《英语词汇学 》复习资料
英语词汇学复习提纲
英语词汇学复习提纲Part I概念题1.（glossary）a list of the difficult words used in a piece of writing or subject,with explanations of their meanings2.(phrase) a group of words that form a unit within a clause3.(expression) unclassified linguistic unit of any length: words, phrases, sentences,paragraphs, etc.4.(diction) the choice of words used in a speech or piece of writing5.(vocabulary) words in general known, learnt, used, etc. or a list of words,usually in alphabetical order and with explanations of their meanings6.(lexicon) all the words and phrases in a language or a dictionary7.(lexis) all the words in a language8.(word) the smallest unit of spoken or written language which has meaning andcan stand alone9.(Etymology) the study of origins and development of words10.(Lexicography) the writing and making of dictionaries11.(Lexical semantics) the study of words and their meanings12.(lexicology) the study of meanings and uses of words13.(morphology) the study of how words are formed in a language14.(phraseology) the words and phrases used in a particular profession or activity, ora particular way of putting words together to express something15.(collocation) a group of words which "naturally" go together through commonusage16.Morpheme: the smallest meaningful linguistic unit of language, not divisible oranalyzable into smaller forms17.Root: a root is the basic unchangeable part of a word, and it conveys the mainlexical meaning of the word.18.A ffix: a collective term for the type of formative that can be used only whenadded to another morpheme. It can further be divided inflectional and derivational types.19.Prefix: a derivational or an inflectional affix that can be added to the beginningof a morpheme.20.S uffix: a derivational or inflectional affix that can be added to the end of amorpheme.21.C ompounding /composition: a word formation process consisting of joining twoor more bases to form a new unit, a compound word.22.D erivation/ affixation: a word-formation process by which new words arecreated by adding a prefix, or suffix or both to the base.23.C onversion: a word-formation process whereby a word of a certain word-class isshifted into a word of another word-class without the addition of an affix.24.I nitialism is a type of shortening, using the first letters of words to form a propername, a technical term or a phrase; it is pronounce letter by letter.25.A cronyms are words formed from the initial letters of the name of anorganization or a scientific term, etc; they are pronounced as words rather than as sequences of letters.26.B lending/hybrid: a word-formation process in which a new word is formed bycombining the meanings and sounds of two words, one of which is not in its full form or both of which are not in their full forms.27.B ack-formation: a term used to refer to a word-formation process by which ashorter word is coined by deletion of a supposed affix from a longer form already present in the language.28.C lipping: a word-formation process by which a word is shortened by deletingone or more syllables from a word (usually a noun), which is also available in its full form.29.M otivation: refers to the connection between word symbol and its sense. MostEnglish words are non-motivated. Motivation can arise in three major ways: phonetic motivation, morphological motivation and semantic motivation.30.P olysemy : a term used in semantic analysis to refer to a lexical item which has arange of different meanings.31.H omonyms: words identical in sound or spelling or both but different inmeaning.32.S ynonyms: words differing in sound but identical or similar in meaning.33.A ntonyms: words that are opposite in meaning34.H yponymy is the relationship which obtains between specific and general lexicalitems, such that the former is included in the latter.35.C ontext in its narrowest sense consists of the lexical items that comeimmediately before and after any word in an act of communication.36.Euphemism: an act of using agreeable language when speaking of anunpleasant or embarrassing fact (such as death, disease, etc) and of taboo subjects (such as sex and the excretive processes of the body).37.M etaphor: is a figure of speech containing an implied comparison based onassociation of similarity, in which a word or phrase ordinarily used for one thing is applied to another, a process which often results in semantic change or figurative extension of meaning.38.M etonymy: a figure of speech by which an object or idea is described by thename of something closely related to it.Part II 常用英语词汇学术语Acronym 首字母拼音词Acronymy首字母拼音法Affix 词缀Affixation 词缀法Antonym 反义词Antonymy 反义关系Back-formation 逆构词，反成法Blend 拼缀词Blending 拼缀法Collocation 搭配，组合Complementaries 互补反义词Complete antonym 完全反义词Composition 复合法Compounding 复合构词法Compound word 复合词、Concept 概念Conceptual meaning 概念意义Connotative meaning 内涵意义Context 语境Conversion 词类转换法Denotative meaning 外延意义Degradation of meaning 词义的降格Derivation 派生法Elevation of meaning 词义的升格Etymology 词源学Euphemism 委婉语Homonymy 同音（形）异义Hyponymy 上下义关系Idiom 成语Inflectional affix 屈折词缀Initialism：首字母缩略词Metaphor：隐喻Metonymy：换喻，转喻，借代Morpheme 词素Morphology 词形学，形态学Motivation of word 词的理据Neologism 新词语Onomatopoeic word 拟声词Phonetics 语音学Polysemy 一词多义Register 语域Root 词根Semantic field语义场Semantics 语义学Synonym 同义词Synonymy 同义关系Word-formation/building 构词法Part III True or False Statements1.It is usual that some affixes have far more frequent productive uses than others.There are some significant relations between affixes, especially antonymy, as with pre- and post-, -full and –less. (T)2.Though most prefixes can occur as independent words, they can on occasion bedetached to permit coordination, as in pre- and post-hysterectomy. (F)pounding can occur only in three main word classes, nouns and to a lesserextent, adjectives and, to least extent, verbs. (F)4.Semantically, compounds can often be identified as having a main stress on thefirst element and a secondary stress on the second element. (F)5.English compounds can be analyzed according to different criteria, such asorthographic criteria, semantic criteria, and phonological criteria. (T)pounds can be divided into three categories according to word classes: nouncompounds, adjective compounds and verb compounds. (T)pounds indicate the relations of the compounding elements by syntacticparaphrases. (T)8.Conversion is the derivational process whereby an item is adapted or convertedto a new word class without the addition of an affix. (T)9.Conversions from verb to noun and from verb to adjective are the mostproductive categories. (F)10.T here are two types of conversion: full conversion and partial conversion. (T)11.T he most important kinds of alteration in conversion are the voicing of finalconsonants, and the shift of stress. (T)12.W ords formed through acronymy are called acronyms or initialisms, dependingon the spelling of the new words. (F)13.B ack-formation is the method of creating new words by removing the supposedsuffixes. (T)14.M otivation has nothing to do with the explanation for the reason that a particularform has a particular meaning. (F)15.T he conceptual meaning of a word is often unstable and hard to determine. (F)16.B y etymological motivation, we mean that the meaning of a particular word isrelated to its origin. (T)17.S ense is concerned with the relationship between the linguistic element and thenon-linguistic world of experience, while reference deals with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. (F)18.I n semantics, meaning of language is considered as the intrinsic and inherentrelation to the physical world of experience. (T)19.C ontextualism is based on the presumption that one can derive meaning from orreduce meaning to observable contexts. (T)20.T he meaning of a sentence is the sum total of the meanings of all its words andphrases put together. (F)21.B oth semantics and pragmatics study how the speakers of a language choosetheir words to effect successful communication. (F)22.T he meaning of an isolated word from a dictionary is usually abstract andcontext-independent. (T)23.I ndo-European refers to the family languages spoken originally in Europe. (F)24.L atin and French belong to the different language groups. (F)25.E nglish belongs to the West-Germanic language group of Indo-Europeanlanguage family. (T)26.T he first people in England about whose language we have definite knowledgeare the Celts. (T)27.C ertain Germanic tribes, Angles, Saxons, Frisians and Jutes were the founders ofthe English nation. (T)28.O ld English has much less loan words compared with modern English.(T)29.The Norman Conquest virtually introduced French-English bilingualism intoEngland. (T)30.C ollocation is the relationship between two words or groups of words that oftengo together and form a common expression. (T)31.C ollocations are not transparent in meaning; that is, the meaning of the wholecannot be worked out from the meaning of each of the words in it. (F)32.L exical collocations normally consist of nouns, adjectives, verbs andprepositions. (F)33.A fixed lexical collocation is a collocation of two or more co-occurring lexemesin an unchanging syntactic and semantic relationship. (T)34.A Dictionary of the English Language by Dr. Samuel Johnson in 1755 is asymbol for modern English Dictionary. (F)35.W ebster’s two-volume 1828 dictionary, The American Dictionary of the EnglishLanguage, published when he was 70 years old, was by far the largest and the most impressive dictionary produced in America up to that time. (T)36.F rom pronunciation, British dictionaries as well as American ones generally useInternational Phonetic Alphabet. (IPA). (F)37.B ilingual dictionaries usually do not have etymological labels due to thelimitation of the length. (T)Part IV. Practices for Word-formation Processes.Section A: Explain the meanings of the following compounds in English1.Pickpocket2.Housebreaking3.Off-white4.Sleepwalker5.Brainstorming6.Self-styled7.Tenderfoot8.Good-looking9.Quick-freeze10.D ragonflyKeys:1.A person who steals things from people’s pockets2.Entering a building without right or permission in order to commit a crime3.A color that is nor pure white but has some grey or yellow in it4.A person who walks around while asleep5.Method of solving problems in which all the members of a group suggest ideaswhich are then discusseding a name, title etc. which one has given oneself, esp. without having anyright to do so7.A person who has recently arrived in a rough place8.Having a pleasant appearance9.Freeze very quickly for storing so that it keeps its natural qualities10.I nsect with a long thin body and two pairs of wingsSection B 根据例词，写出另外同类型转换的例子1.Garage to garage _______ ______ _______2.Water to water ________ ________ _______3.Core to core _______ ________ _______4.Nurse to nurse _______ ________ _______5.Hand to hand _______ -________ ______6.To release release _______ ________ _______7.To catch catch _______ ________ _______8.To show off show-off ______ ________ ______9.To throw throw ______ ________ ______10.T o cook cook _______ _______ _______11.D ry to dry ________ _______ _______12.B rave to brave _________ _______ _______Section C写出下列截短词的原词1.ad2. Memo3. Auto4. mike5. Bike6. Bus7. phone 8. Champ 9. Photo10. con 11. Co-op 12. Plane13. copter 14. Dorm 15. Rhino16. flu 17. Fridge 18. Gas19. sub 20. Taxi 21. Gym22.hippo 23. Lab 24. Limo25.lunch 26. Math 27. Vet28. zoo 29. Pub 30. PopKeys:2.memorandum 6. Omnibus 10. Convict 11. Co-operative 15. Rhinoceros 16. Influenza18. gasoline 19. Submarine 20. Taxicab22. hippopotamus 24. Limousine 25. Luncheon27. veteran, veterinarian, veterinary28. zoological garden 29 public house 30. Popular music Section D 写出下列首字母缩略词、拼音词的完整写法及汉语意思1.WHO2.ASEAN3.WTO4.ISP5.IT6.WWW7.CPU8.WPS9.GM10.V IP11.C EO12.G MT13.I OC14.C IA15.B BC16.T B17.V OA18.N BA19.F BI20.R OM21.D OS22.B IOS23.U NESCO24.N ATO25.O PEC26.T OEFL27.A IDS28.G PS29.R adar30.S IM31.C DMAPart V Meaning and Sense Relation1.Flowers _______ __________ ____________ _______ _________2.Body parts ________ _________ ________ _________ ________3.Stationary _________ __________ _______ ________ _________Section B 从下列七组词语中各找出一个不属于该组语义场的词：１.P en pencil ink wallpaper pencil-box ruler pads２.S oap towel bathtub oven basin sink perfume３.D river professor clerk student nurse guard porter４.W alk stride pace plunge run stroll roam parade５.C ar truck bus train bicycle airplane steamboat６.R ed green purple pink blue sandy brown orange７.C up mug glass spoon bowl pot plate saucer１.A s lean as _____２.A s long as______３.A s white as_____４.A s flat as _________５.A s warm as_______６.A s yellow as ______７.A s plain as ________８.A s round as _______９.A s naked as _______10.As sweet as _______11. as strong as _______12. as tasteless as ______13. as red as _______14. as plum as ______15. as thick as ______16. as cool as _______Keys:1.skeleton2. arm3. flour4. pancake5. toast6. butter7. ears 8. sausage 9. eggs 10. beans11. onions 12. potatoes 13. beef 14. blackberry 15. porridge 16. a cucumberPart VI 用分类关系画出以下各组词的树形图（不多于5层）１.T rack events, hurdles, jump, high jump, discus throw, field events, throw, events, walk, run, shot put, long jump, hammer throw, relays２.C ow, reptile, organism, plant, porcine, ox, bird, human, mammal, buffalo, bovine, animal, ovine３.A rmy, tank, rifle, armed forces, air force, warships, mine hunter, navy, transport aircraft, fighter-bomber４.P rose, novel, fiction epic, literature, drama, short story, poetry, lyric, novelette, pastoral５.P lane geometry, square, trapezium, plane triangle, quadrilaterals, rectangle, irregular quadrilateral, rhombus, parallelogramsKeys:1.EventsTrack events field eventsWalk run hurdles relays shot put jump throwHigh jump long jump hammer throw discus throw2.OrganismHuman animal plantBird mammal reptileOvine bovine porcineOx cow buffalo3.Armed forcesArmy navy air force Tank rifle warships mine hunter transport aircraft fighter-bomber4.LiteratureProse fiction drama poetryNovel novelette short story epic lyric pastoral5.Plane geometryPlane triangles quadrilateralsIrregular quadrilaterals parallelograms trapeziumSquare rectangle rhombusPart VII 完成下列明喻成语1. as _______ as ink2. as _______as brass3. as ________ as silver4. as _________as crystal5. as ________ as ice6. as ________as pitch7. as ________as bone 8.as ________as a pig9. as ________as a wolf 10. as ________as marble11. as ________as fire 12. as ________as two peas14. as ________as a ghost 15. as _________ as thought16. as rich as _______ 17. As heavy as ______18. as easy as _______- 19. As blind as ______20. as yellow as ________ 21. As ripe as _______\22. as pleased as ________ 23. As green as ______24. as cunning as ________ 25. As thin as ______26. as poor as ________- 27. As gay as _______28. as busy as ________ 29. As soft as ______Keys:1.black2. bold3. bright4. clear5. cold6. dark7. dry 8. fat 9. greedy 10. hard 11. hot 12. like14.mad 15. pale 16. a Jew 17. lead 18. ABC 19. a mole20. a guinea 21. cherry 22. punch 23.grass 24. a fox25. a rake 26. a church mouse 27. a lark 28. a bee 29. Down Part VIII 将下列谚语译成对应的汉语谚语：1.Two heads are better than one.2. The leopard can’t change his spots.3. A bad penny always comes back.4. East or west, home is best.5. After supper walk a while.6. Seeing is believing.7. Never try to prove what nobody doubts.8.All are not thieves that dogs bark at.word专业资料-可复制编辑-欢迎下载9.Anger and haste hinder good counsel.10. When the cat’s away, the mince will play.11.It is as well to know which way the wind blows.12.Sow nothing, reap nothing.13.God’s mill grinds slow but sure.14.He who has health has hope.15.While the grass grows the horse starve.16. You get what you pay for.Keys:1. 三个臭皮匠，胜过诸葛亮2.江山易改，本性难移3. 恶有恶报4.金窝银窝，不如家里草窝5.饭后百步走，活到九十九6.百闻不如一见7.此地无银三百两8.人不可貌相，海水不可斗量9.小不忍则乱大谋10.山中无老虎，猴子称大王11.识时务者为俊杰12.无功不受禄13. 天网恢恢，疏而不漏14.留得青山在，不怕没柴烧15.远水解不了近渴16. 一分价钱一分货。
英语词汇学复习提纲
英语词汇学复习提纲英语词汇学复习提纲Chapter 1 Terms1. word2. vocabulary3. common words4. literary words5. colloquial words6. slang words7. technical words Questions1. What are the fundamental features of the basic word stock?2. How are English words classified?3. What are the differences between function words and content words?4. What are the main reasons for the rapid growth of present-day English vocabulary? Important statements 1. The histiory of the English langague begins with the conquest and settlement of what is now England by the Angles, Saxons and the Jutes from about 450 AD.2. The Transitional period from Old English to Modern English is known as Middle English, which is characterized by the strong influence of French following the Norman Conquest in 1066.3. In the early stages of Modern English the Renaissance brought great changes to the English vocabulary.4. The heavy borrowing made the English vocabulary extremely rich and heterogeneous. Chapter 2 Terms1. morpheme2. Allomorphe3. free morpheme4. bound morpheme5. root6. affix7. hybrid Questions1. How are English morphemes classified?2. How are Englihs words classified on the morphemic level? Important Statements1. What is usually considered a single word in English may be composed of one or more morphemes.2. The allomorphs of a morpheme do not differ in meaning or function but show a slight difference in sound.3. Morphemes are important in the word-building process because the two most central and productive word-formation processes, compounding and affixation, are related to morphemes. Chapter 3 Terms1. partial conversion2. complete conversion Questions1. What are the three major processes of word-formation?2. Whyare the criteria of a compound relative? Important Statements1. There are varioius ways of forming words, but by and large, the various processes can be classified on the basis of frequency of usage, into major or minor processes.2. Any rule of word formation is of limited productivity in the sense that not all words which result from the applicationn of the rule are acceptable; they are freely acceptable only when they have gained an institutional currency in the language.3. Prefixes modify the lexical meaning of the base. They do not genearlly alter the word-class of the base.4. Suffixes usually change the word-class of the base. Chapter 4 Terms1. blending2. back-formation3. clipp ing4. neoclassical formation Questions1. What are the differences between initialisms and acronyms? Important Statements1. On the whole, clipped words are used in less formal situations than their full-length equivalents.2. Most of the blends are related to daily life.3. The majority of backformed words are verbs.4. Reduplicatives are characterized by being rhymed or alliterated.5. The majority of neoclassical formations are scientific and technical.6. Genuine coinage is rare.7. Some new words are coined by analogy. Chapter 5 Terms1. motivation2. denotative meaning3. connotative meaning4. stylistic meaning5. affective meaning Questions1. What is the relationship between word form and its senses?2. What are the main types of word meaning? Important Statements1. The test of a genuinely onomatopeic word is its intelligibility to a foreigner who has no knowledge of the language in question.2. Denotative meaning is the central factor in linguistic communication.3. Lexical meaning is dominant in content words, whereas grammatical meaning is dominant in funciton words. Chapter 6 Terms1. radiation2. concatination3. prima ry meanin4. central meaning5. perfect homonyms6.homophones7. homographs Important Statements1. One-meaning words are very rare. They are very often scientific terms.2. It may be said that polysemy is the rule and monosemy is the exception.3. In some cases, the primary meaning and the central meaning coincide.4. Polysemic words and homonymous words are not only good candidates for humor, they can also produce other effects such as irony or heightened dramatic power. Chapter 7Terms1. complete synonyms2. relative synonyms3. hyponymy4. marked member5. unmarked member Questions1. In what respects do synonymous words differ? Important Statements1. An agreement in denotation is the most important criterion of synonymy.2. Two words aretotally synonymous only if they are fully identical in meaning and interchangeable in any context without the slightest alteration in connotative, affective and stylistic meanings.3. It is important to note that two forces militate against complete synonymy: vagueness of word meaning,and connotative, stylistic and affective meanings that cluster around words.4. In most cases the native word is more spontaneous, more informal and unpretentious, whereas the foreign word is learned, abstract or even abstruse.5. In the double scale pattern of synonyms the native term usually sounds warmer and more homely than its foreign counterpart.6. In the triple scale pattern of synonyms the difference in tone between the English and the French words is often slight; the Latin word is generally more bookish.7. Synnonyms are useful for avoiding repetition and for achieving precision in meaning and variety in style.8. Lexical antonymy is often stronger than syntactic negation.9. This semantic category obviously overlaps with hyponymy: both are involved with forming relaionships between words in the same general area ofmeaning. For parctical purposes, in the case of hyponymy, one should pay attention to the question of which specific term to use, while in the case of semantic field, one’s attention should be turned toward the highly probable collocations the words of each semantic field have in common. Chapter 8 Terms1. linguistic context2. ambiguity Questions1. What are the different types of context?2. What are the functions of context in determination of word meaning? 3. What are the different types of ambiguity? Important Statements1. When we say that the context determines the sense we mean not that it imposes a sense but that it selects one that is already there.2. Words rarely can be equated on a one-to-one basis between two languages. Chapter 9 Terms1. historical cause of changes in word meaning2. social cause of changes in word meaning3. linguistic cause of changes in word meaning4. psychological cause of changes in word meaning5. metaphor6. metonymy Questions1. What are the mian causes of changes in word meaning?2. What are the tendencies in semantic change? Important Statements1. Usually a literal meaning of a word remains along with a new metaphorical one.2. Broading speaking, change of meaning refers tothe alteration of the meaning of existing words, as well as the additionnn of new meaning to established words. Chapter 10Terms Idiom Question What points should we attention to if we want to use idioms appropriately? Chapter 11 Questions1. What are three stages in the growth of American English?2. What are the characteristics of American English? Chapter 12Terms1. prescriptive dictionaries 2. descriptive。
词汇学复习资料
词汇学复习资料词汇学复习资料词汇学是语言学的一个重要分支，研究词汇的构成、分类和使用规律。
对于学习一门语言来说，掌握丰富的词汇是非常重要的。
在这篇文章中，我们将提供一些词汇学的复习资料，帮助读者巩固和扩展词汇量。
一、词汇的构成词汇是语言的基本单位，是由一个或多个音素组成的。
在不同的语言中，词汇的构成方式也有所不同。
例如，英语中的词汇主要由字母组成，而汉语中的词汇则由汉字组成。
1. 字母构词法英语中的词汇通常由字母组成，可以通过添加前缀、后缀和词根来构成新的词汇。
例如，单词“unhappiness”由前缀“un-”（表示否定）和词根“happy”组成。
2. 字形构词法汉语中的词汇由汉字组成，可以通过添加偏旁部首、衍生字和合成字来构成新的词汇。
例如，汉字“学”可以通过添加偏旁部首“子”来构成“字”，表示学习。
二、词汇的分类词汇可以按照不同的分类标准进行分类，例如按照词性、语义和用途等。
下面是一些常见的词汇分类。
1. 词性分类词汇可以分为名词、动词、形容词、副词、代词、介词、连词和感叹词等不同的词性。
名词用来表示人、事物或概念，动词用来表示动作或状态，形容词用来描述人或事物的特征，副词用来修饰动词、形容词或其他副词，代词用来代替名词，介词用来表示位置、时间或方式，连词用来连接词语或句子，感叹词用来表示强烈的情感。
2. 语义分类词汇可以按照词义的相似性进行分类。
例如，可以将名词按照人、动物、植物、物体、抽象概念等进行分类；将动词按照行为、状态、感觉、思维等进行分类；将形容词按照颜色、大小、形状、性质等进行分类。
3. 用途分类词汇可以按照在句子中的作用进行分类。
例如，可以将词汇分为实词和虚词。
实词包括名词、动词、形容词和副词，它们在句子中起到实际的意义；虚词包括代词、介词、连词和感叹词，它们在句子中起到连接或修饰的作用。
三、词汇的使用规律词汇的使用规律是指在特定语境中使用词汇的约束条件。
不同的语言和不同的语境中，词汇的使用规律也有所不同。
英语词汇学知识点整理
英语词汇学知识点整理词汇期末复习（C1-C7）Chapter 1⼀、Word 词的定义(1) a minimal free form（最⼩的⾃由形式）(2) a sound unity(3) a semantic unity（meaning）(4) a form that can function alone in a sentence.（具有句法功能）⼆、Vocabulary词汇的定义All the words in a language make up what is generally known as vocabulary.⼀般来说，词汇指的是⼀种语⾔⾥所有单词的总和。
词的总和构成语⾔的词汇。
词与词汇之间的关系是个体与总体之间的关系。
三、Sound&Meaning发⾳和意义The connection between the sound (form) and meaning is arbitrary (任意的) and conventional. ⼆者的关系是约定俗成、随意的四、Sound & Form发⾳和形式(1)The written form of a natural language is the orthographical（正字的）record of the oralform.⾃然语⾔的书写形式是⼝语形式的书写记录。
(2)The reasons of differences occur between sound and form: 发⾳与形式不同的原因：①English alphabet was adopted from the Romans 英语字母表来⾃罗马②the pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years. 发⾳改变快速③Differences created by professional scribes. 专业抄写员的不同④More differences brought by the continuing change of sounds and the standardization of spelling.发⾳不断变化，书写标准化。
《英语词汇学》知识点归纳
English Lexicology(英语词汇学)Lexicology: is a branch of linguistics, inquiring into the origins and meanings of words.Chapter 1--Basic concepts of words and vocabularyWord: A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function. (1)a minimal free form of a language (2)a sound unity (3)a unit of meaning (4)a form that can function alone in a sentenceSound and meaning: almost arbitrary, “no logical relationship between the sound which stands for a thing or an idea and the actual thing and idea itself”Sound and form:不统一的四个原因（1）the English alphabet was adopted from the Romans, which does not have a separate letter to represent each other（2）the pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years（3）some of the difference were creates by the early scribes（4）the borrowings is an important channel of enriching the English vocabulary词汇Vocabulary: all the words in a language make up its vocabulary词语分类Classification of English Words：1.By use frequency: basic word stock & non basic vocabulary基本词汇的特征:1)All-National character（全民通用性most important）2)Stability3)Productivity（多产性） 4)Polysemy（多义性）5)Collocability（可搭配性）没有上述特征的词:(1)Terminology(术语) (2)Jargon（行话）(3)slang（俚语）(4)Argot（暗语）（5）Dialectal words (6)Archaisms（古语） (7) Neologisms（新词语）:Neologisms2.By notion: content words实词 & functional words虚词3.By origin: native words & borrowed wordsNative words（本族语词）: Two other features:(1)neutral in style (2)frequent in useBorrowed words/Loan words: words taken over from foreign languages.(80% of modern EV)1) denizens(同化词，融入英语): (shirt from skyrta(ON))2) aliens（非同化词/外来词，可以看出源头）: kowtow3) translation loans(译借词):按其他语言方式组成英语long time no see / tofu4) semantic loans（借义词）：they are not borrowed withreference to the form,but their meanings are borrowed pioneer本指开拓者，先引申为先锋。
英语词汇学期末复习资料
1、选择题（2 ×15=30）2、填空题（2×5=10 ）3、搭配题(1×10=10)4、名词解释题(4×5=20)5、问题回答(5×3=15)6、论述题(第39题7分，第40题8分)选择题：1. Which of the following is an initialism ? D. UN2. The following are all nominal suffixes EXCEPT A. –ful .3．Both English and B. Danish belong to the Germantic branch of the Indo-European language family.4.Affixes added to the end of words to indicate grammatik relationships are known as C. inflectional morphemes.5.Motiation accounts for the connection between word-form and C.its meaning.6.Ambiguity often arises due to polysemy and C.homonymy.7.Affixes attached to other morphemes to create new words are known as B .derivational affixes.8.The semantic unity of idioms is reflected in the A.illogical relationship between the literal meaning of each word and the meaning of the idiom as in rain cats and dogs.ually a small number of languages have been designated official languages for an organization’s activities ,for example, the UN was established with five official languages English, French, A.Spanish Russian, and Chinese.中英俄法西填空题Ⅱ.Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions1.affixation Is the formation of new words by adding prefixes tobases.2.Back-formation Is considered to br opposite process suffixation it isthe method of creating words by removing the supposed suffixes. 3.Isolating language is a language in which each word form consiststypically of a singe morpheme .4.When a word with more than one meaning is used in unclearcontext.it creates ambiguity .5.Almost all affixes are bound morphemes because few as independentwords.搭配题Ⅲ. Match the terms in Column A with definitions in Column B.A B1. geomorphic earthlike2. zooid resembling an animal3. geochronology time measurements from earth data4.technocracy government by craftsmen5.petrographic caring on a rock6.polymorph having many shapes7.phonography recording of sound8.phytogenesis development of plants9.synergy working together10.geocentric earth-centered11.magnanimous宽宏大量的12.penology刑罚学13.inculpable无辜的；无可非议的14.revitalize bring to the life15.cosmonaut sailor of the universe16.enervate reduce mental vigor17.herbicide plant killer18subterranean地下的;秘密的;隐蔽的;地下工作者19.deviate move from the road20.semilunar crescent -shaped名词解释题Ⅳ. Define the following terms.unity;a unit of meaning;a form that can function in a sentenceis the minimal meaningful units of which the language is composed.functioning both grammatically ad semantically as a single word. Semantic motivation: refers to the mental associations suggested by the conceptual meaning of a word.Extra-linguistic context: may extend to embrace the entire cultural background, which may also affect the meaning of words. Prefixation: the formation of new words by adding prefixes to bases Affixation: the formation of new words by adding word-forming affixes to bases.Sematic change: means an old form, which takes on a new meaning to met the new need.Conceptual meaning: is the meaning given in the dictionary and forms the core of word meaning.Acronymy: is the process of forming new words by pointing the initial letters of names of social and political organizations or special noun phrases and technical terms.Homonymy: are generally defined as words different in meaning but either identical both in sound and spelling or identical only in sound or spelling.Dictionary: a book which presents in alphabetic order the words of the language ,with information as to its spelling, pronunciation , meaning and its etymology.问题回答Ⅴ. Answer the following questions，write your answers on the answer sheet.2. How would you explain the difference between back formation and suffixation? Give examples to illustrate your point?Back-formation is considered to be the opposite process of suffixation,it’s the method of creating words by removing the supposed suffixes.Suffixation is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to bases. For example:Inform-imforant donation-donate enthusiasm-enthuse3.What are the three types of antonyms ,give examples to illustrate them respectively?Complementary: dead-alive present-absent male-female Contrary: poor-rich good-bad cold-hotConverse: parent-child husband-wife employer-employee5.What are three areas to account for the difference between synonyms? illustrate your points?Different in denotation符号,connotation含义,application应用6.What are the major differences between basic word stock基本词汇and nonbasic非基本vocabulary?(1)basic word stock possesses five obvious characteristics,butnonbasic vocabulary doesn’t(2)basic word stock forms the common,core核心of thelanguage,however,nonbasic vocabulary doesn’t belong to the common ore of the language.7.How many means of word formation and what they are?3 Major processesAffixation（派生）Compounding（合成）Conversion（转化）8 Minor processes :Acronym(首字母缩略词）Blending（混合）Clipping（截短法）Words from proper names(专有名词来源）Back formation（逆构法）Reduplication（复制）Neo-classical Formation （新古典词构成法）Miscellaneous（混杂法）8.what are the difference between word and vocabulary?(1)word can be defined as a meaningful group of letters printed orwritten horizontally across水平穿越a piece of paper.(2)vocabulary is most commonly used to refer to the sum total of总计all the words of a language.9.What is collocative meaning? give one example to illustrate your po int? Collocative meaning consists of the associations a word acquires in its collocation.In other words,it is that part of the word-meaning suggested by words before or fter the word in discussion.For example,Handsome(boy/car/man )论述题Ⅵ. Analyze and comment on the following questions，write your answers on the answer .1.Analyze the morphological structures of the following words and point out the types of the morphemes.1Destructive 2antibiotic 3composition 4unbearable 5international 6ex-prisoner1 de+struct+tive2 anti+bio+tic3 com+po+si+tion4 un+bear+able5 inter+bation+nal6 ex+prison+erment on the following pairs of sentences in terms of superordinate and subordinates.a.the man said he would come to our school next week.b.the visiting scholar said he would visit our university next Monday.3.Collocation can affect the meaning of words .Comment on the statement with your own words.Collocation refers to the words before or after the word in discussion, and collocative meaning consists of the associations the word acquires in its collocation.4.the ‘pen ‘ is mightier than the ‘sword’ .explain what ‘pen’ and ‘sword’mean respectively using the theory of motivation.‘pen’reminds one of the tool to write with,thus suggesting writing;‘sword’ reminds one of the weapon to fight with,thus suggestion war.Chapter 11、It is generally known that The Anglo-Saxon invasion ,the Scandinavian invasion and the Norman Conquest were three of the most important landmarks in the history of the English people as well as in the history of the English language.2、The English vocabulary can be classified by different criteria, according to the level of notion, English can be classified as full word实词and form word虚词.3、What are the four points does the definition of a word cover? minimal free form of a languagea sound unitya unit of meaninga form that can function alone in a sentencechapter2----It is estimated that there are about _5000___ languages all over the world, which can be grouped into about __25__ language families, such as Sino-Tibetan Family, Indo-European Family, Altaic Family阿尔泰语系(包括土耳其语、维吾尔语、蒙古语、满语等语言) and so on.---Q：What languages does Indo-European family host？The Indo-European Family hosts most languages of Europe, the Near East, and India.----How many groups can Indo-European family be divided into according to the linguists？Linguists have divided the Indo-European languages into Eastern sets （groups）and Western sets（groups）.-----Q：Generally，How many stages can the development of English vocabulary be divided into？What are they？Old EnglishMiddle EnglishModern EnglishEarly modern EnglishLate modern EnglishThe period from 450 to 1100 is known as the Old English period or the Anglo-Saxon period.West Germanic dialects spoken by the invaders, as the original inhabitants (the Celts) were killed, were relocated, or adopted the language of the now dominant society.----Roughly speaking, the tribes that settled in Britain comprise three groups:the Angles, the Saxons, and the Jutes.---Norman conquest resulted in a massive borrowing of French words into English vocabulary.--What is the second result of Norman conquest?The Norman dialect of French became the language of the upper class, while English completely lost its scholarly and literary importance, and was used only by the peasants and people of the working class.---Q：What languages contributed to the vocabulary of modern English？What characteristics do those languages have？Latin and Greek，the former language were mostly connected with science and abstract ideas，while the latter were mostly literary，technical and scientific words.---Q：What are the reasons for the frequent appearance of neologisms?1、The rapid development of modern science and technology.2 、Social，economic，and political changes.3、The influence of other cultures and languages.1、The Angles lent their name to the language—English, and to the land —England.Chapter3Q1：What is the morpheme according to Engene Nida？The minimal meaningful units of which the language is composed.In other words，the morpheme is the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words.Can you figure out three basic elements of morphemes？1、the smallest meaningful unit2、not divisible nor analyzable3、sound and meaningIs it a root, a stem, or base?desirable (adj.):不是词根(可再分解);不是词干(不可以加屈折词缀),是词基(既可以加词缀,又能再分解下去).一、Fill in the missing words.1. A minimum meaningful unit of a language is morpheme.2. The part carrying the basic meaning of a word is called root.二、What do the following words have in common? Can you guess out what the meaning of them is respectively?vitamin, vital, vivid, survive, revive.Chapter4Types of Motivation:1）Phonetic motivation（onomatopoeic）拟声，hiss by snakes2）Morphological motivation(derivation, compounding, conversion)形态学3）Semantic motivation（Metaphor，Metonymy，Synecdoche，Analogy）语义，a stony heart铁石心肠4）Etymological motivation词源Main types of word meaning1）Grammatical meaning2）Lexical meaning3）Conceptual meaning (Denotative meaning)4）Associative meaning（1）Connotative meaning（2）Stylistic meaning（3）Affective meaning（4）Collocative meaningWord-formation:Affixation/Derivation（派生）Compounding（合成）Conversion（转化）Chapte4.22、Besides conventionality, As for motivation, how many types of motivation are there, and what are they?Onomatopoeic motivationMorphological motivationSemantic motivationEtymological motivationChapter 61.Types of changes: Extension /Narrowing / Elevation / DegradationChapter7Meaning and context1. Two types of contexts: Linguistic context / Extra-linguistic context2. The vital role of context in determination of word meaning?Eliminating ambiguities /Conveying emotional overtonesChapter 8English Dictionary1) According to James Root Hulbert, English dictionary-making began in Anglo-Saxon times.2) The first dictionaries in England were printed in Latin.3) Cockeram’s book was the first in English to use the word dictionary in the titleFirst English dictionaries published:1) Robert Caswdrey’s Table Alphabetical of Hard Words(1604)2) John Bollokar’s An English Expositor(1616)3) Henry Cockeram’s The English Dictionary(1623)。
64曲阜师范大学2020年成人高等教育 《英语词汇学 》复习资料 期末考试试题及参考答案
《英语词汇学》复习资料1Ⅰ. Fill in the blanks.Directions: Complete the following statements with proper words.1.The 1 is the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words.2. 2 are words borrowed early in the past and now are well assimilated into the Englishlanguage.3.The problem of interrelation of the various meanings of the same word can be dealt with fromtwo different angles: 3 approach and synchronic approach.4.“Mal-” in “maltreat” is a 4 prefix, while “inter-” in “ interstate” is a 5 prefix.5.Old English is described as a language of full endings, Middle English language of 6endings, and a language of 7 endings.6.In modern English, one may find some 8 words whose sounds suggest their meaning,for these words were created by imitating the natural sounds or noises.7.The word meaning is made up of 9 meaning and 10 meaning, and the later hastwo components: conceptual meaning and 11 meaning.8.Words that have emotive values may fall into two categories: appreciative or 12 .9.13 is thought to be the opposite process of suffixation.10.14 is the formation of new words by combining parts of two words or a word plus apart of another word.11.15 refers to the jargon of criminals. Its use is confined to the sub-cultural groups, andoutsiders can hardly understand it.12.“Pretty” and “handsome” share the same 16 meaning，but differ in 17 meaning.13.___18___analysis is a process of breaking down the sense of a word into its minimalcomponents which are also known as semantic features..14.Radiation and 19 are the two coinages which the development of word meaningfollows from monosemy to polysemy.15.20 deals with the relationship of inclusion, i.e. the meaning of a more specific word isincluded in that of another more general word.Ⅱ. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. Write T for “true” and F for “false”.1.Homonyms are descendants of different sources whereas a polysemant is a word of the samesource which has acquired different meanings in the course of development.2.Words of the basic word stock are mostly root words or monosyllabic words, so they havestrong productivity.3.“Can-opener” used as slang to mean “all-purpose key”.4.Native words are neutral in style.5.The Indo-European language family is made up of most languages of Europe, the Far East, andIndia.6.Borrowing has played a vital role in the development of English vocabulary, particularly inearlier times.7.The smallest functioning unit in the composition of words is morpheme.8.Stem is a form to which affixes of any kind can be added.9.Base is what remains of a word after the removal of all affixes.10.Words created by compounding occupy the highest percentage of the English vocabulary.11.“Fore-” in “forehead” and “fore-” in “foreknowledge” belong to two kinds of prefix.12.Word-building and word-formation are relative synonyms.13.The word manusc ript which originally denotes “handwriting” only has undergone a process ofextension of meaning.14.Parent—child and husband—wife are two pairs of converses.15.Policeman, constable, bobby and cop are synonyms differing in intensity.Ⅲ. Answer the following questions briefly.1.What are the characteristics of the basic word stock?2.Why are prefixes and suffixes divided according to different criteria?3.List the four sources of synonyms.4.What are the characteristics of conceptual meaning and associative meaning?Ⅳ. Answer the following questions according to the requirement.Classify the three pairs of antonyms according to types of antonyms you have learned and describe the characteristics of each type of them.interviewer/interviewee; male/female; old /young答案I．Fill in the blanks.1. morpheme2. denizens3. diachronic4. pejorative5. locative6. leveled7. lost8. onomatopoeic9. grammatical 10.lexical11.associative 12. pejorative 13. backformation 14. blending 15.argot 16. conceptual 17. collocative 18. componential 19. concatenation 20.hyponymyII.Decide whether the following statements are true or false. Write T for “true” and F for “false”.1-5 TTTFT 6-10 TFFFT 11-15 TFFTFIII.Answer the following questions briefly.1.What are the characteristics of the basic word stock?1)All national character 2) stability 3) productivity 4) polysemy 5)collocability2.Why are prefixes and suffixes divided according to different criteria?1)Prefixes primarily effect a semantic modification of the base, i.e. prefixes do not generallychange the word-class of the base but only modify its meaning.2)Suffixes have only a small semantic role and their primary function is to change thegrammatical function of the base, i.e. the change of the word class with a slight modification of meaning.3)So prefixes are categorized on a semantic basis while suffixes are divided on a grammaticalbasis.3.1)Borrowing; (2) dialects and regional English (3) figurative and euphemistic use of words(4) coincidence with idiomatic expressions4.What are the characteristics of conceptual meaning and associative meaning?1)Conceptual meaning is the meaning given in the dictionary and forms the core of wordmeaning. Being constant and relatively stable, conceptual meaning forms the basis for communication as the same word generally has the same conceptual meaning to the speakers in the same speech community. (3%)2)Associative meaning differs from the conceptual meaning in that it is open-ended andindeterminate, liable to the influence of such factors as culture, experience, religion,geographical region, class background, education, etc…（3%）Ⅳ. Analyze the following questions and explain them according to the requirement.1.1)Interviewer& interviewee are converses; male & female are complementaries; old &young are contraries.2)Complementaries truly represent oppositeness of meaning. They are so opposite to eachother that they are mutually exclusive and admit no possibility between them. The assertion of one is the denial of the other or vice versa. Complementaries are nongradable, and they cannot be used in comparative degrees and do not allow adverbs of intensity like “very” to qualify them.3)Contraries are gradable antonyms. The existence of one is in relation to the other. We cansay: A man is rich or very rich and also we can say a man is rich than the other. Contraries are characteristic of semantic polarity. These antonyms form part of a scale of values between two poles and can accommodate a middle ground belonging neither to one pole nor to the other.4)Converses consist of relational opposites. The pairs of words indicate reciprocal socialrelationships that one of them cannot be used without suggesting the other. It also includes reverse terms, which comprise adjectives and adverbs signifying a quality or verbs and nouns signifying an act or state that reverse or undo the quality, action or state of the other.复习资料2I. 单选题1. In the sentence “I like to see a movie.”, there are ________ functional words.A. 2B. 3C. 4D. 52. Conversion is amethod________________________.A. of turning words of one part of speech to those of a different part of speechB. of converting words of one meaning into different meaningC. of deriving words through grammatical meansD. of changing words in morphological structure3. The following words have derivational affixes EXCEPT ________________.A. subseaB. prewarC. postwarD. desks4. Which of the following statements is false?A. Conversion refers to the use of words of one class as that of a different class.B. Words mainly involved in conversion are nouns, verbs and adverbs.C. Partial conversion and full conversion are concerned with adjectiveswhen converted to nouns.D. The conversion between nouns and verbs may involve a change of stress.5. _________ is the meaning given in the dictionary and forms the core of word-meaning.A. Grammatical meaningB. Denotative meaningC. Associative meaningD. Connotative meaning6. The words what have emotive content in themselves are said to contain __ meaning.A. collocativeB. affectiveC. stylisticD. denotative7. __________ explains the connection between the literal sense and figurative sense of the word.A. Etymological motivationB. Onomatopoetic motivationC. Morphological motivationD. Semantic motivation8. The following words have inflectional affixes EXCEPT __________.A. worksB. workerC. workingD. worked9. “Smog”is formed by combining “smoke”and “fog”. So it is an example ofA. clippingB. compoundingC. blendingD. back-formation10. The word “smog”is created by blending, with the structure of __________.A. head + tailB. head + headC. head + wordD. word + tail11. The most important mode of vocabulary development in present-day English is the creation of new words by means of ________________.A. translation-loansB. emantic loansC. word formationD. borrowings12. Which of the following belongs to a semantic field?A. steed, charger, palfrey, plug, nagB. pony, mustang, mule, stud, mareC. policeman, constable, bobby, copD. domicile, residence, abode, home13. Words which are used to show the attitude of approval are ________________.A. appreciativeB. pejorativeC. conntativeD. collocative14. General features of English contains the following except _________.A. simplicityB. receptivityC. adaptabilityD. imprssiveness15. The most productive means of word-formation in modern English are the following except .A. compoundingB. affixationC. acronymD. conversionII判断题1. The Indo-European language family is made up of most languages of Europe, the Far East, andIndia. （）2. The word manusc ript which originally denotes “handwriting” only has undergone a process ofextension of meaning. （）3. The beginning of the Middle English Period was marked by the Norman Conquest which broughtmany Latin words into the English language. （）4. Words of the basic word stock are mostly root words or monosyllabic words, so they have strongproductivity. （）5. Grammatical meaning or a word includes part of speech, tense meaning, and stylistic coloring.（）6. Words created by compounding occupy the highest percentage of the English vocabulary. （）7. The marked term of each pair of antonyms covers the sense of the unmarked term. （）8. Policeman, constable, bobby and cop are synonyms differing in intensity. （）9. Borrowing has played a vital role in the development of English vocabulary, particularly inearlier times. （）10. “Radiation” shows that the derived mea nings of a polysemantic word are not directly related tothe primary meaning. （）III简答题1. What are the characteristics of conceptual meaning and associative meaning?2. List different types of associative meaning and define them.答案I． 1-5 AADDB 6-10 BDBCA 11-15 CBADCⅡ. 1-5 TFFTF 6-10 TFFTFⅢ. 1. What are the characteristics of conceptual meaning and associative meaning?Conceptual meaning is the meaning given in the dictionary and forms the core of word meaning.Being constant and relatively stable, conceptual meaning forms the basis for communication as the same word generally has the same conceptual meaning to the speakers in the same speech community. Associativemeaning differs from the conceptual meaning in that it is open-ended and indeterminate, liable to the influence of such factors as culture, experience, religion, geographical region, class background, education, etc…2. List different types of associative meaning and define them.Explain different types of homonyms with examples.Perfect homonyms are known as absolute homonyms, and they are words identical both in sound and spelling. E.g bear (to put up with) and bear (a kind of fruit) Homographs are words identical only in spelling but different in sound and meaning, e.g. sow (to scatter seeds) and sow (female adult pig)Homophones are words identical only in sound but different in spelling and meaning, e.g. dear ( a loved person) and deer (a kind of an animal)复习资料3I．Fill in the blanks.Directions: Complete the following statements with proper words.1.The __1 is the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words.2. 2 are words borrowed early in the past and now are well assimilated into the Englishlanguage.3.The problem of interrelation of the various meanings of the same word can be dealt withfrom two different angles: 3 approach and synchronic approach.4.“Mal” in “maltreat” is a 4 prefix, while “inter-” in “ interstate” is a 5_ prefix.5.Old English is described as a language of full endings, Middle English language of___6__endings, and a language of __7__ endings.6.In modern English, one may find some 8 words whose sounds suggest their meaning,for these words were created by imitating the natural sounds or noises.7.The word meaning is made up of 9 meaning and 10 meaning, and the later hastwo components: conceptual meaning and 11 meaning.8.Words that have emotive values may fall into two categories: appreciative or __12 .9.13 is thought to be the opposite process of suffixation.10.___14__ is the formation of new words by combining parts of two words or a word plus apart of another word.11.15 refers to the jargon of criminals. Its use is confined to the sub-cultural groups, andoutsiders can hardly understand it.12.“Pretty” and “handsome” share the same _16_ meaning, but differ in _17_ meaning.13.___18___analysis is a process of breaking down the sense of a word into its minimalcomponents which are also known as semantic features.14.Radiation and ___19___ are the two coinages which the development of word meaningfollows from monosemy to polysemy.15.__20____deals with the relationship of inclusion, i.e. the meaning of a more specific word isincluded in that of another more general word.Ⅱ. Decide whether the following statements are true or false and write T or F on the answer sheet:1.Homonyms come mainly from borrowing, changes in sound and spelling, and dialects.2.“Radiation” shows that the derived meanings of a polysemantic word are not directly related tothe primary meaning.3.Borrowing is a very important source of synonyms.4. A word which has a synonym naturally has an antonym.5.Hyponymy deals with the relationship of semantic inclusion.6.Motivation explains the connection between the linguistic form and its meaning.7.Grammatical meaning or a word includes part of speech, tense meaning, and stylistic coloring.8.The origins of the words are a key factor in distinguishing homonyms from polysemants.9.The marked term of each pair of antonyms covers the sense of the unmarked term.10.If the words differ in range and intensity of meaning, the words are not identical in denotation.11.The beginning of the Middle English Period was marked by the Norman Conquest whichbrought many Latin words into the English language.ponential analysis is to break down. the conceptual sense of a word into its minimaldistinctive components.13.Celtic language made great contributions to the expansion of the English vocabulary.14.Native words enjoy the same features as the basic word stock and more.15.Shortening includes clipping and blending.Ⅲ. Answer the following questions briefly.1. Analyze the morphological structures of the following words and point out the types of the morphemes in terms of free and bound morphemes.unbearable international ex-prisoner.2. How would you explain the difference between back formation and suffixation? Give examples to illustrate your point.3. List different types of associative meaning and define them.4. Explain different types of homonyms with examples.Ⅳ. Analyze the following questions and explain them according to the requirement.1. What is the difference between homonyms and polysemants?答案I．Fill in the blanks.1. morpheme2. denizens3. diachronic4. pejorative5. locative6. leveled7. lost8. onomatopoeic9. grammatical 10. lexical 11.associative 12. pejorative 13. backformation 14. blending 15. argot 16. conceptual 17. collocative 18. componential 19. concatenation 20. hyponymyⅡ. Decide whether the following statements are true or false and write T or F in the brackets: 1．F 2.F 3.T 4.F 5.T 6. T 7.F 8.T 9.F 10.T 11.F 12. F 13. F 14. T 15. TⅢ. Answer the following questions briefly.1. Analyze the morphological structures of the following words and point out the types of the morphemes in terms of free and bound morphemes.unbearable international ex-prisoner.un+bear+able:(1)‘bear’ is a free morpheme, and ‘un’, ‘able’are bound morphemes.inter+nation+al: ‘nation’ is a free morpheme, and ‘inter, al’ are bound morphemes.ex+prison+er: ‘prison’ is a free morpheme, and ‘ex, er’ are bound morphemes.2. How would you explain the difference between back formation and suffixation? Give examples to illustrate your point.1)Back-formation is considered to be the opposite process of suffixation.2)Suffixation is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to bases.3)Backformation is therefore the method of creating words by removing the supposed suffixes, socalled because many of the removed endings are not suffixes but inseparable parts of the word.4)For example, it is a common practice to add –er, -or to verb bases to form agential nouns.5)Reasonably, people make verbs by dropping the ending such as –or in editor, -ar in beggar and–er in butler.3. List different types of associative meaning and define them.1)Connotative meaning refers to the overtones or associations suggested by the conceptualmeaning, traditionally known as connotations.2)Stylistic meaning refers to stylistic features, which make them appropriate for different styles.3)Affective meaning expresses the speaker’s attitude towards the person or thing in question.4)Collocative meaning consists of the associations a word acquires on account of the meanings ofwords which tend to occur in its environment.4. Explain different types of homonyms with examples.(1)Perfect homonyms are known as absolute homonyms, and they are words identical both insound and spelling. E.g bear (to put up with) and bear (a kind of fruit)(2)Homographs are words identical only in spelling but different in sound and meaning, e.g. sow(to scatter seeds) and sow (female adult pig)(3)Homophones are words identical only in sound but different in spelling and meaning, e.g. dear( a loved person) and deer (a kind of animal)Ⅳ. Analyze the following questions and explain them according to the requirement.1.What is the difference between homonyms and polysemants?1)Perfect homonyms and polysemants are fully identical with reference to spelling andpronunciation, as both have the same orthographical form but different meanings. This creates the problem of differentiation.2)The fundamental difference between homonyms and polysemants lies in the fact that the formerrefers to different lexemes which have the same form and the latter the one and same lexeme which has several distinguishable meanings.3)One important criterion by which to differentiate them is ‘etymology’, i.e., homonyms aredescendants of different sources whereas a polysemant is a word of the same source which has acquired different meanings in the course of development.4)The second principal consideration is ‘semantic relatedness’. The several meanings of a singlepolysemous lexeme are related and can be traced back to one central meaning. On the other hand, meanings of different homonyms have nothing to do with one another.5)In dictionaries, a polysemant has its meanings all listed under one headword whereashomonyms are listed as separate entries.。
英语词汇学复习
英语词汇学复习的内容：一、考试题形式分为：Ⅰ.选择题(20分)：完全是考书中的理论与例子的结合,即知识点等。
1-9cahptersⅡ.填空（30分）：考定义概念。
1-10chaptersⅢ.（20分）习语英译汉：教材中汉语部分idioms: 习语的特点Ⅳ.(10分) 论述题：第三章为主Ⅴ. 树形图（依据上下义关系作图）(20分)：第二、六章二、教材内容简介三、复习内容Introduction 部分Lexicology 这门课算哪一种学科的分支: Lexicology is a branch of linguistics. Lexicology和那些重要的学科建立了联系: 1)Morphology 2) Semantics 3) Stylistics 4) Etymology 5) Lexicography研究lexicology 的两大方法:1) Diachronic approach : 历时语言学2) Synchronic approach : 共时语言学e.g. wife 纵观历时语言学的方法论，woman 词义的变化算是词义变化的哪一种模式？Woman 的词义的变化是Narrowing or specialization第一章词的概述；1.识记：词的定义2.声音与意义3.声音与拼写4.词汇5.词汇的分类What is word ?词具有哪些特点？词的特点也就是对词的名词解释。
1) A word is a minimal free form of a language;2) A sound unity or a given sound ;3) a unit of meaning;4) a form that can function alone in a sentence.以上词的四个特点也就是词的名词解释词的分类（classification of a word）词根据发音可以分为哪两种词？或者说词根据拼写可以分为哪两类词？1) simple words 2) complex words单音节词例子：e.g. Man and fine are simple多音节词例子：e.g. Management, misfortune, blackmailmanagement 可以次划分为manage 和-mentmisfortune 可以次划分为mis- 和fortuneblackmail 次划分为black 和mailWhat is the relationship between sound and meaning?1)There is …no logical relationship between the sound and actual thing.e.g. dog. cat2)The relationship between them is conventional.3) In different languages the same concept can be represented by different sounds. What is relationship between sound and form?1)The written form of a natural language is the written record of the oral form. Naturally the written form should agree with the oral form, such as English language.2)This is fairly true of English in its earliest stage i.e. Old English3)With the development of the language, more and more differences occur between the two.What are the great changes that causes illogical relationship or irregularity between sound and form?1) The internal reason for this is that the English alphabet was adopted from the Romans, which does not have a separate letter to represent each sound in the language so that some letters must do double duty or work together in combination.2) Another reason is that the pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years, and in some cases the two have drawn far apart.3) A third reason is that some of the differences were created by the early scribes.4) Finally comes the borrowing, which is an important channel of enriching the English vocabulary.要记住以上四句话中的关键词：1) influenced by Romans2) Pronunciation changed3) early scribes4) borrowing你能不能举出外来语对英语发音,拼写造成不一致的例子有哪些？e.g. stimulus (L) ,fiesta (Sp) ,eureka (Gr), kimono (Jap)外来语对英语造成的最大的影响就是‘sound and form ’不一致。
《英语词汇学》期末考试复习题
英语词汇学期末考试复习题一、单项选择题1.According to semanticists, a word is a unit of ______.A.soundsB.meaningC.formD.function【正确答案】 B2.A word is a ______ that stands for something else in the world.A.symbolB.systemC.structureD.pattern【正确答案】 A3.We consider that the written form of a natural language is the written record of the ______ form.A.writerB.practicalC.oralD.grammatical【正确答案】 C4.In spite of the differences, at least ______ percent of the English words fit consistent spelling patterns.A.sixtyB.seventyC.eightyD.ninety【正确答案】 C5.Words may fall into content words and functional words by ______.e frequencyB.notionC.originD.stability【正确答案】 B6.Among the feature of words of the basic word stock, ______ is the most important one that may differentiate words of common use from all others.A.all national characterB.stabilityC.productivityD.collocability【正确答案】 A7.______ belong to the sub-standard language, a category that seems to stand between the standard general words including informal ones available to everyone and in-group words.A.JargonsB.SlangsC.ArgotsD.Dialectal words【正确答案】 B8.Native words in English are words brought to Britain in the ______ century by some German tribes.A.eighthB.seventhC.fifthD.sixth【正确答案】 C9.Which of the following words isn’t the alien?A.decorB.bazaarC.shiftD.emir【正确答案】 C10._______ are words or forms that were once in common use but are now restricted only to specialized or limited use.A.ArchaismsB.SlangC.ArgotD.Dialectal words【正确答案】 A11.The Indo-European language family accordingly fall into _______ principle groups, which can be grouped into an Eastern set and Western set.A.eightB.sixC.fiveD.several【正确答案】 A12.The first peoples known to inhabit England were ______.A.CeltsB.RomansC.Anglo-SaxonsD.Jutes【正确答案】 A13.Old English has a vocabulary of about ______ words.A.30000 to 40000B.40000 to 50000C.50000 to 60000D.60000 to 70000【正确答案】 C14.Between 1250 and 1500 about ______ words of French poured into English.A.7000B.8000C.9000D.10000【正确答案】 Cually we regard which of the following periods as Early Modern English?A.450 to 1150B.1150 to 1500C.1500 to 1600D.1500 to 1700【正确答案】 D16.In the growth of present-day English vocabulary, there are three main sources of new words: the rapid development of modern science and technology; social, economic and political changes; the influence of ______.A.the educational systemB.other cultures and languagesC.the government systemD.the society changes【正确答案】 B17.In modern times, ______ is the most important way of vocabulary expansion.A.creationB.semantic changeC.borrowingD.reviving archaic or obsolete words【正确答案】 A18.American English like to use ______.A.creationB.reviving archaic or obsolete wordsC.semantic changeD.borrowing【正确答案】 B19.In the Eastern set, _______ and ________ are each the only modern language respectively.A.Italic, GermanicB.Armenian, AlbanianC.Celtic, HellenicD.Balto-Slavic, Into-Iranian【正确答案】 B20.The ________ is made up of most of the languages of Europe, the Near East, and India.A.GermanicB.Balto-SlavicC.Indo-EuropeanD.Indo-Iranian【正确答案】 C21.______ is the smallest functioning unite in the composition of words.A.MorphemeB.AllomorphC.WordD.Stem【正确答案】 A22.______are abstract units.A.MorphsB.AllomorphsC.MorphemesD.All of the above【正确答案】 C23.The morpheme is to the morph what a_____is to a______.A.word / soundB.root / affixC.stem / affixD.phoneme / phone【正确答案】 D24.Bound morphemes include ______ and affix.A.stemB.rootC.bound rootD.prefix and suffix【正确答案】 C25.Words produced by conversion are primarily ______.A.nounsB.adjectivesC.verbsD.all the above【正确答案】 D26.______are attached to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships.A.AffixesB.SuffixesC.Inflectional affixesD.None of the above【正确答案】 C27.The number of inflectional affixes is ______.A.small and changeablerge and changeableC.small and stablerge and stable【正确答案】 C28.Desire, desirable and desired are______.A.rootsB.stemsC.free rootsD.roots as well as stems【正确答案】 B29.Almost all affixes are_________because few can be used as independent words.A.free morphemesB.bound morphemesC.bound rootD.inflectional affixes【正确答案】 B30.A_________is a bound form and has to combine with other morphemes to make words.A.free rootB.bound rootC.free morphemesD.inflectional affixes【正确答案】 B31._____doesn’t belong to the most productive means of word-formation.A.AffixationpoundingC.ConversionD.Blending【正确答案】 D32.Prefixes do not generally change the ____ of the stem but only modify its meaning.A.word-classB.soundC.formD.structure【正确答案】 A33.All of the following are pejorative prefixes except ______.A.mal-B.arch-C.pseudo-D.mis-【正确答案】 B34.-eer, -er, -ess, -ette, -let are all suffixes added to noun bases to produce _____ nouns.A.abstractB.de-verbalC.concreteD.de-adjective【正确答案】 C35.The conversion of two-syllable nouns into verbs involves a change of______.A.spellingB.pronunciationC.stressD.function【正确答案】 C36.The overwhelming majority of blends are ______.A.verbsB.adjectivesC.nounsD.numbers【正确答案】 C37.Back-formation is the method of creating new words by ______ theso-called suffixes.A.removingbiningC.shorteningD.considering【正确答案】 A38.There are four common types of clipping: _______, _______, ________ and ________.A.front clipping, back clipping, front and back clipping, phrase clippingB.front clipping, back clipping, front and back clipping, middle clippingC.front clipping, back clipping, middle clipping, phrase clippingD.front clipping, front and back clipping, middle clipping, phrase clipping【正确答案】 A39.Some words are from characters in mythology, e. g. cherub from _______.A.CherubB.GodC.ProteusD.Mackintosh【正确答案】 A40.Stylistically, back-formed words are largely ________ and some of them have not gained public acceptance.A.formalB.adjectivesC.human nounsrmal【正确答案】 D41.Most verbs converted from adjectives have both transitive and ________ functions.A.intransitiveB.voicelessC.linkD.adjective【正确答案】 A42.Most compounds consist of only _______ stems.A.oneB.twoC.threeD.four【正确答案】 B43.Words are but symbols, many of which have meaning only when they have acquired ______.A.referenceB.formC.connectionD.motivation【正确答案】 A44.The connection between the word-meaning and the thing it refers to is ______.A.logicalB.conventionalC.grammaticalD.formal【正确答案】 B45.Generally speaking, the meaning of ‘meaning’ is pe rhaps what is termed _______.A.conceptB.ideaC.conventionD.sense【正确答案】 D46._______ meaning and grammatical meaning make up the word-meaning.A.ConceptualB.LexicalC.SocialD.Associative【正确答案】 B47.________ indicates the speaker’s attitude towards the person or thing in question.A.Connotative meaningB.Stylistic meaningC.Collocative meaningD.Affective meaning【正确答案】 D48._______, though having little lexical meaning, possess strong grammatical meaning.A.Content wordsB.Functional wordsC.Borrowed wordsD.Native words【正确答案】 B49.Black market means _______.A.‘the market black in colour’B.‘illegal selling and buying’C.‘the market having many people’D.none of the above【正确答案】 B50._____ is a common feature peculiar to all natural languages.A.HomonymyB.PolysemyC.SynonymyD.Antonymy【正确答案】 B51.The problem of interrelation of the various meanings of the same word can be dealt with from diachronic and ______.putationalB.historical approachC.synchronic approachparative approach【正确答案】 C52.The differences between synonyms boil down to the following except ______.A.denotationB.connotationC.applicationD.pronunciation【正确答案】 D53.______ means the stylistic and emotive colouring of words.A.PronunciationB.ConnotationC.DenotationD.Application【正确答案】 B54._______ truly represent oppositeness of meaning.A.Contradictory termsB.Contray termsC.Relative termsD.Absolute synonyms【正确答案】 A55.The basic meaning of a word is the core of word-meaning called the _______ meaning.A.firstB.derivedC.centralD.none of the above【正确答案】 C56.Absolute synonyms are_______ in natural languages.A.numerousB.rareC.popularmon【正确答案】 B57.________ deals with the relationship of semantic inclusion.A.PolysemyB.HomoymyC.AntonymyD.Hyponymy【正确答案】 D58.Which of the following is not the antonym of dull?A.sunnyB.sharpC.acuteD.fast【正确答案】 D59.________ are best viewed in terms of a scale running between two poles or extremes.A.Contradictory termsB.Contrary termsC.Relative termsD.Antonyms【正确答案】 B60.________ is concerned with semantic opposition.A.AntonymyB.HomonymyC.PolysemyD.Hyponymy【正确答案】 A61.Consequence means________.A.smallB.happinessC.expandD.result【正确答案】 D62.Among the types of word-meaning changes, ______ and narrowing are the most common by far.A.degradationB.transferC.elevationD.extension【正确答案】 D63.Extension of meaning is also called ______.A.generalizationB.specializationC.characterizationD.popularization【正确答案】 A64.Narrowing of meaning is also called ______.A.generalizationB.specializationC.characterizationD.popularization【正确答案】 B65.Words which were used to designate one thing but later changed to mean something else have experienced process of semantic _____.A.extensionB.degradationC.transferD.elevation【正确答案】 C66.The attitudes of classes have also made inroads into lexical meaning in the case of _____.A.narrowingB.extensionC.degradationD.transfer【正确答案】 C。
英语词汇学考试复习资料
一、单选题1.The plural morpheme “-s” is realized by /s/after the following sounds EXCEPT ______.A、/t/B、/g/C、/p/D、/k/答案： B2.30% to 40% of the total number of new words in English are produced through ______.A、compoundingB、affixationC、conversionD、shortening答案： B3._____ is NOT a pair of homophones.A、Fair (lovely) and "fair" (a regular gathering of people for barter and sale of goods)B、"Flea" (any of various small， wingless， bloodsucking insects) and "flee" (to escape)C、Lead (to guide) and "lead" (metal of a dull bluish-grey colour that melts easily)D、"compliment" (an expression of praise， admiration， or congratulation) and "complement" (something that completes， makesup a whole， or brings to perfection)答案： C4.By ______ motivation, we mean that the meaning of a word is related to its origin.A、onomatopoeicB、morphologicalC、semanticD、etymological答案： D5.__________refers to the specialized vocabularies by which members of particular arts, sciences,trades, and professions communicate among themselves.A、SlangB、JargonC、Dialectal wordsD、Argot答案： B6.The information about the word class of a word is part of its _____ meaning.A、lexicalB、grammaticalC、centralD、derived答案： B二、 判断题7.A word is the combination of form and ________.A 、spellingB 、writingC 、meaningD 、denoting答案： C8.The following words have derivational affixes EXCEPT ______.A 、worksB 、prewarC 、postwarD 、bloody答案： A1.The most important mode of vocabulary development in present - day English is creation of newwords by means of word formation.A 、正确B 、错误答案： 正确2.Simple words in English are usually non-motivated.A 、正确B 、错误答案： 正确3.When a prefix is added to a word, its word-class is usually changed.A 、正确B 、错误答案： 错误4.Lexical meaning is dominant in content words.A 、正确B 、错误答案： 正确pounds are words formed by combining affixes and stem.A 、正确B 、错误答案： 错误6.Quite a number of derivational affixes have more than one meaning.A 、正确B 、错误答案： 正确三、 名词解释四、 问答题7.Unlike conceptual meaning, associative meaning is unstable and indeterminate.A 、正确B 、错误答案： 正确ponential analysis has no disadvantages.A 、正确B 、错误答案： 错误9.In most cases, the native term is more literary than the foreign one.A 、正确B 、错误答案： 错误10.Grammatical meaning refers to the part of speech tenses of verbs and stylistic features of words.A 、正确B 、错误答案： 错误1.Acronymy答案： is the process of forming new words by joining the initial letters of names of social and political organizations or special noun phrases and technical terms.2.Morphs答案： Morphemes are abstract units, which are realized in speech by discrete units known as morphs. They are actual spoken, minimal carriers of meaning.3.Etymological Motivation答案： The history of the word explains the meaning of the word4.Sentence Idioms答案： are mainly proverbs and sayings including colloquialisms and catchphrases. Each function as a sentence.1.Contradictory terms 有一个最大的特点是什么？答案： Mutually exclusive and are non-gradable, They cannot be used in comparative degrees and do not allow adverbs of intensity like very to qualify them.。
英语词汇学期末考试复习资料
1.A word will cover the following points:1) A minimal free form of a language2) A word is minimal free form of a language that has a given sound, meaning and syntactic function.(A sound unity, A unit of meaning, A form that can function alone in a sentence);3) A word is the smallest of the linguistic units which can occur on its own in speech or writing.2.Classification of words:1) Basic and non-basic word stock or vocabulary2) Content/ lexical /open class words and function/grammatical/closed class words3.What is involved in knowing a word?1) Form;/ structure;/2) meanings and semantic features associated with that word;3) grammatical or syntactic behavior associated with that word;4) network of associations between that word and other words;/ collocations;/ 5) limitations imposed on the use of word according to variations of function and situation;6) the degree of probability of encountering that word in speech or print.4.Morpheme can be classified as following:5.English word-formation英语构词法6.Derivation / Affixation派生法/词缀negative: a- dis- non- un-privative: de-dis-un- pejorative: mal- mis- pseudo-prefixation and suffixation.前缀和后缀Prefixation is the formation of new words by adding prefixes to bases. A prefix is a letter or group of letters placed at the beginning of a word to change its meaning. Prefixes are frequently used to form new words.7.Conversion 转类法Conversion may be defined as a process by which a word belonging to one word class is transferred to another word class without any concomitant（伴随的）change of form. This process is also known as functional shift or zero-derivation. (零位派生) eg: bookstore was a must(v-n) for me. He downed(adv-v) his tools for a rest. He is a native(a-n)Functions of conversion: to achieve compactness and efficiency, accuracy and specificity, vividness and expressiveness, novelty and balance.8.Backformation逆生法Backformation refers to an abnormal type of word-formation where a short word is derived by deleting an imagined affix from a long form already present in thelanguage. This process is considered to be the opposite process of affixation. eg:bookkeeper<bookkeeping babysit<babysitting burgle<burglar lase<laser9.Abbreviation: 缩略法Abbreviation refers to word formation through clipping, initialism and acronym. These short forms are quicker and more convenient in use and for this reason they are becoming more and more popular.Clipping截短法Word formation by clipping part of a word, leaving only a piece of the old word. The shortening may occur at the beginning of the word, at the end of the word and at both ends of the word. The clipped form is normally regarded as informal. eg: phone(telephone), copter(helicopter), quake(earthquake) taxi(taxicab) appx.(appendix)Initialism首字母缩略词Words formed from the initial letters of words and pronounced as letters. VOA(Voice of America), p.c.(post card), VIP(very important person), BP(beautiful people)Acronym首字母拼音词ROM(read only memory), NATO(North Atlantic Treaty Organization), OPEC(Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries )10.Blending 混词法Blending is the formation of new words by combining parts of two words or a word plus a part of another word. Words formed as such are called blends. Blends tend to be more frequent in informal style in the registers of journalism, advertising and technical field. Eg: head+tail：flaunt:flout+vaunt, blunt:blind+stunt, H-bomb:hydrogen+bomb, squash:squeeze+crash, hifi:high+fidelity/head+word:medicare:medical+care,/telequiz:telephone+quiz,//word+tail:workfare:work+welfare,bookmobile: book+automobile11.Imitation 基本拟声Zap! Crunch! Swoosh! The world is Whoa!12.Borrowing 外来语Coinage 新生词Invention 创造法poundingis a phenomenon where two or more existing words are combined to construct a new word. Compounding are useful to express the same meaning shortly and briefly and it can help writer to avoid repeating. E.g. The boy who catches attention is my son. The eye-catching boy is my son. The latter one expresses the same meaning more briefly and avoid repeating when we want to mention the boy afterwards. 14.Kinds of meaningConceptual meaning refers to the meaning of a word or lexical item that relates it to phenomena in the real world or in a fictional or possible world.Associative meaning Reflected meaning and collocative meaning, affective meaningand social meaning: all these have more in common with connotative meaning than with conceptual meaning, they all have the same open-ended, variable character. They can all be brought together under the heading of associative meaning.Connotative meaning refers to the overtones or associations suggested by the conceptual meaning, or the mental content attached to the core meaning. These associations show people’s emotions and attitudes towards what the word refers to.Stylistic meaning Many words have stylistic features, which form the variation in meaning from casual to formal according to the type of situation, the addresser or person addressed, the location, the topic discussed, etc. These distinctive features form the stylistic meaning of words. In some dictionaries, these stylistic features are clearly marked as formal, informal, literary, archaic, slang and so on.Affective meaning reflects the speaker’s emotions, feelings and attitudes towards the person or thing in question. This meaning is often expressed in terms of the conceptual, connotative or stylistic content of the right word or by using proper intonation, tone of voice, and interjections.15.types of affective meaning:pejorative/derogatory; appreciative/commendatory16.How to express affective meaning? Explain with examples.The reflected meaning of a word is the total of all the other meanings a person thinks when hearing the word. The word has its suggestive power.Collocative meaning: Words may share the same meanings, but may be distinguished by the range of lexical terms they collocate with.Thematic meaning It is about what is communicated by the way in which the message is organized in terms of order and emphasis.Analyzing meaning Meanings of words can be analyzed into a number of features or components, such approach is called componential analysis or semantic features analysis.17.English euphemisms formation1)Compounding, Clipping, Acronym: gents (gentlemen’s room)2) .backslang, respelling of initials, phonetic distortion: elly-bay (belly)3) . Borrowing, substitution of synonyms, use of fuzzy word: nude (naked)4) . Metaphor, understatement, periphrases, etc.: to sleep forever, adjustment downward, landscape architect, smelly18.Five major mechanisms in semantic changes语义转化Broadening/widening/extending/generalization of meaningNarrowing/restriction/reduction/specializationAmelioration/elevationPejoration/degradationTransfer of meaning19.The polysemy of the word一词多义a word having two or more closely relatedmeanings.20.Semantic relations语义关系Words do not exist in isolation. Their meanings are defined through their relations to other word, and it is through understanding these connections that we arrive at our understanding of words.A. Synonymy Words which have the same or nearly the same meanings as other words are called synonyms and the relationship between them is one of synonymy. Absolute and relative synonyms 绝对同义词和相对同义词B.Antonyms Words opposite in meaning are generally called antonyms. Gradable antonyms 层级反义词Complementary or contradictory antonym互补反义词Converse antonyms 逆行Three types of antonyms: gradable antonyms, complementary or contradictory antonyms, and converses.C. Hyponymy and meronymy 上下义关系和部分整体关系Hyponymy--the kind of’ relation The relation of hyponymy serves to structure large parts of a language’s vocabulary. The organization of a work like Roget’s Thesaurus suggests that it is perhaps an all-pervasive structuring relation.meronymy--the part of relation can similarly be represented by a hierarchy of superordinate and subordinate termsD. Homonymy 同形同音异义词Homonyms refer to words which are written in the same way and sound alike but which have different meanings. They can be classified into two categories: homographs and homophones.a. Homographs: 同形异义词words that have the same spelling but differ in sound and meaning.b. Homophones: 同音异义词words that have the same phonological form but differ in spelling and meaning.20.Semantic/lexical field:It is the organization of related words and expressions into a system which shows their relationship to one another.The semantic field arrangement brings together words that share the same semantic space. It is a record of the vocabulary resources available for an area of meaning, and it enables a user of the language to appreciate often elusive meaning differences between words.21.The major features of idioms1)Compositeness: 复合性idioms consist of more than one word; They are multiword lexical items as in bread and butter, spill the beans, let the cat out the bag, etc.2)Structural stability: 稳定性idioms are fixed collocations by long usage. Unlike free phrases, idioms are frozen and conventionalized collocations whose components cannot be varied or varied only within definable limits. 3)Semantic unity: 统一性idioms are semantically opaque. Unlike free phrase, the meaning of an idiom is not the sum of its constituents. In other words, the meaning of idiom is not transparent in most cases.Transformation/creativity in idiom: Replacement/substitution, addition, permutation, deletionThe application of idioms:Idioms from the speech of soldiers, every-day life of Englishmen, health, illness and death, business and the stock exchange, popular sports and games, books and stories22.Cohesive device 衔接手段(links in meaning) conjunction连词,substitution替代,ellipsis省略, reference指代, lexical cohesion词汇衔接Discourse is any passage spoken or written of whatever length that forms a unified corn. It may be a product of a single writer, speaker or several persons.23.词汇衔接手段reiteration（复现）and collocation(共现)Lexical cohesion refers to lexical items which work on the organization of coherent discourse. Under this heading includes a variety of kinds of semantic relationship that can exist between lexical items. Halliday and Hasan cluster them into two broad sub-classes: reiteration and collocation, which contribute to the creation and organization of discourse.Reiteration 复现or repetition is the occurrence of one or more items in a sentence that by themselves tell the reader or listener nothing new but reinstate some element(s) from the earlier sentences so that something new can be said about. As a form of lexical cohesion, reiteration involves the repetition of an identical lexical item, the use of a general word to refer to a lexical item, the use of a synonym or near-synonym, the use of superordinate, the use of hyponym, Equivalence 等价Naming 命名Semblance/Analogy 同义词/类比Metonymy 借喻etc. They serve to show the relatedness of ideas in the discourse.Collocation搭配is a cover term for the cohesion that results from the co-occurrence of lexical items that are in some way or other associated with one another, because they tend to occur in similar environment.24.General approaches to lexical learning in EFL1.) guessing/inferring from context2.)using mnemonic techniques3.) using word parts4.) learning from word cards5.) using dictionary25.Kinds of Context Clue Linguistic clues:cues based on knowledge of English language. e.g. synonyms, antonyms, hyponyms, grammar, punctuations, word parts, pronunciation, intonation, stress, etc.Logical clues: cues based on relationships among the various parts of the information.e.g. cause and effect, comparison and contrast, generalization and examples,restatements, definitions, etc.World knowledge clues: cues based on the informant’s experience and knowledge of the topic.Non-verbal clues: cues based on tables, images, diagrams, etc.ing mnemonic techniques1) Repeating (verbal and oral): Repetition is the key to learning. Only by saying, writing, listening and using words again and again can one make them part of his active vocabulary.2) Linking with prior knowledge: Integrating the new word with the familiar one, connecting the new word with already known words through associating, semantic mapping and charting semantic features, etc.3) Forming word association: Getting words together on account of their semantic relations or logical connections. e.g. grass – green, school – students, hit – ball, swim – pool, apple – fruit, irritated – annoyed, dead – alive, baby – mother, etc.4) Building up semantic mapping: Brainstorming associations a word has with other words and then diagramming the results.27.What is lexical cohesion? What are the general features of it?Lexical cohesion refers to lexical items which work on the organization of coherent discourse. Cohesion means formal links between element links in form. There are 2 types of lexical cohesion,reiteration and collocation. As a form of lexical cohesion, reiteration involves the repetition of an identical lexical item, the use of a general word to refer to a lexical item, the use of a synonym or near-synonym, the use of superordinate, the use of hyponym. Collocation reflects rules of the conventions and co-occurence tendency in the use of word in discourse. Collocation is a cover term for the cohesion that results from the co-occurrence of lexical items that are in some way or other associated with one another, because they tend to occur in similar environment. For example, in a talk about football game, words like shoot, goalkeeper, penalty and kick are more likely to appear than other words in the talk.28.Learning from word cardsStep 1 Choosing words to learnSept 2 Making word cardsStep 3 Using the cardsing DictionariesWhat are the major purposes for dictionary use?Comprehension/ Look up unknown words met while listening, reading, or translating./ Confirm the meanings of partly known words./ Confirm guess from context./ Production/ Look up unknown words needed to speak, write, or translate. / Look up the spelling, pronunciation, meaning, grammar, constraints on use, collocations, inflections and derived forms of partly known words needed to speak, write or translate. /Confirm the spelling, pronunciation, meaning, etc. of known words. /Check that a word exists./Find a different word to use instead of a known one./Correct an error./Learning /Choose unknown words to learn./Enrich knowledgeof partly known words, including etymology.。
《英语词汇学》知识点归纳
《英语词汇学》知识点归纳
1.单词的构成：单词由不同的字母组合而成，可以包括前缀、词根、
后缀等。
2.词根和词义：词根是单词中带有基本词义的部分，在单词形态变化
时不会改变。
词根可以是一个字母、一个词或一个词组。
词根可以通过前
缀和后缀的添加，以及音变等形式进行变化。
3.前缀和后缀：前缀是加在词根前面的一种字母或几个字母，可以改
变单词的意义或词类。
后缀是加在词根后面的一种字母或几个字母，可以
改变单词的意义、词类或语法功能。
4.同义词和反义词：同义词是意义相近或相同的词，可以在表达时相
互替换。
反义词则是意义相反的词，通常用来表达对立或对比的关系。
5.词义的变化：词义可以根据语境和用法的不同而发生变化，有时一
个词也可以具有多个意义。
6.词义的分类：词义可以分为字面意义（词义的最基本的意义）、引
申义（从原来的字面意义发展而来的新的意义）和隐喻义（使用一个词来
暗示或比喻另一个概念）。
7.词义的搭配：词义可以和其他词搭配使用，形成固定的词组或短语，这些搭配可以帮助我们更好地理解和运用单词。
8.词法关系：词汇学研究不同词之间的关系，如近义词、反义词、属
于关系等。
9.词源学：词源学研究词语的起源和发展，并追溯词汇的历史和语言
渊源。
10.词汇扩充：词汇学研究如何通过学习和运用词汇扩充词汇量，如学习词根、前缀和后缀的意义和用法，以及拆解和分析复杂单词的方法。
英语词汇学复习资料
《英语词汇学》复习资料(总24页)--本页仅作为文档封面，使用时请直接删除即可----内页可以根据需求调整合适字体及大小--《英语词汇学》复习资料Chapter 11. Word —— A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.2. There is no logical relationship between sound and meaning as the symbolic connection between them is arbitrary and conventional. . “woman” means ’Frau’ in German，’Femme’ in French and ’Funv ’in Chinese. On the other hand， the same sound/rait/ can mean right， rite and write， though denoting different things， yet have the same sound.3. The difference between sound and form result from 4 major factors.（At least 80%of the English words fit consistent spelling patterns）a）. the internal reason is English alphabet does not have a separate letter to represent each sound in the language.b）. Pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spellingc）. Influence of the work of scribes/printing freezes the spelling of words in 1500d）. Borrowing of foreign language4. Vocabulary —— Vocabulary is most commonly used to refer to the sum total of all the words of a language. It can also refer to all the words of a given dialect， a given book， a given subject and all the words possessed by an individual person as well as all the words current in a particular period of time in history.The general estimate of the present day English vocabulary is over 1 million words.of Words—by use frequency， by notion， by origin1）. Basic word stock – the foundation of the vocabulary.1. all national character （most important）– natural phenomenamost common things and phenomena of the human body and relationsworld around us names of plants and animalsaction， size， domain， statenumerals， pronouns， prep. ，conj.2. stability – they donate the commonest thing necessary to life， they are like to remain unchanged. Only relative， some are undergoing some changes. But the change is slow.. arrow， bow， chariot， knight – past electricity， machine， car， plane —— now3. productivity – they are mostly root words or monosyllabic words， they can form new words with other roots and affixes. . foot – football， footage， footpath， footer4. polysemy – often possess more than one meaning. Become polysemous.. take to move or carry from one place to anotherto remove5. collocability – quite a number of set expressions， idiomatic usages， proverbial saying and others. heart – a change of heart， a heart of goldNon-basic vocabulary ——1. terminology – technical termsphotoscanning， hepatitis， indigestion， penicillin， algebra， trigonometry， calculus2. jargon – specialized vocabulary in certain professions.Bottom line， ballpark figures， bargaining chips， hold him back， hold him in， paranoid3. slang —— substandard words often used in informal occasionsdough and bread， grass and pot， beaver， smoky， bear， catch， holler， Roger， X-rays，Certain words are labeled slang because of their usage.4. argot – words used by sub-cultured groupscan-opener， dip， persuadercant， jargon ， argot are associated with， or most available to， specific groups of the population.5. dialectal words – only by speakers of the dialectbeauty， chook， cocky， station， auld， build， coo， hame， lough， bog6. archaisms – words no longer in common use or restricted in use. In older poems， legal document and religious writing or speech.7. neologism – newly created words with new meaning . microelectronics， futurology， AIDS， internet， E-mailold meaning acquired new meaning . mouse， monitor2）. Content word （notional word）– denote clear notions.Functional word （empty word， form word）– do not have notions of their own， express the relation between notions，words and sentences.a. Content words constitute the main body of the English vocabulary are numerous.Functional words are in a small number.b. Content words are growing.Functional words remain stable.c. Functional words do far more work of expression than content words.3）. Native words – are words brought to Britain in the 15 century by the German tribes. Ango-Saxon Words，50000-60000 What is true of the basic word stock is also true of native world. More are1. neutral in style （not stylistical specific ）2. frequent in use （in academic fields and science French， Latin or Greek are used）（usage 70-90%）Borrowed words （loan words， borrowing）– words taken over from foreign language. 80%According to the degree of assimilation and manner of borrowing， we can bring the loan words under 4 classes.– words borrowed early and now are well assimilated into English language.. port from portus（L） shift， change， shirt， pork cup from cuppa（L）– retained their original pronunciation and spelling. décor（F） blitzkreeg（G） emir， intermez， rowtow， bazaar， rajar， status quoloans – formed from the existing material in the English language but modeled on the patterns taken from another language.1）. Word translated according to the meaning. mother tough from lingua maternal（L）black humor from humor noirlong time no see， surplus value， master piece2）. Words translated according to the sound. kulak from kyrak（Russ）lama from lama（Tib）ketchup tea4. Semantic loans – their meaning are borrowed from another language. stupid old dump new sassy dream old joy and peacepioneer old explorer/person doing pioneering work new a member of the young pioneerfresh old impertinent， sassy， cheekyChapter 2Indo-European language family （Europe， the Near East， India）Balto –Slavic Indo-Iranian Italic GermanicPrussian Persian Portuguese NorwegianLithuanian Hindi Spanish IcelandiePolish Italian DanishBulgarian Roumanian SwedishSlovenian French EnglishRussian GermanAlbanian Armenian Celtic HellenicIrish GreekBretonScottish2. History （时间，历史事件，特征）1） Old English （450-1150） totally 50，000-60，000 wordsThe 1st people known to inhabit England were Celts， the language was Celtic.The second language was the Latin of the Roman Legions.The Germanic tribes called angles， Saxons and Jutes and their language， Anglo-Saxon dominated and blotted out the Celtic. Now people refer to Anglo-Saxon as old English.At the end of 6th century， the introduction of Christianity has a great impact on the English vocabulary.The common practice was to create new words by combining two native words.In the 9th century， many Scandinavian words came into English. At least 900 words of Scandinavian are in modern English， our daily life and speech.特点： highly inflected languagecomplex endings or vowel changes （full ending）2） Middle English （1150-1500） English， Latin， FrenchUntil 1066， although there were borrowings from Latin， the influence on English was mainly Germanic. But the Norman Conquest started a continual flow of French words into English.By the end of the 13th century， English gradually come back into public areas.Between 1250 and 150 about 9000 words of French origin come into English. 75% of them are till in use today.As many as 2500 words of Dutch origin come into English.特点： fewer inflectionsleveled ending3） Modern English （1500-up to now） early modern English （1500-1700）late modern English（1700-up to now）The Renaissance，Latin and Greek were recognized as the languages of the Western world’s great literary heritage.The Industrial Revolution was in the mid-17 century. With the growth of colonization， British tentacles began a stretching out of to every corner of the globe， thus enabling English to absorb words from all major languages of the world.After World War II， many new words have been created to express new ideas， inventions and scientific achievements.More words are created by means of word-formation.thousands and thousands of new words have been entered to express new ideas inventions， and scientific achievements.more words are created by means of word-formation.in modern English， word endings were mostly lost with just a few exceptions English has evolved from a synthetic language to the present analytic language.science and technology terms make up about 45% of new words. words associated with life-style constitute of 24% and social and economic terms amount to over 10% .mention should be made of an opposite process of development . old words falling out if use.特点： ending are almost lost.3. Three main sources new wordsrapid development of modern science and technology， economic and political changesinfluence of other cultures and languages4. Three modes of vocabulary development1. Creation – the formation of new words by using the existing materials， namely roots， affixes and other elements. （This is the most important way of vocabulary expansion.）2. Semantic change - an old form which take on a new meaning to meet the new need.3. Borrowing – to take in words from other languages.（particularly in earlier time）4. （Reviving archaic or obsolete）French 30%， Latin 8%， Japanese Italian 7%， Spanish 6%， German Greek 5%， Russian Yiddish 4%Chapter 31. Morpheme —— A morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit of a language. （The smallest functional unit in the composition of words.）—— A morpheme must be realized by discrete units. These actual spoken minimal carriers of meaning are morphs.words – morphemes are realized by single morphs.——Some morphemes are realized by more than one morph according to their position. Such alternative morphs are allomorphemes. . the morpheme of plurality （-s） has a number if allomorphemes in different sound context， . in cats/s/， inbags/z/， in matches/iz/.5. Free morphemes or Free root —— The morphemes have complete meaning and van be used as free grammatical units in sentences， . cat， walk. They are identical with root words. morphemes which are independent of other morphemes are considered to be free.6. Bound Morphemes —— The morphemes cannot occur as separate words. They are bound to other morphemes to form words， . recollection （re+collect+ion） collect – free morpheme re-and –ion are bound morphemes. （include bound root and affix） Bound morphemes are found in derived words.7. Bound root —— A bound root is that part of the word that carries the fundamental meaning just like a free root. Unlike a free root， it is a bound form and has to combine with other morphemes to make words. Take -dict- for example： it conveys the meaning of “say or speak” as a Latin root， but not as a word. With the prefix pre-（=before）we obtain the verb predict meaning “tell beforehand”。
英语词汇学知识点归纳详细
英语词汇学知识点归纳详细英语词汇学是研究英语词汇的起源、发展、结构和功能的学科。
它关注词汇的形成、分布和使用规律，旨在帮助人们更好地理解和运用英语词汇，我将详细讨论英语词汇学的一些重要知识点。
第一部分：英语词汇的起源和发展1.1 词汇的起源英语词汇的起源可以追溯到原始语言，人类追求沟通的需要催生了词汇的出现。
最初，人们通过模仿自然声音或物体特性来命名事物，逐渐形成了最早的词汇系统。
1.2 词汇的发展随着社会的进步和交流的增加，语言发生了演变和变异。
英语词汇的发展经历了几个阶段，包括古英语、中古英语、现代英语等，每个阶段都有其独特的特点和词汇形态。
第二部分：英语词汇的结构2.1 词根词根是词汇的核心部分，它通常具有基本含义，并可以通过前缀和后缀来构成新的词汇。
例如，"write"是一个词根，可以通过添加前缀"re-"构成"rewrite"，通过添加后缀"-er"构成"writer"。
2.2 前缀前缀位于词根之前，用于改变词的意义或形态。
常见的前缀包括"un-"（表示否定）、"re-"（表示再次）等。
例如，"happy"变为"unhappy"表示不快乐，"do"变为"redo"表示重新做。
2.3 后缀后缀位于词根之后，用于改变词的类别或形态。
常见的后缀包括"-er"（表示职业或性别）、"-able"（表示能力或性质）等。
例如，"act"变为"actor"表示演员，"comfort"变为"comfortable"表示舒适的。
第三部分：英语词汇的分类3.1 按词性分类英语词汇可以根据其功能和词法特征分为不同的词性，包括名词、动词、形容词、副词、介词、连词和感叹词等。
英语词汇学复习重点——5、7-12单元
1.词的语用意义Pragmatic meaning=lexical meaning+grammatical meaning词汇意义lexical meaning=conceptual meaning=cognitive meaning语法意义grammatical meaninglexical meaning=primary meaning+extended meaning2.语境的分类；语境的4种作用分类：语境=linguistic context+non-linguistic context作用：3.词义发展的具体方式（扩大、缩小、升格、降格、转移）The enlarging/widening/extension/expansion of meaning或the generalization of meaningThe narrowing/restriction of meaning 或the specialization of meaningThe elevation/ascent/amelioration of meaningDegradation/degeneration/deterioration/catachresis 或pejoration of meaning 4.词义转移的概念及3种主要类型：隐喻、借代（转喻）、提喻概念:The semantic shift means the word transfers from the literal meaning to the figurative meaning.类型：metaphor metonymy synecdoche5.词义演变的3种形式：放射、连锁、综合Radiation concatenation proliferation6.英语词汇发展史的3个时期（三个时期的具体特点、标志性事件）The old EnglishThe middle EnglishThe modern English7.英语词汇的3种来源：本族语词、借词、新词Native words. loan/borrow words. Neologism8、新词的概念及4种产生方式（途径）新词（neologism&vogue words ）A neologism is a recently coined word,phrase or usage.It can also be an existing word or phrase which has been assigned a new meaning.产生：1.构词法造词Word formation 2.借词borrowing 3.杜撰新词new coinage 4.语义转换semantic shift9、全世界使用英语国家的分类：ENL，ESL，EFLENL：English as a native languageESL:English as a second languageEFL:English as a foreign language10、美国英语词汇各发展阶段的特点（标志性事件）1.17世纪初到北美独立战争结束词美国在语言上的独立汇学家韦伯斯特美国独立战争后到内战占主导地位的仍然是英国英语美国内战后美国成为世界“盟主”对英语的影响不断扩大11、英语搭配的3种类别：固定型组合（成语/习语），自由型组合，习惯型搭配（能举例说明）固定型组合（fixed combination）:see eye to eye(with)自由组合（free combination）: see a film习惯型搭配（natural collocation）: a cigar smoker12、搭配的4种理据语法（grammatical motivation）语用（pragmatic motivation）语义（semantic motivation）认知（cognitive motivation）13、英语成语的4个特点习用性：idiomaticity定型性：syntactic frozenness整体性：semantic nuity不透明性：semantic opacity14、英语成语的分类按句法分类：1.nominal idioms2.adjectival idioms3.verbal idioms 4.advertial idioms 5.sentence idioms最常见的按形式分类：1.比喻成语（figurative idioms）--隐喻成语（metaphorical idioms）明喻成语（similized idioms）2.谚语（proverbs）3.俚语（slang）。
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《英语词汇学》复习资料1Ⅰ. Fill in the blanks.Directions: Complete the following statements with proper words.1.The 1 is the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words.2. 2 are words borrowed early in the past and now are well assimilated intothe English language.3.The problem of interrelation of the various meanings of the same word can bedealt with from two different angles: 3 approach and synchronic approach.4.“Mal-”in “maltreat”is a 4 prefix, while “inter-”in “interstate”is a 5prefix.5.Old English is described as a language of full endings, Middle English languageof 6 endings, and a language of 7 endings.6.In modern English, one may find some 8 words whose sounds suggesttheir meaning, for these words were created by imitating the natural sounds or noises.7.The word meaning is made up of 9 meaning and 10 meaning, andthe later has two components: conceptual meaning and 11 meaning.8.Words that have emotive values may fall into two categories: appreciative or12 .9.13 is thought to be the opposite process of suffixation.10.14 is the formation of new words by combining parts of two words or aword plus a part of another word.11.15 refers to the jargon of criminals. Its use is confined to the sub-culturalgroups, and outsiders can hardly understand it.12.“Pretty”and “handsome”share the same 16 meaning，but differ in 17meaning.13.___18___analysis is a process of breaking down the sense of a word into itsminimal components which are also known as semantic features..14.Radiation and 19 are the two coinages which the development of wordmeaning follows from monosemy to polysemy.15.20 deals with the relationship of inclusion, i.e. the meaning of a more specificword is included in that of another more general word.Ⅱ. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. Write T for “true”and F for “false”.1.Homonyms are descendants of different sources whereas a polysemant is a wordof the same source which has acquired different meanings in the course of development.2.Words of the basic word stock are mostly root words or monosyllabic words, sothey have strong productivity.3.“Can-opener” used as slang to mean “all-purpose key”.4.Native words are neutral in style.5.The Indo-European language family is made up of most languages of Europe, theFar East, and India.6.Borrowing has played a vital role in the development of English vocabulary,particularly in earlier times.7.The smallest functioning unit in the composition of words is morpheme.8.Stem is a form to which affixes of any kind can be added.9.Base is what remains of a word after the removal of all affixes.10.Words created by compounding occupy the highest percentage of the Englishvocabulary.11.“Fore-”in “forehead”and “fore-”in “foreknowledge”belong to two kinds ofprefix.12.Word-building and word-formation are relative synonyms.13.The word manusc ript which originally denotes “handwriting” only has undergonea process of extension of meaning.14.Parent—child and husband—wife are two pairs of converses.15.Policeman, constable, bobby and cop are synonyms differing in intensity.Ⅲ. Answer the following questions briefly.1.What are the characteristics of the basic word stock?2.Why are prefixes and suffixes divided according to different criteria?3.List the four sources of synonyms.4.What are the characteristics of conceptual meaning and associative meaning? Ⅳ. Answer the following questions according to the requirement.Classify the three pairs of antonyms according to types of antonyms you have learned and describe the characteristics of each type of them.interviewer/interviewee; male/female; old /young成考复习资料答案I．Fill in the blanks.1. morpheme2. denizens3. diachronic4. pejorative5. locative6. leveled7. lost8. onomatopoeic9. grammatical10. lexical11.associative 12. pejorative 13. backformation 14. blending15. argot 16. conceptual 17. collocative 18. componential 19.concatenation 20. hyponymyII.Decide whether the following statements are true or false. Write T for “true” and F for “false”.1-5 TTTFT 6-10 TFFFT 11-15 TFFTFIII.Answer the following questions briefly.1.What are the characteristics of the basic word stock?1)All national character 2) stability 3) productivity 4) polysemy5) collocability2.Why are prefixes and suffixes divided according to different criteria?1)Prefixes primarily effect a semantic modification of the base, i.e. prefixes do notgenerally change the word-class of the base but only modify its meaning.2)Suffixes have only a small semantic role and their primary function is to changethe grammatical function of the base, i.e. the change of the word class with a slight modification of meaning.3)So prefixes are categorized on a semantic basis while suffixes are divided on agrammatical basis.3.1)Borrowing; (2) dialects and regional English (3) figurative and euphemisticuse of words (4) coincidence with idiomatic expressions4.What are the characteristics of conceptual meaning and associative meaning?1)Conceptual meaning is the meaning given in the dictionary and forms thecore of word meaning. Being constant and relatively stable, conceptualmeaning forms the basis for communication as the same word generallyhas the same conceptual meaning to the speakers in the same speechcommunity. (3%)2)Associative meaning differs from the conceptual meaning in that it isopen-ended and indeterminate, liable to the influence of such factors asculture, experience, religion, geographical region, class background,education, etc…（3%）Ⅳ. Analyze the following questions and explain them according to the requirement.1.1)Interviewer& interviewee are converses; male & female arecomplementaries; old & young are contraries.2)Complementaries truly represent oppositeness of meaning. They are soopposite to each other that they are mutually exclusive and admit nopossibility between them. The assertion of one is the denial of the other orvice versa. Complementaries are nongradable, and they cannot be used incomparative degrees and do not allow adverbs of intensity like “very”toqualify them.3)Contraries are gradable antonyms. The existence of one is in relation to theother. We can say: A man is rich or very rich and also we can say a man isrich than the other. Contraries are characteristic of semantic polarity. Theseantonyms form part of a scale of values between two poles and canaccommodate a middle ground belonging neither to one pole nor to the other.4)Converses consist of relational opposites. The pairs of words indicatereciprocal social relationships that one of them cannot be used withoutsuggesting the other. It also includes reverse terms, which compriseadjectives and adverbs signifying a quality or verbs and nouns signifying anact or state that reverse or undo the quality, action or state of the other.成考复习资料复习资料2I. 单选题1. In the sentence “I like to see a movie.”, there are ________ functional words.A. 2B. 3C. 4D. 52. Conversion is amethod________________________.A. of turning words of one part of speech to those of a different part of speechB. of converting words of one meaning into different meaningC. of deriving words through grammatical meansD. of changing words in morphological structure3. The following words have derivational affixes EXCEPT ________________.A. subseaB. prewarC. postwarD. desks4. Which of the following statements is false?A. Conversion refers to the use of words of one class as that of a different class.B. Words mainly involved in conversion are nouns, verbs and adverbs.C. Partial conversion and full conversion are concerned with adjectiveswhen converted to nouns.D. The conversion between nouns and verbs may involve a change of stress.5. _________ is the meaning given in the dictionary and forms the core ofword-meaning.A. Grammatical meaningB. Denotative meaningC. Associative meaningD. Connotative meaning6. The words what have emotive content in themselves are said to contain __ meaning.A. collocativeB. affectiveC. stylisticD. denotative7. __________ explains the connection between the literal sense and figurative sense of the word.A. Etymological motivationB. Onomatopoetic motivationC. Morphological motivationD. Semantic motivation8. The following words have inflectional affixes EXCEPT __________.A. worksB. workerC. workingD. worked9. “Smog”is formed by combining “smoke”and “fog”. So it is an example ofA. clippingB. compounding成考复习资料C. blendingD. back-formation10. The word “smog”is created by blending, with the structure of __________.A. head + tailB. head + headC. head + wordD. word + tail11. The most important mode of vocabulary development in present-day English is the creation of new words by means of ________________.A. translation-loansB. emantic loansC. word formationD. borrowings12. Which of the following belongs to a semantic field?A. steed, charger, palfrey, plug, nagB. pony, mustang, mule, stud, mareC. policeman, constable, bobby, copD. domicile, residence, abode, home13. Words which are used to show the attitude of approval are ________________.A. appreciativeB. pejorativeC. conntativeD. collocative14. General features of English contains the following except _________.A. simplicityB. receptivityC. adaptabilityD. imprssiveness15. The most productive means of word-formation in modern English are the following except .A. compoundingB. affixationC. acronymD. conversionII判断题1. The Indo-European language family is made up of most languages of Europe, theFar East, and India. （）2. The word manusc ript which originally denotes “handwriting” only has undergone aprocess of extension of meaning. （）3. The beginning of the Middle English Period was marked by the Norman Conquestwhich brought many Latin words into the English language. （）4. Words of the basic word stock are mostly root words or monosyllabic words, sothey have strong productivity. （）5. Grammatical meaning or a word includes part of speech, tense meaning, andstylistic coloring. （）6. Words created by compounding occupy the highest percentage of the Englishvocabulary. （）7. The marked term of each pair of antonyms covers the sense of the unmarked term.（）8. Policeman, constable, bobby and cop are synonyms differing in intensity. （）9. Borrowing has played a vital role in the development of English vocabulary,particularly in earlier times. （）10. “Radiation” shows that the derived meanings of a polysemantic word are not成考复习资料directly related to the primary meaning. （）III简答题1. What are the characteristics of conceptual meaning and associative meaning?2. List different types of associative meaning and define them.答案I． 1-5 AADDB 6-10 BDBCA 11-15 CBADCⅡ. 1-5 TFFTF 6-10 TFFTFⅢ. 1. What are the characteristics of conceptual meaning and associative meaning? Conceptual meaning is the meaning given in the dictionary and forms the core of word meaning. Being constant and relatively stable, conceptual meaning forms the basis for communication as the same word generally has the same conceptual meaning to the speakers in the same speech community. Associativemeaning differs from the conceptual meaning in that it is open-ended and indeterminate, liable to the influence of such factors as culture, experience, religion, geographical region, class background, education, etc…2. List different types of associative meaning and define them.Explain different types of homonyms with examples.Perfect homonyms are known as absolute homonyms, and they are words identical both in sound and spelling. E.g bear (to put up with) and bear(a kind of fruit)Homographs are words identical only in spelling but different in sound and meaning, e.g. sow (to scatter seeds) and sow (female adult pig) Homophones are words identical only in sound but different in spelling and meaning, e.g. dear ( a loved person) and deer (a kind of an animal)复习资料3I．Fill in the blanks.Directions: Complete the following statements with proper words.1.The __1 is the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words.2. 2 are words borrowed early in the past and now are well assimilated intothe English language.3.The problem of interrelation of the various meanings of the same word can bedealt with from two different angles: 3 approach and synchronic approach.4.“Mal” in “maltreat” is a 4 prefix, while “inter-” in “ interstate” is a 5_prefix.5.Old English is described as a language of full endings, Middle Englishlanguage of___6__ endings, and a language of __7__ endings.成考复习资料6.In modern English, one may find some 8 words whose sounds suggesttheir meaning, for these words were created by imitating the natural sounds or noises.7.The word meaning is made up of 9 meaning and 10 meaning, andthe later has two components: conceptual meaning and 11 meaning.8.Words that have emotive values may fall into two categories: appreciative or__12 .9.13 is thought to be the opposite process of suffixation.10.___14__ is the formation of new words by combining parts of two words or aword plus a part of another word.11.15 refers to the jargon of criminals. Its use is confined to the sub-culturalgroups, and outsiders can hardly understand it.12.“Pretty”and “handsome”share the same _16_ meaning, but differ in _17_meaning.13.___18___analysis is a process of breaking down the sense of a word into itsminimal components which are also known as semantic features.14.Radiation and ___19___ are the two coinages which the development of wordmeaning follows from monosemy to polysemy.15.__20____deals with the relationship of inclusion, i.e. the meaning of a morespecific word is included in that of another more general word.Ⅱ. Decide whether the following statements are true or false and write T or F on the answer sheet:1.Homonyms come mainly from borrowing, changes in sound and spelling, anddialects.2.“Radiation”shows that the derived meanings of a polysemantic word are notdirectly related to the primary meaning.3.Borrowing is a very important source of synonyms.4. A word which has a synonym naturally has an antonym.5.Hyponymy deals with the relationship of semantic inclusion.6.Motivation explains the connection between the linguistic form and its meaning.7.Grammatical meaning or a word includes part of speech, tense meaning, andstylistic coloring.8.The origins of the words are a key factor in distinguishing homonyms frompolysemants.9.The marked term of each pair of antonyms covers the sense of the unmarkedterm.10.If the words differ in range and intensity of meaning, the words are not identicalin denotation.11.The beginning of the Middle English Period was marked by the NormanConquest which brought many Latin words into the English language.ponential analysis is to break down. the conceptual sense of a word into itsminimal distinctive components.13.Celtic language made great contributions to the expansion of the Englishvocabulary.14.Native words enjoy the same features as the basic word stock and more.15.Shortening includes clipping and blending.Ⅲ. Answer the following questions briefly.1. Analyze the morphological structures of the following words and point out the types of the morphemes in terms of free and bound morphemes.unbearable international ex-prisoner.2. How would you explain the difference between back formation and suffixation? Give examples to illustrate your point.3. List different types of associative meaning and define them.4. Explain different types of homonyms with examples.Ⅳ. Analyze the following questions and explain them according to the requirement.1. What is the difference between homonyms and polysemants?成考复习资料答案I．Fill in the blanks.1. morpheme2. denizens3. diachronic4. pejorative5. locative6. leveled7. lost8. onomatopoeic9. grammatical 10. lexical 11.associative 12. pejorative 13. backformation 14. blending 15. argot 16. conceptual 17. collocative 18. componential 19. concatenation 20. hyponymyⅡ. Decide whether the following statements are true or false and write T or F in the brackets:1．F 2.F 3.T 4.F 5.T 6. T 7.F 8.T 9.F 10.T11.F 12. F 13. F 14. T 15. TⅢ. Answer the following questions briefly.1. Analyze the morphological structures of the following words and point out the types of the morphemes in terms of free and bound morphemes.unbearable international ex-prisoner.un+bear+able:(1)‘bear’ is a free morpheme, and ‘un’, ‘able’are bound morphemes. inter+nation+al: ‘nation’ is a free morpheme, and ‘inter, al’ are bound morphemes.ex+prison+er: ‘prison’ is a free morpheme, and ‘ex, er’ are bound morphemes.2. How would you explain the difference between back formation and suffixation? Give examples to illustrate your point.1)Back-formation is considered to be the opposite process of suffixation.2)Suffixation is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to bases.3)Backformation is therefore the method of creating words by removing thesupposed suffixes, so called because many of the removed endings are not suffixes but inseparable parts of the word.4)For example, it is a common practice to add –er, -or to verb bases to formagential nouns.5)Reasonably, people make verbs by dropping the ending such as –or in editor, -arin beggar and –er in butler.3. List different types of associative meaning and define them.1)Connotative meaning refers to the overtones or associations suggested by theconceptual meaning, traditionally known as connotations.2)Stylistic meaning refers to stylistic features, which make them appropriate fordifferent styles.3)Affective meaning expresses the speaker’s attitude towards the person or thing inquestion.4)Collocative meaning consists of the associations a word acquires on account ofthe meanings of words which tend to occur in its environment.4. Explain different types of homonyms with examples.(1)Perfect homonyms are known as absolute homonyms, and they are wordsidentical both in sound and spelling. E.g bear (to put up with) and bear (a kind of fruit)(2)Homographs are words identical only in spelling but different in sound andmeaning, e.g. sow (to scatter seeds) and sow (female adult pig)(3)Homophones are words identical only in sound but different in spelling andmeaning, e.g. dear ( a loved person) and deer (a kind of animal)Ⅳ. Analyze the following questions and explain them according to the requirement.1.What is the difference between homonyms and polysemants?1)Perfect homonyms and polysemants are fully identical with reference to spellingand pronunciation, as both have the same orthographical form but different meanings. This creates the problem of differentiation.2)The fundamental difference between homonyms and polysemants lies in the factthat the former refers to different lexemes which have the same form and the latter the one and same lexeme which has several distinguishable meanings.3)One important criterion by which to differentiate them is ‘etymology’, i.e.,homonyms are descendants of different sources whereas a polysemant is a word of the same source which has acquired different meanings in the course of development.4)The second principal consideration is ‘semantic relatedness’. The severalmeanings of a single polysemous lexeme are related and can be traced back to成考复习资料one central meaning. On the other hand, meanings of different homonyms have nothing to do with one another.5)In dictionaries, a polysemant has its meanings all listed under one headwordwhereas homonyms are listed as separate entries.。