笔记中英语缩写
wh英文缩写作业指导
wh英文缩写作业指导
WH英文缩写通常指的是"What"和"How"这两个单词的缩写形式。
"What"的缩写是"W"，而"How"的缩写是"H"。
这两个缩写通常用于书
写时的简化，特别是在笔记、备忘录或者速记中。
例如，在书写问
题或者指导时，可以使用"WH"来代表"What"和"How"，以节省时间和
空间。
另外，"WH"也可以指代疑问词的一类，包括"what"、"when"、"where"、"who"、"why"和"how"，这些词在构成疑问句或者引导从
句时经常使用。
这些疑问词在英语中起着非常重要的作用，帮助我
们了解信息、提出问题或者进行解释。
在工作或学习中，了解和正确使用缩写形式是非常重要的，它
可以提高工作效率，减少书写时间，并且让信息更加简洁明了。
因此，掌握常见的缩写形式对于提高书写和沟通能力是非常有帮助的。
总的来说，了解"WH"的英文缩写形式有助于我们更好地书写和
理解信息，提高工作效率和沟通能力。
希望这些信息能够对你有所
帮助。
口译笔记的符号和缩略语
一、口译笔记的符号系统和缩略语语言是一个符号系统（包括文字符号）。
用各种符号作记录，概括性强、重点突出、一目了然。
学习一些常规口译笔记中经常使用的符号与缩写词是很有好处的。
在此基础上，每个人也可以形成一套自己常用的、熟悉的、有效的笔记系统。
下面归纳几种相对固定的符号和简写形式，供大家在练习和实践中参考。
（一）箭头“→”表示到达、传达：go into，arrive at，give to，send to，present to, etc. 导致、引导：lead to, result in, in the direction of, etc.“←”表示来自于：be/come from，return，receive from, etc. 追溯到：come/go back to，originate in, etc.“↑”表示上升：up/upward/rise，increase，arise，ascend, etc. 发射、起飞、升空：launch，ascend, skyrocket, etc.发展、加强、推进：develop，strengthen， promote, etc.“↓”表示向下、下降：down/downward/drop, decrease, jump, etc. 减少、恶化：reduce, deteriorate, go down, etc.（二) 数学符号“+”表示和、还有、另外、加上、多：and, in addition to, furthermore, many, lots of, etc.“－”表示减少、除去、少：minus, lack, in short of, little, few, etc.“×”表示错误、没有、反对、冲突：wrong, something bad, negative, conflict, confrontation, etc.“＞”表示大于、超过、多于：greater, larger or more than, better than, surpass, more and more, etc.“<”表示小于、不如、次于、比不上：smaller than, fewer/less than, worse than, inferior to, etc.“=”表示等于、相当于、一样：the same as，that is to say， in other words，be equal to, etc. 对手：match/rival/competitor, counterpart.“≠”表示不等于、不同：not equal to, be different from, etc.“≈”表示大约、左右：about/around，or so， approximately, etc.“∵”表示由于、因为：because, as, due to, thanks to, owing to, etc.“∴”表示所以、因此、因而、结果：so, therefore, as a result, consequently, etc.（三) 标点符号“：”表示说：say, speak, talk, marks, announce, declare, etc. 意见、观点、主意：opinion, idea, viewpoint, etc.“?”表示问题：question，issue，problem, etc.“．”点的位置不同表示的概念也不一样：“．d”表示yesterday，“．y"表示last year，“．2m”表示two months ago，“y”表示this year，“y2．”表示 two years later/in two years，“next week”，可以表示为“wk．”“（）”表示在……之间：among, within, etc.（四) 其它符号“√”表示好：right/good，famous/well-known，etc. 同意：stand up for，support， agree with somebody, certain/ affirmative, etc.“& ”表示和、与：and，together with，along with， accompany，along with，further more，etc.“☆”表示重要的、杰出的、优秀的、榜样：important， best，outstanding，brilliant，model, etc.“∥”表示结束：end，stop，halt，bring something to a standstill/stop, etc.“°”表示人、者：person, people, 如经济学家可以表示为“经°”，中国人可以表示为“中°”，etc.“⊙”表示会议、讨论、谈判：meeting, seminar, discussion, negotiation, etc.“♂”表示男人：man, male, boy, etc.“♀”表示女人：woman, female, girl, etc.“□”表示国家：country, state, nation, etc.“△”表示代表：represent, on behalf of, etc.“∽”表示交流、交换、替代、相互：exchange, mutual, each other, communication, replace, etc.（五) 缩略词英语缩写词的写法一般有以下几种：●拿掉所有元音。
英语写作 笔记缩写
英语写作技巧ABBREVIATIONS FOR NOTE-TAKINGDo not try to perfect a definite system of “shorthand.” Here we have simply brought together the various ideas we have picked up over the years. You may select one or any combination of those ideas that fit your needs.1.Symbols. Symbols are especially helpful to students in engineering andmathematics.≠ does not equal ∆ change f frequency2.Create a family of symbols.0 organism Q individual O individuals3.Leave out the periods in standard abbreviations.cr = confer (Latin for compare) eg = exempli gratia (Latin forexample) dept = department NYC = New York Citye only the first syllable of a word.pol = politics dem = democracylib = liberal cap = capitalisme the entire first syllable and only the first letter of the second syllable.subj = subject cons = conservativetot = totalitarianism ind = individual6.Eliminate final letters. Use just enough of the beginning of a word to form easilyrecognizable unit.assoc= associate, associated ach = achievementbiol = biological info = informationintro = introduction chem = chemistrycon = concentration max = maximumrep = repetition7.Omit vowels from the middle of words, and retain only enough constants to providea recognizable skeleton of the word.bkgd = background ppd = preparedprblm = problem estmt = estimategvt = governmente an apostrophe.gov’t= government am’t= amountcon’t= continued educat’l = educational9.Form the plural of the symbol word or abbreviated word by adding “s”.s = areas chaps = chaptersfs = frequencies ∆s = changese “g” to represent “ing” endings.decg = decreasing ckg = checkingestg = establishing exptg = experimentinge a dot to represent rate. A dot placed over a symbol or a word indicates theword “rate”.v = vibration rate f = frequency rate12.Short words should generally be spelled out. Symbols, signs, or abbreviations forshort words will make the notes too dense with “shorthand”.In but at for to key13.Leave out unimportant verbs.went came be14.Leave out “a” and “the.”15.If a term, phrase, or name is initially written out in full during the lecture, initials canbe substituted whenever the term, phrase, or name is used again.Initial writing:.....and the effect of the Modern Massachusetts will be felt.....Subsequently: MMe symbols for commonly recurring connective or transitional words.& = and w/= with w/o= without vs= against¶。
笔记术(1)使用缩写和符号提高记笔记的速度
笔记术（1）使用缩写和符号提高记笔记的速度有很多读者对笔记术有兴趣，这方面研究了很长时间，有些心得跟大家分享一下。
今天从符号开始分享，这篇以前在Blog上分享过，如果你没有看过，值得学习一下：摘录：《經理人月刊.NO.63期.一次學會,筆記的技術》通用符号你可以学习使用以下这些符号，来代替那些需要记录的文字。
有趣的是，其中一些符号经常在数学中被运用。
＝等于（equal) e.g．举例（for example)≈大约（about) i.e．即是（that is)→结果（result) esp．尤其（especially)←原因（reason) p.s．附注（Postscript)↑增加（increase) ef 比较（compare)↓减少（reduce) NB 注意（NoteBene)＋加、并且（plus) ＆和（and)＊重点（keypoint) Q 问题（question)＞大于（more) A 答案（answer)＜小于（less) etc．等等（etcetera)△变成（become) pf 证明（proof)…因为（because) w/o 没有（without)…所以（therefore) VS．对抗（versus)~大概（approximately)(注：因为和所以的符号没有找到，是按三角方式的三个点，一个向上，一个向下)符号的使用规则1、抓取数字和名祠，将长句子化为关键字粗合只要一眼就能看出内容是什么，就是一篇合格的笔记。
《超有效备忘录》作者大腾文仁建议，记录时可尽量省去不必要的文字，抓取[数字]和「名祠]做重点·有效地简化笔记。
例如·[明天从东京车站搭上午6点的新干线xx号班车出差到大阪，预计抵达时间为早上9点，多数人应该只会记下r东京车站／6:00]，其于资讯都可省略，也不妨妨碍理解。
2、将资讯符号化，便于速记做笔记时，很多人都会使用一些简略符号，以加快书写速度，例如F＝傅真，M ＝手机，T=电话,会=会议，访＝拜访，★＝重要事情，？＝未确定事项，※=注意事项等等。
笔记当中的缩写和符号
一、缩略词英语当中缩略词使用的频率很高，如IMP: important, ASAP: as soon as possible。
很显然如果能熟练掌握缩略词，会对考试大有裨益。
缩略词的写法一般为四种方式：1.拿掉所有元音MKT: marketMGR: managerMSG: messageSTD: standardRCV: receive2.保留前几个字母INFO informationINS insuranceEXCH exchangeI owe you IOUIn stead of I/O3.保留开头和结尾的发音字母WK weekRM roomPL people4.根据发音R areTHO thoughTHRU through高级口译听力常用英语缩略词表缩略词原词APT ApartmentACC AccountantACDG AccordingACPT AcceptAD AdvertisementADS Address二、字母、图像Z 表示“人” people/person，因为Z 看上去像个人头，它通常被写在一个词或符号的右上角。
例如：日本人：JZ。
C 表示政府，统治：government，govern，希腊字母C读/ga:ma/,近似government, 所以就用C来表示govern, government。
governmental official 可以表示为CZ。
P 表示政治：politics, political，希腊字母P读/pai/,近似politics, political。
那么politician 就可以表示为PZ。
E 表示总数：total, totally, entire, entirely, on the whole, all in all, to sum up, ect. E在数学符号中表示总值。
G 表示效率：efficient, effective。
G为效率符号。
Q 表示“通货膨胀”：inflation，因为这个符号酷似一个上升的气球。
口译笔记常用缩写
1. A.C.S= American Chemical Society 美国化学学会2.APEC=Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation 亚太经济合作组织3.APHA=American Public Health Association 美国公共卫生协会4.ASEAN=Association of Southeast Asian Nations 东南亚国家联盟PIT=China Chamber['tʃembɚ] for Promotion of International Trade 中国国际贸易促进委员会6.CEN=Comite Europeen de Normalisation (European Committee[kə'mɪti]forStandardization[,stændədɪ'zeʃən]) 欧洲标准化委员会7.CQC=China Quality Certification Center 中国质量认证中心8.EFTA=European Free Trade Association 欧洲自由贸易联盟9.EU=European ['jʊrə'piən]Union 欧洲联盟10.FAO=Food and Agriculture Organization (Of the United Nations) (联合国)粮农组织11.FDA=Food and Drug Administration(of U.S.A) (美)食品药物管理局12.GATT=General Agreement Tariffs and Trade 关税与贸易总协定13.IAEA=International Atomic [ə'tɒmɪk]Energy Agency 国际原子能机构14.IEC=International Electrotechnical[i,lektrəu'teknikəl Commission 国际电工技术委员会15.ILO=International Labor Organization 国际劳工组织16.IMF=International Monetary ['mʌnɪtɛri]Fund 国际货币基金组织17.IMO=International Maritime ['mærɪtaɪm] Organization 国际海事组织18.ISO=International Standardization[,stændədɪ'zeʃən]Organization 国际标准化组织19.OPEC= Organization of Petroleum[pə'trolɪəm] Exporting Countries 石油输出国组织20.UNCTAD=United Nations Conference on Trade and Development联合国贸易与发展会议21.UNDP=United Nations Development Program联合国开发计划署22.UNEP=United Nations Environment Program 联合国环境署23.WB=World Bank 世界银行24.WCO=World Customs Organization 世界海关组织25.WHO=World Health organization 世界卫生组织26.WIPO=World Intellctual Property Organization 世界知识产权组织27.WTO=World Trade Organization 世界贸易组织1. 国民生产总值 GNP=Gross National Product2. 国内生产总值 GDP=Gross Domestic[də'mɛstɪk]Product3. 中华人民共和国PRC=People’s Republic of China4. 中国共产党 CPC=Communist['kɑmjənɪst]Party of China5. 全国人民代表大会 NPC=the National People’s Congress['kɒŋgres]6. 政协 CPPCC=Chinese People's Political Consultative [kən'sʌltətɪv] Conference7. 社会保障体系社保/SSS=Social Security System8. 国有企业SOE=State-owned Enterprise['ɛntɚ'praɪz]9. 中小企业SME=Small and Medium-size Enterprise10. 投资回报率 ROI=return on investment11. 外国直接投资 FDI=Foreign Direct Investment12. 非政府组织NGO=Non-governmental Organization13. 并购 M&A=merger['mɝdʒɚ] and acquisition[,ækwɪ'zɪʃən]1.ATM英文Automatic['ɔtə'mætɪk] Teller['tɛlɚ] Machine的缩写，即自动柜员机，又称自动取款机。
口译专题 笔记符号4 字母与缩写
口译专题2017-5-3口译笔记常用英文字母●●速记所听到的词组或单词，注意缩略词和笔记符号的使用。
1._____________________________ 11. _____________________________2._____________________________ 12. _____________________________3._____________________________ 13. _____________________________4._____________________________ 14. _____________________________5._____________________________ 15. _____________________________6._____________________________ 16. _____________________________7._____________________________ 17. _____________________________8._____________________________ 18. _____________________________9._____________________________ 19. _____________________________10._____________________________ 20. _____________________________听力填空练习You have been at Furnell University for two weeks now. As usual, you need enough time to _____________ (1).You also want to spend time with your new friends and______________(2). But, after the first two weeks of classes, you have probably concluded that there isn't enough time to_____________ (3), because you also have to attend classes, go to labs, do assignments ________________(4).Soon you will be in a situation like this one. You are going to _______________ (5) in your 10 o’clock class. You studied for it until 3 a.m. You also have an eight o'clock. _________________ (6) and skip the eight o'clock class? To some extent the answer depends on _____________ (7). Some instructors announce that ________________ (8). In that case you really should go to class. Some don't say anything. In that case you have to decide. _______________(9) it is better to stay in bed and sleep than to get so tired you cannot think. However, it is not a good idea to skip class ________________ (10).If you have to skip a class, ask another student for the class notes, _______________ (11). Also, come to the next class prepared. If you miss class ________________(12), tell the instructor afterward. He or she may let you_______________(13). If you have an important appointment, tell the instructor about it ________________ (14).Here is another problem. You took the quiz. Even after studying very hard, you could not answer all the questions. ________________ (15) you always got every answer right. What went wrong? Nothing. High school work is easy, so a good student is supposed to _______________(16). In college the teacher wants to challenge even the best students. Therefore, almost nobody________________ (17).But maybe there were some very _______________(18) in that course you don't understand. Go see the teacher during _________________(19). Most teachers will gladly explain things again. Of course, they will not be pleased to _______________(20) to someone who skipped class.Maybe you really should get up for that eight o'clock class!听译练习短文速记练习Baby-boomers in the U.S.。
笔记符号和缩写汇总
笔记符号和缩写汇总Symbols1. 字母、图像Z 表示"人"people/person，因为"Z"看上去像个人头，它通常被写在一个词或符号的右上角。
例如：日本人：J Z.C 表示政府，统治：government，govern 希腊字母C读/ga:ma/,近似government, 所以就用C来表示govern, government. governmental official 可以表示为C ZP 表示政治：politics, political希腊字母P读/pai/,近似politics, political.那么politician 就可以表示为P Z∑表示总数：total, totally, entire, entirely, on the whole, all in all, to sum up, etc. ∑数学符号表示总值。
G 表示效率：efficient, effective. G为效率符号。
Q 表示"通货膨胀"：inflation因为这个符号酷似一个上升的气球。
A 表示农业: agriculture. agriculture经常用到，所以用首字母代替。
B 表示商业：business.C×表示冲突，矛盾：conflict，confrontation "C×"中的"×"表示反对，字母"C"将反对的概念缩小为conflict 和confrontation.W 表示工作，职业: work, employ 等。
它是work的第一个字母。
所以W Z就可以用来表示worker, 而W（Z在字母上方表示employer, 在字母下方表示employee）。
i 表示工业: industry, industrial 字母i 像只烟囱，所以用来可以用来表示工业。
口译笔记符号
1 常见笔记符号全球，世界，国际，global, international, world≰会议，研讨会，大会，conference, seminar, symposium, meeting(市)中心，中心的，downtown, center, central○空洞，无效，空白，invalid, ineffective, empty, blank, vacant, vacancy∞接触，联系，关系contact, link, touch，association, relationship∞合作，cooperation, work together, collaborate☺高兴，happy, pleased, delighted, pleasure, delight, joy不高兴，sad, unhappy, displeased✠不许，禁止，停止，stop, end, forbid+ 医院，医疗，hospital, medical＠关于，就，位于，通过，为了，as regard to, concerning, about, be located in, be situated in, through, for﹡（基本）点(basic) points／删除，消除，delete, cross out, eliminate, remove, clear up, omit∕∕与……相比而言，compared with, compared to·∕·双边，bilateral·∕一方面，on one hand∕·另一方面，on the other hand// 但是，可是，然而，but, however, nevertheless, although＆和，与，此外，而且，and, together with, with№第(几)，number°人，people, -ist, -cian, -er，-or△代表represent, on behalf, stand for△°代表，representative, agent☆优秀的，重要的，important, excellent, outstanding, fantastic, distinguished ☆°优秀人物，excellent people主持，preside, host, chair主持人，主席，总统，president, chairman, host□国，国家，state, country, nation▪国内，national, domestic∙国外，foreign, abroad, overseas□/□国与国之间，between countries出口，出国，export, go abroad□进口，到国内，import, come into our countryγ统治，政府，政府的，govern, government, governmentalγ°政府领导人，政府官员，government officials＃结束，结尾，end, finish, conclude, wind up, close, be over↑上升，增加，出现，建立，发展，加强，改善，提高，go up, increase, come into being, appear, emerge, develop, enhance, strengthen, promote,improve↓下降，减少，着陆，go down, decrease, lessen, reduce, abate, diminish, subside, landing←来自，起源，原因，由……造成，come from, origin, originate from, result from→造成，导致，到达，给，方向，结论是，lead to, result in, go to, arrive at, give，in the direction of, conclude, conclusion∽替换成为，be replaced as, substitute,交流，双向，对话，相互(的)，共有的，exchange, two-way, dialogue, mutual, one another, each other≈大约，约等于，大概，差不多，approximate, around, about, approach, close, near, roughly≠不等于，不平等，not equal to, inequality≠分歧，不同点，disagreement, discord, difference＝等于，相当于，意味着，be equivalent to, which means＞＜对立，冲突，conflict, clash, opposition↓压力，印象，印象深刻的，pressure, impression, impressed＜小于，少于，劣于，回顾，smaller than, less than, worse than, inferior to, look back on, in retrospect, review＞大于，多于，好于，展望，larger than, more than, better than, superior than, look into the future, look forward to, prospect≮不小于，不少于，不劣于，not smaller than, no less than, no worse than, not inferior to≯不大于，不多于，不好于，not larger than, no more than, no better than, not superior to＋和，加，正面的，多，and, add, addition, plus, positive, a lot, many, quitea few＋＋(比较级) 更，更多，更加，more,＋＋＋(最高级) 最多(的)，最大(的)，最高程度(的)，the most－减，负面的，少，subtract, subtraction, minus, negative, few, little－－(比较级) 更少(的)，更小(的)，less－－－(最高级) 最少(的)，最小(的)，the least×错误，不好，mistakes, errors, not good√正确，好，correct, good, okayi 工业(的)，industry∨胜利，成功(的)，victory, success, successful∑总和，合计，total, total amount, total value, add up to, amount to∪(像酒杯) 协议，合约，合同，agreement, treaty, contract∩转换，改变，transform, transition, switch↔属于，belong to∵因为，由于，because, as, for, since∴因此，所以，hence, therefore, so, so that？问题，什么，疑问，question, what, issue, doubt！重要，需引起注意，危险，当心，important, worth attention, danger, caution！！关心，重视，care, emphasize, pay attention to, attach importance to︰说，表明，是，speak, say, shows, demonstrate, be( ) 包括，包含，including, contain, cover, comprise￡英镑，pounds＄美元，dollars￥人民币，元，金钱，yuan, RMB, moneyY 同意，Y es, approve, agreed 今天，today.d 昨天，yesterdayd. 明天，tomorroww 本周，this week.w 上周，last weekw. 下周，next weeky 今年，this year.2y 两年前，two years ago10y. 十年后，ten years later以上是一些最常见的笔记符号。
(完整版)口译笔记符号汇总
二. 货币简写三．时间简写四．度量衡五. 缩略词六．较长单词的处理办法七．字母、图像、符号一、缩略词英语当中缩略词使用的频率很高，如IMP: important, ASAP: as soon as possible。
很显然如果能熟练掌握缩略词，会对考试大有裨益。
缩略词的写法一般为四种方式：F拿掉所有元音MKT: marketMGR: managerMSG: messageSTD: standardRCV: receiveF保留前几个字母INFO informationINS insuranceEXCH exchangeI owe you IOUIn stead of I/OF保留开头和结尾个发音字母WK weekPL peopleF根据发音R areTHO thoughTHRU through二、字母、图像Z 表示"人"people/person，因为"Z"看上去像个人头，它通常被写在一个词或符号的右上角。
例如：日本人：JZ。
C 表示政府，统治：government，govern 希腊字母C读/ga:ma/,近似government, 所以就用C来表示govern, government。
governmental official 可以表示为 CZP 表示政治：politics, political希腊字母P读/pai/,近似politics, political。
那么politician就可以表示为 PZE 表示总数：total, totally, entire, entirely, on the whole, all in all, to sum up, ect. E 数学符号表示总值。
G 表示效率：efficient, effective。
G为效率符号。
Q 表示"通货膨胀"：inflation因为这个符号酷似一个上升的气球。
A 表示农业: agriculture. agriculture经常用到，所以用首字母代替。
口译笔记常用符号及缩略语-new
因形状看起来像酒杯，表示值得庆祝的“协议”、“协定”、“条约”或“合同”（agreement, accord, treaty, contract）。因此，“双边协议”、“三边协议”或者“多边协议”就可以分别在∪里面加上2、3或者m（多）。
$
表示“金钱”、“财富”（money, wealth）
∞
交流、交换、关系、相互的（communication, relationship, relation, partnership, interrelation, communicate, exchange, interchange, interact, each other）
˚
表示“人”（person, people），因为它看起来像个人头。一般不单独用，而是用在单词、符号或者字母的右上角，比如“中国人”可以写成“中˚”，“美国人”（US˚），“政客/政治家”（政˚），“老师”（T˚或者教˚）
因为看起来像圆形的会议桌，所以常用来表示“会议、开会、讨论或谈判”等，或者会议性的机构。
口译笔记常用符号及缩略语
1.常用符号
（1）数学符号
数学符号
可代替的意思
+
加上、和、另外、除此之外（plus, and, inadditionto）
－
减去、缺乏/少（minus, lack,in short of/ in shortage of,etc）
×
错误、不、坏的（wrong/incorrect，something bad，notorious，negative,not,etc.）
加在动词下表示“过去的动作”、“……过”或“……了”；加在表示时间的数字下面表示“过去……年/月天（last, past）”
∧
口译笔记符号
＝﹥总结，总之，概括，最后，finally, in short, on the whole, all in all, in other words, in a conclusion, generally speaking, afterward, at last
﹒“﹒d”表示：yesterday,“d﹒”表示：tomorrow,“﹒y”表示:last year,“y”表示：this year,“y﹒”表示：next year,“﹒2m”表示：two months ago,“2y﹒”表示：two years later/ in two years,“wk﹒”表示：next week
@关于
版权
□国家：country, state, nation
国内
国外
＝等于，一样，相同，be equal to, the same as, just as, none but, none other than, in the same way, that is to say, in other words对手：match/rival/competitor, counterpart
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ca英文缩写 笔记
ca英文缩写笔记"CA" 的英文缩写可能代表以下含义：1. CA：Cancer antigen（肿瘤抗原）2. CA：California（加利福尼亚州）3. CA：Catholic Archdiocese（天主教大主教区）4. CA：Council of Architecture（建筑委员会）5. CA：Civil Aviation Authority（民航局）6. CA：Certificate Authority（证书颁发机构）7. CA：Civil Aviation（民航）8. CA：Chartered Accountant（特许会计师）9. CA：Carrier Ethernet（运营商以太网）10. CA：Cardiology Associates（心脏病学协会）11. CA：Cellulose acetate（醋酸纤维素）12. CA：Cultural Anthropology（文化人类学）13. CA：Cancer（癌症）14. CA：Calcium（钙）15. CA：Consumer Affairs（消费者事务）16. CA：Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG)（绒毛膜促性腺激素）17. CA：Cytokine Antagonist（细胞因子拮抗剂）18. CA：Contraction Acceleration（收缩加速）19. CA：Cancer Association of America（美国癌症协会）20. CA：Cannabis Anonymous（大麻匿名者）21. CA：Cardiology Associates (医疗机构)22. CA：Computer-Aided （计算机辅助的）23. CA：Cancer Antigen (肿瘤抗原)24. CA：Cytokine Antagonist (细胞因子拮抗剂)25. CA：Cell Adhesion Molecule (细胞粘附分子)26. CA: Central America (中美洲)27. CA: Carbonic Anhydrase (碳酸酐酶)28. CA: Cellular Automata (细胞自动机)29. CA: Civil Aviation (民用航空)30. CA: Cellular Abnormality (细胞异常)31. CA: Civil Affairs (民政)32. CA: Chief Architect (总建筑师)33. CA: Carrier Frequency Offset (载波频率偏移)34. CA: Cellular Activation (细胞活化)35. CA: Cellular Adhesion (细胞粘附)36. CA: California (加利福尼亚州)37. CA: Cellular Aging (细胞衰老)38. CA: Cellular Apoptosis (细胞凋亡)39. CA: Cellular Automaton (细胞自动机)40. CA: Carbon Arc (碳弧)41. CA: Cellular Activity (细胞活性)。
英语口译入门-笔记
一、口译笔记的符号系统和缩略语语言是一个符号系统（包括文字符号）。
用各种符号作记录，概括性强、重点突出、一目了然。
学习一些常规口译笔记中经常使用的符号与缩写词是很有好处的。
在此基础上，每个人也可以形成一套自己常用的、熟悉的、有效的笔记系统。
下面归纳几种相对固定的符号和简写形式，供大家在练习和实践中参考。
（一）箭头“→”表示到达、传达：go into，arrive at，give to，send to，present to, etc. 导致、引导：lead to, result in, in the direction of, etc.“←”表示来自于：be/come from，return，receive from, etc. 追溯到：come/go back to，originate in, etc.“↑”表示上升：up/upward/rise，increase，arise，ascend, etc. 发射、起飞、升空：launch，ascend, skyrocket, etc.发展、加强、推进：develop，strengthen，promote, etc.“↓”表示向下、下降：down/downward/drop, decrease, jump, etc. 减少、恶化：reduce, deteriorate, go down, etc.（二) 数学符号“+”表示和、还有、另外、加上、多：and, in addition to, furthermore, many, lots of, etc.“－”表示减少、除去、少：minus, lack, in short of, little, few, etc.“×”表示错误、没有、反对、冲突：wrong, something bad, negative, conflict, confrontation, etc.“＞”表示大于、超过、多于：greater, larger or more than, better than, surpass, more and more, etc.“<”表示小于、不如、次于、比不上：smaller than, fewer/less than, worse than, inferior to, etc.“=”表示等于、相当于、一样：the same as，that is to say，in other words，be equal to, etc. 对手：match/rival/competitor, counterpart.“≠”表示不等于、不同：not equal to, be different from, etc.“≈”表示大约、左右：about/around，or so，approximately, etc.“∵”表示由于、因为：because, as, due to, thanks to, owing to, etc.“∴”表示所以、因此、因而、结果：so, therefore, as a result, consequently, etc.（三) 标点符号“：” 表示说：say, speak, talk, marks, announce, declare, etc. 意见、观点、主意：opinion, idea, viewpoint, etc.“?” 表示问题：question，issue，problem, etc.“．”点的位置不同表示的概念也不一样：“．d”表示yesterday，“．y"表示last year，“．2m”表示two months ago，“y”表示this year，“y2．”表示two years later/in two years，“next week”，可以表示为“wk．”“（）” 表示在……之间：among, within, etc.（四) 其它符号“√” 表示好：right/good，famous/well-known，etc. 同意：stand up for，support，agree with somebody, certain/ affirmative, etc.“& ” 表示和、与：and，together with，along with，accompany，along with，further more，etc.“☆” 表示重要的、杰出的、优秀的、榜样：important，best，outstanding，brilliant，model, etc.“∥” 表示结束：end，stop，halt，bring something to a standstill/stop, etc.“°”表示人、者：person, people, 如经济学家可以表示为“经°”，中国人可以表示为“中°”，etc.“⊙”表示会议、讨论、谈判：meeting, seminar, discussion, negotiation, etc.“♂”表示男人：man, male, boy, etc.“♀”表示女人：woman, female, girl, etc.“□”表示国家：country, state, nation, etc.“△”表示代表：represent, on behalf of, etc.“∽”表示交流、交换、替代、相互：exchange, mutual, each other, communication, replace, etc.（五) 缩略词英语缩写词的写法一般有以下几种：∙拿掉所有元音。
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一、缩写词：Abbreviations in Note takingUse only the abbreviations that fit your needs and that you will remember easily. A good idea is to introduce only a few abbreviations into your note taking at a time.1．Symbols helpful in math -- these are commonly used in texts and references.S = sumf = frequencyLeave out periods in standard abbreviations.cf = comparee.g. = exampledept = departmentUse only the first syllable of a word.pol = politicsdem = democracylib = liberalcap = capitalismUse entire first syllable and only 1st letter of 2nd syllable.pres = presentationsubj = subjectind = individualcons = conservativeEliminate final letters. Use just enough of the word to form a recognizable abbreviation.assoc = associatebiol = biologyinfo = informationach = achievementchem = chemistrymax = maximumintro = introductionconc = concentrationmin = minimumrep = repetitionOmit vowels, retain only enough consonants to give a recognizable skeleton of the word.ppd = preparedprblm = problemestmt = estimatebkgd = backgroundgvt = governmentUse an apostrophe in place of letters.am't = amountcont'd = continuedgov't = governmenteducat'l = educationalForm the plural of a symbol or abbreviated word by adding s.chpts = chaptersegs = examplesfs = frequenciesintros = introductionsUse g to represent ing endings.ckg = checkingestg = establishingdecrg = decreasingexptg = experimentingSpell out short words such as in, at, to, but, for, and key.Abbreviations or symbols for short words will make the notes too dense with shorthand.Leave out unimportant words.Leave out the words a and the.If a term, phrase, or name is written out in full during the lecture, substitute initials whenever the term, phrase, or name is usedagain. For example, Center for Aerospace Sciences becomes CAS thereafter.Use symbols for commonly recurring connective or transitional words.& = andw/ = withw/o = withoutvs = against= therefore= = is or equal2. Use technical symbols where applicable. zb = German, for exampleibid = Latin, the same worko = degreesH2O = waterMore reference:Use standard maths, accounting, and science symbols. Examples:+ plus// parallelUse standard abbreviations and leave out full stops. Examples:eg exampleIT dept Information Technology departmentUK United KingdomUse only the first syllable of a word. Examples:mar marketingcus customercli clientUse the entire first syllable and the first letter of the second syllable. Examples: subj subjectbudg budgetind individualTo distinguish among various forms of the same word, use the first syllable of theword, an apostrophe, and the ending of the word. Examples:tech'gy technologygen'ion generalisationdel'y deliveryUse just enough of the beginning of a word to form a recognisable abbreviation. Examples:assoc associatedach achievementinfo informationOmit vowels from the middle of words, retaining only enough consonants to provide a recognisable skeleton of the word. Examples:bkgd backgroundmvmt movementprblm problemForm the plural of a symbol or abbreviatedword by adding 's.' Examples:custs customersfs frequencies/s ratiosUse 'g' to represent 'ing' endings. Examples: decrg decreasingckg checkingestblg establishingSpell out, rather than abbreviate short words. Examples:inbutaskeyLeave out unimportant verbs. Examples:iswaswereLeave out unnecessary articles. Examples:aantheIf a term, phrase, or name is initially written out in full during the talk or meeting, initials can be substituted whenever the term, phrase, or name is used again. Example:January Advertising Campaign Budget JACBUse symbols for common connective or transition words. Examples:@ at2 to4 for& andw/ withw/o withoutvs againstCreate your own set of abbreviations and symbols. You may wish to develop separate sets of symbols and abbreviations for different courses or subjects.Other Symbols and Abbreviationsas a result of / consequences of <---> resulting in --->and / also +equal to / same as =following ffmost importantly *less than <greater than >especially esp.（编辑：）参考/waiyu/2008/1208/a rticle_75680.html一、缩略词英语当中缩略词使用的频率很高，如IMP: important, ASAP: as soon as possible。
很显然如果能熟练掌握缩略词，会对考试大有裨益。
缩略词的写法一般为四种方式：F拿掉所有元音MKT: marketMGR: managerMSG: messageSTD: standardRCV: receiveF保留前几个字母INFO informationINS insuranceEXCH exchangeI owe you IOUIn stead of I/OF保留开头和结尾个发音字母WK weekRM roomPL peopleF根据发音R areTHO thoughTHRU through高级口译听力常用英语缩略词表缩略词原词APT ApartmentACC AccountantACDG AccordingACPT AcceptAD AdvertisementADS AddressADV AdviceAMAP As much/many as possible AMT AmountAPV ApproveASAP As soon as possibleBAL BalanceBLDG BuildingCERT CertificateCFM ConformCNCL CancelCNF ConferenceCMI CommissionCMP CompleteCMPE Compete/competitiveCMU CommunicationCONC Concern/concerning/concerned COND ConditionCO. CompanyDEPT DepartmentDISC DiscountDPT DepartureEXCH ExchangeEXPLN ExplainEXT ExtentFLT FlightFNT FinalFRT FreightFYR For your reference GD GoodGUAR GuaranteeH.O. Home office INFO Information IMPS ImpossibleIMP(T) Important INCD IncludeINDIV IndividualINS Insurance INTST InterestedI/O In stead ofIOU I owe youIVO In view of MANUF Manufacture MDL ModelMEMO Memorandum MGR MangerMIN MinimumMKT MarketMSG MessageNCRY NecessaryNLT No later than OBS ObserveOBT ObtainORD OrdinaryPAT PatentPC PiecePKG PackingPL PeoplePLS PleasePOSN Position POSS(BL) Possible PROD Product QLTY Quality QUTY Quantity RCV ReceiveREF Reference REGL RegularREP Representative RESN Reservation RPT Repeat RESPON Responsible SEC SectionSITN SituationSTD StandardTEL TelephoneTEMP TemporaryTGM TelegraphTHO ThoughTKS ThanksTRD TradeTRF TrafficTTL TotalU YouUR YourWK WeekWL WillWT WeightXL Extra large二、字母、图像Z 表示"人"people/person，因为"Z"看上去像个人头，它通常被写在一个词或符号的右上角。