chapter8--Dynamic Routing Protocol
Routing Protocol
7.2 路由协议路由协议是路由器软件中的重要组成部分。
路由器为互联的网络之间选择最佳的通信路都是通过这些路由协议来完成的。
路由协议的作用还在于建立以及维护路由表。
路由表用于为每个IP包选择输出端口或下一跳地址。
开放的路由协议主要包含RIP、OSPF、IS-IS以及Cisco公司私有的IGRP。
RIP是距离向量路由协议，一般用于企业内部小规模网络。
OSPF 和IS-IS协议的原理和实现都类似，是链路状态协议，一般用于大规模企业网或运营商网络。
7.2.1 静态路由与默认路由静态路由是在路由器中设置固定的路由表，即指定固定的传输路径，除非网络管理干预，否则将不会自动更改。
所以当网络的拓扑结构或链路的状态发生变化时，需要手动去修改路由表中相关的静态路由信息。
静态路由信息在默认情况下是私有的，不会传递给其他的路由器。
当然，网管员也可以通过对路由器进行设置使之成为共享的。
1．静态路由静态路由是一种特殊的路由，它由管理员手工配置而成。
通过静态路由的配置可建立一个互通的网络，但这种配置问题在于：当一个网络故障发生后，静态路由不会自动发生改变，必须有管理员的介入。
在组网结构比较简单的网络中，只需配置静态路由就可以使路由器正常工作，仔细设置和使用静态路由可以改进网络的性能，并可为重要的应用保证带宽。
静态路由还有如下的属性：可达路由。
正常的路由都属于这种情况，即IP 报文按照目的地标示的路由被送往下一跳，这是静态路由的一般用法。
目的地不可达的路由。
当到某一目的地的静态路由具有“丢弃”属性时，任何去往该目的地的IP报文都将被丢弃，并且通知源主机目的地不可达。
目的地为黑洞的路由。
当到某一目的地的静态路由具有“黑洞”属性时，任何去往该目的地的IP报文都将被丢弃，并且不通知源主机。
其中“丢弃”和“黑洞”属性一般用来控制本路由器可达目的地的范围，辅助网络故障的诊断。
通过配置静态路由，可以人为地指定对某一网络访问时所要经过的路径。
RFC1058 Routing Information Protocol
RFC1058 Routing Information Protocol1. 简介该文档描述了基于Bellman-Ford(距离向量)算法的一系列路由协议的一种协议。
从早期的ARPANET开始，该算法已经在计算机网络中用于路由计算。
本文描述的特定包格式和协议都基于程序”Routed”，该程序包含在Unix 的伯克利分发中。
”routed”已经成为事实的标准，用于在主机和网关间交换路由信息。
它被大多数商业IP网关的提供者实现。
然而，请注意，这些提供者中的很多都有自己的协议，用于自己的网关。
该协议常常被用作内部网关协议。
在一个国际级的网络，如当前的因特网，没有一个单个路由协议作为整个网络的协议使用。
网络被组织成很多的自治系统。
一个自治系统通常被一个管理实体，或者至少有一些技术或者管理控制。
这些在不同的自治系统间是不同的。
用在自治系统内部的协议叫做内部网关协议，或者“IGP”。
在自治系统间采用独立的协议。
最早的这种协议，依然在网络上使用，叫做外部网关协议“EGP”。
这种协议用作AS间的路由协议。
RIP设计工作在中等规模的网络，适用于很多校园或者区域网络的IGP。
RIP协议并不打算应用在更复杂的缓急国内下。
RIP是距离向量算法中的一个。
最早描述该算法的是作者Ford和Fulkerson。
因为这些，这个也叫做Ford-Fulkerson算法。
术语Bellman-Ford 也在使用。
它来源于事实，这个算法基于Bellman等式，动态编程的基础。
RIP用于基于IP的网络。
1.1.协议限制该协议并没有解决每一个路由问题。
如上所述，RIP的主要目的是用在IGP，适当的网络规模。
初次之外，下面的限制要注意：●该协议限制在网络最长距离15跳。
设计者相信这个基本的协议不适应大型的网络。
●协议依靠“计数到无限”来解决特定不常用的情况。
如果网络系统包含几百个网络，路由环回会形成。
环回的解决需要大量时间（如果路由更新频率受限），或者带宽（当检测到更新发送更新变化）。
Routing Protocol
RIPRIP 路由协议是目前在使用的路由协议中最简单的一种，RIP是为TCP/IP环境中开发的第一个路由协议标准，距离矢量协议，使用UDP520端口来操作1. 它每30秒发送一次广播更新，正因为它是使用了广播进行发送的更新，所以在大型网络中，如果路由条目多，所有主机都会监听接受路由更新，因此这样的路由协议是非常消耗带宽的。
2. 不适用触发更新。
触发更新就是一旦拓扑有所变化触发就会发送更新包。
加上它是每30秒钟发送一次，所以它的拓扑收敛速度非常的慢，在当今现在目前使用的网络中是不能接受的。
3.有类路由，也就是它不能发送子网掩码，这种也是在大型网络所不能接受的。
也正因为它是有类路由，所以它广播的路由可以没有掩码，这也就意味着能够在整个网络中进行发送。
默认为ver1RIP v2普遍应用于无类域间路由CIDR和可变长子网掩码VLSM支持无类路由和通过网络中子网掩码的发送，支持触发更新RIPv2的更新包使用广播地址224.0.0.9进行广播能够配置邻居包，配置了邻居后，能够使用单播进行发送，这样就减少了网络带宽流量支持在路由器之间支持Authentication无类路由协议在发送子网的时候会自动汇总，也就是意味着我一段10.10.10.0/24的网络将会被他使用10.0.0.0/8的这个大网络进行汇总过去。
一般在设备上默认都是汇总的。
所以我们在配置的路由协议的时候不要忘记配置no auto-summaryEIGRP它全称是增强型内部网关路由协议，属于无类路由协议它是一个非常流行的路由协议，（当然这是对cisco的设备来讲的。
别的设备不支持。
因为这是Cisco的私有路由协议）它是一个非常好的路由协议，当一个网络中规划好IP addr，它将会表现的更加出众特别是在大型网络中。
它是一种距离矢量协议，但它的特性看起来特别像是链路状态协议。
1.使用触发更新，只在拓扑有变更的时候才会有更新。
2.收敛速度非常快，特别是在大型网络中，一个网络中使用RIP 要数分钟的收敛，但通过EIGRP只需要几秒。
CCNA_ERouting_Chapter_3
1When multiple routing protocols have a route to the same destination network, what determines route is installed in the routing table?best metriclowest hop countgreatest available bandwidthlowest administrative distancelowest cost2A growing medium-sized manufacturing company recently began to have routing instability issue company uses static routes and has a mixture of over 30 Cisco and non-Cisco routers. The netw administrator has decided to convert the network to dynamic routing. What characteristics of pro should be considered in this selection process?Distance vector routing protocols, such as RIP, converge more quickly than do link-state rou protocols.EIGRP can be used on all of the routers in the company.OSPF can be used between the routers.An exterior routing protocol, such as BGP, is recommended for growing companies.3An engineer creates a static route by entering the Router(config)# ip route 10.0.0.0 255.255.25 192.168.1.2 command. What can be concluded about this route?The administrative distance of this route is 1.192.168.1.2 is the address of an interface on this router.This route will display as a directly connected network in the routing table.Packets with a destination IP address of 192.168.1.2 will be forwarded to the 10.0.0.0/24 ne 4W hat is the purpose of a routing protocol?It is used to build and maintain ARP tables.It provides a method for segmenting and reassembling data packets.It allows an administrator to devise an addressing scheme for the network.It allows a router to share information about known networks with other routers.It provides a procedure for encoding and decoding data into bits for packet forwarding.5Which two conditions would create a setting where the use of a distance-vector routing protocol efficient? (Choose two.)the network requires a special hierarchical designfast convergence of the network is crucialthe network is using a hub and spoke topologythe network is using a flat designthere are more than 15 hops between the most distant routers6Which command would the network administrator issue to determine if load balancing is in effect on a router?show ip protocolsshow ip routeshow ip interface briefshow ip interface7W hich of the following best describes the operation of distance vector routing protocols?They use hop count as their only metric.They only send out updates when a new network is added.They send their routing tables to directly connected neighbors.They flood the entire network with routing updates.8Which two statements correctly describe the concepts of administrative distance and metric? (Choose two.)Administrative distance refers to the trustworthiness of a particular route.A router first installs routes with higher administrative distances.The value of the administrative distance can not be altered by the network administrator.Routes with the smallest metric to a destination indicate the best path.The metric is always determined based on hop count.The metric varies depending which Layer 3 protocol is being routed, such as IP or IPX.9T he following line of code is present in the routing table:O 10.16.1.0/27 [110/129] via 192.168.1.5, 00:00:05, Serial0/0/1What does the number 129 indicate in this output?The cost for this link has a value of 129.The clock rate on this serial interface is set to 129,000.The next-hop router is 129 hops away from this router.This route has been updated 129 times in this routing table.10Which of the following conditions must be met in order for a network to have converged?The routers in the network are operating with dynamic routing protocols.The routers in the network are operating with compatible versions of IOS.The routers in the network are operating with the same routing tables.The routers in the network are operating with consistent routing knowledge.11Refer to the exhibit. Router1 and Router2 are running EIGRP. All interfaces are operational and packets can be forwarde networks. What information will be found in the routing table for Router1?Router1 will have 6 directly connected networks.The administrative distance of the route to network 172.16.0.0 will be 90.The metric for routes to 172.16.0.0 will be 1.The interface that is used to forward packets to 172.16.0.0 will always be the S0/1 interface.12W hich two statements are true regarding the advantages of the use of static routes? (Choose two).increased securityreduced effort in configuring routesthe administrator maintains control over routingeasier to implement in a growing networkreduces the chance of routing errorsincreased router resource usage13The following line of code is displayed in a routing table:R 209.165.201.0/24 [120/2] via 192.168.252.2, 00:00:16, S0/0/0What can be concluded from this output?A packet destined for host 192.168.252.2 will be forwarded out the interface connected to network 209.165.201.0/24The value, 120, is used to determine the best path when a router has more than one routing protocol configured for t destination network.This route was manually configured using the ip route command.192.168.252.2 is an interface on the router that produced this output.14W hat will be the result of the following commands?ORL(config)# interface fastethernet 0/0ORL(config-if)# ip address 172.16.3.1 255.255.255.0ORL(config-if)# no shutdownThe 172.16.3.0 network will be routed by any dynamic routing protocol automatically.A routing table entry is made to the 172.16.3.0 network with a code of "C".A static route is required to route traffic to the 172.16.3.0 network.The commands will be saved to the startup-configuration automatically.15Which two statements are true regarding classless routing protocols? (Choose two.)sends subnet mask information in routing updatessends complete routing table update to all neighborsis supported by RIP version 1allows for use of both 192.168.1.0/30 and 192.168.1.16/28 subnets in the same topologyreduces the amount of address space available in an organization16Which two statements are true regarding metrics? (Choose two.)RIP uses bandwidth as a metric.OSPF uses delay as a metric.EIGRP uses bandwidth as a metric.OSPF uses cost based on bandwidth as a metric.RIP uses delay as a metric.EIGRP uses hop count only as a metric.17W hy is fast convergence desirable in networks that use dynamic routing protocols?Routers will not allow packets to be forwarded until the network has converged.Hosts are unable to access their gateway until the network has converged.Routers may make incorrect forwarding decisions until the network has converged.Routers will not allow configuration changes to be made until the network has converged.18Refer to the exhibit. Which statement correctly describes how R1 will determine the best path to R2?R1 will install a RIP route using network A in its routing table because the administrative distance of RIP is higher thaR1 will install a RIP route using network A in its routing table because the path cost from RIP is lower than EIGRP.R1 will install an EIGRP route using network B in its routing table because the administrative distance of EIGRP is loR1 will install an EIGRP route using network B in its routing table because the path cost from EIGRP is lower than RR1 will install an EIGRP route and a RIP route in its routing table and load balance between them.19Refer to the exhibit. If RIP is the routing protocol, what is the value of the metric from router A to network 192.168.5.0/24?345662472420 A router learns two paths with equal metrics to a destination network via the RIP routing protocol. How will the router handlthe destination network?The router will install the first route it learned into the routing table.The router will install both routes in the routing table and load balance between the two.The router will put the first route in the routing table, and denote the second route as a backup route.The router will pick the path with the higher bandwidth and will place it in the routing table.。
COMP5116_Internet Protocol_Lecture notes_2012 Semester 2_week4
19
ICMP Header
checksum covers icmp header/data, not ip header
14
CIDR Basics
• No notions of network class or fixed subnets • Blocks of addresses can be partitioned on any bit boundaries
– to ISPs and within ISPs – separately routed, outside and within ISP
• they only consider the network part of the address
8
Subnetting
• Subnet part only meaningful within the subnetted network (subnet forwarding): • if dest ip addr & subnet mask = my ip addr and subnet mask dest is on same subnet else on different subnet (send pkt to router)
• Network prefix occurs on arbitrary bit boundary, specified by address mask • Eg block 128.211.168.0 – 128.211.175.255
– 2048 contiguous addresses – address mask is /21
• How can we be more flexible?
tcpip-chapter 5 delivery and routing of ip packets
2nd delivery：indirect，Next-hop IP = IP21
3th delivery：direct， Dst IP = IPB 怎样确定
02.10.2020
下一跳？
8
交付的含义
查路由表决定分组的下一个接收者 交付——配合物理层完成传输——地址映射
（找到IP地址对应的物理地址）
02.10.2020
5
Direct vs. Indirect Delivery • 是否需要经过路由器？
Direct delivery（直接交付） • 配合物理网络传输
分组最终目的站点与分组的交付者（发送接口）在同 一个IP网络中 将分组直接投递给目的站点
更准确：二者在逻辑上属于同一个IP网络，物理上属于同一 个物理网络
主机
直接交付：将分组交付给目的站点 间接交付：将分组交付给给默认网关（Next hop）
路由器（多条Internet连接）
直接交付：将分组交付给目的站点（从哪一个接口送出？） 间接交付：交付给下一跳路由器（从哪一个接口送出？）
交付实质上反应了路由选择的结果
A
B
Net 1
02.10.2020
尽最大努力交付，best-effort delivery
02.10.2020
4
Chapter 5 Delivery, Forwarding, and Routing of IP Packets（IP分组交、转
发和路由选择）
Connection Delivery Routing methods (Forwarding) Static vs. dynamic routing Routing table and routing module Classless addressing: CIDR
德克萨斯仪器软件 - 家庭网关用户指南说明书
Network Support PackageResidential Gateway User GuideApplies to Product Release: 3.7.1Publication Number: NSP-001584/Revision: APublication Date: May 2006Texas Instruments Incorporated20450 Century BoulevardGermantown, MD 20874 USACopyright and Contact InformationCopyright and Contact InformationDocument CopyrightPublication Title: Residential Gateway User GuidePublication Number: NSP-001584Revision: A© 1998-2006 Texas Instruments IncorporatedAll Rights Reserved. Reproduction, adaptation, or translation without prior writtenpermission is prohibited, except as allowed under the copyright laws.Software CopyrightProduct Name: Network Support PackageProduct Release: 3.7.1© 1998-2006 Texas Instruments IncorporatedAll Rights Reserved.ø-ii Residential Gateway User Guide(BookID: NSP-001584/A)Product Release: 3.7.1Network Support PackageNotices and Trademarks Notices and TrademarksImportant NoticeTexas Instruments Incorporated reserves the right to make changes to its products ordiscontinue any product or service without notice, and to advise customers to obtain thelatest version of relevant information to verify, before placing orders, that the informationbeing relied upon is current and complete. All products are sold subject to the terms andconditions of sale supplied at the time of order acknowledgement, including thosepertaining to warranty, patent infringement, and limitation of liability.Customers are responsible for their applications using Texas Instruments Software.Notice of Proprietary InformationInformation contained herein is subject to the terms of the Non-disclosure Agreementbetween Texas Instruments Incorporated and your company, and is of a highly sensitivenature and is confidential and proprietary to Texas Instruments Incorporated. It shall not bedistributed, reproduced or disclosed orally or in written form, in whole or in part, to any partyother than the direct recipients without the express written consent of Texas InstrumentsIncorporated.Telogy Software, VLYNQ, PIQUA, wONE, PBCC, Uni-DSL, Dynamic Adaptive Equalization,TurboDSL Packet Accelerator, interOps Test Labs, TurboDOX, and INCA are trademarks ofTexas Instruments Incorporated.All other brand names and trademarks mentioned in this document are the property ofTexas Instruments Incorporated or their respective owners, as applicable.Residential Gateway User Guide(BookID: NSP-001584/A)ø-iii Product Release: 3.7.1Network Support PackageNotices and Trademarksø-iv Residential Gateway User Guide(BookID: NSP-001584/A)Product Release: 3.7.1Network Support PackageResidential Gateway User Guide (BookID: NSP-001584/A)ø-v Product Release: 3.7.1Network Support Package PrefaceAbout This ManualThe Residential Gateway User Guide is a task-oriented document that containsprocedures for configuring DSL and wireless LAN using the RG Web GUI.The manual contains information that will be of interest to engineers andproduct managers of ODM/OEMs, TI’s residential gateway (RG) customers.How to Use This ManualThis manual is organized as follows:ChapterContents Chapter 1 ‘‘Residential Gateway Overview’’ onpage 1-1Provides an introduction to RG features and instructions on how to install and set up an RG platform.Chapter 2 ‘‘Setup’’ on page 2-1Describes how to configure WAN and LAN on the RG.Chapter 3 ‘‘Advanced’’ on page 3-1Describes the advanced features of the RG and provides instructions on how to enable/disable each feature.Chapter 4 ‘‘Wireless LAN (WLAN)’’ on page 4-1Describes the WLAN features of the RG and how to configure the RG as an access point.Chapter 5 ‘‘Tools’’ on page 5-1Describes the command, management, and debugging tools the RG offers and explains how to use them.Chapter 6 ‘‘Status’’ on page 6-1Provides network connection status, statistics, and log information of the RG.Prefaceø-vi Residential Gateway User GuideDocument ConventionsThis document uses the following conventions:•Commands and keywords are in boldface font.•Arguments for which you supply values are in italic font.•Terminal sessions and information the system displays are in screen font .•Information you must enter is in boldface screen font .•Elements in square brackets ([ ]) are optional.Notes use the following conventions:The information in a caution or a warning is provided for your protection.Please read each caution and warning carefully.Related Documents from Texas Instruments•Quick Start Guide •NMM Command Reference Manual •XML Provisioning Developer Guide •AP-DK Web-based Configuration Utility User’s GuidesNote—Means reader take note. Notes contain helpful suggestions orreferences to material not covered in the publication.CAUTION—Indicates the possibility of service interruption if precautions arenot taken.WARNING—Indicates the possibility of damage to equipment if precautionsare not taken.Document Revision HistoryRelease Chapter Description of Change3.7.1Setup•Deleted CDVT field from PPPoE, PPPoA, Static, DHCP, Bridge, and CLIP ConnectionSetup pages.•Added data flow diagrams for PPPoE, PPPoA, Static, DHCP, Bridge, and CLIPConnections.•Added DHCP server data flow diagram.Advanced•Added UPnP data flow diagram.•Added SNTP client functionality diagram.•Added IGMP proxy data flow diagram.•Changed the Policy Routing page name to Policy Database. Added source anddestination port ranges to the Policy Database page.WLAN•Deleted VLAN ID field on the Wireless Setup page.•Deleted VLAN ID and added Hide this SSID field on the Multiple SSID page.•Added Select an SSID field on the Wireless Management page to allow one access listcreated for each SSID.•Changed default value of Radio Calibration Interval field on the Wireless Advancedpage.Status•Added QoS - TCA NTCA Status page.•Changed Product Information page to show multiple DSL MAC addressses. Residential Gateway User Guide(BookID: NSP-001584/A)ø-vii Product Release: 3.7.1Network Support PackageDocument Revision HistoryRelease Chapter Description of Change3.7.0Setup Added 2.3.7‘‘Two-Step PVC’’ on page2-32Updated 2.3.10‘‘Modem Setup’’ on page2-34Updated Table2-1‘‘PPP Settings Field Descriptions’’ on page2-9Advanced Added 3.6‘‘TR-069’’ on page3-14Added 3.11‘‘TR-068 WAN Access’’ on page3-32Added 3.14‘‘Dynamic DNS Client’’ on page3-37Deleted IP QoS PageAdded 3.18‘‘QoS’’ on page3-52, which includes:•3.18.1‘‘Ingress’’ on page3-55•3.18.2‘‘Egress’’ on page3-66•3.18.3‘‘WLAN QoS Support’’ on page3-69•3.18.4‘‘Shaper’’ on page3-69Added 3.19‘‘Policy Database’’ on page3-74Added 3.22‘‘Voice Provision’’ on page3-86WLAN Deleted WLAN QoSTools Updated 5.6‘‘Update Gateway Page’’ on page5-83.6.1Setup Updated 2.3.10‘‘Modem Setup’’ on page2-34Updated 2.4.1‘‘LAN Configuration’’ on page2-37Advanced Deleted “Voice”Added 3.15‘‘IGMP Proxy Page’’ on page3-39Deleted “Multicast”WLAN Added 4.4‘‘Multiple SSID’’ on page4-9Added 4.7‘‘WDS’’ on page4-18Updated 4.3‘‘Wireless Configuration Page’’ on page4-7Updated 4.5‘‘Wireless Security Page’’ on page4-11Updated 4.6‘‘Wireless Management’’ on page4-16Status Added 6.10‘‘WDS Report’’ on page6-143.6.0C All First issueø-viii Residential Gateway User Guide(BookID: NSP-001584/A)Product Release: 3.7.1Network Support PackageContents ContentsCopyright and Contact Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ø-iiNotices and Trademarks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ø-iiiPreface. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ø-v About This Manual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ø-vHow to Use This Manual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ø-vDocument Conventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ø-viRelated Documents from Texas Instruments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ø-vi Document Revision History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ø-viiList of Figures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ø-xiiiList of Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ø-xviiList of Procedures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ø-xixChapter 1Residential Gateway Overview1-11.1Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-21.1.1Features. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-21.2Your Residential Gateway at a Glance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-41.2.1Ports and Buttons. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-41.2.2LED Descriptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-41.2.3LED States. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-51.3Installing your Residential Gateway . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-61.4Setting up your Residential Gateway. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-71.4.1Log in to your Residential Gateway. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-71.4.2Home Page. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-8Chapter 2Setup2-12.1Main Setup Page . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-22.1.1Wide Area Network Connection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-22.1.2Local Area Network Connection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-22.2Configuring the WAN. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-32.3Set up a WAN Connection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-42.3.1PPPoE Connection Setup. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-42.3.2PPPoA Connection Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-132.3.3Static Connection Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-182.3.4DHCP Connection Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-222.3.5Bridged Connection Setup. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-252.3.6CLIP Connection Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-292.3.7Two-Step PVC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-322.3.8Modify an Existing Connection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-33Residential Gateway User Guide(BookID: NSP-001584/A)ø-ix Product Release: 3.7.1Network Support PackageContents2.3.9Delete an Existing Connection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-332.3.10Modem Setup. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-342.3.11Multi Mac Support. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-352.4LAN Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-372.4.1LAN Configuration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-372.4.2Ethernet Switch Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-462.5Hidden Page . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-482.6Log Out Page. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-49Chapter 3Advanced3-13.1Advanced Tab Main Page. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-23.2Voice Page . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-43.3UPnP Page . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-63.4SNTP Page . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-83.5SNMP Page. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-113.6TR-069 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-143.7Port Forwarding Page . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-163.7.1DMZ Settings Page . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-203.7.2Custom Port Forwarding Page . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-213.8IP Filters Page . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-243.8.1Custom IP Filters Page . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-263.9LAN Clients Page . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-283.10LAN Isolation Page . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-313.11TR-068 WAN Access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-323.12Bridge Filters Page . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-343.13Web Filters Page . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-363.14Dynamic DNS Client. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-373.15IGMP Proxy Page. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-393.15.1Configure a WAN Interface as the Upstream IGMP Proxy:. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-413.15.2Configure a LAN interface as the Upstream Interface. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-433.16Static Routing Page . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-453.17Dynamic Routing Page . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-483.18QoS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-523.18.1Ingress. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-553.18.2Egress. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-663.18.3WLAN QoS Support. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-693.18.4Shaper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-693.19Policy Database . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-743.20Web Access Control Page. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-813.21SSH Access Control Page . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-83ø-x Residential Gateway User Guide(BookID: NSP-001584/A)Product Release: 3.7.1Network Support PackageContents3.22Voice Provision. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-863.22.1Voice Parameters Page . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-87Chapter 4Wireless LAN (WLAN)4-14.1Wireless Main Page. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-24.2Wireless Setup Page. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-34.2.1User Isolation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-44.2.2Save Your Changes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-54.3Wireless Configuration Page. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-74.4Multiple SSID. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-94.5Wireless Security Page. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-114.5.1Wireless Security - WEP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-114.5.2Wireless Security - 802.1x . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-134.5.3Wireless Security - WPA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-144.6Wireless Management. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-164.6.1Access List. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-164.6.2Associated Stations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-174.7WDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-184.8Wireless Statistics Page . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-204.9Hidden Pages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-214.9.1Wireless Production 1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-214.9.2Wireless Channel Range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-224.9.3Wireless Production 2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-234.9.4Wireless Advanced. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-24Chapter 5Tools5-15.1Tools Main Page. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-25.2System Commands Page . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-35.3Remote Log - Router Page . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-45.4Remote Log - Voice Page . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-65.5User Management Page . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-75.6Update Gateway Page. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-85.7Ping Test Page . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-115.8Modem Test Page . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-135.9Hidden Pages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-165.9.1Gateway System Information Page . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-165.9.2Remote Log Settings Page . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-17 Residential Gateway User Guide(BookID: NSP-001584/A)ø-xi Product Release: 3.7.1Network Support PackageContentsChapter 6Status6-16.1Status Main Page. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-26.2Network Statistics Page. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-36.3Connection Status Page . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-66.4DDNS Update Status. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-76.5DHCP Clients Page . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-96.6QoS - TCA NTCA Status Page. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-106.7Modem Status Page . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-116.8Product Information Page . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-126.9System Log Page . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-136.10WDS Report. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-14Appendix AAcronyms A-1ø-xii Residential Gateway User Guide(BookID: NSP-001584/A)Product Release: 3.7.1Network Support PackageList of Figures List of FiguresFigure1-1Log In Page. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-7 Figure1-2Home Page. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-9 Figure2-1Main Setup Page. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-2 Figure2-2PPPoE Data Flow. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-4 Figure2-3PPPoE Encapsulation Diagram. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-5 Figure2-4PPPoE Packet Encapsulation Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-5 Figure2-5New Connection Setup - PPPoE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-6 Figure2-6WAN Connection Setup - PPPoE1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-7 Figure2-7System Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-8 Figure2-8Status - Connection Status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-8 Figure2-9PPPoA Data Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-13 Figure2-10PPPoA Encapsulation Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-13 Figure2-11PPPoA Packet Encapsulation Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-14 Figure2-12PPPoA Connection Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-14 Figure2-13WAN Connection Setup - PPPoA1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-16 Figure2-14Static Data Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-18 Figure2-15Static Connection Encapsulation Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-19 Figure2-16Static Connection Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-19 Figure2-17WAN Connection Setup - Static1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-20 Figure2-18DHCP Data Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-22 Figure2-19DHCP Encapsulation Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-22 Figure2-20DHCP - Voice Connection Setup. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-23 Figure2-21WAN Connection Setup - DHCP1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-24 Figure2-22Bridge Data Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-25 Figure2-23Bridged Connection Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-26 Figure2-24Bridged Connection Encapsulation Diagram. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-26 Figure2-25WAN Connection Setup - Bridge1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-27 Figure2-26Static Data Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-29 Figure2-27CLIP Connection Setup. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-29 Figure2-28WAN Connection Setup - CLIP1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-31 Figure2-29Two Step PVC Page . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-32 Figure2-30Modem Setup Page. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-35 Figure2-31LAN Configuration 1 (Default) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-37 Figure2-32RG Routing - LAN Groups (A) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-38 Figure2-33LAN Configuration 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-39 Figure2-34RG Routing - LAN Groups (B) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-39 Figure2-35LAN Configuration 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-40 Figure2-36GRG Routing - LAN Groups (C). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-41 Figure2-37LAN Group Configuration Page. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-42 Figure2-38DHCP Server Data Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-44 Figure2-39Example of a DHCP Relay configuration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-44 Figure2-40External DHCP Options. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-45 Figure2-41Ethernet Switch Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-47 Figure2-42Firewall/NAT Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-48Residential Gateway User Guide(BookID: NSP-001584/A)ø-xiii Product Release: 3.7.1Network Support Package。
友讯PS2024G 24端口千兆三层POE交换机使用说明书
User manualPS2024G24Port Gigabit Layer3PoE SwitchInstallation manual introductionThe Product installation manual mainly describes PS2024GPoE switch hardware features,installation methods,and precautions during the installationThis manual includes the following chapters:Chapter1:Product Introduction.Briefly describes the basic features,Detailed hardware&software specifications of the switch and the appearance details.Chapter2:Product Installation.Guide the switch hardware installation methods and precautions.Chapter3:Hardware Connections.Guide the connection between switches and other devices and precautions.Chapter4:Packaging and product usage suggestions.Chapter1:Product Introduction1.1Products descriptionPS2024G is managed PoE switch for security transmission andWIFI coverage,meet the need of PoE power supply for WIFI AP,IP-camera,WIFI bridge,IP phones and other types ofequipment.New generation of high-performance hardwareand software platforms are used,providing flexible,cost-effective full Gigabit access and uplink ports,complete securitymechanisms,improved ACL/QoS strategy and rich VLANcapabilities.It is easy to manage and maintain,meet the users'requirements for network equipment easy to manage,highsecurity and low cost.Support Apollo Cloud platform.It issuitable for network access,aggregation and core applicationsin campus,hotel and enterprise campus.1.2Product FeaturesFull Gigabit Port241000Mbps RJ45ports(support PoE power supply)with4 Gigabit SFP ports,Data transmission is not jammed.Broadcom chip,the performance is more stable and powerfulRealtek high-performance chip can greatly improve network data processing rateConvenient operation·AI VLAN mode:Separating1-8ports from each other,caneffectively restrain network storm and improve networkperformance.·AI Extend mode:Designed for monitoring applicationscenarios,1-8ports support250meters long distance powersupply.·AI PoE mode：automatically check,reboot the device whilefind it fake dead·AI QoS mode：video data first,more fluent transmissionSupport Apollo Cloud Platform One-stop ManagementSupport cloud platform for resource visualization management of switches and downloaded PD devices,make operation and maintenance management easy1.3product specificationHardware SpecificationsInput100-240V/50-60Hz Dimension440mm×320mm×44mm （L×W×H）Software Specifications1.4AppearanceFront PanelIncluding indicators,RJ45port,DIP switch,RST button,SFP port, CONSOLE port,as shown belowindicatorPS2024G The indicator working status is shown asthe following tablePS2024G The indicator working status is shown asthe following tableAI power supply:Detect PD,power failure and restart dead equipment✧RJ45PortPS2024G with2410/100/1000Mbps PoE port,allports support IEEE802.3af and IEEE802.3at standardWhen the switch mode of operation is CCTV mode,1-8port can support250meters power supply✧SFP PortPS2024G provides4Gigabit SFP optical ports(SFP1, SFP2),can be inserted into the Gigabit SFP module✧RST ButtonWhen the switch is powered on,press the buttonwith the needle to release the device and enter therestarting state.When the SYS lamp restarts,thedevice restarts.When the switch is powered on,press and hold the button for more than5s to release the button and enter the reset state.When SYS is re-lit,the device is reset successfully✧Console portConsole port used to connect to computer or otherterminal to manage or configure the switch.Back PanelIncluding:power socket,power switch,groundterminal✧Power socketA100-240VAC50/60Hz power receptacle foraccommodating the supplied power cord✧Ground terminalPlease use the grounding wire to prevent lightning.To avoid product lightning strikes and extendproduct lifeChapter2Hardware connection2.1RJ45port connectionConnect the RJ45port of the switch and the corresponding network device via cables,the POE power supply function of the switch is default enabled on the downlink port of the switch, which can be used for IEEE802.3af or IEEE802.3at standards powered devices such as APs,bridges,and network camerasNote：When the switch connected workstations,servers,routers or other ethernet devices the cable length should be within100 meters;The Auto-MDI/MDIX ethernet interface is enabled by default.Category5,the standard network cable or crossover cable can be used for Ethernet connection.Do not connect the RJ45port to the phone line2.2SFP Port connectionPS2024G SFP port only support Gigabit fiber module.Recommended use of standard SFP module productsThe process of installing a fiber module on a switch is asfollows:1、grasp the optic fiber module from the side,insert itsmoothly along the SFP port slot until the optic fiber module and switch are in close contact;2、confirm the Rx and Tx ports of the fiber module whenconnecting,insert one end of the fiber into the Rx and Txports correspondingly,ensure that the Tx and Rx ends of the interface are connected correctly and the other end of thefiber is connected to another device;3、please check the corresponding indicator light statusafter power on.If the light blinking that the link is properlyconnected,if the light is off,the link is failure,please check the line to confirm that the corresponding equipment isenabled.Note：DO NOT excessive bending fiber,the radius of curvatureshould not be lessthan10cm;Ensure the cleanliness of the fiber surface;Please DO NOT look directly into the optical fiber connector with your eyes as this may cause eye injury2.3Check before power onCheck whether the outlet power supply meets the switchspecifications;Check the power,switches,racks and other equipment have been properly grounded;Check whether the switch and other network devices areconnected properly2.4Device initializationThe switch automatically initializes when the power switch is turned on.Indicator will appear the following situation:After the power is turned on,the power indicator remains on, the other indicator is off at this time;After about1second,all lights except for the power light turn on for about35seconds and then turn off;when the SYS light goes flashing,the system runs normallyPort LEDs indicates the connection status of each port,indicating that the switch has started to work normallyChapter3Installation3.1Installation PrecautionsNote：To avoid improper use of equipment damage andpersonal injury,please observe the following precautions⏹Installation safety precautions●The power should be kept off during the installation,whilewearing anti-static wrist,and to ensure well touch betweenanti-static wrist and skin to avoid potential safety hazard;●The switch just works normally when it is powered by thecorrect power supply.Make sure that the power supplyvoltage matches the voltage indicated by the switch●Before powering on the switch,make sure that the powercircuit is not overloaded,which may affect the normaloperation of the switch and even cause unnecessarydamage●To avoid the risk of electric shock,do not open the casewhile the switch is working.Do not open the case evenwhen it is not powered●Before cleaning the switch,unplug the switch from thepower cord and do not wipe it with wet cloth.Do not wash it with liquid⏹⏹AltitudeProducts with this logo are only for safe use in areas below 2000m altitude⏹Dust-proofDust on the switch surface will cause electrostaticadsorption,poor contact of the metal contacts.Althoughthe device itself has done some measures in anti-static,but when the static electricity exceeds a certain intensity,it will still cause fatal damage to the electronic components onthe internal circuit board.In order to prevent static electricity from affecting thenormal operation of the equipment,please note thefollowing:1.Regular dust,keep the indoor air clean;2.Make sure the equipment is well grounded to ensuresmooth transfer of static electricity⏹Electromagnetic interferenceElectromagnetic interference have an impact on the device capacitance,inductance and other electronic components by capacitance,inductive coupling,impedance couplingand other conductive,in order to reduce the adverse effects caused by electromagnetic interference,please note thefollowing：1.Power supply system to take the necessary anti-gridinterference measures;2.Switches should be far away from high-frequencyhigh-power,high-current devices,such as wirelesstransmitters;3.If necessary,take electromagnetic shielding measures⏹Lightning protectionWhen a lightning strike occurs,a strong current will begenerated in an instant cause fatal damage to electronicequipment.To achieve better lightning protection,pleasenote the following：1.Make sure the rack and the ground to maintain goodcontact;2.Make sure the power outlet is in good contact with theearth;3.Reasonable wiring,to avoid the internal sense ray;4.Outdoor wiring,it is recommended to use the signallightning protection device⏹Installation desk requirementRegardless of whether the switch is installed in a rack or on another horizontal workbench,be aware of the following:1.Make sure the rack or workbench is stable,strong,andcan withstand at least5.5Kg weight;2.Make sure the rack has a good cooling system,ormaintain good indoor ventilation;3.Make sure the rack is well grounded,the power outletand switch are within1.5metersPrepare tools for installationYou may need to use a screwdriver during installation, electrostatic wrist strap,fiber optic cable and other tools to prepare your own3.2Installation methodPS2024G supports desktop mounting and rack mount.:1、Check rack grounding and stability；2、Install the two L-brackets in the accessory on each side ofthe switch panel and secure with the screws provided in the accessory3、place the switch in an appropriate place in the rack and be supported by the bracket.Screw the L-shaped bracket to the guide groove fixed on both ends of the rack to ensure that the switch is stable and horizontally installed on the rack.Note：Good grounding rack is anti-static equipment,anti-leakage, lightning protection,anti-jamming important guarantee,so to ensure that the rack ground wire properly installed;Installation equipment within the rack from the bottom up, to avoid overload installation;Avoid placing other heavy objects on switch to avoidaccidents;Ensure heat dissipation and air circulation.3.3Web LoginStep1、In the normal operation of the device,connect the computer to the switch's RJ45port by network cablesStep2、Manually changed the computer IP address to192.168.254.X(X is2~254),subnet mask is255.255.255.0Step3、Open computer's browser,type192.168.254.1in the address box,hit the Enter keyStep4、Enter the default username and password“admin”and then click LoginStep5、Entered the switch web management interfacesuccessfully when you see picture as below,you canbegin to configure the switchChapter4:Packaging and product usage suggestions4.1Open the package carefully check the following list4.21.the2.3.to4.water from entering the fuselage through the casing, resulting in damage to the machine;5.Please turn on the power after the line connection is completed;6.When the product is powered on,please do not plug or unplug the cable except for special circumstances.7.Do not use the switch in places with excessive dust and electromagnetic radiation.Do not use the switch in a place with high temperature and no ventilation;8.Please do not place heavy objects on the switch to avoid accidents;9.According to the IEEE802.3AF/AT standard,the transmission distance can reach100meters by using Category5or above wires;10.When connecting a switch to multiple PDs,be careful not to exceed the maximum output power of the switch POE.11.It is recommended to use the switch indoors.It is recommended to add a waterproof box when using it outdoors.12.Considering that the network cable is too long may result in inaccurate data detection.AI Extend and AI PoE cannot be used at the same time.Note:The pictures in the manual are for reference only, whichever is subject to the actual product.。
IP_Model
10IP Model User GuideThe Internet Protocol (IP) is a connectionless network level protocol thatinterconnects networks. In the IP model suite, IP services transport layerprotocols such as TCP and UDP. As such, IP is situated beneath the transportlayer. In turn, IP relies on data link layer technologies, such as Ethernet andToken Ring, to relay packets to other IP modules. This document describes keyfeatures of the IP model shipped as part of the standard OPNET model library.Model FeaturesThis section provides a list of the main features available in the Internet Protocolmodel:•The IP model suite captures the following protocol behavior:Table10-1 IP Model Features(Part 1 of 2)•IP models are implemented based on information available from thefollowing sources.Processing Delay andQueuing Capacity The performance of IP-based networks depends on the characteristics and capabilities of the network’s switchingelements. To support accurate studies involving theseparameters, the IP model allows you to specify queuing capacities and packet processing speeds for each IP module.Queuing AlgorithmsThe model offers several queuing management options:•a standard FIFO queue•a weighted fair queue (WFQ) — Implemented as a bitwiseround-robin fair queuing algorithm, it simulates the WFQfound in most routers.•priority queuing (PQ)•custom queuing (CQ)•random early detection (RED)•weighted random early detection (WRED)IP Cloud Models The standard model library includes IP cloud models that allowyou to abstract parts of a network’s infrastructure. A cloudbehaves like a simplified IP-based router with many ports: itsupports connectivity between attached devices, but does notinclude complex operations like WFQ. Clouds allow you tomodel only packet-loss and latency characteristics of asubnetwork. See LAN and Cloud Models on page MC-2-4 ofthe Modeling Concepts manual for more information.End of Table 10-1Table 10-2 Reference DocumentsRFC-791Internet Protocol Parekh, A.K.J, andGallager, R.G. A Generalized Processor Sharing Approach to Flow Control in Integrated Services Networks: the Single Node Case ,Laboratory for Information and Decision Systems,Massachusetts Institute of Technology, January 1991End of Table 10-2Table 10-1 IP Model Features (Part 2 of 2)FeatureDescriptionIP AddressingAn IP address is a 32-bit number consisting of two fields: the network number(identifying the network) and the host number (identifying a particular host withinthe network). An IP address is specified using dotted decimal notation. Thisnotation uses four decimal integers separated by decimal points, where eachinteger is the value of one octet (8 bits) of the IP address. For example, thefollowing 32-bit address:Thus, an IP address is represented using the E.F.G.H format, where E, F, G,and H are decimal numbers between 0 and 255. Each of these decimal numbersrepresents one byte of the IP address. Together, the four bytes (32 bits)represent the network and host address. However, which numbers refer to thenetwork and which numbers refer to the host depends upon the Internet addressclass. The following illustration highlights the most-commonly used addressclasses:Figure 10-1 Internet Protocol Address Classes11000000000010011100100001101100is written as:192.9.200.1087 bits01011014 bits21 bits 16 bits 8 bits NetworkHost NetworkHost NetworkHost Class A Class B Class C 24 bitsYou can differentiate among the IP address classes by looking at the three mostsignificant bits of the address. For example, the range of values for the first byteof Class C addresses begins at 192 (in decimal notation). The following tablelists the range of values available as valid addresses for Class A, B, and Cnetworks, based on the reservation of bits for network and host identifiers.An integral part of IP addressing is subnet addressing (also called subnetrouting or subnetting). Subnetting allows one IP network address to define andidentify multiple underlying physical networks. This feature helps solve thepotential problem of running out of the finite number of available IP networkaddresses. Subnet routing is achieved using extra bits from the host portion ofthe IP address. For example, consider a class B IP address: since it has 16 hostnumber bits, it can assign 65536 node numbers. However, networkconfiguration may require that nodes within this network are placed on differentphysical networks (for efficient administration, perhaps). If each physicalnetwork contains no more than 255 nodes, the higher order 8 bits of the hostnumber portion of the IP address can be used for subnet addressing. Thus, theIP address representation changes from:Figure 10-2 Internet Protocol Subnet AddressingThis representation allows a maximum of 256 physical networks, each with 255nodes, to be addressed with the single IP address.Table 10-3 Internet Protocol Address Range Class Size (bytes)Range of Values (dotted quad)NetworkHost Network Portion Host Portion A13 1 – 1260.0.1 – 255.255.254B22128.1 – 191.2540.1 – 255.254C 31192.0.1 – 223.255.254 1 – 254End of Table 10-3Network HostNetwork HostSubnet 8162481624to:031031A subnet mask identifies how IP nodes interpret IP addresses. When configuring a subnet mask, the number of extra bits used as the subnet number is determined. Then, a value of 1 is set for every bit position in the IP address that will be recognized as part of the network or subnetwork number. Additionally, a value of 0 is set for every bit position in the IP address that should be recognized as the host identifier (or node number). For example, if the eight most significant bits from the host identifier field of a classB address are to be used as the subnet numbers, the resulting subnet mask will be 255.255.255.0. For more details on IP addressing or subnetting procedures, refer to any standard IP textbook, or to the Internet Engineering Task Force document RFC-950.Model AttributesThis section describes some of the important IP model attributes. Note that IPattributes can apply to router nodes only, host nodes only, or router and hostnodes.Note—Routers also have attributes under IP Routing Protocols. Theseattributes are different from those under IP Routing Parameters and are used toconfigure parameters for the routing protocols in the network. For moreinformation about these attributes, refer to user guide for each protocol.Table 10-4AttributeFound on Routers HostsIP Host Parameters✔IP Processing Information✔✔IP QoS Parameters✔✔IP Routing Parameters✔IPv6 Parameters11.see Chapter 4IPv6 Model User Guide on page SPM-4-1✔Slot Information✔End of Table 10-4IP Routing ParametersThe IP routing attributes are grouped in the IP➘ IP Routing Parameters attributefound on all routers.Figure10-3 IP Routing Parameters•Router ID. This attribute specifies the router ID used by the OSPF routing protocol. Other routing protocols do not use this attribute.•Autonomous System Number. This attribute specifies the router’sautonomous system (AS) number. Specifying a value of “Auto Assigned”chooses a number from 1 to 65535, inclusive, during a simulation. Thisauto-assigned value may not be unique if either of the following is true:—the network has more than 65535 nodes—you have manually set some autonomous system numbersYou can quickly assign the same autonomous system to several routers byselecting Configure AS Number for Selected Routers from the Protocols> IPmenu.•Interface Information. This compound attribute specifies IP routingattributes that apply on a per-interface basis.—Status. This attribute specifies if the interface can receive and forwardpackets. If the status of an interface is set to Shutdown, no packets arereceived or forwarded on that interface.—Address. This attribute specifies this interface’s IP address as one of thefollowing values:An address — entered in dotted decimal notationUnnumbered — valid only for OSPF’s Unnumbered Point-to-Point links featureAuto Assign — automatically chooses a unique address for all interfaces during a simulationAlthough you can export auto-assigned values (using the IP Interface Addressing Mode simulation attribute), these addresses are not retained as attribute values.To automatically populate the Address attribute of all connectedinterfaces with unique values before a simulation, select Auto-Assign IP Addresses from the Protocols> IP> Addressing menu.—Subnet Mask. This address specifies this interface’s subnet mask. You can enter a value in dotted decimal notation, or you can choose one of the pre-configured values. Specifying Auto Assigned chooses a subnet mask value based on the class of the IP address.—Subinterface Information. Here you can specify one or more subinterfaces for each physical interface. See Subinterfaces onpage STM-10-16 for details on creating subinterfaces.—Routing Protocol(s). This attribute specifies the routing protocols used on the interface. You can enable as many of the routing protocols as you wish. By default, this attribute is set to RIP for all interfaces in thenetwork. You can configure all router interfaces to use the same routing protocol(s) by selecting Configure Routing Protocols from the Protocols> IP>Routing menu.—MTU. This attribute specifies the MTU (maximum transfer unit) of the interface. The MTU depends on the data link technology used for packet transfer on this interface and should be greater than the size of the IP header.—You can select one of the preconfigured values according to the data link technology used on the interface, or you can select Edit... to manually specify a value in bytes.—Metric Information. This attribute specifies values for bandwidth, delay, reliability, and load, which are used to compute the interface cost.—QoS Information. This attribute specifies Quality of Service (QoS) related parameters for this interface. The default value is None, which means that QoS is not modeled. You should change this setting if you wish to analyze the effects of Quality of Service. There aremethodologies and case studies dedicated to analyzing QoS, which you can access from the Methodologies and Case Studies menu.—Multicast Mode. This attribute specifies if IP multicasting is enabled or disabled on this interface. By default, multicasting is disabled. You should set this attribute to Enabled on all interfaces that send, receive, orforward multicast packets. For additional information on IP multicasting in OPNET, refer to Chapter3IP Multicast Model User Guide onpage SPM-3-1.—Layer 2 Mapping. This attribute enables you to specify an ATM or Frame Relay PVC connected to this physical interface. Here you can also list the VLANs and ELANs to which this interface belongs.Subinterfaces must have their VLANs or ELANs specified under theSubinterface Information➘ Layer 2 Mapping attribute.—Packet Filter. Here you can configure extended ACLs to filter IP packets being received and sent from this interface.—Policy Routing. Here you can configure a route map to be used to policy route all data arriving on this interface.—VRF Name. Here you can specify a VRF name to be associated with the interface when configured for BFP/MPLS VPNs. If an interface isconnected to a VPN-site CE, then this attribute should be set to the VRF name associated with that VPN site. On receiving a packet on thisinterface, the routing process on this node looks up the VRF specified for this interface.—Compression Information. This attribute specifies the compression scheme used on this interface. The compression schemes listed on the pull-down menu are those that have been defined in the IP compression Information attribute of the IP Attribute Definition object. If none of thepreconfigured schemes are suitable, you should first define your ownscheme in the IP Attribute Definition object (from the utilities objectpalette). Once defined, your new scheme will appear in this attribute’s (IP Routing Parameters➘ Interface Information➘ Compression Information) pull-down menu.—Description. Here you can write an optional description of the interface.•Loopback Interfaces. This attribute specifies the address and routing protocol information of this router’s loopback interfaces.•Default Route. This attribute specifies the interface address that IP datagrams are sent to when IP routing is disabled and route table lookup does not yield a route.•Static Routing Table. This attribute specifies static routing information. A static route is used if no dynamic routing protocols are selected for aninterface (that is, if all routing protocols are set to Disabled), or if the specified static route has higher priority (lower administrative weight) than the dynamic routing protocols.•Load Balancing Options. This attribute specifies if load balancing for multi-path routes is done on a per-packet or per-destination basis.•Routing Table Export. This attribute specifies if the routing table used during a simulation should be exported. You can export the table once, at the end of the simulation, or you can select Edit... to specify when the route table is exported (may be several times during the simulation).•Multipath Routes Threshold. This attribute specifies the maximum number of routes that are considered by the routing table if there are multiple routes to the same destination.•Administrative Weights. This attribute specifies a routing protocol prioritysystem for traffic forwarded by the router. Protocols with a loweradministrative weight have higher priority than those with higheradministrative weight. The default scheme implements the following prioritysystem:BGP (ext.) > EIGRP (int.) > IGRP > OSPF > RIP > EIGRP (ext.) > BGP (int.)•Extended ACL Configuration. Configures extended access control lists,which are used to filter packets and as match conditions in route maps.•Prefix Filter Configuration. Configures prefix filters, which are used to filterroutes and as match conditions in route maps.•Route Map Configuration. Configures the route maps used in this router.Route maps are general constructs used to control and manipulate IP routeinformation or IP packets. Currently, two protocol models use route maps:EIGRP and BGP. The BGP model uses route maps to apply routing policiesand both models use route maps to configure redistributed routes.Route maps are a collection of terms, where each term specifies matchinformation, optional set information, and the action performed on matchingroutes. A route that does not match any of the terms of a route map isimplicitly denied by the route map.—Map Label. Specifies a name for the route map. On a given router, eachroute map should have a unique label. However, you can reuse a labelname for route maps of a different router.—Map Configuration. Configures the route map as a collection of terms,where each row of the Map Configuration table corresponds to a term ofthe route map.Match Info.Specifies the properties a route must satisfy to match theterm. Each row in the Match Info table defines a separate condition theroute must satisfy to match the route map—all conditions must besatisfied for a match. The following table indicates valid values for theMatch Property sub-attribute of Match Info.Table10-5 Match Info Attribute Options(Part 1 of 2)Valid Match Values are...Notes...For this Match Property...Valid MatchConditions are...None all are valid all are valid All routes are matchedIP Address Equals<address> <subnet_mask>Subnet mask is applied to thenetwork address and the route’sdestination address. A matchoccurs if both addresses equal theMatch Value.IP Access List<Extended ACL name>—Prefix Filter<prefix list name>—AS Path Contains<AS_number> A single AS number (or AS Path List Name) is specified. To match several AS numbers or path lists, use a separate row for each.Starts With<AS_number>Ends With<AS_number>AS Path List<AS Path List name>Community Equals <a community list number>The route’s communities must bethe same as those in the specifiedcommunity list number.Community List <a community list number>The route’s communities mustinclude—but are not limitedto—those in the specifiedcommunity list number.Next Hop IP Access List <Extended ACL name>—Prefix List <prefix list name>—Route Type EqualsInternalEither value can be specified.External MetricEquals <any integer value>—End of Table 10-5Table 10-5 Match Info Attribute Options (Part 2 of 2)For this Match Property...Valid MatchConditions are...Valid Match Values are...Notes...Set Info. Specifies modifications applied to the attributes of any routesmatching the conditions of the Match Info attribute. The set actions areapplied in the order specified in the Set Info Table. The following tableindicates valid values for the Set Info sub-attributes.Table10-6 Set Info Attribute OptionsFor this Set Attribute...Valid Set Operations are...Valid Set Values are...Notes...None all are valid all are valid Unmodified route is added to therouting table.Local Preference all are valid<any integer value>Used for route maps applied toIBGP peers.Sets the local preference ofmatching routes to the specifiedvalue.Multi Exit Discriminator all are valid<any integer value>Sets the MED value of matchingroutes to the specified value. Metric all are valid<any integer value>Sets the degree of preference ofmatching routes to the specifiedvalue.Community all are valid<community_number>Communities are included inupdate messages sent to aneighbor only if the SendCommunity attribute is enabled forthat neighbor.Weight all are valid<any integer value>—Next Hop Set As [=]<IP_address>—End of Table 10-6Action. Specifies what happens to routes satisfying the matchconditions:Permit—accepts the route with no further actionDeny—rejects the route with no further actionNext Term—considers the next term in the listNext Route Map—considers the next route map without considering anyof the remaining terms—Next Map Label. Specifies the next route map to be applied to anymatching route. If no other route maps should be applied, set thisattribute to Not Used.IP Host ParametersHost attributes, which apply to end nodes such as clients and workstations, aregrouped in the IP➘ IP Host Parameters attribute.Figure10-4 IP Host ParametersAll of the IP Host Parameters attributes, except Passive RIP Routing, alsoappear in IP Routing Parameters. For these attributes, refer to thecorresponding IP Routing parameters description above. For hosts on abroadcast network, the Passive RIP Routing attribute allows you to enable ordisable passive RIP routing.IP Processing InformationThis attribute enables you to select either Central processing or Slot-basedprocessing, and to configure the processing information.Slot InformationIf you selected slot-based processing, you can also choose to configure theRouter Slot Information attribute, which enables you to associate routerinterfaces with particular slots. When configuring the Router Slot Information➘Interface List attribute, note that each row in the Router Slot Information Tablerepresents one slot. Also note that the Interface Index corresponds to aninterface’s row number in the IP Routing Parameters➘ Interface Informationattribute. For example, the first interface listed in the Interface Information Tablehas an interface index of 0, the second, an interface index of 1, and so on.Configuring IP InterfacesThe model suite supports the following types of IP interfaces:•physical interfaces•subinterfaces•loopback interfaces•tunnel interfacesBy default, router models have one loopback interface and no subinterfaces ortunnel interfaces pre-configured. You can add additional loopback, tunnel, orsubinterfaces by configuring attributes, as described in the following sections.Note—The number of physical interfaces is defined in the router model andcannot be changed. If you need a different number of physical interfaces, selectanother router model from the Object Palette or use the Device Creator to createa new router model that has the number of interfaces you need.Loopback InterfacesBy default, all router models include one pre-configured loopback interface. Youcan add additional loopback interfaces, if needed.Procedure10-1 Configuring Loopback Interfaces on a Router1Open the Attributes dialog box for the router.2Expand the IP Routing Parameters➘ Loopback Interfaces attribute.3Specify the an address for the interface in the Address and Subnet Mask attributes.4Specify the routing protocol(s) running on the interface.5If there are any secondary addresses associated with this interface, specify themin the Secondary Address Information attribute.6Add additional loopback interfaces to the router by increasing the Rows attributeand repeating the previous steps for the additional interfaces.End of Procedure 10-1Tunnel InterfacesUnlike physical interfaces, router models do not have pre-defined tunnelinterfaces. Before you can configure these types of interfaces, you must firstadd them to the router model.Procedure10-2 Configuring Tunnel Interfaces on a Router1Open the Attributes dialog box for the router.2Expand the IP Routing Parameters➘ Tunnel Interfaces attribute.3Specify the number of tunnel interfaces in the Rows attribute.4Configure the attributes for each tunnel interface.Note—For multiple interfaces, you can reduce the total configuration required bycreating only one interface, configuring it, then duplicating the configured interface.End of Procedure 10-2SubinterfacesA subinterface is a mechanism that allows a single physical interface to supportmultiple logical interfaces. By using subinterfaces, several logical interfaces canbe associated with a single hardware interface. Subinterfaces are particularlyuseful for routing various protocols over partially-meshed frame relay networks.In OPNET, subinterfaces are implemented in the following protocols: ATM,Frame Relay, Serial, and VLAN.Subinterfaces provide a flexible solution to the issues caused by split-horizon,wherein a routing update received on an interface cannot be retransmitted outonto the same interface. By dividing the partially-meshed network into a numberof PVCs, each with its own subinterface, the split-horizon limitation is overcome.As an example of the use of subinterfaces, consider the following diagram: Figure 10-5 Routing Without SubinterfacesNo Routing UpdatesRouter A can exchange routing information with Routers B and C, but B and C cannot exchange routing information with each other, as split-horizon does not allow Router A to send routing updates received from Router B to Router C, and vice versa. The solution is to create a pair of point-to-point Permanent Virtual Connections (PVCs), attached to separate subinterfaces on Router A. Now routing updates received from B or C can be forwarded to the other on a separate logical interface without violating split horizon:Figure 10-6 Routing with SubinterfacesIF0.1IF0.2PVC1PVC2Routing Updates OKIn the example above, IF0.1 and IF0.2 are the subinterfaces defined for Router A. They are attached to PVC1 and PVC 2, respectively, thereby creating separate logical connections. Thus when Router A receives routing information from Router B through subinterface IF0.1, it can forward it to Router C through subinterface IF0.2 without violating split horizon.To use subinterfaces in a network model:1)Define the PVCs that are to use the subinterfaces.2)Create the subinterfaces and attach a PVC to each.These steps are described below.Procedure10-3 Defining a PVC to be Attached to a Subinterface1From the utilities object palette, add an ATM or FR PVC Config object to the network model.2For each PVC configured, assign a unique name under the Connection ID field (for ATM) or the PVC ID field (for FR).End of Procedure 10-3Procedure10-4 Adding a Subinterface and Attaching it to a PVC1Select a router and right click to edit attributes.2Expand IP Routing Parameters.3Click on the value field of Interface Information to open the Interface Information table.4Under the Subinterface Information column, click on the interface for which you want to define one or more subinterfaces, and select Edit.5Click in the Rows field and select the number of subinterfaces you want to define.One row of data fields appears for each subinterface.6Type a name for each subinterface. Subinterfaces are typically given their parent’s name followed by a dot-suffix, such as IF0.1, IF0.2, and so on.7Type an IP address for each subinterface. You cannot use auto-addressing for subinterfaces.8Specify level 2 mapping by clicking on the Level 2 Mapping attribute field and selecting edit. Here you can specify the associated PVC name (either ATM or Frame Relay) and the VLAN or ELAN identifier, if applicable. This needs to be done on only one of the end points of the PVC. But it is better to do it at both ends, as it will help detect configuration errors more easily.9Specify any other attributes, as necessary.End of Procedure 10-4Figure 10-7 Adding a SubinterfaceType in thenumber ofsubinterfacesand the datafields appearSpecify the associated PVC and any VLAN or ELANType in a name and IP addressConfiguring Routing ProtocolsThe IP protocol relies on a suite of support protocols that help it accomplish itstask of moving datagrams from source to destination addresses. One exampleof a supporting function is route determination.As with actual networks, a variety of routing protocols are available in the modellibrary. These protocols can be used homogeneously throughout the network,or in combination with each other. This section does not elaborate on how tomake choices about which routing protocol to use since this is an in-depth topicof network design, and not one of network modeling. However, if the specificrouting protocol(s) used by your actual network are not available in the standardmodel library at this time, you need to consider which of the available protocolsrepresent the best match. This table of routing protocol features may be helpfulin making such a selection:Table10-7 Routing Protocols(Part 1 of 2)Routing Protocol Characteristic FeaturesRIP•Distance Vector Based•Runs over UDP•Typically interior gateway protocol•Only one path to each destination. No load balancing•Hop-count based costingOSPF•Link State Based•Runs directly over IP•Interior or border gateway protocol•Multiple paths to each destination. Load balancing•Link-attribute based costing. Costing is statically assignedIGRP•Distance Vector Based•Typically interior gateway protocol•Multiple paths to each destination. Load balancing•Link-attribute based costing. Dynamic costing。
dsr 路由协议英文介绍
dsr 路由协议英文介绍DSR (Dynamic Source Routing) is a routing protocol used in computer networks that enables nodes to dynamically determine the optimal path for data transmission. It is a proactive routing protocol, meaning that it maintains route information in advance rather than waiting for a request.DSR works by establishing a route discovery process. When a source node wants to send data to a destination node, it broadcasts a route request packet to all the nodes in the network. Each intermediate node that receives the request packet appends its own address to the packet and forwards it to its neighbors. The destination node, upon receiving the request packet, generates a route reply packet that contains the optimal path back to the source node.One notable feature of DSR is its support for source routing. In source routing, the source node determines the complete sequence of nodes through which the data packets will travel. This allows for more efficient routing, as nodes do not need to maintain routing tables or perform extensive route calculations.Another advantage of DSR is its ability to handle network topology changes effectively. If a node moves or fails, DSR can quickly adapt to the new conditions by dynamically discovering alternative routes.However, DSR has some limitations. It requires additional overhead due to the inclusion of the complete route in the packet header. This can increase the size of the packets and consumenetwork bandwidth. Additionally, DSR may not be suitable for large-scale networks with a high node density, as the overhead can become significant.In summary, DSR is a routing protocol that enables dynamic route determination by utilizing source routing. It offers efficiency and adaptability in small to medium-sized networks but may not be suitable for large-scale deployments.。
第八章 Routing Protocol
192.168.1.0/24 New York 192.168.4.0/24 Tokyo 192.168.2.0/24 192.168.6.0/24 London 192.168.3.0/24
RIP协议度量值
RIP以到目的网络的跳数（Hop） 作为度量，可用跨越路由器个 数来计算 RIP最大度量值为15，16意味 着不可达，因此RIP网络适用 的网络规模较小
定时器
30s 停止更新 路由无效 路由刷新
有限路由更新
可以在某一接口配置，用来对指定的路由协议，指定的接口不传 送路由更新报文 如： Router rip Passive-Interface e0 Network 192.168.0.0 Network 192.168.1.0
RIP设计约束
D
C
B
G
E F
A
触发定时器（Update）
路由器定期更新的时间间隔，对于RIP协议来说为30秒 不总是确切的等于30秒，为了防止设备发送路由更新引起的 路由开销将最终引起设备改变路由更新时间到同步状态
无效定时器（Invalid）
用来探测网络介质故障，确定路由无效的时间 对于RIP来说Invalid Timer=180秒，即上次更新路由之后的180秒 后，如果没有收到指定网络的路由更新则认为路由无效 Invalid定时超时后，将向邻居路由器发送指定网络的不可达信息
New York
London
Tokyo 192.168.3.0/24
毒性逆转（Poison Reverse Update）
简单的水平分割（Split Horizon） 技术忽略了路由更新报文中在信 息获得方向上发送的路由信息 通过采用反向通告一个度量值 =16（无穷大）的路由到源端的 方法，可立即消除两相邻路由器 将可能发生的任何环路 这虽然增加了路由更新报文的大 小，但对防止路由环路很有帮助
《computer networking》中英词汇对照表
Chapter 11.1Internet：因特网Computer network ：计算机网络Host: 主机End system: 终端系统Packet switching: 分组交换Route: 路径Internet service provider (ISP): 因特网服务提供商Protocol: 协议Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)：传输控制协议1.2Client: 客户端Server: 服务器Peer: 对等机Reliable data transfer: 可靠数据传输Flow control: 流量控制Congestion-control: 拥塞控制User Datagram Protocol (UDP): 用户数据报协议1.3Circuit switching: 电路交换/线路交换Packet switching: 分组交换Frequency-division multiplexing (FDM): 频分多路复用Time-division multiplexing (TDM): 时分多路复用Bandwidth: 带宽Time slot: 时隙Frame: 帧Message: 报文:Packet: 分组Store-and-forward: 存储转发Datagram network: 数据报网络Virtual-circuit network: 虚电路网络1.4Router: 路由器Modem: 调制解调器Local area network (LAN): 局域网Ethernet: 以太网Wireless LAN: 无线局域网Guided media: 导向型介质Unguided media: 非导向型介质Twisted-pair copper wire: 双绞线Unshielded twisted pair(UTP): 非屏蔽双绞线Coaxial cable: 同轴电缆Fiber optics: 光线/光缆1.6Nodal processing delay: 结点处理延迟Queuing delay: 排队延迟Transmission delay: 发送延迟Propagation delay: 传播延迟Traffic intensity: 流通强度End-to-end delay: 端到端延迟1.7Layer: 层次Protocol stack: 协议栈Application layer: 应用层Transport layer: 传输层Network layer: 网络层Link layer: 链路层Physical layer: 物理层Encapsulation: 封装Message: 报文Segment: 报文段Datagram: 数据报Frame: 帧Chapter 22.1Client-server architecture: 客户端－服务器体系结构；C/S结构P2P architecture: 对等结构Processes: 进程Socket: 套接字Application programming interface (API): 应用程序编程接口IP address: IP地址Prot number: 端口号Syntax: 语法Semantics: 语义Full-duplex: 全双工Handshaking: 握手Real-time application: 实时应用2.2The World Wide Web: 万维网HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP): 超文本传输协议Web page: 网页Object: 对象HyperText Markup Language (HTML): 超文本标记语言URL：统一资源定位符Browser: 浏览器Persistent connection: 持久连接Non-persistent connection: 非持久连接Round-trip time (RTT): 往返时间Without pipelining: 非流水线方式With pipelining: 流水线方式Web cache: web 缓存Proxy server: 代理服务器2.3File Transfer Protocol (FTP): 文件传输协议Control connection: 控制连接Data connection: 数据连接Out-of-band: 带外In-band: 带内2.4Electronic Mail: 电子邮件User agent: 用户代理Mail server: 邮件服务器Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP): 简单邮件传输协议Mailbox: 邮箱Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME): 多用途因特网邮件扩展协议Post Office Protocol (POP): 邮局协议Internet Mail Access Protocol (IMAP): Internet 邮件访问协议2.5 Domain Name System (DNS): 域名系统Hostname: 主机名Host aliasing: 主机别名Mail server aliasing: 邮件服务器别名Load distribution: 负载分配Root DNS server: 根DNS服务器Top-Level Domain (TLD) servers: 顶级域DNS服务器Authoritative DNS servers: 授权DNS服务器；权威DNS服务器Local DNS server: 本地DNS服务器Database: 数据库Chapter 33.1Logical communication: 逻辑通讯3.2Multiplexing: 多路复用Demultiplexing: 多路分解Well-known port number: 众所周知的端口号3.3UDP segment: UDP报文段Checksum: 校验和；检查和Wrapped around: 回卷3.4Channel: 通道；信道Positive acknowledgement : 肯定应答Negative acknowledgement: 否定应答ARQ （automatic repeat request）: 自动重传请求Feedback: 反馈Retransmission: 重传Stop-and-wait protocol: 停止－等待协议Duplicate packets: 冗余分组Sequence number: 顺序号Timer: 定时器Alternating-bit protocol: 比特交替协议Utilization: 利用率Go-back-N (GBN): 回退N步Window size: 窗口大小Sliding-window protocol: 滑动窗口协议Cumulative acknowledgement: 累积确认Timeout: 超时Selective Repeat (SR): 选择重传3.5Connection-oriented: 面向连接Point-to-point: 点到点Three-way handshake: 三次握手Maximum segment size (MSS): 最大报文段大小Maximum transmission unit (MTU): 最大传输单元Piggybacked: 捎带Sample RTT: 样本RTTFast retransmit: 快速重传Selective acknowledgement: 选择确认Flow-control: 流量控制Receive window: 接收窗口3.7Congestion control: 拥塞窗口Self-clocking: 自定时的Additive-increase, multiplicative-decrease: 加性增，乘性减Slow star: 慢启动Congestion avoidance: 拥塞避免Threshold: 阈值Fast recovery: 快速恢复Bottleneck: 瓶颈Latency: 延迟Chapter 44.1Forwarding: 转发Routing: 路由Routing algorithm: 路由算法Forwarding table: 转发表Router: 路由器Jitter: 抖动Best-effort service: 尽力而为的服务4.2Virtual-circuit (VC) network: 虚电路网络Datagram network: 数据报网络Prefix: 前缀Longest prefix matching rule: 最长前缀匹配规则4.3Input port: 输入端口Switching fabric: 交换结构Routing processor: 路由处理器Crossbar: 交叉结构4.4Time-to-live (TTL) :生存时间Fragmentation: 分片；片段Dotted-decimal notation: 点分十进制表示法Subnet: 子网Subnet mask: 子网掩码Classless Interdomain Routing (CIDR): 无类别域际路由选择Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol （DHCP）：动态主机配置协议Plug-and-play: 即插即用Network address translation (NAT): 网络地址转换Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP): 因特网控制报文协议Dual-stack: 双栈Tunneling: 隧道4.5Default router: 默认路由器Graph: 图A global routing algorithm : 全局路由算法A decentralized routing algorithm : 分布式路由算法Static routing algorithm: 静态路由算法Dynamic routing algorithm : 动态路由算法Link-State (LS): 链路状态Distance-Vector(DV): 距离向量Routing table: 路由表Autonomous system (AS): 自治系统Intra-autonomous system routing protocol: 自治系统内路由协议Inter-AS routing protocol: 自治系统间路由协议4.6Interior gateway protocol: 内部网关协议Routing Information Protocol (RIP): 路由信息协议Open Shortest Path First (OSPF): 开放最短路径优先协议Advertisement: 公告Hop: 跳Border Gateway Protocol (BGP): 边界网关协议4.7Broadcast: 广播Multicast: 多播Chapter 55.1Node: 结点Link: 链路Frame: 帧Medium access control (MAC): 介质访问控制Full-duplex: 全双工Half-duplex: 半双工Adapter: 适配器Network interface card (NIC): 网卡Interface: 接口5.2Parity check: 奇偶校验Odd: 奇数Even: 偶数Cyclic redundancy check (CRC): 循环冗余校验Polynomial: 多项式5.3Collide: 冲突Multiple access protocol: 多路访问协议Channel partitioning protocol: 信道划分协议Random access protocol: 随机访问协议Taking-turns protocol: 轮转协议Code division multiple access (CDMA): 码分多址访问Carrier sensing: 载波侦听Collision detection: 冲突检测Polling protocol: 轮询协议Token-passing protocol: 令牌传递协议Token: 令牌Local Area Network (LAN): 局域网Token-ring: 令牌环Fiber distributed data interface (FDDI): 光纤分布式数据接口Metropolitan Area Network (MAN): 城域网5.4Address Resolution Protocol (ARP): 地址解析协议Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP): 动态主机配置协议5.5Ethernet: 以太网Preamble: 前导码Manchester encoding: 曼彻斯特编码5.6Hub: 集线器Collision domain: 冲突域Switch: 交换机Filtering: 过滤Forwarding: 转发Switch table: 交换表Self-learning: 自学习Plug-and-play devices: 即插即用设备Cut-through switching: 直通式交换5.7Point-to-point: (PPP): 点到点。
网络工程师-计算机专业英语(五)_真题-无答案
网络工程师-计算机专业英语(五)(总分100,考试时间90分钟)单项选择题Traditional IP packet forwarding analyzes the ______ IP address contained in the network layer header of each packet as the packet travels from its source to its final destination. A router analyzes the destination IP address independently at each hop in the network. Dynamic ______ protocols or static configuration builds the database needed to analyze the destination IP address (the routing table). The process of implementing traditional IP routing also is called hop-by-hop destination-based ______ routing. Although successful, and obviously widely deployed, certain restrictions, which have been realized for some time, exist for this method of packet forwarding that diminish its ______. New techniques are therefore required to address and expand the functionality of an IP-based network infrastructure. This first chapter concentrate on identifying these restrictions and presents a new architecture, known as multipleprotocol ______ switching, that provides solutions to some of these restrictions.1. A. datagram B. destination C. connection D. service2. A. routing B. forwarding C. transmission D. management3. A. anycast B. multicast C. broadcast D. unicast4. A. reliability B. flexibility C. stability D. capability5. A. const B. cast C. mark D. labelThe de facto standard application program interface ______ for TCP/IP applications is the "sockets" interface. Although this API was developed for ______ in the early 1980s. it has also been implemented on a wide variety of non-Unix systems. TCP/IP ______ written using the sockets API have in the past enjoyed a high degree of portability and we would like the same ______ with IPv6 applications. But changes are required to the sockets API to support IPv6 and this memo describes these changes. These include a new socket address structure to carry IPv6 ______, new address conversion functions, and some new socket options. These extensions are designed to provide Access to the basic IPv6 features required by TCP and UDP applications,including multicasting, while introducing a minimum of change into the system and **plete ______ for existing IPv4 applications.6. A. Windows B. Linux C. Unix D. DoS7. A. applications B. networks C. protocols D. systems8. A. portability B. availability C. capability D. reliability9. A. connections B. protocols C. networks D. addresses10. A. availability B. compatibility C. capability D. reliabilityThe TCP protocolis a ______ layer protocol. Each connection connects two TCPs that may be just one physical network apart or located on opposite sides of the globe. In other words, each connection creates a ______ witha length that may be totally different from another path created by another connection. This means that TCP cannot use the same retransmission time for all connections. Selecting a fixed retransnussion time for all connections can result in serious consequences. If the retransmission time does not allow enough time for a ______ to reach the destination and an acknowledgment to reach the source, it can result in retransmission of segments that are still on the way. Conversely, if the retransmission time is longer than necessary for a short path, it may result in delay for the application programs. Even for one single connection, the retransmission time should not be fixed. A connection may be able to send segments and receive ______ faster during nontraffic period than during congested periods. TCP uses the dynamic retransmission time, a transmission time is different for each connection and which may be changed during the same connection. Retransmission time can be made ______ by basing it on the round-trip time (RTT). Several formulas are used for this purpose.11. A.physical work C.transport D.application12. A.path B.window C.response D.process13. A.process B.segment C.program er14. A.connections B.requests C.acknowledgments D.datagrams15. A.long B.short C.fixed D.dynamicLet us now see how randomization is done when a collision occurs. After a ______, time is divided into discrete slots whose length is equal to the worst-case round-trip propagation time on the ether (2t). To accommodate the longest path allowed by Ethernet, the slot tome has been set t0 512 bit times, or 51.2μsec.After the first collision, each station waits either 0 or 1 ______ times before trying again. If two stations collide and each one picks the same random number, they will collide again. After the second collision, each one picks either 0, 1, 2, or3 at random and waits that number of slot times. If a third collision occurs (the probability of this happening is 0.25), then the next time the number of slots to wait is chosen at ______ from the interval 0 to 23-1.In general, after i collisions, a random number between 0 and 2i-1 is chosen, and that number of slots is skipped. However, after ten collisions have been reached, the randomization ______ is frozen at a maximum of 1023 slots. After 16 collisions, the controller throws in the towel and reports failure back to **puter. Further recovery is up to ______ layers.16. A.datagram B.collision C.connection D.service17. A.slot B.switch C.process D.fire18. A.rest B.random C.once D.odds19. A.unicast B.multicast C.broadcast D.interval20. A.local B.next C.higher D.lowerBorder Gateway Protocol(BGP) is inter-autonomous system ______ protocol. BGP is based on a routing method called path vector routing. Distance vector routing is not a good candidate for inter-autonomous system routing because there are occasions on which the route with the smallest ______ count is not the preferred route. For example, we may not want a packet through an autonomous system that is not secure even though it is shortest route. Also, distance vector routing is unstable due to the fact that the routers announce only the number of hop counts to the destination without defining the path that leads to that ______. A router that receives a distance vector advertisement packet may be fooled if the shortest path is actually calculated through the receiving router itself. Link ______. routing is also not a good candidate for inner-autonomous system routing because an internet is usually too big for this routing method. To use link state routing for the whole internet would require each router to have a huge link state database. It would also take a long time for each router to calculate its routing ______ using the Dijkstra algorism.21. A. routing B. switching C. transmitting D. receiving22. A. path B. hop C. route D. packet23. A. connection B. window C. source D. destination24. A. status B. search C. state D. research25. A. table B. state C. metric D. costA transport layer protocol usually has several responsibilties. One is to create a process-to-**munication UDP uses ______ numbers to accomplish this. Another responsibility is to provide control mechanisms at the transport level UDP does this task at a very minimal level. There is no flow control mechanism and there is no ______ for received packet. UDP, however, does provide error control to some extent. If UDP detects an error in the received packet, it will silently drop it.The transport layer also provides a connection mechanism for the processes. The ______ must be able to send streams of data to the transport layer. It is the responsibility of the transport layer at ______ station to make the connection with the receiver chop the stream into transportable units, number them, and send them one by one. it is the responsibility of the transport layer at the receiving end to wait until all the different units belonging to the same process have arrived, check and pass those that are ______ free, and deliver them to the receiving process as a stream.26. A.hop B.port C.route D.packet27. A.connection B.window C.acknowledgement D.destination28. A.jobs B.processes C.programs ers29. A.sending B.routing C.switching D.receiving30. A.call B.state C.cost D.errorAlthough a given waveform may contain frequencies over a very broad range, as a practical matter any transmission system will be able to accommodate only a limited band of ______. This, in turn, limits the data rate that can be carried on the transmission ______. A square wave has an infinite number of **ponents and hence an infinite ______. However, the peak amplitude of the kth **ponent, kf, is only l/k, so most of the ______ in this waveform is in the first few **ponents. In general, any digital waveform will have ______ bandwidth. If we attempt to transmit this waveform as a signal over any medium, the transmission system will limit the bandwidth that can be transmitted.31. A. frequencies B. connections C. diagrams D. resources32. A. procedures B. function C. route D. medium33. A. source B. bandwidth C. energy D. cost34. A. frequency B. energy C. amplitude D. phase35. A. small B. limited C. infinite D. finiteThe metric assigned to each network depends on the type of protocol.Some simple protocol, like RIP, treats each network as equals. The ______ of passing through each network is the same; it is one ______ count. So if a packet passes through 10 network to reach the destination, the total cost is 10 hop counts. Other protocols, such as OSPF, allow the administrator to assign a cost for passing through a network based on the type of service required. A ______ through a network can have different costs (metrics). For example, if maximum ______ is the desired type of service, a satellite link has a lower metric than a fiber-optic line. On the other hand, if minimum ______ is the desired type of service, a fiber-optic line has a lower metric than a satellite line. OSPF allow each router to have several routing table based on the required type of Service.36. A. number B. connection C. diagram D. cost37. A. process B. hop C. route D. flow38. A. flow B. window C. route D. cost39. A. packet B. throughput C. error D. number40. A. delay B. stream C. packet D. cost。
dsr
The Dynamic Source Routing ProtocolThe Dynamic Source Routing protocol (DSR) is a simple and efficient routing protocol designed specifically for use in multi-hop wireless ad hoc networks of mobile nodes. DSR allows the network to be completely self-organizing and self-configuring, without the need for any existing network infrastructure or administration.DSR has been implemented by numerous groups, and deployed on several testbeds. Networks using the DSR protocol have been connected to the Internet. DSR can interoperate with Mobile IP, and nodes using Mobile IP and DSR have seamlessly migrated between WLANs, cellular data services, and DSR mobile ad hoc networks.The protocol is composed of the two main mechanisms of "Route Discovery" and "Route Maintenance", which work together to allow nodes to discover and maintain routes to arbitrary destinations in the ad hoc network. All aspects of the protocol operate entirely on-demand, allowing the routing packet overhead of DSR to scale automatically to only that needed to react to changes in the routes currently in use.The protocol allows multiple routes to any destination and allows each sender to select and control the routes used in routing its packets, for example for use in load balancing or for increased robustness. Other advantages of the DSR protocol include easily guaranteed loop-free routing, support for use in networks containing unidirectional links, use of only "soft state" in routing, and very rapid recovery when routes in the network change. The DSR protocol is designed mainly for mobile ad hoc networks of up to about two hundred nodes, and is designed to work well with even very high rates of mobility.Definition of the DSR protocolDSR is officially defined by an Internet-Draft. As of August 2003, the most current is "The Dynamic Source Routing Protocol for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (DSR)", Johnson, Maltz, Hu, 16-Apr-03,draft-ietf-manet-dsr-09.txtDSR is on its way to becoming an RFC. Once released, this will be the official definition of DSR.The most current explanation of the DSR protocol can be found in David B. Johnson, David A. Maltz, and Josh Broch. DSR: The Dynamic Source RoutingProtocol for Multi-Hop Wireless Ad Hoc Networks. in Ad Hoc Networking, edited by Charles E. Perkins, Chapter 5, pp. 139-172, Addison-Wesley, 2001.Working with DSR simulationsThe following resources might be helpful for working with DSR as implemented in the ns-2 simulator.∙ AHREF="/ftp/monarch/wireless-sim/ns-cmu.ps"> Wireless and Mobility Extensions to ns (ps file) This documenation extends what is available in the ns-2 mannualdocumentation.Revised 8/5/99∙DSR ns-2 FAQ by Bryan Hogan . Discusses implementation of DSR inside ns2.27.Implementations of DSRUnless noted, I have not reviewed or run these implementations. For other implementations of DSR and other protocols, see alsoWikipedia Ad hoc protocols implementations.o The Click DSR Router Project at the PecoLab at UC Boulder.Main Home Page A userlevel implementation of DSR implementedwith the Click framework. Runs on top of Linux.o The MicroSoft Research Mesh Connectivity Layer (MCL) MCL implements a layer 2.5 multi-hop routing protocol on WindowsXP. This protocol is derived from the DSR protocol and iscalled Link Quality Source Routing (LQSR) protocol. LQSRsupports for both single and multiple radios per node and avariety of link quality metrics including ETX, RTT, PacketPair and hop count. In addition, it also includes a new linkquality metric we call Weighted Expected Transmission Time(WCETT). WCETT takes link bandwidth, link loss rate, andchannel diversity into account when selecting links in amulti-radio mesh network.o The Monarch Project implementation is a set of kernel patches that supports FreeBSD 3.3 and 2.2.7. Josh Broch and I are theprimary authors of this code. The implementation is quite oldnow, and I do not know how much work would be required to makeit operate with FreeBSD 5.x.o Alex Tzu-Yu Song has implemented DSR in his system called PICONET II. more information available at/thesis/main.html.Recommended by "ng jiahui" ngjiahui21 [at- o OPNET 9.1+ includes DSR and AODV implementations in the Modeller, and they are available in the contributes modules section of the OPNET website. There are outdatedimplemenations from NIST available for outdated DSRimplementation and outdated AODV Implementation.o INSIGNIA DSR Implementation maintained at . I have no idea what this implementation is about.o Monarch DSR Implementation maintained at . I have no idea what this implementation is about. As far as I know, no member of the Monarch Project has anything to do with this code.Support code for DSR and MANET Testbedscmu-atg-2004-07-30.tgz contains the source code for the Automatic Traffic Generator (ATG) used in the Caterpult testbed built in 1998. The code is written in java and is not of high quality, but several folks have asked for it. There's a README file with more information.David A. Maltz;last updated: 7/23/2003。
天津大学《物联网技术》课程教学大纲
天津大学《物联网技术》课程教学大纲课程代码:课程名称：物联网技术学时：32 学分： 2学时分配：授课：32 上机：实验: 实践: 实践（周)：授课学院：计算机更新时间：适用专业: 计算机工程系、计算机科学系、计算机与信息技术系先修课程：数字电路、数据机构一、课程的性质与目的物联网被称为信息社会的第三次浪潮，物联网技术将人类生存的物理世界网络化、信息化，将分离的物理世界和信息空间互联整合，代表了未来网络的发展方向.物联网技术称为未来社会经济发展、社会进步和科技创新的重要基础设施。
本课程的目的是使学生掌握物联网技术的定义和基本原理及应用，了解物联网技术的发展，了解物联网的关键技术和方法.其中包括:物联网基本概念、物联网硬件组成、物联网无线通讯技术、无线传感器网络、物联网的数据融合技术、IPv6在物联网中的应用、6LoWPAN适配层、RPL、物联网的安全问题和应用等.二、教学基本要求《物联网技术》作为计算机工程、计算机科学和计算机与信息技术的专业课，要求学生在了解当今信息化社会发展的基础上，掌握物联网关键技术的发展和应用,了解物联网的特点。
为以后从事相关工作打下基础.本课程建议在大三第二学期开设.本课程采用双语教学,英文原版教材。
三、教学内容第一部分物联网的概论教学内容:物联网的基本概念；物联网的组成和结构；物联网的发展和面临的问题。
教学要求：掌握物联网的基本概念、结构;熟悉物联网技术发展过程和面临问题.第二部分物联网的硬件技术教学内容：物联网的主要硬件设备(传感器和RFID）和设备管理机制.教学要求：掌握主要的硬件设备(传感器和RFID)，了解支持硬件设备的管理机制。
第三部分物联网无线通信技术教学内容：无线通信技术：GSM、GPRS、3G 通信技术、光通信和卫星通信技术；无线通信接入技术:多址技术、组网技术;近距离无线通信技术:Bluetooth、ZigBee、WLAN(WIFI)、WiMAX等。
教学要求：掌握现代无线通信技术,无线通信接入技术,近距离无线通信技术。
华为认证网络工程师自测题（HUAWEICertifiedNetworkEngineer）
华为认证网络工程师自测题（HUAWEI Certified Network Engineer）"HUAWEI Certified Network Engineer" self-test Title Three--------------------------------------------------------------------------------Integrated routing 101.IGRP protocol including the right (s) (abdef)A, bandwidthB, time delayC and hopsD, reliabilityE and loadF, maximum transmission unit102. dynamic routing protocol than static routing protocol (s) (CD)A, bandwidth usage is fewB, simpleC, routers can automatically detect changes in the networkD, routers can automatically calculate new routesThe 103.RIP protocol is based on (a)A, UDPB, TCPC, ICMPD, Raw, IPBecause in the 104. generation of routing table in OSPF protocol to the SPF algorithm to calculate the complex network topology, so relative to the distance vector routing protocol, it needs more cost, more delay, higher CPU occupancy rate. (a)A, trueB, falseThe 105. (c) command looks at some of the interface's information, including the cost, status, type, priority, etc. of the interfaceA, show, IP, OSPFB, show, IP, OSPF, errorC, show, IP, OSPF, interfaceD, show, IP, OSPF, enighborThe 106. (b) command shows the error recorded by the OSPF when it receives the messageA, show, IP, OSPFB, show, IP, OSPF, errorC, show, IP, OSPF, intterfaceD, show, IP, OSPF, neighbor107. described below about 1000 Gigabit Ethernet port is correct (s) (AB)A and 1000M Ethernet can provide full duplex / half duplex communicationThe physical medium of B and 1000M Ethernet can adopt more than 5 twisted pair, single-mode / multi-mode fiberC and 1000M Ethernet have automatic negotiation function, which can negotiate speed with low speed EthernetD, in the same collision domain, allowing one Gigabit Ethernet Repeater108. in Ethernet, different devices are distinguished according to (b) addressesA and IP addressesB and MAC addressesC and IPX addressesD and LLC addresses109. HUAWEI S2403 switch based on STF characteristic parameters setting: (s) (AF)A, Bridge, Priority (switch priority)B, Hellow, Time (root bridge switches send out configuration messages at intervals)C, Max, Age, Time (maximum aging time)D, Forward, Time (port status conversion time)E, Port, Path, Cost (Port path value)F, Port, Priority (port priority)When the 110.Quidway router performs packet forwarding, which of the following items has not changed (assuming that no address translation technique is used) (ABCD)?A, the original sloganB, destination port numberC, the original network addressD, destination network addressE, the original MAC addressF, destination MAC address111. which of the following protocols belong to the OSI reference model seventh? (s) (AC)A, FTPB, SPXC, TelnetD, PPPE, TCPF, IGMP112. compared with switching circuits, packet switching has little delay (b)A, trueB, falseThe key to putting forward OSI in 113. ISO is (d)A, network interconnectionB, network layeringC, seven layer modelD, setting standards114. LAN equipment: (s) ab()A, cables, such as optical fiber, twisted pair cable, coaxial cable, etc.B hubC, MODEMD, routerWhich standard work file (d) is the following 115.RFC document?A, ISOB, ITUC, IETFD, IEEE116. what are the two parts of the network address for the routing protocol (c)?A, network address and host addressB, host address, and network maskC, network address, and network maskThe address of the 117.IP address 190.233.27.13/16 is (b)A, 190.0.0.0B, 190.233.0.0C, 190.233.27.0D, 190.233.27.1118. which of the following options are the basic functions of the physical layer (s): (AC)The A transmits bit streams between the terminal devicesB establish and maintain virtual circuits, carry out error checking and flow controlC, defines voltage, interface, cable standard, transmission distance and so onThe function is 119.Traceroute (BC) (s) ()A, for checking whether the network management is normal or notB is used to check if the network connection is accessibleC is used to analyze where the network is experiencing problems120.TCP, UDP, and SPX belong to OSI (b)A, network layerB, transport layerC, session layerD, presentation layerAbout 121. of the IP header field of TTL, the following statement is correct (BC) (s)The maximum possible value of A and TTL is 65535B, under normal circumstances, routers should not receive TTL=0 messages from the interfaceC and TTL mainly aim to prevent IP packets from forwarding in the network and waste the network bandwidthD and IP messages, each passing a network device, including Hub, LAN, SWITCH, and routers, TTL values are subtracted from acertain value122. assign you a B class, IP network, 172.16.0.0, subnet mask 255.255.255.192, then you can use the number of networks (b), the maximum number of hosts per segmentA, 512126B, 102262C, 102462D, 256254E, 192254123.. Which of the following are the functions of the ICMP protocol? (s) (CE)A and report TCP connection timeout informationB and redirect UDP messagesC and forward SNMP dataD and find subnet masksE, reporting routing update error messages124., if the mask for class C subnet is 255.255.255.240, then the number of subnets, the number of subnets, and the numberof hosts in each subnet are correct (c)A, 222B, 3630C, 41414D, 5306The broadcast address for 125.10.1.0.1/17 is (c)A, 10.1.128.255B, 10.1.63.255C, 10.1.127.255D, 10.1.126.255126. what commands do you have to configure when you configure your IPX/SPX network on the Quidway router? (s) (ACD)A, interface encapsulation typeB and path load balancingC, interface network numberD, start the IPX process127. which of the following techniques can help reduce routing loops (cdef)?A, direct exchangeB adopts link state routing protocolC, horizontal segmentationD, keep the intervalE and defines the maximum hop countF, routing poisoning128. configuring a gateway in a computer that runs Win98 is similar to configuring B on a routerA, direct routingB and default routingC, dynamic routingD, indirect routing129. which routing items are manually configured by network management (AC)A, static routingB, direct routingC and default routingD, dynamic routing130., please select all the necessary configuration commands to run the IGRP protocol on the HUAWEI routerA and enable the IGRP routing processB and enter the interface configuration modeC, configuring neighborsD, on the router interface131. which patterns can be used by the degbug command (b)?A, user modeB, privilege modeC, global modeD, interface mode132. what is the standard implementation of Ethernet (c) 6209?A, IEEE802.1B, IEEE 802.2C, IEEE 802.3D, IEEE 802.5133, the command backup state-up Interval-Time is applied to ()The A and main interfaces are physical interfacesThe B and backup interfaces are physical interfacesThe C and main interfaces are logical channelsThe D and backup interfaces are logical channels134. Please select all the required configuration commands (c) to run the IGRP protocol on a HUAWEI routerA and enable the IGRP routing processB and enter the interface configuration modeC, configuring neighborsD, on the router interface135., the principle of determining the quality of the routing does not include (c)A and fast convergenceB flexibility and flexibilityC and the advance of topological structureD, the best path136. can provide the backup interface (CEF) for any of the following interfaces?A, ISDN, BRIB, ISDN, PRIC, X.25D, dial interfaceE Ethernet interfaceF, virtual interface template137. the following statement about the DLCI is incorrect (abce)A and DLCI are local interfacesB and DLCI are assigned by the DCE sideC, the user can DLCI range is 11007D and different physical interfaces can configure the same DLCIThe E and the same physical interface can configure different DLCI138.VRP supported X.25 protocol encapsulation formats are available (ACDF)A, IETFB, ITU-T, Q.933aC, DDND, BFEE, IEEE802.3Compatibility of F and CISCO139. WAN protocol has (abce)A, PPPB, X.25C, SLIPD, EthernetllE, FramerelayF, IEEE802.2/802.3G, IPXIn the 140. configuration frame stepson interface, which can be matched with the sub interface type (AC)A, point-to-pointB, NBMAC, point-to-multipointD, broadcastThe function of the network number in the 141.IP address is (AC)A specifies the network on which the host belongsB specifies the host identifier on the networkC, a network that specifies a device that can run communicationsD, which specifies a node in the subnet being addressed142. what does the term ARP represent (b)?A and address resolution protocolB and reverse address resolution protocol143. what command should be used to determine the number of routers to pass through the network layer (d)?A, PingB, arp-aC, stack-testD, tracerouteE, telnet144.IEEE802.3 is not a standard for VLAN (a)A, trueB, falseAll hosts in the 145.CSMA/CD network can monopolize network bandwidth (b)A, trueB, falseWhich of the 146.OSI does not represent layer functionality?(c)A, data encryptionB, data compressionC, password controlD, data format conversionWhat floor does 147.Telnet work on? (a)A and application layerB, presentation layerC, session layerD, transport layerE, network layerF and link layerG, physical layerThe port number of the 148.TFTP server is (D) A, 23B, 48C, 53D. 69149. how do I see the E0 IPX interface on the Quidway router (B)?A, show, interfaceB, show, IPX, interfaceC, show, IPX, serverceD, show, interface, E0150. in the router, the IPX address 0XFFFFFFFE indicates (B)A, local addressB, broadcast address in the networkBroadcast address between C and Internet。
W_Exploration_Routing_Chapter03
16
3.2.3 Distance Vector and Link State
Link-state routing protocols： ： Network 发生 changes 触发一个更新 建立一个连路状态公告(LSA, link-state 建立一个连路状态公告 advertisement)发送给所有的邻居设备 发送给所有的邻居设备. 发送给所有的邻居设备 每个routing 设备用 LSA更新链路状态数据库 每个 更新链路状态数据库, 更新链路状态数据库 并转发 LSA 给所有的邻居设备 Router收集网络的信息 收集网络的信息， Router收集网络的信息，对全部网络有一个认 识。最短路径生成树
11
3.2.1 Overview
Dynamic routing protocols 按照特性可以分为不同的类别. 按照特性可以分为不同的类别
12
3.2.1 Overview
RIP: 内部距离矢量 routing protocol IGRP: Cisco 公司开发 的内部 距离矢 量 routing protocol EIGRP: Cisco公司开发的高级的内部距离矢量 公司开发的高级的内部距离矢量 routing protocol OSPF: 内部的链路状态 routing protocol IS-IS:内部的链路状态 routing protocol 内部的链路状态
25
3.4.1 Purpose of Administrative Distance
管理距离(AD , Administrative Distance)： 是一个从 到 ： 是一个从0到 255的整数值，用来衡量 route 的可信度。值越小表 的整数值， 的可信度。 的整数值 示路径越好。 示路径越好。 Network 使用不同的 使用不同的routing protocols，不同的 ，不同的routing protocols 使用不同的 使用不同的metrics 路由器根据管理距离来判断最佳路由。 路由器根据管理距离来判断最佳路由。 有不同的缺省的AD. 不同的 routing protocols 有不同的缺省的 如果有多条到达目的的path 将把 将把AD值最小的放到 如果有多条到达目的的 值最小的放到 routing table.
BGP2(邻居类型)
© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
BSCI v3.0—6-6
• 路由器C将到达10.0.0.0网段的数据包丢弃. 路由器 C 没有运IBGP; 所以, 他不会从路由器B那里学习到10.0.0.0网段. • 在这个例子中，路由器B和E都没有将BGP重发布到OSPF中.
• 当BGP运行在两个不同的自治系统的邻居之间，我们称之EBGP. • EBGP在默认情况下，必须直接连接.
© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
BSCI v3.0—6-5
IBGP and Redistributing
• 将BGP重分布进IGP中是不被允许的.（本例除外)
© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. BSCI v3.0—6-8
Summary
• The key terms to describe relationships between routers running BGP are as follows: – BGP speaker, or BGP router – BGP peer, or neighbor – IBGP and EBGP • EBGP neighbors are directly connected routers in different autonomous systems. • IBGP neighbors are routers in the same AS that are reachable by static routes or a dynamic internal routing protocol.
HSRP和VRRP中有用的track路由功能
vrrp 1 authentication ipexpert
#########################
Now we need to figure out the metric threshold for the network we are tracking. Let's find our metric first:
Router(config)#ip route 192.168.10.0 255.255.255.0 10.3.12.26 track 10 190
However, in most cases, this is probably not a good idea because it will make your routing more complicated and consequently more difficult to troubleshoot. Combining these two methods means that there are now two potentially complicated and interrelated decisions to be made in selecting which routes to install. So when you look at your routing table, you may not be able to immediately see why a given route is or is not present. Since this method does at least install the routes into the routing table, we prefer this complicated method to policy-based routing, which is always complicated to troubleshoot, but if you are tempted to use this feature, we recommend looking for a simpler solution first.
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
18
10
Chapter 10
19
10
Chpter 10
21
10
RIP Updating Algorithm
Receive: a response RIP message • Add one hop to hop count for each advertised destination • Repeat the following steps for each advertised destination
– Routing protocols have been created in response to the demand for dynamic routing tables
Chapter 10
11
10
Interior vs Exterior
• An internet is divided into autonomous systems • An Autonomous System (AS) is a group of networks and routers under the authority of a single administration • Routing inside an AS is referred to as interior routing • Routing between AS is referred to as exterior routing
Chapter 10
4
10
Dynamic routing protocols
Static routing suitable only for small networks. RIP (Routing Information Protocol), OSPF (Open Shortest Path First), BGP (Border Gateway Protocol) Dynamic routing does not change how kernel performs routing at IP layer.
Chapter 10 9
10
0 7 8 15 16 command (1-6) version (1) address family (2) 32 bit IP address (must be zero) (must be zero) metric (1-16) (up to 24 more routes, with same format as previous 20 bytes)
– The total metric of a particular route is equal to the sum of the metrics of networks that comprise the route – A router choose the route with the smallest metric – The metric assigned to each network depends on the type of routing protocol
23
10 Initializing
• When a router is added to a network, it initializes a routing table for itself using its configuration file • The table contains only the directly attached networks and the hop counts, which are initialized to 1
Chapter 10
7
10
Routing software
routed – Often used in UNIX systems – Capable only to RIP – Suitable for small or medium size networks gated – Supports IGP and EGP
– If (destination not in the routing table)
• Add the advertised information to the table
– Else
• If (next-hop field is the same)
– Replace entry in the table with the advertised one (reset timer and update hop-count)
10
Dynamic Routing Protocols
10 Summary of Chapter
• Static Routing and Dynamic Routing • RIP • OSPF • BGP • CIDR
Chapter 10
2
10
10.1 Introduction
Chapter 10
Chapter 10
24
10 Initial Routing Tables
Chapter 10
25
10 Final Routing Tables
Chapter 10
26
10
RIP Message Format
Chapter 10
27
10
RIP Message Format
• 8 bits. • Defines the type of message
20 bytes
31 (must be zero) (must be zero)
Figure 10.3 Format of a RIP message
Chapter 10 10
10
Routing Table
• A router should have a routing table to consult when a packet is ready to be forwarded • The routing table specifies the optimum path for the packet • The routing table can be either static or dynamic
– Destination network address – The shortest distance to reach the destination in hop count – The next hop (router) address – Other information
Chapter 10
Chapter 10
8
10
RIP: Routing Information Protocol
IP datagram UDP datagram IP header 20 bytes UDP header 8 bytes RIP message
Up to 25 routes can be advertised in a RIP message. Multiple messages is often required to send entire routing table.
– Sharing knowledge about the entire AS – Sharing only with neighbors – Sharing at regular intervals
Chapter 10
17
10 Routing Table
• Every router keeps a routing table that has one entry for each destination network of which the router is aware • The fields of routing table entry in RIP
Chapter 10
16
10 Distance Vector Routing
• In distance vector routing, each router periodically shares its knowledge about the entire internet with its neighbors • Key points
Chapter 10
6
10
Dynamic routing
Each AS can decide routing protocol used in communication between routers in that AS. This is called Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP). E.g., RIP and OSPF Between ASs Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) is used and newer Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) are used.
• Else
– If (advertised hop-count smaller than one in the table) » Replace entry in the routing table
• return
Chapter 10 22
Figure 13-3
10
Example
Chapter 10
3
10
Routing Protocols
• An internet is a combination of networks connected by routers • A router receives a packet from a network and passes it to another network • A metric is a cost assigned for passing through a network