英语修辞学考试复习重点
英语专八考修辞手法的题
英语专八考修辞手法的题
英语专八考试中，修辞手法是一个重要的考点。
修辞手法是指通过语言的艺术手段来达到修饰、烘托、夸张或象征的目的。
在专八考试中，关于修辞手法的题目通常涉及对文学作品中修辞手法的分析、理解和运用。
一种常见的题型是要求考生根据给定的句子或段落，判断其中使用了何种修辞手法，以及这种修辞手法的作用和效果。
例如，可能会给出一段描述，要求考生辨别其中的比喻、拟人、排比等修辞手法，并解释这些修辞手法对于表达作者意图的帮助。
另一种题型可能是要求考生根据给定的修辞手法，分析其在文学作品中的运用。
考生需要举例说明作品中具体的修辞手法，并分析这些修辞手法对于情节、人物塑造、意境营造等方面的作用。
此外，还可能会出现要求考生在给定的句子或段落中，运用适当的修辞手法来增强表达效果的题目。
考生需要根据语境和要求，运用比喻、夸张、排比等修辞手法来重构句子或段落，使其更具表现力和感染力。
总的来说，专八考试中的修辞手法题目涉及对文学作品的理解和分析能力，考生需要熟悉各种修辞手法的定义、特点和作用，能够准确地辨别和分析文学作品中的修辞手法，并灵活运用修辞手法来提高自己的语言表达能力。
希望这些信息对你有所帮助。
高中英语知识点归纳修辞手法和修辞方法
高中英语知识点归纳修辞手法和修辞方法在高中英语学习中，学生需要了解和掌握各种修辞手法和修辞方法，这对于培养语言运用的能力非常重要。
修辞手法可以帮助我们更好地表达思想和情感，提升文章的艺术效果。
本文将归纳总结高中英语中常见的修辞手法和修辞方法，帮助同学们更好地理解和使用。
一、修辞手法1. 比喻：通过运用形象生动的语言，将两个不同的事物进行类比，以便更清晰地传达作者的观点和意图。
比如：“他是大海中的一匹游弋的鲸鱼。
”2. 拟人：将无生命的事物或抽象的概念赋予人的特质，以增加表达的生动性和感染力。
比如：“阳光在窗前笑着对我说话。
”3. 夸张：夸大事物的某一特征或情况，以便更好地引起读者的注意和共鸣。
比如：“我等了一辈子，终于盼来了你的到来。
”4. 对比：通过对比两个相对事物的差异和共同点，以便更好地强调某一事物的特点或调动读者的情感。
比如：“他和弟弟相貌相似，性格却截然不同。
”5. 排比：通过重复使用相同或相似的句式、短语或词语，以便更好地强调某一观点或情感，增强语言的表达力。
比如：“爱是红色的，爱是温暖的，爱是无私的。
”6. 反问：用问句的形式表达出来的陈述句，以便更好地引起读者思考和共鸣。
比如：“难道我们不应该保护大自然吗？”7. 设问:提出一个问题即为设问，让读者去思考和回答这个问题。
常用于议论文中的引言部分。
比如：“现代社会中，网络给人们的生活带来了哪些变化？”8. 比较:通过对同类事物的相似与区别进行比较，突出事物的特点。
比如：“这幅画的色彩明亮如火，而那幅画的色彩柔和如水。
”9. 讽刺：运用讽刺的方法，以批评、嘲笑或引起反思等目的。
常用于政治讽刺或社会现象的揭露中。
比如：“这个国家的官员真是越来越能干了，把自己的腰包包里的钱都能数得清清楚楚。
”10. 括弧：在修辞中，用括号将表达的事实、情况、心理状态等加以括起来，增强修辞的效果。
比如：（睁大眼睛）看！那个小猫咪在阳光下打盹。
11. 借代：用一个代词或名词来代替已经被提到过的名词，便于读者理解。
高中英语知识点归纳写作时的修辞手法和篇章结构
高中英语知识点归纳写作时的修辞手法和篇章结构高中英语知识点归纳：写作时的修辞手法和篇章结构高中英语写作时的修辞手法和篇章结构是学习英语写作的重要内容。
熟练掌握这些知识点有助于提升写作表达能力，使文章更具说服力和吸引力。
本文将对高中英语知识点进行归纳总结，并分析修辞手法和篇章结构的运用。
一、修辞手法修辞手法是指在表达过程中运用的一些技巧和方法，可以增加文章的美感、感染力和表达力。
以下是常见的修辞手法：1.比喻：用某种事物来描述另一种事物，以便使读者更容易理解或感受到作者要表达的意思。
例如：“她的笑容像春天的阳光。
”2.拟人：赋予无生命的事物以人的特征和行为，增加描述的生动性和形象感。
例如：“大树伸展着它的双臂，迎接着朝阳。
”3.排比：通过连续使用并列的词语或短语，加强语气，使句子更具节奏感和力度。
例如：“他勤奋、聪明、勇敢，是个很有前途的年轻人。
”4.反问：用疑问句的形式来表达肯定的观点或强调某一观点，增加说服力。
例如：“难道我们不应该保护环境吗？”5.夸张：对事物进行夸大和放大的描述，以吸引读者的注意力和产生强烈的印象。
例如：“我等了一个世纪才等到他的电话。
”二、篇章结构篇章结构是指文章中段落的组织和连接方式，合理的篇章结构能够使文章更具逻辑性和层次感，使读者更容易理解和接受文章内容。
以下是常见的篇章结构：1.总分结构：先介绍总体概况，再逐一分析各个要点或例证，最后再作总结。
例如：“环境污染是我们面临的重大问题。
首先，我们要了解造成环境污染的原因；其次，我们需要采取相应的措施来解决环境问题；最后，我们希望每个人都能意识到环境保护的重要性。
”2.时间顺序结构：按照时间的先后顺序来组织文章，逐步叙述事件的发展过程。
例如：“星期一早上，我醒来后发现外面下着大雨；接着，我听到了新闻报道说今天会有台风；然后，我决定不出门，安心待在家里。
”3.因果结构：说明某一事件的原因和结果，通过因果关系的描述使文章更有说服力。
英语修辞格考试题及答案
英语修辞格考试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 下列哪个选项是使用了比喻的修辞手法？A. The world is a stage.B. The cat is black.C. The wind is howling.D. The sun is shining.2. 以下哪个句子是使用了拟人化的修辞手法？A. The flowers are blooming.B. The leaves are dancing in the wind.C. The clock is ticking.D. The river flows gently.3. 以下哪个句子是使用了夸张的修辞手法？A. He is very tall.B. He is as tall as a skyscraper.C. He is tall.D. He is taller than the average person.4. 以下哪个句子是使用了反问的修辞手法？A. Do you think he is right?B. Is he right?C. Can he be right?D. Who knows if he is right?5. 下列哪个选项是使用了排比的修辞手法？A. She sings, she dances, she acts.B. She sings and dances and acts.C. She sings, dances, and acts.D. She can sing, dance, and act.二、填空题（每空2分，共20分）6. 比喻是一种将两种不同事物通过_________联系起来的修辞手法。
7. 拟人化是赋予非人类事物以_________的修辞手法。
8. 夸张是一种通过_________来强调某种特性的修辞手法。
9. 反问是一种不期待回答，用以_________的修辞手法。
10. 排比是一种通过_________来增强语句节奏和强调的修辞手法。
期末考试高级英语第一册修辞总结
Unit 1 Middle Eastern Bazaar is the formation of words in imitation or the sounds :1. Onomatopoeia（拟声法）associated with the thing concerned. thread their way among thebells e.g. 1) Little monkeys with harmoniously tinklingthrongs of people (Para. 1)(Para. 9)and rumbling 2) the squeakingis the use of a word or phrase which describes one thing by （隐喻）: 2. Metaphor.like”as” or “stating another comparable thing without using “ of a big open square (Para. 1)glare e.g. 1) the heat and. of dancing flashes…a fairlyland 2)…until you rounded a corner and seethis bazaar (Para. 7)honeycombmaze of vaulted streets which 3)…in the: is the use of several words in close proximity beginning with （头韵）3. alliteration the same letter or letters.of people (Para. 1) throngs way among the e.g. 1) …thread theirprotesting of 2)…the sellers, on the other hand, make a pointis the use of a form of words to make sth sound big, small, loud ): 4. Hyperbole(夸张and so on by saying that it is like something even bigger, smaller, louder, etc.(Para. 7)…tiny restaurant with porters and e.g.or sit in aof glistening linseed oil (Para. 9)flood quickly the trickle becomes a: is the setting, often in parallel structure, of contrasting words or 对偶)5．Antithesis(phrases opposite each other for emphasis.leatherhuge with a apprentice blows a big charcoal fire e.g. 1) …a tiny(Para.5)bellows… the camels and their stonedwarfstowers to the vaulted ceiling and 2) …whichwheels. (Para. 9): a figure of speech in which inanimate objects are endowed with 6. Personification human qualities or are represented as possessing human form.(Para.5) …catches the light of e.g. …as the burnished copper尾韵7. Assonance(…. of the grinding wheels rumbling e.g. 1)… the squeaking andUnit 21.Metaphor: 暗喻A figure of speech in which a word or phrase that ordinarily designates one thing is used to designate another, thus making an implicit comparison.暗喻是一种修辞，通常用指某物的词或词组来指代他物，从而暗示二者之间的相似之处。
英语修辞学知识要点
英语修辞学知识要点Chapter 1 Syntactic Devices1. Long and Short Sentences 长句和短句2. The Simple Sentence 简单句3. The Compound Sentence 复合句4. The Complex Sentence 复杂句5. Simple,Compound and Complex Sentences简单句、复合句和复杂句6. Branching Sentences 分支句（松散句和圆周句）7.The Active and the Passive Voiced Sentences 主动句和被动句8. Syntactic Schemes of Balance平衡句｛排比句(parallelism)；对偶句(antithesis)；逆转反复句(chiasmus)｝9. Syntactic Schemes of Inversion倒装句10. Syntactic Schemes of Omission 句子的省略｛省略句(ellipsis)；局部省略句(fragmentary elliptical sentence)；连词省略/散珠(asyndeton)；跳脱(aposiopesis)｝11. Syntactic Schemes of Addition or Insertion 添加句｛连词叠用(polysyndeton)；修正法/换语(epanorthosis)；注释法(exegesis)；扩充法(exergasis) ；并列法(apposition) ；插入法(parenthesis)｝12.Syntactic Schemes of Repetition 反复句｛二项式(binomials)；三项式(trinomials)；多项式(catalogues)；首语重复(syntactic anaphora)；尾语重复(syntactic epiphorea)；首尾语重复(syntactic framing)｝13. Syntactic Schemes of Climax and Anti-climax 层进和突降14. Rhetorcal Question 修辞问句15. Apodioxis 断然拒绝16. Apostrophe 顿呼17. Syntactic Schemes with "it" it句18. Existential Sentences 存在句Chapter 2 Lexical Devices1.Lexical optionsShort words or long words 长短词Common words or learned words 普通词和书面词Formal,informal or colloquial words 正式词、非正式词和口语词General or specific words 一般词和特殊词Concrete or abstract words 具体词和抽象词Referential or emotive words 指称词和情感词Choice between synonymous words 近义词的选择2.choice of abbreviationsAcronyms 首字母缩略词ClippingsBlends 混合词3.Lexical repetitionImmediate repetition连接反复Lexical anaphora 首语反复Lexical epistrophe 尾语反复Symploce首尾语反复Anadiplosis链形反复distant or intermitten repetition间隔反复root repetition 词根反复ploce换义反复Chapter 3 Phonetic Devices and Prose Rhythm 1. Phonetic Devices语音词格Alliteration头韵Assonance元韵Consonance 辅韵Homeoteleuton谐缀格Onomatopoeia拟声Combined use of Phonetic Devices2. Prose Rhythm散文节奏Stress重音Pitch语调Pause and tempo停顿和语速Chapter 4 Figures of Speech1.Simile明喻2.Metaphor暗喻3.Analogy类比4.Personification\physicalification拟人\拟物5.Metonymy借代6.Synecdoche提喻7.Antonomasia换称8.Syllepsis一笔双叙9.Zeugma轭式搭配10.Paradox隽语11.Oxymoron矛盾修饰法12.Hyperbole夸张13.Understatement低调陈述14.Euphemism委婉语15.Irony反语16.Innuendo讥讽17.Sarcasm讽刺18.Transferred Epithet 移就19.Pun双关（antanaclasis语音双关；paronomasia语义双关)20.Epigram警句21.synesthesia通感22.palindrome 回文Chapter 5 Allusions典故的来源和改引。
英语文体与修辞复习提纲（2020年整理）.pdf
英语⽂体与修辞复习提纲（2020年整理）.pdfPart OneChapter One Introducing Style1.1 What is Style?1.2 Style as Saying Different Things in Different Contexts1. sentence2. vocabulary1.3 Style as Speakers from Different Background1. social status2. social class3. race4. sex: biological; social5. time1.4 Style as Functions of Texts1. interview2. commentary1.5 The Stylistic Features1. sound features: pun; rhyme; alliteration; elision2. spelling: the elision of certain sounds; alternative pronunciation; mispronunciation; contraction3. words: contexts; nominalized word and their corresponding verbs and adjectives; the same field or domain4. grammar: the manipulation of syntactic structures; the use of parallel structures; sentences with different length and complexity5. meaning: fields; personification; hyprbole / litotes; irony / satireChapter Two Lexicology2.1 Morphemic Devices(qualitative deviation or incongruity & quantitative deviation or deflection)1. Neologism: affixation; compounding; derivation; conversion; blendingnonce words2. Overregularity and High Frequency of Occurrencehomoioteteuton2.2 Lexical Devices1. Selection of WordsFeatures of register: field; tenor; mode2. Classification of WordsRegister and dialectCommoncore words and words used in different varietisDialect: regional / of age, race, profession/ social structure / temporal3. Rhetorical SeriesSimilar in certain aspectsTwo / three / four or more items4. Word ImplicationsExtended, transferred meanings; with emotive colouring (neutral / positive / negative);synonymy (ideational / interpersonal / textual)5. Play with Meaning: Rhetorical DevicesMeaning transference (simile / metaphor / personification / metonymy); Meaning extension and Contraction (hyperbole / litotes or meiosis); Contradiction in Logic (oxymoron / paradox); Meaning Conversion; Play on Homonymy (pun) Chapter Three Grammar3.1 Syntactic Deflection1. The Unexpected High Frequency of OccurrenceLong sentences (vivid, rich, exuberant, luxurious)Short sentences (direct, terse, concise, clear effect or continuous, compact, swift effect)2. The Overregular Use of Certain Patterns or ModelsParallelisms; Antithesis; Chiasmus; Antistrophe; Repetition; Epizeuxis; Ploce3.2 Syntactic Incongruity1. Unusual Syntactic StructuresLoose Sentences; Periodic Sentences; Elliptical Sentences; Inverted Sentences; Rhetorical Questions2. Violation of the Grammatical RulesUngrammatical sentencesChapter Four Phonology and Graphology4.1 Phonology1. Sound and WritingTwo ways of representing the same thing / respective features2. Phonological theoryPhoneme: synaesthesiaIncongruity: phonological transference and elision ( aphesis, syncope, apocope)Sound Pattern: Alliteration; Assonance; Consonance3. SyllableSyllable Deflection: Para-rhyme; Reverse Rhyme; Rhyme (masculine rhyme vs. Feminine rhyme) (end rhyme & internal rhyme)Defeated Expectation4. FootMeter (foot) vs. rhythm (measure)Foot DeflectionMetrical Deviation: change stress; put stress on what should be an unstressed syllable; change the order; reduce the number of feet.Onomatopoeia: synaesthetic5. Tone Group6. Suprasegmental FeaturesStress; Intonation (falling and rising); Pause4.2 Graphology1. Graphological SystemFive ranks: grapheme, words, comma, colon, period.Three factors that can produce graphological prominence: marking, space and sequence2. GraphemePunctuation Marks: period, comma, exclamation marks, quotation marks, parenthesesEllipsis of Punctuation marks3. Ill-spelled words (erroneous spelling)4. Italics5. Spatial ArrangementChapter Five Semantics5.1 Cohesion and Style1. Reference: Personal; Demonstrative; ComparativeExophora (context-bound); Endophora (context-free; anaphora and cataphora)2. Substitution and EllipsisLiveliness; conciseness; terseness3. ConjunctionConjunctions and conjunctive phrases and adverbs4. Lexical Cohesion1) Reiteration: repetition; synonymy; hyponymy; meronymy2) Collocation: provides semantic thread linking the meanings of different sentences and words together5.2 Sentence Groups, Passages and Paragraphs1. Sentence Groups (SG): argumentation; narration; description2. Paragraphs and PassagesParataxis ; hypotaxisIndependent ; surbordinate ; transition3. Patterns of Text StructuresGenerical structure potentialA buying-selling situation: five obligatory elements A job-interview situation: five obligatory elements Fiction Writings: five or six stagesPart Two Practical Style。
英语修辞复习
英语修辞复习修辞复习葵花宝典1. Simile:It is a figure of speech which makes a comparison between two unlike elements having at least one quality or characteristic in common. To make the comparison, words like as, as...as, as if, seem, as though, like, similar to and such as are used to transfer the quality we associate with one to the other.明喻是将具有共性的不同事物作对比。
这种共性存在于人们的心里，而不是事物的自然属性。
标志词常用 as, as...as, as if, as though, seem, like, similar to 和such as等。
1. He was like a cock who thought the sun had risen to hear him crow.2. I wandered lonely as a cloud.3. Einstein only had a blanket on, as if he had just walked out of a fairy tale.4. The human mind is rather like a camera, but it takes photographs not only of what we see but what we feel, hear, smell and taste.2. Metaphor:Based on Webster’s New World Dictionary, metaphor is defined as “a figure of speech containing an implied comparison, in which one thing is applied to another.”It is like a simile, also makes a comparison between two unlike elements, but unlike a simile, this comparison is implied rather than stated. For example, the world is a stage.隐喻不用比喻词，是简缩了的明喻。
北京外国语大学英语语言学与应用语言学考研备考资料 常见的英语修辞手法
北京外国语大学英语语言学与应用语言学考研备考资料常见的英语修辞手法(1)Simile：(明喻）明喻（simile）是以两种具有相同特征的事物和现象进行对比，表明本体和喻体之间的相似关系，两者都在对比中出现。
常用比喻词like,as,as if,as though等For example,As cold waters to a thirsty soul,so is good news from a far country.(2)Metaphor：(暗喻）暗喻（metaphor）这种比喻不通过比喻词进行，而是直接将用事物当作乙事物来描写，甲乙两事物之间的联系和相似之处是暗含的。
For example,the world is a stage.(3)Analogy:(类比）(4)Personification:(拟人）拟人（personification）这种修辞方法是把人类的特点、特性加于外界事物之上，使之人格化，以物拟人，以达到彼此交融，合二为一。
For example,the wind whistled through the trees. (5)Hyperbole:(夸张）夸张（hyperbole）这是运用丰富的想象，过激的言词，渲染和装饰客观事物，以达到强调的效果。
For instance,he almost died laughing.(6)Understatement:(含蓄陈述）For instance,It is no laughing matter.(7)Euphemism:(委婉）For instance,we refer to"die"as”pass away".(8)Metonymy(转喻）转喻（metonymy）是指两种不同事物并不相似，但又密不可分，因而常用其中一种事物名称代替另一种。
For example,All spoke with his eyes,“yes”.(9)Synecdoche(提喻）提喻（synecdoche）又称举隅法，主要特点是局部代表全体，或以全体喻指部分，或以抽象代具体，或以具体代抽象。
英语中的修辞手法与文体知识点
英语中的修辞手法与文体知识点修辞手法是英语写作中常用的一种表达方式，它通过运用特定的语言技巧和结构，增强语言的感染力和表达力，使文章更具艺术性和表现力。
本文将介绍英语中常见的修辞手法以及相关的文体知识点。
一、比喻比喻是运用类似的事物进行直接或间接的比较，以便更好地阐述某个意义或揭示某种感觉。
通过比喻，可以使抽象的概念更加具体形象，提升文章的吸引力和情感张力。
例如，"Life is a journey."（生活就是一场旅程）就是一个常见的比喻句。
二、拟人拟人是指将非人类的事物或概念赋予人类的特质和行为，使其更具生命力和感知能力。
通过拟人，可以让读者更加深刻地感受到某种情感或现象的存在。
例如，"The sun smiled down on us."（阳光微笑着洒落在我们身上）中的"sun smiled"就是一个拟人的表达。
三、夸张夸张是为了强调或者夸大某种情感或描述，在修辞手法中常用来渲染氛围和增加艺术感。
夸张的运用可以使文章更加引人入胜，给读者留下深刻的印象。
例如，"I've been waiting for ages!"（我等了好几个世纪了！）就使用了夸张手法来突出等待的时间之长。
四、设问设问是通过提出问题的方式引发读者的思考，增加文章的互动性和吸引力。
通过巧妙的设问，可以引导读者思考并产生共鸣，使文章更具说服力和启发性。
例如，"What would you do if you had one day left to live?"（如果你只剩下最后一天可以活，你会怎么做？）中的设问引发了读者对生活的思考。
五、对比对比是通过对两个事物进行比较，强调它们之间的不同之处或者相互关系，以达到突出或者对比的效果。
通过对比，可以使文章更加生动有趣，也更好地传达作者的观点。
例如，"His words were as sharp as a knife, while her words were as gentle as a breeze."（他的话锋锐如刀，而她的话则温柔如微风）中的对比句增加了文章的表现力和张力。
英语修辞与写作复习资料
英语修辞与写作复习资料英语修辞与写作复习资料在学习英语写作时，修辞是一项非常重要的技巧。
通过运用修辞手法，我们可以更加生动地表达自己的思想，让文章更具说服力和吸引力。
下面将介绍一些常用的英语修辞手法，希望对大家的写作复习有所帮助。
1. 比喻（Metaphor）比喻是一种将两个不同的事物进行比较的修辞手法。
通过比喻，我们可以用一个熟悉的事物来形容一个陌生的事物，使读者更容易理解和接受。
比如，我们可以说“他是一只勤奋的蜜蜂”，来形容一个工作努力的人。
2. 拟人（Personification）拟人是一种将非人物赋予人的特质或行为的修辞手法。
通过拟人，我们可以使抽象的概念或非人物更加具体和形象化。
例如，“时间在无声地流逝”中，时间被赋予了“流逝”的行为。
3. 夸张（Hyperbole）夸张是一种通过夸大手法来强调某种情感或事物的修辞手法。
通过夸张，我们可以使文章更加生动有趣。
例如，“我等了一辈子”这句话中，夸张了等待的时间，以强调作者的长久等待。
4. 对偶（Antithesis）对偶是一种通过对比两个相反或对立的词语或短语来强调某种观点或情感的修辞手法。
通过对偶，我们可以使文章更加明确和有力。
例如，“春风得意马蹄疾，一日看尽长安花”中，对比了春天的喜悦和繁华与日落西山的无常。
5. 排比（Parallelism）排比是一种通过重复相同的句式或结构来强调某种观点或情感的修辞手法。
通过排比，我们可以使文章更加有节奏感和韵律感。
例如，“我爱你，不仅仅因为你的美丽；我爱你，不仅仅因为你的温柔；我爱你，不仅仅因为你的聪明”中，通过排比强调了对某人的多重爱。
6. 反问（Rhetorical Question）反问是一种通过提出问题来引起读者思考并强调某种观点的修辞手法。
通过反问，我们可以使文章更加引人入胜。
例如，“难道我们不应该为自己的梦想而努力吗？”中，提出了一个反问，以引导读者思考。
7. 比较（Simile）比较是一种通过使用“像”、“如同”等词语将两个事物进行比较的修辞手法。
高级英语修辞手法总结(最常考)
英语修辞手法1.Simile 明喻明喻是将具有共性的不同事物作对比.这种共性存在于人们的心里,而不是事物的自然属性.标志词常用like, as, seem, as if, as though, similar to, such as等.例如:1>.He was like a cock who thought the sun had risen to hear him crow.2>.I wandered lonely as a cloud.3>.Einstein only had a blanket on, as if he had just walked out of a fairy tale. 2.Metaphor 隐喻,暗喻隐喻是简缩了的明喻,是将某一事物的名称用于另一事物,通过比较形成.例如：1>.Hope is a good breakfast, but it is a bad supper.2>.Some books are to be tasted, others swallowed, and some few to be chewedand digested.3.Metonymy 借喻,转喻借喻不直接说出所要说的事物,而使用另一个与之相关的事物名称.I.以容器代替内容,例如:1>.The kettle boils. 水开了.2>.The room sat silent. 全屋人安静地坐着.II.以资料.工具代替事物的名称,例如:Lend me your ears, please. 请听我说.III.以作者代替作品,例如:a complete Shakespeare 莎士比亚全集VI.以具体事物代替抽象概念,例如:I had the muscle, and they made money out of it. 我有力气,他们就用我的力气赚钱.4.Synecdoche 提喻提喻用部分代替全体,或用全体代替部分,或特殊代替一般.例如:1>.There are about 100 hands working in his factory.(部分代整体)他的厂里约有100名工人.2>.He is the Newton of this century.(特殊代一般)他是本世纪的牛顿.3>.The fox goes very well with your cap.（整体代部分）这狐皮围脖与你的帽子很相配.5.Synaesthesia 通感,联觉,移觉这种修辞法是以视.听.触.嗅.味等感觉直接描写事物.通感就是把不同感官的感觉沟通起来，借联想引起感觉转移，“以感觉写感觉”。
最全的英语修辞手法大全(本人因考试整理)
英语修辞手法大全Figures of speech: simile, metaphor, personification, synecdoche, anticlimax, metonymy, repetition, exaggeration, euphemism, antonomasia, parody.1) Little monkeys with harmoniously tinkling bells thread their way among the throngs of peopleentering and leaving the bazaar.(metaphor)-----Page1,Lesson1.2) It grows louder and more distinct ,until you round a corner and see a fairyland of dancing flashes ,asthe burnished copper catches the light of innumerable lamps and braziers.(metaphor andpersonification)---------- P2,L1.3) The dye-market ,the pottery-market ,and the carpenters’ market lie elsewhere in the maze of vaultedstreets which honeycomb this bazaar.(metaphor)-----P3,L14) Every here and there, a doorway gives a glimpse of a sunlit courtyard, perhaps before a mosque or acaravanserai, where camels lie disdainfully chewing their hay, while… (personification)------P3, L1. 5) It is a vast ,somber cavern of a room ,some thirty feet high and sixty feet square , and so thick with thedust of centuries that the mudbrick roof are only dimly visible.(metaphor)---P4,L16) There were fresh bows ,and the faces grew more and more serious each time the name Hiroshima wasrepeated .(synecdoche)------P15,L27) “Seldom h as a city gained such world renown, and I am proud and happy to welcome you toHiroshima, a town known throughout the world for its-oysters”. (anticlimax)----P15, L2.8) But later my hair began to fall out , and my belly turned to water .I felt sick ,and ever since then theyhave been testing and treating me .(alliteration)-----P17, L2.9) Acre by acre ,the rain forest is being burned to create fast pasture for fast-foodbeef .(alliteration)-----P30,L310) According to our guide ,the biologist Tom Lovejoy, there are more different species of birds in eachsquare mile of the Amazon than exist in all of North America-which means we are silently thousands of songs we have ever heard .(metonymy)----P31,L3.11) What should we feel toward these ghosts in the sky?(metaphor)---P32,L3.12) Have you ever seen a lame animal ,perhaps dog run over by some careless person rich enough to own acar ,sidle up to someone who is ignorant enough to be kind of him?(metaphor)13) And she stops and tries to dig a well in the sand with her toe. (exaggeration)----P58, L4.14) I feel my whole face warming from the heat waves it throws out .(exaggeration)15) After I tripped over it two or three times he told me to just call himHakim-a-barber.(metaphor)-------P60,L4.16) “Maggie’s brain is like an elephant’s”.Wangero said ,laughing .(ironic)—P62, L4.17) You didn’t even have to look close to see where hands pushing the dasher up and down to make butterhad left a kind of sink in the wood .(metaphor)----P62,L4.18) “Mama,”Wangero said sweet as a bird .“can I have these old quilts?”(simile)---P63, L4.19) She gasped like a bee had stung her .(simile)20) Churchill ,he reverted to this theme, and I asked whether for him, the arch anti-communist ,this wasnot bowing down in the House of Rimmon.(metaphor)21) If Hitler invaded Hell and would make at least a favorable reference to the Devil in the House ofCommons.(exaggeration)----P79,L5.22) But all this fades away before the spectacle which is now unfolding.(metaphor)I see also the dull, drilled, docile, brutish masses of the Hun soldiery plodding on like a swarm of crawling locusts.(simile)24）I see the Russian soldiers standing on the threshold of their native land ,guarding the fields which their fathers have tilled from time immemorial.(Metaphor)----P79, L5.25）I see the German bombers and fighters in the sky ,street smarting from many a British whipping to find what they believe is an easier and a safer prey.(Metaphor)---P80, L5.26) We will never parley; we will never negotiate with Hitler or any of his gang. We shall fight him by land,we shall fight him by sea, we shall fight him in the air. (Parallelism)27) Just as the industrial Revolution took over an immense range of tasks from men’s muscles an denormously expanded productivity. (Metonymy)28) The back door opens to let out the dog .The TV set blinks on with the day’s first newscast: a selectiverundown… (Personification)----P115, L7.29) The latter-day Aladdin, still snugly abed, then presses a button on a bedside box and issues a string ofbusiness and personal memos. (Antonomasia)30) Following eyeball-to-eyeball consultations with the butcher and the baker and grocer on the tube, shehits a button to commandeer supplies for tonight’s dinner p arty. (Synecdoche)31) The microelectronic revolution promises to ease, enhance and simplify life in ways undreamed of evenby the utopians. (Synecdoche)----P116, L7.32) In the microelectronic village, the home will again be the center of society, as it was before the industrialRevolution. (Metaphor)33) the Device’s ubiquitous eye, sensing where people are at all times, will similarly the lights on an off asneeded. (Metaphor)34) Next to health, heart, and home, happiness for mobile Americans depends upon the automobile.(Alliteration, metonymy repetition,)-----P118, L7.35) Computer technology may make the car, as we know it, a Smithsonian antique. (Antonomasia)36) For the mighty army of consumers, the ultimate applications of the computer revolution are still aroundthe bend of a silicon circuit. (Parody)----P120, L737) His competitors envisioned the greater potential for entertainment and art, where he saw internal memos,someone else saw Beethoven. (Synecdoche)38) Will government regulate messages sent out on this vast data highway? (Metaphor)39) Philips Interactive, for example, has dozens of titles, among them a tour of the Smithsonian, in which theviewer selects which corridor to enter by clicking on the screen. (Antonomasia)40) She says consumers would be a little like information “cowboys,”rounding up data from computerbased archives and information services.(Simile)41) To prevent getting trampled by a stampede of data, viewers will rely on programmed electronic selectorsthat could go out into the info corral and rape in the subjects the viewer wants. (Metaphor)42) Maes and others concede that there’s a dark side to all these bright dreams. (Metaphor)43) And where there are agents, can counteragents be far behind: spies who might like to keep tabs on theactivities of your electronic butlers? (Parody)----P137, L8.44) Indeed, intelligent agents could be a gold mine of information. (Metaphor)-----P137, L8.23) A pleasant surprise, of course: What would they do if parent and child came on the show only to curseout and insult each other?24) Who ever knew Johnson with a quick tongue?25) Who can ever imagine me looking a strange white man in the eye?26) Why don’t you do a dance around the ashes27) “Why don’t you take one or two of the others?” I asked. (24-28) rhetoricalquestion)29. Metaphor:Mark Twain --- Mirror of Americasaw clearly ahead a black wall of night...main artery of transportation in the young nation's heartthe vast basin drained three-quarters of the settled United StatesAll would resurface in his books...that he soaked up...Steamboat decks teemed...main current of...but its flotsamWhen railroads began drying up the demand......the epidemic of gold and silver fever...Twain began digging his way to regional fame...Mark Twain honed and experimented with his new writing muscles......took unholy verbal shots...Simile:Most American remember M. T. as the father of......a memory that seemed phonographicHyperbole:...cruise through eternal boyhood and ...endless summer of freedom...The cast of characters... - a cosmos.Parallelism:Most Americans remember ... the father of Huck Finn's idyllic cruise througheternal boyhood and Tom Sawyer's endless summer of freedom and adventure. Personification:life dealt him profound personal tragedies...the river had acquainted him with ......to literature's enduring gratitude......an entry that will determine his course forever...the grave world smiles as usual...Bitterness fed on the man...America laughed with him.Personal tragedy haunted his entire life.Antithesis:...between what people claim to be and what they really are.....took unholy verbal shots at the Holy Land......a world which will lament them a day and forget them forever Euphemism:...men's final release from earthly struggleAlliteration:...the slow, sleepy, sluggish-brained sloths stayed at home...with a dash and daring......a recklessness of cost or consequences...Metonymy:...his pen would prove mightier than his pickaxe Synecdoche1. Keelboats,...carried the first major commerce。
高级英语第二册修辞复习
高级英语第二册修辞复习(总6页)--本页仅作为文档封面，使用时请直接删除即可----内页可以根据需求调整合适字体及大小--Lesson 1 Pub Talk and the King’s English1.The conversation had swung from Australian convicts of the 19thcentury to the English peasants of the 12th century. Who was right, who was wrong, did not matter. The conversation was on wings.—metaphor2.As we listen today to the arguments about bilingual education, weought to think ourselves back into the shoes of the Saxon peasant.—metaphor3.I have an unending love affair with dictionaries-Auden once saidthat all a writer needs is a pen, plenty of paper and "the bestdictionaries he can afford"--but I agree with the person who said that dictionaries are instruments of common sense.—metaphor4.Even with the most educated and the most literate, the King'sEnglish slips and slides in conversation.—alliteration5.Other people may celebrate the lofty conversations in which thegreat minds are supposed to have indulged in the great salons of 18th century Paris, but one suspects that the great minds weregossiping and judging the quality of the food and the wine. —synecdoche6.Otherwise one will tie up the conversation and will not let it goon freely.—metaphorLesson 3 Inaugural Address1Let the word go forth from this time and place, to friend and foe alike, that the torch has been passed to a new generation ofAmericans, born in this century, tempered by war, disciplined by a hard and bitter peace, proud of our ancient heritage, andunwilling to witness or permit the slow undoing of these humanrights to which this nation has always been committed, and towhich we are committed today at home and around the world.—alliteration2Let every nation know, whether it wishes us well or ill, that we shall pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any friend, oppose any foe to assure the survival and the success of liberty—parallelism3United, there is little we cannot do in a host of co-operative ventures. Divided, there is little we can do, for we dare not meeta powerful challenge at odds and split asunder.—antithesis4…in the past, those who foolishly sought power by riding the back of the tiger ended up inside.—metaphor5If a free society cannot help the many who are poor, it cannot save the few who are rich. —antithesisLesson 4 Love Is a Fallacy1Charles Lamb, as merry and enterprising a fellow as you will meet in a month of Sundays, unfettered the informal essay with hismemorable Old China and Dream’s Children.—metaphor2Read, then, the following essay which undertakes to demonstrate that logic, far from being a dry, pedantic discipline, is aliving, breathing thing, full of beauty, passion, and trauma.—metaphor, hyperbole3She was, to be sure, a girl who excited the emotions but I was not one to let my heart rule my head. —metonymy4Back and forth his head swiveled, desire waxing, resolution waning.—antithesis5It is not often that one so young has such a giant intellect.Take, for example, Petey Butch, my roommate at the University ofMinnesota. Same age, same background, but dumb as an ox. —hyperbole, simile6One more chance, I decided. But just one more. There is a limit to what flesh and blood can bear. —synecdoche7Maybe somewhere in the extinct crater of her mind, a few embers still smoldered. Maybe somehow I could fan them into flame.—metaphor, extended metaphor8"1 may do better than that," I said with a mysterious wink and closed my bag and left. —transferred epithetLesson 5 The Sad Young Men1The slightest mention of the decade brings nostalgic recollections to the middle-aged and curious questionings by the young: memories of the deliciously illicit thrill of the first visit to aspeakeasy, of the brave denunciation of Puritan morality, and of the fashionable experimentations in amour in the parked sedan on a country road; questions about the naughty, jazzy parties, theflask-toting ”sheik”, and the moral and stylistic vagaries of the “flapper” and the “drug-store cowboy”.—transferredepithet2War or no war, as the generations passed, it became increasingly difficult for our young people to accept standards of behaviorthat bore no relationship to the bustling business medium in which they were expected to battle for success.—metaphor3The prolonged stalemate of 1915-1916, the increasing insolence of Germany toward the United States, and our official reluctance to declare our status as a belligerent were intolerable to many of our idealistic citizens, and with typical American adventurousness enhanced somewhat by the strenuous jingoism of Theodore Roosevelt, our young men began to enlist under foreign flags.—metonymy4Before long the movement had become officially recognized by the pulpit (which denounced it), by the movies and magazines (which made it attractively naughty while pretending to denounce it), and by advertising (which obliquely encouraged it by 'sellingeverything from cigarettes to automobiles with the implied promise that their owners would be rendered sexually irresistible).—metonymy5Younger brothers and sisters of the war generation, who had been playing with marbles and dolls during the battles of Belleau Wood and Chateau-Thierry, and who had suffered no real disillusionment or sense of loss, now began to imitate the manners of their elders and play with the toys of vulgar rebellion.—metaphor6These defects would disappear if only creative art were allowed to show the way to better things, but since the country was blind and deaf to everything save the glint and ring of the dollar, there was little remedy for the sensitive mind but to emigrate to Europe where “they do things better.”—personification, metonymy,synecdoche7The war acted merely as a catalytic agent in this breakdown of the Victorian social structure, and by precipitating our young people into a pattern of mass murder it released their inhibited violent energies which, after the shooting was over, were turned in both Europe and America to the destruction of an obsolescent nineteenth century society.—metaphorLesson 6 Loving and Hating New York1The giant Manhattan television studios where Toscanini’s NBC Symphony once played now sit empty most of the time, while sitcomscloned and canned in Hollywood, and the Johnny Carson show live, preempt the airways from California. — alliteration and metaphor2Tin Pan Alley has moved to Nashville and Hollywood.— metonymy3New York was never Mecca to me. —metonymy4Nature constantly yields to man in New York: witness those fragile sidewalk trees gamely struggling against encroaching cement andpetrol fumes.—personification5So much of well-to-do America now lives antiseptically in enclaves, tranquil and luxurious, that shut out the world.—metonymy6The defeated are not hidden away somewhere else on the wrong side of town. —euphemism7Characteristically, the city swallows up the United Nations and refuses to take it seriously, regarding it as an unworkablemixture of the idealistic, the impractical, and the hypocritical.—personificationLesson 8 The Future of the English1Some cancer in their character has eaten away their Englishness.—metaphor, personification2Against this, at least superficially, Englishness seems a poor shadowy show – a faint pencil sketch beside a poster in fullcolour. —metaphor3As it is they are like a hippopotamus blundering in and out of a pets’ tea party—simile4But it is worth noting along the way that while America has been for many years the chief advocate of 'Admass', America has shown us too many desperately worried executives dropping into early graves. —transferred epithet5Yes, Englishness is still with us. But it needs reinforcement, extra nourishment, especially now when our public life seemsready to starve it. —metaphor6There are English people of all ages, though far more under thirty than over sixty, who seem to regard politics as a game but not one of their games – polo, let us say.—metaphor7And this is true, whether they are wearing bowler hats or ungovernable mops of hair.—metonymyLesson 10 The Discovery of What It Means to Be anAmerican1When it did, I like many a writer before me upon the discovery that his props have all been knocked out from under him, suffereda species of breakdown ad was carried off to the mountains ofSwitzerland.—metaphor2There, in that absolutely alabaster landscape armed with two Bessie Smith records and a typewriter I began to try to recreate the life that I had first known as a child and from which I had spent so many years in flight.—metaphor3Once I was able to accept my role—as distinguished, I must say, from my “place”—in the extraordinary drama which is America, I was released from the illusion that I hated America.—metaphor4It is not meant, of course, to imply that it happens to them all, for Europe can be very crippling too; and, anyway, a writer, when he has made his first breakthrough, has simply won a crucialskirmish in a dangerous, unending and unpredictable battle.—metaphor5Whatever the Europeans may actually think of artists, they have killed enough of them off by now to know that they are as real—and as persistent—as rain, snow, taxes or businessmen.—simile6In this endeavor to wed the vision of the Old World with that of the New, it is the writer, not the statesman, who is our strongest arm.—metaphor。
英语修辞学考试复习重点
Rhetorical options1、What is rhetoric Definitions of rhetoricthe art or science of communication in words; this art or science practiced or taught as a formal discipline; esp. the doctrine formulated by Aristotle and taught throughout the Middle ages; overornate or ostentatious language. Longman Modern English Dictionary2、What’s the purpose of rhetoric 两种说法①The prevailing view about the purpose of rhetoric is to express oneself well and to communicate effectively in order to secure a desired result by employing rhetorical means efficiently.②“to enlighten the understanding ; to please the imagination; to move the passion ;or to influence the will.” “促进理解、引起想象、调动感情、或者说影响人们的意志” 18世纪苏格兰修辞学家George Campbell3、What is discussed in rhetoric contents of rhetoricalRhetoric is composed of theoretical rhetoric and practical rhetoric. Theoretical rhetoric deals with the theoretical problem of rhetoric; while practical rhetoric helps us improve our ability to use the English language effectively.rhetoric covers all the elements of oral and written things;including structure; diction. Rhythm; tone; style; and anything related to the effective use of language.4、The Highest Principles of Rhetoricthe highest principle of rhetoric is to adapt to specific situation; that is; “adaptability” or “appropriateness”. Sentencesyntactic device1、What is sentenceA sentence is a group of words which expresses a complete thought. Generally; an effective sentence must possess five essential qualities: correctness; clearness; unity; coherence and emphasis.正确、清楚、统一、连贯、强调2、句子的组成A sentence must contain a subject and a verb although one may be implied.①words②correct grammar③meaning3、句子的分类Sentences may be classified according to Grammar or Rhetoric as to meaning and as to form:Grammatical Classification of SentencesI. As to meaning: II. As to Form:1. Declarative Sentence 1. Simple Sentence2. Interrogative Sentence 2. Compound Sentence并列3. Imperative Sentence 3. Complex Sentence 复合4. Exclamatory Sentence 4. Compound –Complex SentenceRhetorical Classification of SentencesIII. As to Arrangement1. Periodic Sentence 圆周句left-branching sentence2. Loose Sentence松散句right-branching sentence3. Balanced Sentence4、The short and long sentence①Short sentences; on the whole; are characterized by their brevity; quick tempo and force. The short sentence is relatively simple in form; clear in grammatical relation; and terse and forceful in style.②Long sentence is relatively complex in form; fully expressive in capacity; and often used in formal style to show one’s complicated mentality or various kinds of relationship of different things.5、the simple;compound and complex sentence①A Simple sentence has only one clause to make a statement; and so it is good for directness and clearness.②The Compound Sentence consists of two or more independent clauses which are of equal status; that is; the clauses are paratactic parallel; coordinate in relationship.③The complex sentence makes clear the logical relationship between events or ideas through subordination. Subordinate clauses are named according to their functions.Left-branching sentenceperiodic sentence：6、the branching sentencesRight-branching sentenceloose sentence：Left-branching sentenceperiodic sentence：the periodic sentence has its main idea at the end of the sentence.supportive or qualifying information are placed before the main clause or assertion.Right-branching sentenceloose sentence：in a loose sentence; the main idea is put at the beginning of the sentence;and supportive or qualifying information comes from it.7、Balanced sentence：When a sentence contains tow parallel clauses similar in structure but contrasted in meaning;it is balanced sentence.The main ideas are often presented in parallel phrases orclauses.⑴Parallelism排比：the main function of parallelism is to add clarity and coherence to what one wishes to communicate..⑵Antithesis对比：antithesis is the deliberate arrangement of contrasting words or ideas in balanced structural forms to achieve force and emphasis..⑶Chiasmus回文 and antimetabole交叉：chiasmus is a device that consists of two balanced statements; the second of which reverses the order of the words in the first;with or without a repetition of words..For example：①we eat for live;not live for eat..here the key words in the first statement are repeated;and reversed in order in the second..This is called antimetabole..②he was an angle on the surface;but at heart a knave..here there is no repetition of words;but the position of the nouns and adverbials are reversed. This is called chiasmus.⑷climax渐进：it is extremely effective in stirring up feelings and emotions;or in driving home a point..⑸anti-climax or bathos突降或渐降：is a device that involves stating one‘s thoughts in a descending order of significance or intensity;from strong to weak;from weight to light or frivolous..It is often used to ridicule or satirize..9、syntactic schemes of inversion句子的倒装：分为grammatical inversion语法倒装和rhetorical inversion修辞倒装；一个倒装句能倒回到正常的顺序是修辞倒装;不能倒回的是语法倒装..The inversion is not a factor of correctness; but effectiveness of that sentence.Function of emphasis; vividness; balance; close connection and compactness and rhyming verse..10、the function of sentence：The four basic sentence functions in the world's languages include the declarative; interrogative; exclamative; and the imperative.Lexical deviceword 词1、the meaning of word：两种Associative meaning and conceptual meaning..或者七种conceptual meaning;connotative meaning;social meaning;effective meaning;reflective meaning;collocating meaning;thematic meaning..2、词的分类①three layers of words：The learned; the common and the colloquial.②Four types of vocabulary：Reading vocabulary;listening vocabulary;writing vocabulary;speaking vocabulary..③short words and long words; common words or learned words; formal; informal or colloquial words; general or specific words; concrete or abstract words; referential or emotive words意义词或情感词. 3、the principle of choice of words：words for clearnesswords for accuracywords for effectiveness4、lexical repetition⑴syntactic anaphorarepetition of beginning words首语重复5、rhetorical question设问Phonetic device语音学1、修辞格Alliteration头韵Assonance类韵Homeoteleuton同韵脚Onomatopoeia拟声2、rhythm 的组成：the rhythm of English prose involves prosodic features such as stress;pitchtone;volumeloudness;pause and tempo;apart from the usual intonation patterns..Figures of speech修辞格1、what is figures of speech修辞学的定义Figure of speech is an “Ancient term for any form of expression in which the normal use of language is manipulated; stressed; or altered for rhetorical effect” P.H. Matthews.2、functions of figure of speech四大功能Figures of speech are devices to make our language figurative; they lend force to an idea; heighten effect of expression; or create suggestive imagery..3、Figures of speech大体分为三类：音韵修辞格phonological rhetorical devices词义修辞格semantic rhetorical devices句法修辞格syntactical rhetorical devices音韵修辞格phonological rhetorical devices 是利用词语的语音特点创造出来的修辞手法..它主要包括onomatopoeia; alliteration; homeoteleuton谐缀格; assonance and consonance.词义修辞格semantic rhetorical devices 词义修辞格主要借助语义的联想和语言的变化等特点创造出来的修辞手法..它们主要包括 simile; metaphor; allusion; metonymy; transferred epithet; personification; hyperbole; irony; euphemism; pun; oxymoron; zeugma; contrast 等..句法修辞格syntactical rhetorical devices 句子结构上的修辞格主要是指通过句子结构的均衡布局或是突出重点创造出来的修辞手法..这类辞格主要包括repetition; rhetorical question; antithesis; apostrophe 等..它们与汉语中的反复、设问、对偶、倒装基本相同 ..另外一种分类;分为相似修辞格4种simile;metaphor;analogy;personification..相反修辞格opposition和相关修辞格association..There are many kinds of figure of speech and they can be divided into many groups; such as :figures of similarity; figures of relationship; figures of opposition; figures of emphasis; figures of sound and so on.Simile明喻：A simile is a figure of speech which makes a comparison between two unlike elements having at least one quality or characteristic in common..Words like as;so;like..组成要素：comparing words;subject;reference;ground..功能：simile have three main uses：descriptive;illustrative and illuminative..例子：her locks were yellow as gold..Metaphor暗喻：a metaphor makes an implied comparison between two unlike elements..功能：three main uses：descriptive;illustrative and illuminative..例子：jim was a fox..Analogy类比： a comparison of two things based on their being alikein some way..Analogy is chiefly used for the purpose of persuasion or for the explanation or exposition of an idea..只有三种形式：①A is to B as C is to D②A is to B what C is to D③just as A and B so C and DPersonification拟人：is a figure of speech that gives human form or feelings to animal;or life and personal attributesMetonymy借代Synecdoche提喻Antonomasia换称Syllepsis一语双叙Zeugma轭式搭配Paradox反论Oxymoron矛盾修饰法Hyperbole夸张Understatement低调陈述Euphemism委婉Irony反讽：irony is a figure of speech that achieves emphasis by saying the opposite of what is meant;the intended meaning of the words being the opposite of their usual sense..Innuendo暗讽：a mild form of irony;hinting in a rather roundabout way at something disparaging or uncomplimentary to the person orsubject mentioned..Sarcasm反语：sarcasm is an intensity form of irony;it attacks in a taunting and bitter manner; and its aim is to disparage;ridicule and wound the feeling of the subject attacked..Transferred epithet转移修饰法Punning双关Allusion典故：An allusion is a figure of speech that makes a reference to; or representation of; a place; event; literary work; myth; or work of art; either directly or by implication.功能： It is often employed to reinforce the emotion or the ideas of one’s own work with the emotion or ideas of another work.例子：Goldilocks and the Three Bears:金凤花和三只小熊 Goldilocks now stands for anything that is “just right” for any situation. Until recently; financial markets appeared to be betting that the Goldilocks economy—neither too hot; nor too cold—was safe from the bears. The rattled markets are a reminder that sooner or later growth will slow or inflation will rise. 一直以来;金融机构似乎都笃信于经济既没过热或过冷;远离熊市;直到市场最近的恐慌才再一次提醒了人们;经济的增长迟早会减速;通胀迟早会出现.。
英语专业四级语法修辞手法
英语专业四级语法修辞手法修辞手法是一种常用于英语写作中的技巧，它可以提高文学作品的表现力和吸引力。
尤其对于英语专业四级考试来说，掌握语法修辞手法对于写作和阅读都至关重要。
本文将介绍一些常见的英语语法修辞手法，并通过例子来说明它们的应用。
一、重复重复是修辞手法中最简单也是最常用的一种。
通过重复某个词语或短语，可以强调特定的意思或情感。
例如：1. "The house was old, old and dilapidated."这里通过连续两次重复“old”，强调房子的破旧。
2. "Never give up. Never surrender."这里通过连续两次重复“Never”，强调坚持和不屈不挠的精神。
二、对比对比是修辞手法中用于突出相似或相反事物之间差异的一种方法。
通过对照，可以使文章更生动有趣。
例如：1. "He is as brave as a lion, but as gentle as a lamb."这里通过对比狮子和羔羊的特点，形象地描述一个人的勇敢和温柔。
2. "The night was as dark as coal, while the day was as bright as the sun."这里通过对比黑夜和白天的明暗程度，突出它们的明显差异。
三、排比排比是一种修辞手法，通过将一系列类似的词或短语排列在一起，可以增强修辞效果。
例如：1. "I came, I saw, I conquered."这里通过排比并列的方式，强调了作者的胜利。
2. "We worked hard, we played hard, we laughed hard."这里通过排比的方式，强调了工作、娱乐和笑声的强烈程度。
四、倒装句倒装句是一种改变正常语序的句子结构，常用于强调特定的词或创造一种文学效果。
英语修辞学考试复习重点讲课讲稿
Rhetorical options*1、What is rhetoric?( Definitions of rhetoric)the art or science of communication in words; this art or science practiced or taught as a formal discipline, esp. the doctrine formulated by Aristotle and taught throughout the Middle ages; overornate or ostentatious language. (Longman Modern English Dictionary)2、What’s the purpose of rhetoric?（两种说法）①The prevailing view about the purpose of rhetoric is to express oneself well and to communicate effectively in order to secure a desired result by employing rhetorical means efficiently.②“to enlighten the understanding , to please the imagination, to move the passion ,or to influence the will.” “促进理解、引起想象、调动感情、或者说影响人们的意志” (18世纪苏格兰修辞学家George Campbell）*3、What is discussed in rhetoric?（contents of rhetorical）Rhetoric is composed of theoretical rhetoric and practical rhetoric. Theoretical rhetoric deals with the theoretical problem of rhetoric, while practical rhetoric helps us improve our ability to use the English language effectively.rhetoric covers all the elements of oral and written things, including structure, diction. Rhythm, tone, style, and anything related to the effective use of language.4、The Highest Principles of Rhetoricthe highest principle of rhetoric is to adapt to specific situation, that is, “adaptability”or “appropriateness”.Sentence（syntactic device）1、What is sentence？A sentence is a group of words which expresses a complete thought. Generally, an effective sentence must possess five essential qualities: correctness, clearness, unity, coherence and emphasis.(正确、清楚、统一、连贯、强调）2、句子的组成A sentence must contain a subject and a verb (although one may be implied).①words②correct grammar③meaning3、句子的分类Sentences may be classified according to Grammar or Rhetoric as to meaning and as to form:Grammatical Classification of SentencesI. As to meaning: II. As to Form:1. Declarative Sentence 1. Simple Sentence2. Interrogative Sentence 2. Compound Sentence（并列）3. Imperative Sentence 3. Complex Sentence （复合）4. Exclamatory Sentence 4. Compound –Complex SentenceRhetorical Classification of SentencesIII. As to Arrangement1. Periodic Sentence （圆周句）left-branching sentence2. Loose Sentence（松散句）right-branching sentence3. Balanced Sentence4、The short and long sentence①Short sentences, on the whole, are characterized by their brevity, quick tempo and force. The short sentence is relatively simple in form, clear in grammatical relation, and terse and forceful in style.②Long sentence is relatively complex in form, fully expressive in capacity, and often used in formal style to show one’s complicated mentality or various kinds of relationship of different things.5、the simple，compound and complex sentence①A Simple sentence has only one clause to make a statement, and so it is good for directness and clearness.②The Compound Sentence consists of two or more independent clauses which are of equal status, that is, the clauses are paratactic (parallel; coordinate) in relationship.③The complex sentence makes clear the logical relationship between events or ideas through subordination. Subordinate clauses are named according to their functions.Left-branching sentence(periodic sentence)：*6、the branching sentencesRight-branching sentence（loose sentence）：Left-branching sentence(periodic sentence)：the periodic sentence has its main idea at the end of the sentence.supportive or qualifying information are placed before the main clause or assertion. Right-branching sentence（loose sentence）：in a loose sentence, the main idea is put at the beginning of the sentence,and supportive or qualifying information comes from it.*7、Balanced sentence：When a sentence contains tow parallel clauses similar in structure butcontrasted in meaning,it is balanced sentence.The main ideas are often presented in parallel phrases or clauses.⑴Parallelism排比：the main function of parallelism is to add clarity and coherence to what one wishes to communicate。
英语修辞学复习
英语修辞学复习Figure of speech（修辞格）1.resembling similarities:Simile明喻作用：用作描述时，it can produce a vivid picture of a person, an odject, an activity, a phenomenon例句：He is like a wolf in sheep's clothing.用作阐述论点时，it can help you turn an abstract principle into something easy to understand. 例句：Habit may be likened to a cable; every day we weave a thread, and soon we cannot break it.Metaphor暗喻作用：同明喻例句：He is a wolf in sheep's clothing.Analogy类比作用：阐述论点时，it can turn an abstract concept into something concrete, or make an abstract idea plain and easily comrehensible用作说服时，it can make the persuasion easy-going and convincing例句：As cold waters to a thirsty soul, so is good news from a far country.Allegory讽喻作用：用具体阐述抽象use a concrete figure to illustrate an abstract idea, helping the reader realize the truth or theory 例句：No rose without a thorn.Personificaiton拟人作用：make one's point with extraordinary emphasis andintensify the reader's expression; can turn an abstract concept or phenomenon into a clear concrete figure例句：The wind whistled through the trees.The night gently lays her hand at our fevered heads.Zoosemy拟物作用：can be used to express various feelings and attitudes of the speaker or writer例句：He slept like a dog.2. substitution：Metonymy借代/换喻作用：used a certain feature or a certain context stands for that type of people例句：The grey hair should be respected.The boy was brought up on the bottle.I had the muscle, and they made money out of it.Synecdoche提喻作用：use a part for the whole or the whole for a part例句：He is the Newton of the century.Two heads are better than oneAntonomasia换称作用：use a proper name专有名词for an idea例句：to meet one's WaterlooAllusion典故和换称相似Hyperbole夸张作用：exaggerate the fact or state of affairsHe almost died laughing.Understatement低调陈述例句：This problem is not above us.Euphemism委婉例句：He is out visiting the necessary.Periphrasis3. playing double meanings:Pun双关例句：If we don't hang together, we shall hang separately.What does that lawyer do after he dies? Lie still.Irony反讽例句："Of course, you only carry large notes, no small change on you." the waiter said to the beggar.Oxymoron矛盾修饰法例句：The state of this house is cheerless welcome.This is a victorious defeat.Transferred Epithet转移修饰法例句：And the first tenor singing of the passionate throat of a young workers, who has since drunk himself to death.Do you think I will have blood money?There is a suprised silence in the classroom.Syllepsis一语双叙He lost the game and his temper.The man stood in a high place and a high manner.Zeugma轭式搭配例句：The sun shall not burn you by day, nor the moon by night.4. repetitionAlliteration头韵例句：How and why he had come to Princeton, New Jersey is a story of struggle, success, and sadness.Peter piper picked a peck of picking pepper.Assonance母韵例句：It's fair and square affair from the beginning to the end.Consonance尾韵例句：April showers bring May flowers.5. imitationParody仿拟例句：A friend in need is a friend to be avoided.Onomatopoeia拟声例句：Presently there came the click of high-heeled shoes.6. handling contrastive and coordinated structuresParallelism平行结构例句：No one can be perfectly free till all are free; no one can be perfectly moral till all are moral; no one can be perfectly happay till all are happy.Antithesis平行对照例句：Give me liberty, or give death.More haste, less speed.艺术标准三逻辑logos情感pathos人格ethos修辞三等级词语选择selecting words and phrases句式变化seeking sentence variety组段谋篇writing paragraphs and arrange paragraphs into a complete text选词五原则准确exactness简洁economy新颖freshness生动vividness恰当approriateness句式类型从功能分，有陈述句declarative sentence疑问句interrogative sentence祈使句imperative sentence感叹句exclamatory sentence从结构分，有简单句simple sentence复合句compound sentence复杂句complex sentence复合复杂句compound-complex sentence其他，有渐进句cumulative sentence（层层递进）松散句loose sentence（两个句子可以互相调换并且不影响本意）掉尾句periodic sentence（结论重点在句尾）突降句anticlimactic sentence（要避免使用这种句子）反问句rhetorical question（不需要回答的句子）长短句使用方法一系列短句：用于描述故事中紧张或戏剧性的情节（speed，tense，dramatic，story）一系列长句中用单个短句：改变节奏，若在句尾，其强调作用，精辟的总结（change rhythm, emphasis,pithy summation）长句：适合细节描述，解释和辩论让想法流动起来连接词转折：but, however, nvertheless, by contrast, in spite of this, on the other hand...并列递进：and, also, another, besides, furthermore, in addition, in the same way, likewise, next, moreover, similarly...时间空间：earlier, later, at the same time, meanwhile, soon; here, there, farther on, nearby...因果：as a result, consequently, therefore, thus...引用：as an illustration, for example, for instance, another example...重复总结：as I have said, in other words, to repeat, in brief, in short, in summary, to sum up...顺序：first of all, first/firstly, then, at last, finally...文章主题说明文exposition: 1.Generalization+Illustration+Conclusion （演绎法）2.分类classification，过程分析analysis，比较comparison议论文argumentation: 逻辑推理logical reasoning记叙文narraition: 背景setting，情节plot（时间次序temporal order，空间次序spatial order），角色character描写文description:突出形象，丰富细节verbal picture, typical details词义参考意义referential meaning社会意义social meaning（反映社会特征、社会阶段、地域、性别）感情意义affective meaning（带有感情色彩:褒义、贬义、中性）指称意义denotation和隐含意义connotationdenotation: specific, literal, explicitconnotation: implicit（比如，黄色有指色情文学pornographic literature，黄种人yellow race，胆小cowardly，警告warning的意思）概括化generalization和具体化specification应用概括：索引index，摘要abstract，导语lead in，提纲outline具体：描写细节，举具体例子。
(完整word版)期末考试高级英语第一册修辞总结
Unit 1 Middle Eastern Bazaar1.Onomatopoeia （声法） : is the formation of words in imitation or the sounds associated with the thing concerned.e.g. 1) Little monkeys with harmoniously tinkling bells thread their way among thethrongs of people (Para. 1)2)the squeaking and rumbling (Para. 9)2.Metaphor （） : is the use of a word or phrase which describes one thing by stating another comparable thing without using“as”or “like ”.e.g. 1) theheat andglare of a big open square (Para. 1)2)⋯ until you rounded a corner and seea fairlyland of dancing flashes⋯ .3)⋯ in the maze of vaulted streets whichhoneycomb this bazaar (Para. 7)3.alliteration （韵） : is the use of several words in close proximity beginning with the same letter or letters.e.g. 1) ⋯ thread their way among the throngs of people (Para. 1)2)⋯ the sellers, on the other hand, make pointa of protesting4.Hyperbole( 夸 ): is the use of a form of words to make sth sound big, small, loud and so on by saying that it is like something even bigger, smaller, louder, etc.e.g.or sit in a tiny restaurant with porters and⋯ (Para. 7)quickly the trickle becomes a flood of glistening linseed oil (Para. 9) 5．Antithesis( 偶 ): is the setting, often in parallel structure, of contrasting words or phrases opposite each other for emphasis.e.g. 1) ⋯ a tiny apprentice blows a big charcoal fire with a huge leather bellows⋯(Para. 5)2) ⋯which towers to the vaulted ceiling and dwarfs the camels and their stonewheels. (Para. 9)6.Personification : a figure of speech in which inanimate objects are endowed withhuman qualities or are represented as possessing human form.e.g. ⋯as the burnished coppercatches the light of ⋯ (Para.5)7.Assonance(尾韵 )e.g. 1)⋯ the squeaking and rumbling of the grinding wheels⋯.Unit 21.Metaphor: 暗A figure of speech in which a word or phrase that ordinarily designates one thingis used to designate another, thus making an implicit comparison.暗是一种修辞，往常用指某物的或来指代他物，进而示意两者之的相像之。
英语中的文体学与修辞知识点
英语中的文体学与修辞知识点文体学和修辞学是研究语言运用和艺术表达的重要分支。
它们涉及到英语语言的不同风格和用法，以及如何通过修辞手法来提升表达的艺术性和效果。
本文将介绍英语中的文体学和修辞，包括其定义、应用和常见的知识点。
一、文体学1. 定义：文体学是研究语言表达风格和特点的学科，包括不同文体之间的差异和特征。
2. 应用：文体学可以帮助我们理解不同文本的特点，如小说、诗歌、散文和新闻报道等。
3. 知识点：- 叙述文体：用于描述事件、故事或经历的文体，如小说和传记。
- 说明文体：用于解释、阐述观点或提供事实的文体，如科学论文和说明书。
- 议论文体：用于陈述和辩论观点的文体，如论文和演讲稿。
- 描写文体：用于描绘人物、地点或对象的文体，如诗歌和旅行报道。
- 敌对文体：用于抨击和讽刺的文体，如讽刺小说和政治漫画。
二、修辞学1. 定义：修辞学是研究修辞手法和表达方式的学科，它通过运用各种修辞手法来增强语言的表达力。
2. 应用：修辞学可以用于文学作品、演讲和写作等领域，使语言更生动、美观和有说服力。
3. 知识点：- 比喻：通过对两个不同事物的比较，以便更好地理解和描绘。
- 拟人：将非人事物赋予人的特性和行为，增加描写的生动性。
- 夸张：通过夸大手法来强调某种观点或感觉。
- 反问：用问句的形式提出观点，以引发读者思考和关注。
- 排比：通过并列结构反复使用相同的词或短语，以产生韵律感和强调。
- 对偶：通过相似的句子结构和表达方式来增加语言的节奏感。
通过掌握英语中的文体学和修辞知识，我们可以更好地理解和运用英语语言，让我们的表达更加生动、有趣和具有说服力。
文体学可以帮助我们理解不同文本的特点和风格，而修辞学则可以通过运用各种修辞手法来提升语言的艺术性和表达效果。
希望本文的介绍能够对你有所启发，让你在英语学习和应用中更加得心应手。
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Rhetorical options*1、What is rhetoric?( Definitions of rhetoric)the art or science of communication in words; this art or science practiced or taught as a formal discipline, esp. the doctrine formulated by Aristotle and taught throughout the Middle ages; overornate or ostentatious language. (Longman Modern English Dictionary)2、What’s the purpose of rhetoric?（两种说法）①The prevailing view about the purpose of rhetoric is to express oneself well and to communicate effectively in order to secure a desired result by employing rhetorical means efficiently.②“to enlighten the understanding , to please the imagination, to move the passion ,or to influence the will.” “促进理解、引起想象、调动感情、或者说影响人们的意志” (18世纪苏格兰修辞学家George Campbell）*3、What is discussed in rhetoric?（contents of rhetorical）Rhetoric is composed of theoretical rhetoric and practical rhetoric. Theoretical rhetoric deals with the theoretical problem of rhetoric, while practical rhetoric helps us improve our ability to use the English language effectively.rhetoric covers all the elements of oral and written things, including structure, diction. Rhythm, tone, style, and anything related to the effective use of language.4、The Highest Principles of Rhetoricthe highest principle of rhetoric is to adapt to specific situation, that is, “adaptability”or “appropriateness”.Sentence（syntactic device）1、What is sentence？A sentence is a group of words which expresses a complete thought. Generally, an effective sentence must possess five essential qualities: correctness, clearness, unity, coherence and emphasis.(正确、清楚、统一、连贯、强调）2、句子的组成A sentence must contain a subject and a verb (although one may be implied).①words②correct grammar③meaning3、句子的分类Sentences may be classified according to Grammar or Rhetoric as to meaning and as to form:Grammatical Classification of SentencesI. As to meaning: II. As to Form:1. Declarative Sentence 1. Simple Sentence2. Interrogative Sentence 2. Compound Sentence（并列）3. Imperative Sentence 3. Complex Sentence （复合）4. Exclamatory Sentence 4. Compound –Complex SentenceRhetorical Classification of SentencesIII. As to Arrangement1. Periodic Sentence （圆周句）left-branching sentence2. Loose Sentence（松散句）right-branching sentence3. Balanced Sentence4、The short and long sentence①Short sentences, on the whole, are characterized by their brevity, quick tempo and force. The short sentence is relatively simple in form, clear in grammatical relation, and terse and forceful in style.②Long sentence is relatively complex in form, fully expressive in capacity, and often used in formal style to show one’s complicated mentality or various kinds of relationship of different things.5、the simple，compound and complex sentence①A Simple sentence has only one clause to make a statement, and so it is good for directness and clearness.②The Compound Sentence consists of two or more independent clauses which are of equal status, that is, the clauses are paratactic (parallel; coordinate) in relationship.③The complex sentence makes clear the logical relationship between events or ideas through subordination. Subordinate clauses are named according to their functions.Left-branching sentence(periodic sentence)：*6、the branching sentencesRight-branching sentence（loose sentence）：Left-branching sentence(periodic sentence)：the periodic sentence has its main idea at the end of the sentence.supportive or qualifying information are placed before the main clause or assertion. Right-branching sentence（loose sentence）：in a loose sentence, the main idea is put at the beginning of the sentence,and supportive or qualifying information comes from it.*7、Balanced sentence：When a sentence contains tow parallel clauses similar in structure butcontrasted in meaning,it is balanced sentence.The main ideas are often presented in parallel phrases or clauses.⑴Parallelism排比：the main function of parallelism is to add clarity and coherence to what one wishes to communicate。
⑵Antithesis对比：antithesis is the deliberate arrangement of contrasting words or ideas in balanced structural forms to achieve force and emphasis。
⑶Chiasmus回文and antimetabole交叉：chiasmus is a device that consists of two balanced statements，the second of which reverses the order of the words in the first，with or without a repetition of words。
For example：①we eat for live，not live for eat。
（here the key words in the first statement are repeated，and reversed in order in the second。