. Life -poet and dramatist2. Works(1)his poetrya. The Resp on sibilitiesb. The Wild Swa ns at Coolec. The Towerd. The Winding Stair(2)his dramasa. The Hour Glassb. The 's Desirec. On Baile's(3)his book of philosophy -Visions3. StyleIV. Thomas Stear ns Eliot1. life- poet, playwright, literary critic2. Works(1)poemsl The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrockl The Waste Land (epic)l Hollow Manl Ash Wed nesdayl Four Quarters(2)Playsl Murder in the Cathedrall Swee ney Ago nistesl The Cocktail Partyl The Co nfide ntial Clerk(3)Critical essaysl The Sacred Woodl Essays on Style and Orderl Elizabetha n Essaysl The Use of Poetry and The Use of Criticismsl After Stra nge Gods3. Point of view(1)The modern society is futile and chaotic.(2)Only poets can create some order out of chaos.4. Style(1)Fresh visual imagery, flexible tone and highly expressive rhythm(2)Difficult and disconnected images and symbols, quotations and allusions(3)Elliptical structures, strange juxtapositions, an absenee of bridges5. The Waste Land: five parts(1)The Burial of the Dead(2)A Game of Chess(3)The Fire Sermon(4)Death by Water(5)What the Thunder SaidSecti on 2 Fictio n I. The Continuing of Realism1. The two characteristics of 20th cen tury ficti on(1)Modernism(2)Continuation of the tradition of realism2. The begi nning3. Gen eral featuresII. John Galsworthy1. Life(1)The Island Pharisees(2)Turgenev(3)The Man of Property(4)In Chancery(5)Forsyte Saga(6)The End of the Chapter(7)The Silver Box(8)Strife3. Point of view4. Style(1)strength and elasticity(2)powerful sweep(3)brilliant illustrations(4)deep psychological analysisIII. Stream of Con scious ness1. James Joyce(1)life(2)major worksa. A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Manb. Dubli nersd. Finn ega ns Wake(3)significanee of his worksa. He cha nged the old style of ficti ons and created a stra nge mode of art to show the chaos and crisis of con scious ness of that period.b. From him, stream of con scious ness came to the highest point as a genre of moder n literature.c. In Finn ega ns Wake, this pursue of newn ess overrode the n orma In ess and showed a tendency of vani ty.2. Virgi nia Woolf(1)life(2)worksa. Mrs. Dallowayb. To the Lighthousec. The Wavesd.d. Flushe. The Y earsf. Betwee n the Actsg. A Room of On e's Ownh. Threei. Moder n Ficti onj. The Com mon Reader (2 series)(3)point of viewa. She challe nged the traditi onal way of writi ng and created her no vels in a new way.b. She thought the depicti on of details darke ned the characters.c. She called the writers for writi ng about eve nts of daily life that gave one deep impressi on.3. In flue nee(1)The stream of consciousness presented by Joyce and Woolf marks a total break from the traditi on of ficti on and has promoted the developme nt of moder ni sm.(2)However, at the same time, because of the newness in form but hard to un dersta nd, this ki nd of ficti on cannot attract readers.(3)The writers showed interest in the psychological depiction of the bourgeoisie but n eglected the con flict that most people cared about at that time.IV. David Herbert Lawre nee1. Life2. Works(1)Sons and Lovers(2)The Rainbow(3)Women in Love(4)Lady Chatterlay's Lover3. His in flue neeSecti on 3 Drama I. Overview1. the developme nt of scie nee (light) and the revival of drama2. Social dramas3. The ren aissa nee of Irish dramas4. The poetic drama5. Differe nt schools of dramaII. George Bernard Shaw1. Life2. Works(1)Widower's Houses(2)Man and Superman(3)Major Barbara(4)Pygmalion(5)Heartbreak House(6)Mrs.'s Profession(7)The Apple Cart(8)Sai nt Joan3. Point of view(1)Shaw was very much impressed by the Norwegian dramatist Ibsen.(2)He opposed the idea of “art for art's sake ” , maintaining that must turn from“the the drama of roma nee and sen suality to the drama of edificati on4. Style(1)Shaw is a critical realist writer. His plays bitterly criticize and attack English bourgeois society.(2)His plays deal with con temporary social problems. He portrays his situati ons fran kly and hon estly ‘intending to shock his audie nces with a new view of society.(3)He is a humorist and man ages to produce amus ing and laughable situati ons. 版权所有，谢绝转载~31 / 31。
《英国文学简史》完整版笔记
英国文学简史完全版A Concise History of British LiteratureChapter 1 English Literature of Anglo-Saxon PeriodI. Introduction1. The historical background（1）Before the Germanic invasion（2）During the Germanic invasiona. immigration;b. Christianity;c. heptarchy.d. social classes structure: hide-hundred; eoldermen （lord）– thane - middle class （freemen）- lower class （slave or bondmen: theow）;e. social organization: clan or tribes.f. military Organization;g. Church function: spirit, civil service, education;h. economy: coins, trade, slavery;i. feasts and festival: Halloween, Easter; j. legal system.2. The Overview of the culture（1）The mixture of pagan and Christian spirit.（2）Literature: a. Poetry: two types; b. prose: two figures.II. Beowulf.1. A general introduction.2. The content.3. The literary features.（1）the use of alliteration（2）the use of metaphors and understatements（3）the mixture of pagan and Christian elementsIII. The Old English Prose1. What is prose?2.figures（1）The Venerable Bede（2）Alfred the GreatChapter 2 English Literature of the Late Medieval Ages I.Introduction 1. The Historical Background.（1）The year 1066: Norman Conquest.（2）The social situations soon after the conquest.A. Norman nobles and serfs;B. restoration of the church.（3）The 11th century.A. the crusade and knights.B. dominance of French and Latin;（4）The 12th century.A. the centralized government;B. kings and the church （Henry II and Thomas）;（5）The 13th century.A. The legend of Robin Hood;B. Magna Carta （1215）;C. the beginning of the ParliamentD. English and Latin: official languages （the end）（6）The 14th century.a. the House of Lords and the House of Commons—conflict between the Parliament and Kings;b. the rise of towns.c. the change of Church.d. the role of women.e. the Hundred Years' War—starting.f. the development of the trade: London.g. the Black Death.h. the Peasants' Revolt—1381.i. The translation of Bible by Wycliffe.（7）The 15th century.a. The Peasants Revolt （1453）b. The War of Roses between Lancaster and Yorks.c. the printing-press—William Caxton.d. the starting of Tudor Monarchy（1485）2. The Overview of Literature.（1）the stories from the Celtic lands of Wales and Brittany—great myths of the Middle Ages.（2）Geoffrye of Monmouth—Historia Regum Britanniae—King Authur. （3）Wace—Le Roman de Brut.（4）The romance.（5）the second half of the 14th century: Langland, Gawin poet, Chaucer. II. Sir Gawin and Green Knight.1. A general introduction.2. The plot.III. William Langland.1. Life2. Piers the PlowmanIV. Chaucer1. Life2. Literary Career: three periods（1）French period（2）Italian period（3）master period3. The Canterbury TalesA. The Framework;B. The General Prologue;C. The Tale Proper.4. His Contribution.（1）He introduced from France the rhymed stanza of various types.（2）He is the first great poet who wrote in the current English language. （3）The spoken English of the time consisted of several dialects, and Chaucer did much in making the dialect of London the standard for the modern English speech.V. Popular Ballads.VI. Thomas Malory and English ProseVII. The beginning of English Drama.1. Miracle Plays.Miracle play or mystery play is a form of medieval drama that came from dramatization of the liturgy of the Roman Catholic Church. It developed from the 10th to the 16th century, reaching its height in the 15th century. The simple lyric character of the early texts was enlarged by the addition of dialogue and dramatic action. Eventually the performance was moved to the churchyard and the marketplace.2. Morality Plays.A morality play is a play enforcing a moral truth or lesson by means of the speech and action of characters which are personified abstractions – figures representing vices and virtues, qualities of the human mind, or abstract conceptions in general.3. Interlude.The interlude, which grew out of the morality, was intended, as its name implies, to be used more as filler than as the main part of an entertainment. As its best it was short, witty, simple in plot, suited for the diversion of guests at a banquet, or for the relaxation of the audience between the divisions of a serious play. It was essentially an indoors performance, and generally of an aristocratic nature.Chapter 3 English Literature in the Renaissance I.A Historical Background II. The Overview of the Literature （1485-1660）Printing press—readership—growth of middle class—trade-education for laypeople-centralization of power-intellectual life-exploration-new impetus and direction of literature.Humanism-study of the literature of classical antiquity and reformed education.Literary style-modeled on the ancients.The effect of humanism-the dissemination of the cultivated, clear, and sensible attitude of its classically educated adherents.1. poetryThe first tendency by Sidney and Spenser: ornate, florid, highly figured style.The second tendency by Donne: metaphysical style—complexity and ingenuity.The third tendency by Johnson: reaction——Classically pure and restrained style.The fourth tendency by Milton: central Christian and Biblical tradition.2. Dramaa. the native tradition and classical examples.b. the drama stands highest in popular estimation: Marlowe – Shakespeare –Jonson.3. Prosea. translation of Bible;b. More;c. Bacon.II. English poetry.1. Sir Thomas Wyatt and Henry Howard （courtly makers）（1）Wyatt: introducing sonnets.（2）Howard: introducing sonnets and writing the first blank verse.2. Sir Philip Sidney—poet, critic, prose writer（1）Life:a. English gentleman;b. brilliant and fascinating personality;c. courtier.（2）worksa. Arcadia: pastoral romance;b. Astrophel and Stella （108）: sonnet sequence to Penelope Dvereux—platonic devotion.Petrarchan conceits and original feelings-moving to creativeness—building of a narrative story; theme-love originality-act of writing.c. Defense of Poesy: an apology for imaginative literature—beginning of literary criticism.3. Edmund Spenser（1）life: Cambridge - Sidney's friend - “Areopagus” –Ireland - Westminster Abbey.（2）worksa. The Shepherds Calendar: the budding of English poetry in Renaissance.b. Amoretti and Epithalamion: sonnet sequencec. Faerie Queen:l The general end——A romantic and allegorical epic—steps to virtue.l 12 books and 12 virtues: Holiness, temperance, justice and courtesy.l Two-level function: part of the story and part of allegory （symbolic meaning）l Many allusions to classical writers.L Themes: puritanism, nationalism, humanism and Renaissance Neoclassicism—a Christian humanist.（3）Spenserian Stanza.III. English Prose1. Thomas More（1）Life: “Renaissance man”, scholar, statesman, theorist, prose writ er, diplomat, patron of artsa. learned Greek at Canterbury College, Oxford;b. studies law at Lincoln Inn;c. Lord Chancellor;d. beheaded.（2）Utopia: the first English science fiction.Written in Latin, two parts, the second—place of nowhere.A philosophical mariner （Raphael Hythloday）tells his voyages in which he discovers a land-Utopia.a. The part one is organized as dialogue with mariner depicting his philosophy.b. The part two is a description of the island kingdom where gold and silver are worn by criminal, religious freedom is total and no one owns anything.c. the nature of the book: attacking the chief political and social evils of his time.d. the book and the Republic: an attempt to describe the Republic in a new way, but it possesses an modern character and the resemblance is in externals.e. it played a key role in the Humanist awakening of the 16th century which moved away from the Medieval otherworldliness towards Renaissance secularism.f. the Utopia（3）the significance.a. it was the first champion of national ideas and national languages; it created a national prose, equally adapted to handling scientific and artistic material.b. a elegant Latin scholar and the father of English prose: he composed works in English, translated from Latin into English biography, wrote History of Richard III.2. Francis Bacon: writer, philosopher and statesman（1）life: Cambridge - humanism in Paris – knighted - Lord Chancellor –bribery - focusing on philosophy and literature.（2）philosophical ideas: advancement of science—people: servants and interpreters of nature—method: a child before nature—facts and observations: experimental.（3）“Essays”: 57.a. he was a master of numerous and varied styles.b. his method is to weigh and balance maters, indicating the ideal course of action and the practical one, pointing out the advantages and disadvantages of each, but leaving the reader to make the final decisions. （arguments）IV. English Drama1. A general survey.（1）Everyman marks the beginning of modern drama.（2）two influences.a. the classics: classical in form and English in content;b. native or popular drama.（3）the University Wits.2. Christopher Marlowe: greatest playwright before Shakespeare and most gifted of the Wits.（1）Life: first interested in classical poetry—then in drama.（2）Major worksa. Tamburlaine;b. The Jew of Malta;c. The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus.（3）The significance of his plays.V. William Shakespeare1. Life（1）1564, Stratford-on-Avon;（2）Grammar School;（3）Queen visit to Castle;（4）marriage to Anne Hathaway;（5）London, the Globe Theatre: small part and proprietor;（6）the 1st Folio, Quarto;（7）Retired, son—Hamlet; H. 1616.2. Dramatic career3. Major plays-men-centered.（1）Romeo and Juliet——tragic love and fate （2）The Merchant of Venice.Good over evil.Anti-Semitism.（3）Henry IV.National unity.Falstaff.（4）Julius CaesarRepublicanism vs. dictatorship.（5）HamletRevengeGood/evil.（6）OthelloDiabolic characterjealousygap between appearance and reality.（7）King LearFilial ingratitude（8）MacbethAmbition vs. fate.（9）Antony and Cleopatra.Passion vs. reason（10）The TempestReconciliation; reality and illusion.3. Non-dramatic poetry（1）Venus and Adonis; The Rape of Lucrece.（2）Sonnets:a. theme: fair, true, kind.b. two major parts: a handsome young man of noble birth; a lady in dark complexion.c. the form: three quatrains and a couplet.d. the rhyme scheme: abab, cdcd, efef, gg.VI. Ben Jonson1. life: poet, dramatist, a La tin and Greek scholar, the “literary king” （Sons of Ben）2.contribution:（1）the idea of “humor”.（2）an advocate of classical drama and a forerunner of classicism in English literature.3. Major plays（1）Everyone in His Humor—“humor”; three unities.（2）V olpone the FoxChapter 4 English Literature of the 17th CenturyI.A Historical BackgroundII. The Overview of the Literature （1640-1688）1. The revolution period（1） The metaphysical poets;（2） The Cavalier poets.（3） Milton: the literary and philosophical heritage of the Renaissance merged with Protestant political and moral conviction2. The restoration period.（1） The restoration of Charles II ushered in a literature characterized by reason, moderation, good taste, deft management, and simplicity. （school of Ben Jonson）（2） The ideals of impartial investigation and scientific experimentation promoted by the newly founded Royal Society of London for Improving Natural Knowledge （1662） were influential in the development of clear and simple prose as an instrument of rational communication.（3） The great philosophical and political treatises of the time emphasize rationalism.（4） The restoration drama.（5） The Age of Dryden.III. John Milton1. Life: educated at —visiting the continent—involved into the revolution—persecuted—writing epics.2. Literary career.（1） The 1st period was up to 1641, during which time he is to be seen chiefly as a son of the humanists and Elizabethans, although his Puritanism is not absent. L'Allegre and IL Pens eroso （1632） are his early masterpieces, in which we find Milton a true offspring of the Renaissance, a scholar of exquisite taste and rare culture. Next came Comus, a masque. The greatest of early creations was Lycidas, a pastoral elegy on the death of a college mate, Edward King.（2） The second period is from 1641 to 1654, when the Puritan was in such complete ascendancy that he wrote almost no poetry. In 1641, he began a long period of pamphleteeringfor the puritan cause. For some 15 years, the Puritan in him alone ruled his writing. He sacrificed his poetic ambition to the call of the liberty for which Puritans were fighting.（3） The third period is from 1655 to 1671, when humanist and Puritan have been fused into an exalted entity. This period is the greatest in his literary life, epics and some famous sonnets. The three long poems are the fruit of the long contest within Milton of Renaissance tradition and his Puritan faith. They form the greatest accomplishments of any English poet except Shakespeare. In alone, it would seem, Puritanism could not extinguish the lover of beauty. In these works we find humanism and Puritanism merged in magnificence.3. Major Works（1） Paradise Losta. the plot.b. characters.c. theme: justify the ways of God to man.（2） Paradise Regained.（3） Samson Agonistes.4. Features of 's works.（1） Milton is one of the very few truly great English writers who is also a prominent figure in politics, and who is both a great poet and an important prose writer. The two most essential things to be remembered about him are his Puritanism and his republicanism.（2） Milton wrote many different types of poetry. He is especially a great master of blank verse. He learned much from Shakespeare and first used blank verse in non-dramatic works.（3） Milton is a great stylist. He is famous for his grand style noted for its dignity and polish, which is the result of his life-long classical and biblical study.（4） Milton has always been admired for his sublimity of thought and majesty of expression.IV.John Bunyan1. Life:（1） puritan age;（2） poor family;（3） parliamentary army;（4） Baptist society, preacher;（5） prison, writing the book.2. The Pilgrim Progress（1） The allegory in dream form.（2） the plot.（3） the theme.V. Metaphysical Poets and Cavalier Poets.1. Metaphysical PoetsThe term “metaphysical poetry” is commonly used to designate the works of the 17th century writers who wrote under the influence of John Donne. Pressured by the harsh, uncomfortable and curious age, the metaphysical poets sought to shatter myths and replace them with new philosophies, new sciences, new words and new poetry. They tried to break away from the conventional fashion of Elizabethan love poetry, and favoured in poetry for a more colloquial language and tone, a tightness of expression and the single-minded working out ofa theme or argument.2. Cavalier PoetsThe other group prevailing in this period was that of Cavalier poets. They were often courtiers who stood on the side of the king, and called themselves “sons” of Ben Jonson. The Cavalier poets wrote light poetry, polished and elegant, amorous and gay, but often superficial. Most of their verses were short songs, pretty madrigals, love fancies characterized by lightness of heart and of morals. Cavalier poems have the limpidity of the Elizabethan lyric without its imaginative flights. They are lighter and neater but less fresh than the Elizabethan's.VI. John Dryden.1. Life:（1） the representative of classicism in the Restoration.（2） poet, dramatist, critic, prose writer, satirist.（3） changeable in attitude.（4） Literary career—four decades.（5） Poet Laureate2. His influences.（1） He established the heroic couplet as the fashion for satiric, didactic, and descriptive poetry.（2） He developed a direct and concise prose style.（3） He developed the art of literary criticism in his essays and in the numerous prefaces to his poems.Chapter 5 English Literature of the 18th CenturyI. Introduction1. The Historical Background.2. The literary overview.（1） The Enlightenment.（2） The rise of English novels.When the literary historian seeks to assign to each age its favourite form of literature, he finds no difficulty in dealing with our own time. As the Middle Ages delighted in long romantic narrative poems, the Elizabethans in drama, the Englishman of the reigns of Anne and the early Georges in didactic and satirical verse, so the public of our day is enamored of the novel. Almost all types of literary production continue to appear, but whether we judge from the lists of publishers, thestatistics of public libraries, or general conversation, we find abundant evidence of the enormous preponderance of this kind of literary entertainment in popular favor.（3） Neo-classicism: a revival in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries of classical standards of order, balance, and harmony in literature. John Dryden and Alexander Pope were major exponents of the neo-classical school.（4） Satiric literature.（5） SentimentalismII. Neo-classicism. （a general description）1. Alexander Pope（1）Life:a. Catholic family;b. ill health;c. taught himself by reading and translating;d. friend of Addison, Steele and Swift.（2）three groups of poems:e. An Essay on Criticism （manifesto of neo-classicism）;f. The Rape of Lock;g. Translation of two epics.（3）His contribution:h. the heroic couplet—finish, elegance, wit, pointedness;i. satire.（4） weakness: lack of imagination.2. Addison and Steele（1） Richard Steele: poet, playwright, essayist, publisher of newspaper.（2） Joseph Addison: studies at Oxford, secretary of state, created a literary periodical “Spectator” （with Steele, 1711）（3） Spectator Club.（4） The significance of their essays.a. Their writings in “The Tatler”, and “The Spectator” provide a new code of social morality for the rising bourgeoisie.b. They give a true picture of the social life of in the 18th century.c. In their hands, the English essay completely established itself as a literary genre. Using it as a form of character sketching and story telling, they ushered in the dawn of the modern novel.3. Samuel Johnson—poet, critic, essayist, lexicographer, editor.（1）Life:a. studies at ;b. made a living by writing and translating;c. the great cham of literature.（2） works: poem （The Vanity of Human Wishes, London）; criticism （The Lives of great Poets）; preface.（3） The champion of neoclassical ideas.III. Literature of Satire: Jonathan Swift.1. Life:（1）born in Ireland;（2）studies at Trinity College;（3）worked as a secretary;（4）the chief editor of The Examiner;（5）the Dean of St. Patrick's in .2. Works: The of Books, A Tale of a Tub, A Modest Proposal, Gulliver's Travels.3. Gulliver's Travels.Satire—the Whig and the Tories, Anglican Church and Catholic Church.Part II. Satire—the legal system; condemnation of war.Part III. Satire—ridiculous scientific experiment.Part IV. Satire—mankind.IV. English Novels of Realistic tradition.1. The Rise of novels.（1）Early forms: folk tale – fables – myths – epic –poetry –romances –fabliaux –novella - imaginative nature of their material. （imaginative narrative）（2）The rise of the novela. picaresque novel in Spain and England （16th century）: Of or relating to a genre of prose fiction that originated in Spain and depicts in realistic detail the adventures of a roguish hero, often with satiric or humorous effects.b. : .c. Addison and Steele: The Spectator.（plot and characterization and realism）（3） novel and drama （17the century）2. Daniel Defoe—novelist, poet, pamphleteer, publisher, merchant, journalist.）（1）Life:a. business career;b. writing career;c. interested in politics.（2） Robinson Crusoe.a. the story.b. the significance of the character.c. the features of his novels.d. the style of language.3. Henry Fielding—novelist.（1）Life:a. unsuccessful dramatic career;b. legal career; writing career. （2） works.（3） Tom Jones.a. the plot;b. characters: Tom, Blifil, Sophia;c. significance.（4） the theory of realism.（5） the style of language.V. Writers of Sentimentalism.1. Introduction2. Samuel Richardson—novelist, moralist （One who is unduly concerned with the morals of others.）（1）Life:a. printer book seller;b. letter writer.（2） Pamela, Virtue Rewarded.a. the storyb. the significancePamela was a new thing in these ways:a） It discarded th e “improbable and marvelous” accomplishments of the former heroic romances, and pictured the life and love of ordinary people.b） Its intension was to afford not merely entertainment but also moral instruction.c） It described not only the sayings and doings of characters but their also their secret thoughts and feelings. It was, in fact, the first English psycho-analytical novel.3. Oliver Goldsmith—poet and novelist.A. Life:a. born in ;b. a singer and tale-teller, a life of vagabondage;c. bookseller;d. the Literary Club;e. a miserable life;f. the most lovable character in English literature.B. The Vicar of .a. story;b. the signicance.VI. English Drama of the 18th century1. The decline of the drama2. Richard Brinsley SheridenA. life.B. works: Rivals, The School for Scandals.C. significance of his plays.a. The Rivals and The School for Scandal are generally regarded as important links between the masterpieces of Shakespeare and those of Bernard Shaw, and as true classics in English comedy.b. In his plays, morality is the constant theme. He is much concerned with the current moral issues and lashes harshly at the social vices of the day.c. 's greatness also lies in his theatrical art. He seems to have inherited from his parents a natural ability and inborn knowledge about the theatre. His plays are the product of a dramatic genius as well as of a well-versed theatrical man.d. His plots are well-organized, his characters, either major or minor, are all sharply drawn, and his manipulation of such devices as disguise, mistaken identity and dramatic irony is masterly. Witty dialogues and neat and decent language also make a characteristic of his plays.Chapter 6 English Literature of the Romantic AgeI. Introduction1. Historical Background2. Literary Overview: RomanticismCharacteristics of Romanticism:（1） The spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings（2） The creation of a world of imagination（3） The return to nature for material（4） Sympathy with the humble and glorification of the commonplace（5） Emphasis upon the expression of individual genius （6） The return to Milton and the Elizabethans for literary models（7） The interest in old stories and medieval romances （8） A sense of melancholy and loneliness（9） The rebellious spiritII. Pre-Romantics1. Robert Burns（1） Life: French Revolution（2） Features of poetrya. Burns is chiefly remembered for his songs written in the Scottish dialect.b. His poems are usually devoid of artificial ornament and have a great charm of simplicity.c. His poems are especially appreciated for their musical effect.d. His political and satirical poems are noted for his passionate love for freedom and fiery sentiments of hatred against tyranny.（3） Significance of his poetryHis poetry marks an epoch in the history of English literature. They suggested that the spirit of the Romantic revival was embodied in this obscure ploughman. Love, humor, pathos, the response to nature –all the poetic qualities that touch the human heart are in his poems, which marked the sunrise of another day – the day of Romanticism.2. William Blake（1） life: French Revolution（2） works.l Songs of Innocencel Songs of Experience（3） featuresa. sympathy with the French Revolutionb. hatred for 18th century conformity and social institutionc. attitude of revolt against authorityd. strong protest against restrictive codes（4） his influenceBlake is often regarded as a symbolist and mystic, and he has exerted a great influence on twentieth century writers. His peculiarities of thought and imaginative vision have in many ways proved far more congenial to the 20th century than they were to the 19th.III. Romantic Poets of the first generation1. Introduction2. William Wordsworth: representative poet, chief spokesman of Romantic poetry（1） Life:a. love nature;b. ;c. tour to ;d. French revolution;e. Dorathy;f. The ;g. friend of Coleridge;h. conservative after revolution.（2） works:a. the Lyrical Ballads （preface）: significanceb. The Prelude: a biographical poem.c. the other poems（3） Features of his poems.a. ThemeA constant theme of his poetry was the growth of the human spirit through the natural description with expressions of inward states of mind.b. characteristics of style.His poems are characterized by a sympathy with the poor, simple peasants, and a passionate love of nature.3. Samuel Taylor Coleridge: poet and critic（1） Life:a. ;b. friend with Southey and Wordsworth;c. taking opium.（2） works.l The fall of Robespierrel The Rime of the Ancient Marinerl Kubla Khanl Biographia Literaria（3） Biographia Literaria.（4） His criticismHe was one of the first critics to give close critical attention to language. In both poetry and criticism, his work is outstanding, but it is typical of him that his critical work is very scattered and disorganized.IV. Romantic Poets of the Second Generation.1. Introduction2. George Gordon Byron（1） Life:a. , published poems and reviews;b. a tour of and the East;c. left ;d. friend with Shelley;e. worked in : national hero;f. radical and sympathetic with French Revolution.（2） Works.l Don Juanl When We Two Partedl She Walks in Beauty（3） Byronic Hero.Byron introduced into English poetry a new style of character, which as often been referred to as “Byronic Hero” of “satanic spirit”.People imagined that they saw something of Byron himself in these strange figures of rebels, pirates, and desperate adventurers.（4） Poetic style: loose, fluent and vivid3. Percy Bysshe Shelley: poet and critic（1） Life:a. aristocratic family;b. rebellious heart;c. ;d. Irish national liberation Movement;e. disciple of William Godwin;f. marriage with Harriet, and Marry;g. left and wandered in EUrope, died in ;h. radical and sympathetic with the French revolution;i. Friend with Byron（2） works: two types – violent reformer and wanderer （3） Characteristics of poems.a. pursuit of a better society;b. radian beauty;c. superb artistry: imagination.（4） Defense of Poetry.4. John Keats.（1） Life:a. from a poor family;b. ;c. friend with Byron and Shelley;d. attacked by the conservatives and died in .（2） works.（3） Characteristics of poemsa. loved beauty;b. seeking refuge in an idealistic world of illusions and dreams.V. Novelists of the Romantic Age.1. Water Scott. Novelist and poet（1） Life:a. ;b. ;c. poem to novel;d. unsuccessful publishing firm;e. great contribution: historical novel.（2） three groups of novels。
英国文学简史术语解释总结（英文）[模版]
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英国文学简史术语解释总结（英文）[模版]第一篇：英国文学简史术语解释总结(英文)[模版]1.Beowulf: national epic of the English people;Denmark story;alliteration, metaphors and understatements.2.Romance （名词解释）a story of adventure--fictitious, frequently marvelous or supernatural--in verse or prose.3，Ballad民谣（名词解释）Popular Ballads 大众民谣：a story hold in 4-line stanzas with second and fourth line rhymed(笔记)Ballads are anonymous narrative songs that have been preserved by oral transmission(书上).4，4，Heroic couplet(名词解释)heroic couplet 英雄双韵体：a verse unit consisting of two rhymed(押韵)lines in iambic pentameter(五步抑扬格).Renaissance （名词解释）Renaissance: the activity, spirit, or time of the great revival of art, literature, and learning in Europe beginning in the 14th century and extending to the 17th century, marking the transition from the medieval to the modern world.555 humanism 人文主义： admire human beauty and human achievement 556 The Enlightenment was an expression of struggle of the then progressive class ofbourgeoisie against feudalism6，.Sonnet（名词解释）The sonnet is a poem in 14 lines with one or the other rhyme schme,a form much in vogue in Renaissance Europe, expecially in Italy ,France and England.7，Blank verse（名词解释）: written in unrhymed iambic pentameter.8，Spenserian Stanza（名词解释）Stanza form developed by Edmund Spenser and almostcertainly influenced by rhyme royal and ottava rima.Spenser's stanza has nine lines and is rhymed a-b-a-b-b-c-b-c-c.The first eight lines of the stanza are in iambic pentameter and the last line in iambic hexameter.He used this form in his epic poem The Faerie Queene.John Keats, a great admirer of Spenser, used this stanza in his poem The Eve of St.Agnes.,9 Enlightenment(1650-1800)（名词解释）A revival of interest in the old classical works, order, logic, restrained emotion(抑制情感)and accuracy Individualism--emphasized the importance of the individual and his inborn rights Rationalism--the conviction that with the power of reason, humans could arrive at truth and improve the world.Relativism--was the concept that different cultures, beliefs, ideas, and value systems had equal merit.Gothic novel(哥特式小说)：mystery, horror, castles(from middle part to the end of century)10，Classicism（名词解释）In the arts, historical tradition or aesthetic attitudes based on the art of Greece and Rome in antiquity.In the context of the tradition, Classicism refers either to the art produced in antiquity or to later art inspired by that of antiquity;Neoclassicism always refers to the art produced later but inspired by antiquity.11 Sentimentalism（名词解释）Sentimentalism 感伤主义 no belief 没有信仰The representatives of sentimentalism continued to struggle against feudalism but they vaguely sensed at the same time the contradictions of bourgeois progress that brought with it enslavement and ruin to the people.Graveyard School / Poets:A term applied to eighteenth-century poets who wrote meditative poems, usually set in a graveyard, on the theme of human mortality, in moods which range from elegiac pensiveness toprofound gloom.RomanticismLake Poets（名词解释）The Lake Poets all lived in the Lake District of England at the turn of the nineteenth century.Aestheticism唯美主义（名词解释）The Aesthetic Movement is a loosely defined movement in literature, fine art, the decorative arts, and interior design in later nineteenth-century Britain.It represents the same tendencies that symbolism or decadence stood for in France and may be considered the British branch of the same movement.It belongs to the anti-Victorian reaction and had post-Romantic roots, and as such anticipates modernism.It took place in the late Victorian period from around 1868 to 1901, and is generally considered to have ended with the trial of Oscar Wilde.Stream-of-consciousness（名词解释）The “stream ofconsciousness” is a psychological term indicating “the flux of conscious and subconscious thoughts and impressions moving in the mind at any given time independently of the person’s will”.第二篇：英国文学选读术语（本站推荐）一．Local ColorismIt is said that Bret Harte was one of the first realists to introduce local color into American literature.His “The Luck of Roaring Camp”(1868)marked a significantdevelopment in the brief history of local color fiction.It was the result of historical & aesthetic forces.1.historical2.aesthetic forceLocal Color:Term applied to literature which emphasizes its setting, being concerned with the character of a district or of an era, as marked by its customs, dialects, costumes, landscape or other peculiarities that have escaped standardizing cultural influences.The local color movement came into particular prominence in Am after the Civil War, perhaps as an attempt torecapture the glamour of a past era, or to portray the sections of the reunited country.In local color literature one finds the dual influence of romanticism and realism since the author frequently looks away from ordinary life to distant lands,strange customs, or exotic scenes, but retains through minute detail a sense of fidelity and accuracyof description.二．Beat Generation The Beat Generation refers to a group of American post-WWII writers who came to prominence in the 1950s, as well as the cultural phenomena that they both documented and inspired Central elements of “Beat” culture included experimentation with drugs, alternative forms of sexuality, an interest in Eastern religion, a rejection of materialism, and the idealizing of exuberant, unexpurgated means of expression and being三．symbolA symbol is an object that represents, stands for, or suggests an , belief, action, or material.Symbols take the form of words, sounds, gestures, or visual images and are used to convey ideas and beliefs.For example, a red octagon may be a symbol for “STOP”.On a map, a picture of a tent might represent a campsite.are symbols for.Personal names are symbols representing individuals.A red rose symbolizes love and compassion四．Code HeroThe Code Hero is typically an individualist and free-willed.Although he believes in the ideals of courage and honor he has his own set of morals and principles based on his beliefs in honor, courage and endurance.A code hero never shows emotions;showing emotions and having a commitment to women shows weakness.Qualities such as bravery,adventuresome and travel also define the Code Hero 五．Free verseFree verse is an open form(see)of.It does not use consistentpatterns, , or any other musical pattern.It thus tends to follow the rhythm of natural speech.另free verse(or, in French, vers libre), a kind of poetry that does not conform to any regular : the length of its lines is irregular, as is its use of rhyme—if any.Instead of a regular metrical pattern it uses more flexibleor rhythmic groupings, sometimes supported byand other devices of repetition.Now the most widely practised verse form in English, it has precedents in translations of the biblical Psalms and in some poems of Blake and Goethe, but established itself only in the late 19th and early 20th centuries with Walt Whitman, the French , and the poets of.Free verse should not be confused with , which does observe a regular metre in its unrhymed lines.六．Naturalism Naturalism is “the idea or belief that only(as opposed toor)laws and forces operate in the world;(occas.)the idea or belief that nothing exists beyond the natural world.”Adherents of naturalism(i.e.naturalists)as sert that natural laws are the rules that govern the structure and behavior of the natural universe, that theis a product of these laws.naturalism, a more deliberate kind ofin novels, stories, and plays, usually involving a view of human beings as passive victims of natural forces and social.As a literary movement, naturalism wasinitiated in France by Jules and Edmond Goncourt with their novel Germinie Lacerteux(1865), but it came to be led by Émile Zola, who claimed a ‘scientific’ status for his studies o f impoverished characters miserably subjected to hunger, sexual obsession, and hereditary defects in Thérèse Raquin(1867),Germinal(1885), and many other novels.Naturalist fiction aspired to a sociological objectivity, offering detailed and fully researched investigations into unexplored corners of modern society七．American PuritanismAmerican Puritanism: Puritanism is the practices and beliefs of the Puritans.The Puritans were originally members of a division of the Protestant Church.The first settlers who became the founding fathers of the American nation were quite a few of them.They were a group of serious, religious people, advocating highly religious and moral principles.As the word itself hints, Puritans wanted to purity their religious beliefs and practices.They accepted the doctrine of predestination, original sin and total depravity, and limited atonement through a special infusion of grace form God.As a culture heritage, Puritanism did have a profound influence on the early American mind.American Puritanism also had a enduring influence on American literature Puritan Beliefs1.Original SinThrough Adam and Eve's fall, every person is born sinful.2.PredestinationOnly a few are selected by God for salvation.3.Limited Atonement(赎罪)Jesus died for the chosen only, not for everyone.4.Irresistible GraceGrace is defined as the saving and transfiguring power of God.Puritanism1.Idealismpracticality and purposiveness八．ExpositionThe exposition is the portion of athat introduces importantbackground information to the audience;for example, information about the setting, events occurring before the main plot, characters' , etc.Exposition can be conveyed through dialogues, through a character's thoughts, through background details, throughmedia such as newspaper clippings, trial reports and letters, or through a narrator telling aor by establishing scenes where a character is followed.Exposition is considered one of fourof discourse, along with , , and九．Imageryour senses through imagery.Imagery is more incidental to a poem than metaphors, symbols and theme and they are often confused.Nevertheless, an image should conjure up something more than the mere mentioning of the object or situation.A mistake often made is to take every image as though it were a symbol or metaphor第三篇：英国文学简史复习资料(整理版)I.Old English Literature & the Late Medieval Ages 贝奥武夫:the national epic of the Anglo-SaxonsGeoffrey Chaucer 杰弗里•乔叟1340(?)~1400 The father of English poetry.① 坎特伯雷故事集：first time to use …heroic couplet‟(双韵体)by middle English ②特罗伊拉斯和克莱希德③ 声誉之宫II The Renaissance Period A period of drama and poetry.The Elizabethan drama is the real mainstream of the English Renaissance.Renaissance: the activity, spirit, or time of the great revival of art, literature, and learning in Europe beginning in the 14th century and extending to the 17th century, marking the transition from the medieval to the modern world.Three historical events of the Renaissance – rebirth or revival: 1.new discoveries in geography and astrology 2.the religious reformation andeconomic expansion 3.rediscovery of ancient Roman and Greek culture The most famous dramatists:Christopher Marlowe William Shakespeare Ben Johnson.William Shakespeare威廉•莎士比亚1564~1616① Historical plays: Henry VI 亨利六世;Henry IV : Richard III 查理三世;Henry V ；Richard II；Henry VIII ②Four Comedies: 皆大欢喜;第十二夜;< A Midsummer Night‟S Dream>仲夏夜之梦;威尼斯商人③Four Tragedies: 哈姆莱特;奥赛罗;李尔王;麦克白④Shakespeare Sonnet :154Three quatrain and one couplet, ababcdcdefefggA sonnet is a lyric consisting of 14 lines, usually iniambic pentameter restricted to a definition rhyme scheme.⑤the comedy of errors 错中错，Titus Andronicus泰特斯·安特洛尼克斯，The Taming of the shrew 驯悍记Love's labour's lost（爱的徒劳）Romeo and Juliet 罗密欧与朱丽叶Much ado about nothing（无事生非）The merry wives of Windsor.温莎的风流娘们King John 约翰王All's well that ends well 终成眷属Measure for measure（一报还一报）Bacon: Of Studies;Of Beauty;Of Marriage and Single Life English Bourgeois Revolution，学术的推进 III：the period of the English bourgeois ton：1608~1674Paradise Lost;Samson Agonistes(力士参孙);On the morning of Christ’s Nativity，复乐园我的失明论出版自由为英国人民声辩Bunyan: 1628~1688 ①Religionary Allegory:天路历程Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinner;the Holy War John Don: the Metaphysical poet(玄学派诗人).Metaphysical Poetry(玄学诗)：（用语）the diction is simple, the imagery is from the actual,(形式)the form is frequently an argument with the poet’s beloved, with god, or with himself.（主题：love, religious, thought）The Flea;跳蚤Forbbiding Mourning，Songs And Sonnets歌与十四行诗，emergent occasions 突变引起的诚念Hely sonnets IV The 18th Century：EnlightenmentA revival of interest in the old classical works, order, logic, restrained emotion(抑制情感)and accuracy The Age of Enlightenment/Reason: the movement was a furtherance of the Renaissance of the 15th and 16th centries, a progressive intellectual movement, reason(rationality), equality&science(the 18th century)小说崛起：In the mid-century, the newly literary form, modern English novel rised(realistic novel现实主义小说)Gothic novel(哥特式小说)：mystery, horror, castles(from middle part to the end of century)Jonathan Swift乔纳森•斯威夫特1667~1745（十八世纪杰出的政论家和讽刺小说家 a master satirist。
新编英国文学选读(Lecture_2_Chaucer)
A portrait of Chaucer
A portrait of Chaucer
A cover of Chaucer’s work
Whan that Aprill with his shoures soote The droghte of March hath perced to the roote, And bathed every veyne in swich licour, Of which vertu engendred is the flour; What Zephirus eek with his sweete breeth Inspired hath in every holt and heeth The tender croppes, and the yonge sonne Hath in the Ram his halve cours yronne, And smale foweles maken melodye, That slepen al the nyght with open ye (So priketh hem nature in hir corages); Thanne longen folk to goon on pilgrimages (General Prologue 1-12)
To Chaucer, to praise noble deeds and expose evil deeds are the two effective means of purifying human soul. So, the stories in The Canterbury Tales mainly aim for praise and for condemnation. In terms of religious themes, Chaucer is connected with the Medieval Ages.
第二章 英国文学史讲义
When April with his showers sweet with fruit The drought of March has pierced unto the root And bathed each vein with liquor that has power To generate therein and sire the flower;When Zephyr also has, with his sweet breath, Quickened again, in every holt and heath,The tender shoots and buds, and the young sun Into the Ram one half his course has run,And many little birds make melodyThat sleep through all the night with open eye (So Nature pricks them on to ramp and rage)- Then do folk long to go on pilgrimage,And palmers to go seeking out strange strands, To distant shrines well known in sundry lands. And specially from every shire's endOf England they to Canterbury wend,The holy blessed martyr there to seekWho helped them when they lay so ill and weak. 夏雨给大地带来了喜悦，送走了土壤干裂的三月，沐浴着草木的丝丝经络，顿时百花盛开，生机勃勃。
Chapters 1—2 英国文学简史ppt(English Literature)
The Old English Period
History of Invasions ➢ 5th century BC: tribal kingdoms of Celtic people ➢ 55 BC: invaded by the Roman Empire (under control
for over 400 years) ➢ 5th Century: by Germanic people: the Angles and the
Chaucer and English Language
➢ Sometimes called the father of English literature, Chaucer is credited by some scholars as the first author to demonstrate the artistic legitimacy of the vernacular Middle English, rather than French or Latin.
English Literature Chapters 1—2
Key Points in Chapter 1
The Old English (Anglo-Saxon) Period
• History of Invasion • Anglo-Saxons • Caedmon • Beowulf • King Alfred the Great
The Pre-Elizabethan Period: A Brief Introduction
• 3 Major Events Turning the Middle Ages into the Modern Time • Reformation • Renaissance
英国文学简史+概述
English Literature: A ReviewPre-Renaissance Period:Beowulf, the first national epic of England：alliteration, metaphor and understatement.Norman Conquest in 1066 marked the establishment of feudal society in England, and William the conqueror passed the Doomsday book, and the conquest also started the dominance of French in England as the official language for more than 200 years.The class conflict in feudal England became so severe that in 1381 there was a great peasant rising.Romance became a dominant literary form in feudal England for the lords, and the chief representative work of this genre is King Arthur and His Knights of the Round Table. The definition can be briefly summed us as ―Any imagination literature that is set in an idealized world and that deals with a heroic adventures and battles between good characters and villains or monsters,‖ and a term is closely associated with Romance of this period, that is Chivalry. The Arthur Series ended with Malory‘s Le Morte D’Arthur.Ballad is the major literary genre for the peasants, and the most popular work is Robin Hood Series. The definition is ―A story told in verse and usually meant to be sung. In many countries, the folk ballad was one of the earliest forms of literature. Folk ballads have no known authors. They were transmitted orally from generation to generation and were not set down in writing until centuries after they were first sung. The subject matter of folk ballads stems from the everyday life of the common people. Devices commonly used in ballads are the refrain, incremental repetition, and code language. A later form of ballad is the literary ballad, which imitates the style of the folk ballad.‖Langland is said to be the author of Piers the Plowman.Chaucer: founder of English poetry, introduced Heroic Couple into English literature and also the first major poet to write in English. He also did a lot in standardizing English the language by using London dialect in his works. His major works are Troilus and Criseyde, The canterbury Tales.Thomas More: Utopia《乌托邦》Francis Bacon: Essays《论说文集》或《随笔》：―Knowledge is power‖----Bacon Edmund Spencer: Faerie Queen《仙后》―Our sweetest songs are those that sing of saddest feelings.‖ --- Spencer―Ode to the West Wind‖: If winter comes, can spring be far behind? --- Percy Bysshe Shelley★Chapter 1 RenaissanceThe Renaissance:The Renaissance is a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers and scholars made attempts to get rid of those old feudalist ideas in medieval Europe, to introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie, and to recover the purity of the early church from the corruption of the Roman Catholic Church.Humanism (人文主义)Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance. ―Man is the measure of all things.‖ Thomas More, Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare are the best representatives of the English humanists.Mainstream of Literary FormsIn the early stage of the Renaissance, poetry and poetic drama were the most outstanding literary forms and they were carried on especially by Shakespeare and Ben Jonson. The Elizabethan drama, in its totality, is the real mainstream of the English Renaissance.Edmund Spenser: the Poets‘ poet for his idealism, love of beauty and exquisite melody Edmund recorded his laments over the loss of Rosalind in The Shepherd’s Calendar. (牧人日记). The Faerie QueeneFive main qualities of Spenser's poetry1) a perfect melody;2) a rare sense of beauty;3) a splendid imagination;4) a lofty moral purity and seriousness5) a dedicated idealism.Spenserian Stanza：A nine-line stanza with the following rhyme scheme: ababbabcc. The first eight lines are written in iambic pentameter. The ninth line is written in iambic hexameter and is called an alexandrine.Francis Bacon:the first major English essayist; founder of English materialist philosophy Bacon‘s essays are famous for their brevity, compactness and powerfulness―Of Studies‖Of Studies is the most popular of Bacon‘s 58 essays. It analyzes what studies chiefly serve for, the different ways adopted by different people to pursue studies, and how studies exert influence over human character.Forceful and persuasive, compact and precise, Of Studies reveals to us Bacon‘s mature attitude towards learningChristopher Marlowe:the most gifted of the "University Wits", composed six plays.Dr. Faustus (German legend of a magician)Dr. Faustus is the greatest of Marlowe‘s plays, in which the old German legend is freely reshaped. Faustus is a great scholar who has a strong desire to acquire all kinds of knowledge. He is bored of his present study on the academic curriculum and turns to black magic. By conjuration he calls up Mephistophilis, the Devil's servant. Faustus makes a bond to sell his soul to the Devil in return for twenty-four years of life in which he may have the services of Mephistophilis to give him everything he desires.“The passionate Shepherd to his love”This poem is considered to be one of the most beautiful lyrics in English literature. It derives from the pastoral tradition, in which the shepherd enjoys an ideal country life, cherishing a pastoral and pure affection for his love. Strong emotion is conveyed through the beauty of nature where lovers are not disturbed by worldly concernMarlowe’s AchievementsMarlowe's greatest achievement lies in that he perfected the blank verse (无韵体诗)and made it the principal medium of English drama.Marlowe‘s second achievement is his creation of the Renaissance hero for English drama. (Mind his three major plays: Doctor Faustus---thirst for knowledge; The Jew of Malta---thirst for wealth; Tamburline---thirst for power)William Shakespeare (1564-1616):Dramatist, actor, and poetMain works: 37 plays, 154 sonnets, 2 narrative poems (Venus and Adonis, and The Rape of Lucrece),4 Great Tragedies: Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, Macbeth (Romeo and Juliet)4 Great Comedies:A Midsummer Night’s Dream, The Merchant of Venice, As you like It, Twelfth Night.Comments on Shakespeare:Carl Marx: ―Aeschylus and Shakespeare are the two gre atest dramatic genius the world has ever known.‖Ben Jonson: ―He does not belong to one time, but belongs to all times.‖William Shakespeare’s writing featureA play in the play.Borrow plots from other stories such as Roman, Greek and ancient myth.Several threads running through the play.Combination of tragic and comic elements.William Shakespeare’s writing style1. Tremendous vocabulary (16,000 words, invented words)2. Literary devices (alliteration, simile, metaphor)3. Use poetry in his playWilliam Shakespeare’s humanistic ideas1. Against cruelty and anti-natural character of civil wars2. Against religious persecution, racial discrimination, social inequality.3. Hates rebellion and despises democracyThemes in Shakespeare’s son nets1. Express love and praise to a young man2. Immortalize beauty through verses3. Friendship or betrayal of friendshipSonnetOrigin: ItalyMost famous and influential sonneteer: Petrach(Petrachan Sonnets: 8 lines: abbaabba; 6 lines: cdecde, sometimes cdcdcd. No closing couplet)Selected Reading of Shakespeare:1. Sonnet 18:a. Ladies in the eyes of Shakespeare are not good and beautiful. His wife is 8 years older than him.b. Iambic pentameter: A poetic line consisting of five verse feet, with each foot an iamb—that is, an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable. Iambic pentameter is the most common verse line in English poetry.c. Main ideas:i. Quatrain 1: praise the beauty of the young manii. Quatrain 2: changes in life and natureiii. Quatrain 3: ―your‖ beauty will last foreveriv. Couplet: ―your‖ beauty will live in my poem. An Immortal beautyd. His sonnet 18 expresses that beautiful things can rely on the force of literature to reach eternity. Literature is created by man, thus it declares man‘s eternity. The poem shows the mighty self-confidence of the newly class. The vivid, variable and rich images reflect the lively and adventurous spirits of those who were opening new world.2. The character analysis of HamletHamlet is a scholar and a warrior.His father has been killed by his uncle, Claudius, who then takes the throne and marries his mother. Hamlet is informed by the ghost of his father to take revenge, but the weakness of indecisiveness or indetermination in his character always delay his action, and finally leads to his tragic fall of death. (The reason might also be explained through the employment of Oedipal Complex 恋母情节)Hamlet is not a man of action, but a man of thinking at first. He hesitates at some crucial moments. At last when he is forced to take some actions, he does kill Claudius gloriously, but he also sacrifices his own life.Other important details: Sidney: Apology for Poetry.★Chapter 2 The Revolution and the Neoclassical Period (1600-1798)The age of reason and enlightenment.It‘s a turbulent period.1660 The Restoration 1665 The Great Plague --- Black Death. 70,000 died, 2/3 homeless.1688 The Glorious Revolution. British colonies (Abroad); Acts of Enclosure （圈地运动）(At home); The Enlightenment Movement （启蒙运动）James II exiled abroad. The persecution of Protestants. James II‘s daught er Marry and her husband William turned back to England as figurehead (King and Queen) without power. Power was in the Parliament. England became the first capitalist country with Constitutional monarchy, which marked the end of feudal society.Industrial Revolution (romantic period) --- at the 2nd half of 18cPreparations for the revolution1. money --- by trading companies, e.g. East India Company--- by money investment2. goods, materials --- colonies, e.g. India, North America3. manpower --- ―Act of Enclosure‖. The landless and homeless peasant s began to work in cities--- the invention of textile machineIn the revolution, Bourgeois (middle class) became the main class in the society. Bankers, landlords, slave traders, merchants, colonists controlled the economy of the country at the time. They believed in self-reliance and hard working.The Giants of the Enlightenment MovementVoltaire 伏乐泰, Mosteiqeu 孟德斯鸠, Dierot 狄德罗, Rousseau 卢梭.The Enlightenment MovementThe 18th century England is known as the Age of Enlightenment or the Age of Reason.The Enlightenment Movement was a progressive intellectual movement which purpose was to enlighten the whole world with the light of modern philosophical and artistic ideas. The enlighteners celebrated reason or rationality, equality and science. They held that rationality or reason should be the only, the final cause of any human thought and activities. They called for a reference to order, reason and rules. They believed that when reason served as the yardstick for the measurement of all human activities and relations, every superstition, injustice and oppression was to yield place to ―eternal truth,‖ ―eternal justice‖ and ―natural equality‖.Great writers like John Dryden, Alexander Pope, Joseph Addison and Sir Richard Steele, the two pioneers of familiar essays, Jonathan Swift, Daniel Defoe, Richard Brinsley Sheridan, Henry Fielding and Samuel Johnson.NeoclassicismIn the field of literature, the Enlightenment Movement brought about a revival of interest in the old classical works. This tendency is known as neoclassicism.According to the neoclassicists, all forms of literature were to be modeled after the classical works of the ancient Greek and Roman writers. They believed that the artistic ideals should be order, logic restrained emotion and accuracy, and that literature should be judged in terms of its service to humanity. This belief led them to seek proportion, unity, harmony and grace in literary expression, in an effort to delight, instruct and correct human beings, primarily as social animals. Thus a polite, urbane, witty, and intellectual art developed.John Milton (1608-1674)1608 Born in London. A Catholic family. 1625 Educated in Cambridge. 1649 Appointed Latin Secretary to Cromwell‘s Council of State. 1652 Became totally blind.3 periods in John Milton’s life1. English revolution1649 Charles I beheaded. Cromwell took the power1660 Restoration. Charles II took the power2. Political ideas: express his political ideas in pamphlets3. Poem: Paradise Lost, Paradise Regained, Samson Agonistes.Paradise LostParadise Lost is a long epic divided into 12 books. The theme is the ―Fall of Man‖, i.e. man‘s disobedience and the loss of Paradise.The original story is taken from Genesis. Adam and Eve are originally in innocent spiritual love. They are punished by God because they eat the apple of the Tree of Knowledge seduced by a serpent. Since they eat the apple, they begin to make love. God thinks they are not innocent. They committed sin. God drives Adam and Eve out of Eden.Satan is punished by God to suffer from fire. He knows that he can‘t win God by power, so hewins God by cheating. He seduced Eve to eat the apple.John Bunyan (1628-1688)Throughout his life, he only read one book the Bible. His most famous work is The Pilgrim’s Progress, from which Thackeray got a title for his novel---Vanity Fair.B unyan’s purpose of writing The Pilgrim’s Pro gress1. Urge people to abide by Christian doctrine2. To seek salvation through struggling with his own weakness and social evilsT he content of The Pilgrim’s Pro gress is about Christianity. The title means ―life is a journey‖. It‘s a metaphor.Form of The Pilgrim’s Pro gress: Allegory1. A story in verse or prose with double meanings or meanings at two levels.2. Higher lever – concerning moral, religious, or political ideas. Lower level – your understanding of the story.3. Main characters in the story Christian, Faithful, Hopeful.4. The description of the story is realistic religious allegory.The allegorical meaning of ―The Vanity Fair‖ in John Bunyan‘s The Pilgrim’s Progress▲The Vanity Fair refers to the real world where people have become so degenerated that all they are concerned is to buy and sell everything they can. It allegorically represents vanity both in the society and in people‘s heart, so people are spiritually lost. However, the pilgrims refuse to buy any of the things in the Vanity Fair. Its purpose is to urge people to abide by Christian doctrines and seek salvation through constant struggle with their own weakness and social evils. Christians‘ refusal shows that they are one step nearer the Celestial City.John Donne (1572-1631): founder of Metaphysical SchoolMetaphysical poetry--- is commonly used to name the work of the 17th-century writers who wrote under the influence of John Donne.metaphysical poets--- are the poets in the 17c England who often unconventionally use conceits and wit. The imagery is draw from everyday life. The form is the form of argument (with God, lover, himself). The diction is simple and the language is colloquial but powerful. John Donne is the leading of ―metaphysical school‖. Other Metaphysical poets like Andrew Marvell: ―To His Coy Mistress‖; George Herbert: ―the saint of the Metaphysical School‖, ―The Altar‖.John Donne‘s major work1. Songs and Sonnets, wrote before 1600, 55 love poems.2. The Elegies and Satires, his elegies wrote for love whereas others wrote for mourning dead people.3. Holy Sonnets & Sermons, Sonnets wrote about God, problem of death and life. Sermons are Christian preaching.He wrote poems by using unconventional and surprising conceits and full of wit and humor, but sometimes the logic argument and conceits become pervasive. The language is colloquial but powerful, creating unorthodox images on the reader‘s mind.John Donne is famed for 3 things1. A great visitor of ladies2. A great frequenter of plays3. A great writer of conceited versesAt his time, John Donne was famed as a preacher. Today, he is famed as a lyric poet. John Donne compared parting love to compass, flea compared to the union of lovers.John Donne‘sconceit can be seen from his ―Go catching the falling star‖ in which he listed many impossible things---the most impossible thing is a woman‘s faith and heart.Alexander Pope (1688-1744)Alexander Pope‘s major work1711 An Essay on Criticism. The poem is a manifesto of English neoclassicism. It‘s expressed Pope‘s aesthetic theories of poetry. The poem is divided into 3 parts with 744 lines.Part I: bewailing the lack of true taste in critics; praising the ancients like Homer, VirgilPart II: enumerating dangers of criticism; referring to literary scene of his dayPart III: giving rules for criticism; tracing the history of literary criticism.The poem is a comprehensive study on literary criticism. It was written in heroic couplet as Pope is a master in heroic couplet.Heroic couplet is 2 lines with the same rhymes, same length. 10 syllables, 5 stressed, 5 unstressed. Heroic couplet was first used by Chaucer.1712 The Rape of Lock（劫发记）is based on a real event. Bellina is as beautiful woman as a Goodness. She is admired by all the people around her.A Baron cut a small amount of Bellina‘s hair. In Bellina‘s opinion, it‘s an offence. Baron just cut her hair for fun and admiration. So hatred is aroused between the two families. They become enemies. In this poem, Pope satirizes the idle, meaningless life of middle-class people.1728 The Dunciad (群愚史诗)is consisted of 4 books. It’s the best satire of Pope. It‘s a very famous satirical poem about against personal enemies. Pope tries to attack on all personal enemies.1733-34 An Essay on Man. Pope gained his fame as a poet. It includes 4 epistles (letters). People review his philosophical and political views as an enlightener.◆Pope‘s point of view on poetry criticism and the characteristics of his own poetry1. Pope‘s point of view on poetry criticism is best shown in his An Essays on Criticism. He emphasizing that literary works should be judged by classical rules of order, reason, logic, restrained emotion and good taste. He calls on people to turn to the old Greek and Roman writers for guidance. He advises the critics not to stress too much the artificial use of conceit or the external beauty of language, but to pay special attention to true wit which is best set ina plain style.2. Pope‘s poem strictly follows his idea of neoclassicism. He developed a satiric, concise, smooth, graceful and well-balanced style, and finally brought to its last perfection of the heroic couplet.Daniel Defoe (1660-1731)1719, his first novel Robinson Crusoe was published. It‘s based on a true story published on a newspaper. (Alexander is a Scottish who lives in an uninhabited island for 5 years.) The story is about the hero‘s life on the island. The first part is about the career of Robinson Crusoe. The body of the novel is about his life on the island after the shipwreck. The story reveals the essence of British colonialism.The themes of Robinson‘s Crusoea. man‘s struggles against natureb. Glorification of the bourgeois men who has the courage and will to face hardship and determination to improve his livelihood.c. Glorification of labor (Robinson lives on his own hands)The style of Robinson‘s Crusoea. Realistic style, true to life, in detailsb. Smooth, simple, colloquial languagec. Long sentences are loose; short sentences are plain, easy to understandd. presents facts in order, the meaning is clearIn the following years, Defoe wrote another 4 novels: Captain Singleton (1720), Moll Flanders (1722), Colonel Jack(1722) and Roxana(1724). Defoe wrote them in the same pattern. The feature of the pattern:a. Traces the personal history of the titular hero or heroine of a low origin. After some ups and downs, he/she finally gets prosperity.b. Deals with moralizing, repentance, and revolutions to be good.c. Expresses the struggles for mere existence. Show the conflicts between existence and social environment.d. Blames the society for driving people to sinning.Daniel Defoe‘s satirical poems1701, The True-Born Englishman, in the poem, Defoe defended King William, which won him the friendship of the King. He attacked the racial and family pride of the aristocrats in England.1703, A Hymn to the Pillory. He voiced his anger over the shameful punishment, courageous attack on the injustice of England‘s legal system. He was cheered by people as a hero to defend himself.Jonathan Swift (1667-1745)1704, Swift published the satire, The Battle of the Books,which wrote about the quarrels between the Ancients and the Moderns. The Ancients were compared to bee. The Moderns were compared to spider. In literate theory, bee represents good - ―bring honey‖; spider represents selfish.1704, A Tale of a Tub attacks on religion or Christianity. In the satire, the father represents the God. His 3 sons indicate the 3 branches of Christianity: Roman Catholic, English Church, and Dissenters.The Battle of the Books, and A Tale of a Tub established Swift’s name as a satirist.1713, he was appointed the Dean of St. Patrick‘s Cathedral in Dublin.1724, Swift published the satire, The Drapier’s Letters to attack the event. The exchange of new coin is canceled.Gulliver’s Travels1726, his wife died. It‘s a heavy blow on him. He wrote and published his greatest satirical work, Gulliver’s Travels. The story is divided into 4 parts.Part I. Travels in Lilliput is a mini picture of modern English society.Two parties: High Heel and Low Heel indicates the Tories and the Whigs. Here, Swift satirizes the two parties. The war between Lilliput and its neighboring country about how to break eggs (big/small end). Big end – Roman Church. Small end – English Church. Swift satires the party and church fights are meaningless.Part II. Travels in BrobdingnagPart III. A show of the cruelty of the English ruling class. The Flying Island rules the below countriesPart IV. It’s the sharpest and bit terest satire. In this part, human beings are reduced to animals.A wiser creature governs human beings. Gulliver wants to be a horse rather than a man. It shows how mean the human beings are.▲■The social satire of Jonathan Swift‘s Gulliver’s TravelsThe account of Lilliputian life, especially the games for people at court, alludes to the similar ridiculous practices or tricks in the English government. The description of the competition in the games before the royal members leads to the fact that the success of those government officials such as the Prime Minister lies not in their being any wiser or better but in their being more dexterous in the game. This alludes to the practices in England. And the pompous words singing of the Lilliputian emperor ridicule the aristocratic arrogance and vanity.A Modest Proposal1729, the publication of the pamphlet A Modest Proposal. It‘s a greatest and bitterest satire.The theme of A Modest Proposala. The poor Irish people were forced to sell their one-year-old child for the rich people for food.b. English King allowed French King to recruit soldiers from Ireland to solve the problem of over population.c. Some politicians suggested sending Irish people to Australia to be concentrated servants because of over population.d. Swift lists some terrible scenes in the prose: a beggar mother followed by children in rugs; poor parents sell children. It’s a satire against the English ruling class and the cruelty of English landlords.Henry Fielding (1707-1754)1707 Fielding was born in an aristocratic family. His great grandfather was an Earl. (Duke 公, Marquis 侯, Earl 伯, Viscount子, Baron男)He received his education in the Eton Public School1730-37 He produced 25 plays of different times. His ballads, satires were also very successful. (Shakespeare wrote 37 plays)Henry Fielding wrote 4novels in his life. Henry Fielding is regarded as “Father of English Novel”.1742 The History of the Adventures of Joseph Andrews. The hero Joseph Andrews is the servant of Mr. B‘s uncle and is the cousin of Pamela.Samuel Richardson’s Pamela is a collection of letters written by herself and her parents. Pamela is a very beautiful and clever girl. Mr. B‘s mother is very fond of her and teaches her knowledge. After the mother died, Pamela wants to go home, but Mr. B as a noble man seduces her, doesn‘t allow her to go home and imprisons her. Pamela write letters and sends the letters by a servant of Mr. B. Mr. B falls in love with Pamela through reading her letters. The novel persuades people to be virtuous.Henry Fielding‘s aims of writing the Adventures of Joseph Andrews：Part I, Fielding tries to attack Pamela. He thinks Pamela‘s chastity is pretentious and untrue. She uses her chastity to seduce Mr. B.Part II. Joseph Andrews meets his friend Parson Adams. Both of them travel through England. Fielding tries to give a panoramic view of England.Part I. It was first intended as a burlesque of the conventional virtue of false sentimentality.Part II. Fielding adopted ―comic epic in prose‖--- to write common people in form of great novel. Epic is used to describe great figures and heroes. He gave a vivid picture of English life.Major achievement: the description of Parson Adams. Adams is an absent-minded, vain man, so he is a ridiculous person, easy to be cheated.1743 Jonathan Wild the Great, Jonathan is a notorious criminal of the London underworld. He is a real person. He is hanged in 1725. Jonathan is described as a great man. He never participated in any crime, but he orders other people to commit crimes. He commands crime.Henry Fielding compared Jonathan to Prime Minister Walpole. The story is a political satire.Tom Jones1749 Tom Jones is a deserted child, namely, a foundlingTom Jones, the full title being The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling, is generally considered Fielding‘s masterpiece. The novel consists of 18 books, each with an essay before it. Tom, the titular hero of the story, is a boy found in Mr Allworthy‘s house and brought up there with the kind old man's nephew Blifil. The latter, a hypocritical, wicked man, is envious of Mr Allworthy'sfondness for the fou ndling and of Tom‘s intimacy with the beautiful Sophia, daughter of the well-off squire Western. He plays some tricks so that Mr Allworthy drives Tom out of the house. Tom, intending to go to sea, wrongly takes the road to London, and Sophia, in rebellion against her father‘s desire that she be married to Blifil, marches out for London too, accompanied by her maid. The two young man, especially Tom, have many adventures on the road, but in the end, after some misunderstanding between them, they are happily united. So they go through a long journey and give a panoramic view of 18c‘s English life.In this novel, social evils are presented: cruelty, moral degeneracy, deceit, and hypocrisy. It‘s showed Fielding‘s view about human nature. Henry Fielding thinks that human nature is a combination of good and evil.The writing feature of Tom Jones --- ―comic epic in prose‖, displays a kind of classic epic form. The novel contains 18 books in 3 sections.Section 1: life in the countrysideSection 2: life on the highwaySection 3: life in London▲■Henry Fielding and his Tom JonesIt is a good example of ―comic epic in prose‖.Fielding describes the fight between Molly and the villagers and her fistfight with Goody Brown in the grand style of the Homeric epic. first of all, He calls on the Muses to assist him in recounting the fight as if it were of great historical importance.Like Homer who would list names of gods involved in the battle, he lists the names of the villagers. He treats Molly as a great hero at battle, an ―Amazonian heroine‖.Besides, he uses a mock-epic tone and seems very solemn about what he is describing. He uses formal words and refined language.Finally, he makes use of different figures of speech, particularly, irony and hyperbole.▲■Significance:Tom Jones brings its author the name of the "Prose Homer".The panoramic view it provides of the18th-century English country and city life with scores of different places and a whole gallery of about 40 characters is superb.The language is one of clarity and suppleness. And last of all, the plot construction is excellent. Its eighteen books of epic form are divided into three sections, 6 books each, clearly marked out by the change of scenes: in the country, on the highway and in London. By this, Fielding has indeed achieved his goal of writing a "comic epic in prose."AmeliaHenry Fielding‘s writing style1. Comic epic in prose:the grand style of classic epic in the depiction of common, ridiculous people.2. He started the third person narration. The narrator is a kind of all knowing God.3. The characters are vivid, convincing and true to life,4. His language is easy, familiar, vivid but vigorous.5. The content is noted for the theatrical devices: suspense, coincidence, surprise.What is ―comic epic in prose‖?1.The description in a grand style of classic epic. ―Classic epic‖ has:(a) a great hero(b) calls on Muses(c) give a list of names of gods(d) Compare small fights to great wars.2. Use verified language to narrate a small fight.3. Different figure of speech esp. irony, hyperboleSamuel Johnson (1709-1784)He had a hand in all the different branches of literary activities. He was a poet, dramatist, prose romancer, biographer, essayist, critic, lexicographer者and publicist.。
Lecture 04 Renaissance Literature (II)
Teaching Plan（The 4th Time, 2 Hours）I.Title: Renaissance Literature (II): Elizabethan Drama-Blooming Flower of British Literature II.Aim: Basic knowledge about Elizabethan Drama.III.Emphases and Difficulties:(1)Shakespeare’s works.(2)Shakespeare’s achievements.IV.Type of the Class: New Lesson TaughtV.Means of Teaching：LectureVI.Teaching Process:Elizabethan Drama1453/1517-17th century(I) English Drama before ShakespeareUniversity Wits,✓They laid foundation for William Shakespeare’s plays.✓7 writers, Thomas Kyd, Robert Greene, and Christopher Marlowe are famous for their dramas. III. English Drama before Shakespeare3.1 Thomas Lodge (1558-1625), p.40Chiefly known for his pastoral romance, wrote only one insignificant play3.2 Thomas Nashe (1567-1601) known for his picaresque romance “The Unfortunate Traveller, or Life of Jack Wilton”, wrote two unimportant dramas倒霉的旅行家3.3George Peele (1558-1598) wrote several plays, which were known for the lyrics in them.3.4 John Lyly (1553-1606), His comedies are full of wit and charm. He also wrote a satirical comedy.3.5 Thomas Kyd (1558-1594) is important chiefly for his revenge play, “The Spanish Tragedy”(1585 or 1592?), which followed the Roman dramatic tradition, and which employed blank verse. 3.6 Robert Greene (1558-1592) represented the adventurous spirit and the resourcefulness and many sidedness of the man of the Renaissance in England. Wrote many works in different genresHis plays influenced Shakespeare.3.7 Christopher Marlowe (1564-1593)# The greatest playwright before Shakespeare and the most gifted of the “University Wits.”# It is Marlowe who first? made blank verse (unrhymed iambic pentameter) the principal instrument of English drama.# Expressed fully the spirit of Humanism, and skillfully criticized human desire for infinite power, wealth, and knowledge.✓Tamburlaine《帖木尔》 (1587) , ambition;✓The Jew of Malta《马尔他的犹太人》,greed for wealth;✓The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus《浮士德博士的悲剧》,knowledge.(II) Shakespeare (1564-1616)✓Shakespeare the greatest dramatist of British Literature✓ A realist, one of the founders of realism in English literature (and romanticist)✓37 plays✓154 sonnets✓4~5 long narrative poems✓He was not of an age, but for all time. –Ben Jonson2.1. Life and Literary Career✓On 26 April, 1564, born in Stratford-on-Avon, 埃文河✓His father, glover and dealer of other commodities, alderman, later bailiff (副司法官）in 1568 justice of the peace治安法官, whose fortune declined.✓Shakespeare Attended grammar school, learned Latin & Greek✓Didn’t finish his schooling for his father’s financial difficulties✓His mother had 8 children but only four boys and a girl survived childhood.✓1582, got married to Anne Hathaway of Shottery, a village close to Stratford. His wife 8 years his senior.✓ A daughter, Susanna, 1583.✓And twins, Hamnet and Judith, 1585.✓He had been a schoolmaster?✓1585 or 1586 went to London, for deer stealing? Prosecuted起诉 by Sir Thomas Lucy.✓Got employed in or near a playhouse? Taking care of gentlemen’s horses? serving as a prompter’s attendant?提词✓Then Became an actor.✓Probably in 1588-1590, began to write plays, in collaboration with, imitation of, or revision of others.✓1592, achieved some success, attacked ostensibly表面上的by Robert Greene, “an upstart Crow” who “supposes he is as well able to bombast out a blanke verse as the best of you” and who “is in his owne conceit the onely Shakescene in a countrey” suggests parody of a line from Henry VI.✓Non-dramatic poems:✓1593, Venus and Adonis✓1594, The Rape of Lucrece✓1609, 154 sonnets published without the author’s consent✓His plays published without his permission known as “quartos”四开本✓1623， 36 of his plays (Pericles 伯利克里not included)✓In his later years, Shareholder in playhouses✓1611 or 1612, retired partly from London, bought a house in Stratford, and lived there.✓After that, visited London at times.✓1616, Died in Stratford.2.2 Division of His Literary Career(1) Early Period (1590/88~1600/01)A) Period of apprenticeship, collaboration or imitation of other playwrights.✓9 of his 10 history plays,✓ 2 of his early tragedies, Romeo and Juliet (1594-96), Julius Caesar (1599)B) All his important“romantic”comedies.✓ A Midsummer Night’s Dream (1595-6)✓The Merchant of Venice (1596-7)✓As You Like It ( 1599-1600)✓The Twelfth Night (1599-1600)(2) Maturing Period (1601-1608)A)All the great tragediesHamlet (1600-1601) )《哈姆雷特》Othello (1603-1604) 《奥赛罗》King Lear (1605-1606) 《李尔王》Macbeth (1605-1606) 《麦克白》Antony and Cleopatra (1600-1601)安东尼和克利奥帕特拉/克娄巴特拉Coriolanus (1603-1604) 科里奥兰纳斯Timon of Athens (1605-1606)B) Some earlier tragi-comedies✓Measure for measure (1604)✓All’s Well That Ends Well (1602-1604)✓Troilus and Cressida (1601-1602)(3) Last Period (1609-1612/13)3 Last tragi-comedies✓Cymbeline (1609-10) 辛白林✓The Winter’s Tale (1610-11)✓The Tempest (1611)2.3. Summary on Shakespeare2.3.1 General Comments on his Works✓narratives poems are common✓Some of his sonnets are far more superior than other Elizabethan sonnet sequences.✓Of the 37 plays, about 20 achieved their eminence in degrees.2.3.2 His Achievements (contributions)(1) Characterization: typical characters in typical situations. The characters are revealed in their conflicts with their surroundings & with their fellowmen;(2) Serious themes reflecting the social problems (conflicts in his time and in his country). His comedies lay emphasis on emancipation of women; anti-feudalism, contradictions between the rich and the poor; revealed the early colonization, racial problem arising with capitalism; the powerful effect of money;(3) His plays broke the “three unities” of time, place and action.(4) Psychological revelation of the characters(5) He combines in his drama the majestic and the funny, the poetic and the prosaic, the tragic and comic.(6) Plot Construction: parallel threads, suspense, and dramatic irony(7) He used and developed the traditional dramatic skills. (ghost, play within a play, madness of the character, The Spanish Tragedy, Kyd)(8) Excellence in language.✓Poetry (sonnets and blank verse); he employed blank verse as the major language of his dramas. ✓Prose (16000 words vocabulary) development of euphuism of Lyly2.3.3 Defect:✓Not much regards to morality. (Or probably he is just telling the truth?)✓Looseness in plot or structure. (the latter half of the plays are inferior)✓Neglect of historical reality. (dislocation of social conventions)2.3.4. Shakespeare on Dramatic Creation✓Drama’s purpose is “to hold, as it were, the mirror up to nature; to show virtue her own feature, scorn her own image, and the very age and body of the time his form and pressure.”Hamlet戏剧的宗旨: 那由古迄今都是模彷事实, 展示道德, 揭发丑陋, 及忠实的反映社会生活。
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春夜喜雨
唐· 杜甫
好雨知时节，
当春乃发生。 随风潜入夜， 润物细无声。
微雨洒芳尘，酝造可人春色
酝造：酿造。可人：喜人。 宋 石孝友《好事近》
暖雨晴风初破冻，柳眼梅腮，已觉春心动。 ——宋.李清照《蝶恋花》
When
also Zephyrus with his sweet breath Exhales an air in every grove and heath Upon the tender shoots, and the young sun His half-course in the sign of the Ram has run
The General Prologue
Prologue: a separate introductory section of a literary work. Couplet : a stanza consisting of two lines with the same rhyme Heroic couplet : a pair of iambic pentameter lines When the sweet showers of April fall and shoot / / - / - / - / Down through the draught of March to pierce the root / / / / - /
Symbols are objects, characters, figures, or colors used to represent abstract ideas or concepts. Springtime The Canterbury Tales opens in April, at the height of spring. The birds are chirping, the flowers blossoming, and people long in their hearts to go on pilgrimages, which combine travel, vacation, and spiritual renewal. The springtime symbolizes rebirth and fresh beginnings.
3. The language 4. Appreciation Questions:
பைடு நூலகம்
1. In which season did the story happen? 2. Zephyrus: 3. How to understand “the young sun”? 4. How to understand “when they were sick?” 5. What is the symbolic meaning of springtime? 6. Symbolic meaning of pilgrimage in April? 7. A brief summary?
东风何时至，已绿湖上山
唐 丘为《题农父庐舍》
the youthful sun / His half-course in the sign of the Ram has run
The sun is young because it has run only half way through the Ram, which is the first sign of the Zodiac. The sun runs through the sign of the Ram annually, from March 21st to April 21st. For the zodiac signs, see the following picture.
When
the sweet showers of April fall and
shoot Down through the drought of March to pierce the root Bathing every vein in liquid power From which there springs the engendering of the flower
Pilgrims
Summary: The Opening lines of The General
Prologue The narrator opens the General Prologue with a description of the return of spring. He describes the April rains, the burgeoning flowers and leaves, and the chirping birds. Around this time of year, the narrator says, people begin to feel the desire to go on a pilgrimage. Many devout English pilgrims set off to visit shrines in distant holy lands, but even more choose to travel to Canterbury to visit the relics of Saint Thomas Becket in Canterbury Cathedral, where they thank the martyr for having helped them when they were in need. The narrator tells us that as he prepared to go on such a pilgrimage, staying at a tavern in Southwark called the Tabard Inn, a great company of twenty-nine travelers entered.
黄 道 十 二 宫 视 觉 图
白羊座 金牛座 双子座 巨蟹座 狮子座 处女座 天秤座 天蝎座 射手座 摩羯座 水瓶座 双鱼座
And
the small fowls are making melody That sleep sway the night with the open eye (so nature pricks them and their heart engages)
A
pilgrimage is a religious journey undertaken for penance and grace.
are those who strive to obtain salvation of their soul through a physical journey undertaken for love of God.
iambic pentameter lines)
The Poet’s Corner in the Westminster Abbey built in Chaucer’s honour
II. The Canterbury Tales is a collection of stories written by Geoffrey Chaucer in the 14th century. The tales, some of which are originals and others not, are contained inside a frame tale and told by a collection of pilgrims on a pilgrimage from Southwark to Canterbury to visit the shrine of Saint Thomas Becket at Canterbury Cathedral.
Lecture 2
Geoffrey Chaucer (1340 — 1400) The English Renaissance
Part 1: Geoffrey Chaucer (1340 — 1400)
I. Life father of English poetry Founder of English realism First to use the London dialect in writing First great poet to use the English language in writing Master of word picture First to use heroic couplets (a rhymed pair of
春在乱花深处鸟声中
宋 陈亮《南歌子》
The
people long to go on pilgrimages the palmers long to seek the stranger strands Of far-off saints, hallowed in sundry lands, And specially, from every shire’s end in England, down to Canterbury they wend to seek the holy blissful martyr, quick in giving help to them when they were sick.
Boccacio’s Decameron initiates the trend of story-telling by turns in literature
The pilgrims on their way to Canterbury
1.The Prologue 2. Significance: Chaucer is the father of English literature, and started a great tradition for English literature: he initiated the realistic tradition in English literature; he initiated the tradition of irony and satire in English literature; though he used London dialect to write The Canterbury Tales, Chaucer contributed a lot to prosody in English poetry, and was the first English poet to write with heroic couplet (two rhyming lines of iambic pentameter).