语言学否定前缀的文献综述
英语否定后缀—less和—free语义探析
英语否定后缀—less和—free语义探析作者：程焕福来源：《广东工业大学学报(社会科学版)》2013年第06期摘要：在对英语否定前缀的已有研究进行梳理之后，用语料库语言学研究方法，在线搜索“美国当代英语语料库（COCA）”里以less或free为否定词尾的形容词，观察其频率和分布情况，试图归纳这两种带否定后缀的形容词的语义生成机制以及该两个否定后缀共享同一词基所派生出的形容词的语义区别。
结果发现，该两个后缀都只能与名词组合，且对其所依附的名词具有典型的语义选择限制。
为验证“名词+le ss/free”生成规则的有效性和能产性，用Google在线搜索Internet语义受less/free限制的名词组合的形容词，结果为合法有效，进而窥探人类思维活动的规律性。
关键词：否定后缀；生成机制；语义限制；语义区别中图分类号：H 030文献标识码：A文章编号：1671623X（2013）06008805一、引言：逻辑学意义“否定”与语言学意义“否定”曾炳衡指出，逻辑意义上的“否定”（negation）是“肯定”（affirmation）的对立面，二者皆为思维和言语中必不可少的范畴。
“肯定”与“否定”，“是”与“非”，绝对相反，不容混淆。
语言中的否定，其意义范围比逻辑上的所谓否定要广泛得多。
具体地说，举凡否认、拒绝、禁阻、反衬、述无、言非、指未、示否、剥夺等等，无不包括在内。
[1]正因如此，Hamawand将英语中的否定前缀进行主要与次要之分，主要否定前缀是：a（n）， de， dis， in， non和un；次要否定前缀指：ab， anti， contra， counter， mal， mis， pseudo， quasi， sub， semi和under。
[2]对英语否定表达手段，Tottie提出二分法：词缀法与非词缀法。
[3]词缀法指通过构词手段，即在词基（base）之前或之后添加否定前缀或否定后缀。
英语否定后缀用的最多是less，牛津英语语法[4]和Hamawand把free视作否定后缀。
基于语料库的英汉否定词缀对比研究
基于语料库的英汉否定词缀对比研究本文基于一定数量的语料，从词缀的意义和构成情况对比分析表示否定意义的词缀“非”“无”和“non-”“un”，发现两者之间存在共性，即它们在构成上均可接名词、动词和形容词，在语义上，前缀“un-”后通常加无标记的、弱的、具有积极意义色彩的形容词，而“non-”后所结合的词干一般都只具有客观的、描述性的意义色彩。
汉语类词缀“非”后通常加中性或褒义色彩的词汇，而“无”则更偏向于中性或贬义色彩的词汇。
标签：否定词缀语料库语义韵对比一、引言从发生学上来说，汉语属于汉藏语系的汉语语族，英语属于印欧语系的日耳曼语族。
两者的语言差异显著，因此可以从语音、词汇、语义、语法、修辞和文化等角度进行对比研究。
根据丹麦语言学家叶斯柏森的观点，语言研究有两种方式：既可以从外在形式进行考察，也可以从内在意义进行研究。
词缀是词语的组成部分，也是辨认词类的标记。
尽管学界对汉语词缀的术语界定及词缀的具体分析都存在一些分歧，但作为一种重要的语法现象，它对汉语的发展功不可没。
郭作飞（2004）以“老”“阿”“子”“儿”为例，考察了汉语词缀形成的历史，发现汉语词缀在历史演进过程中具有一般的规律性，即都经历了一个实词虚化的过程。
秦坚（2005）研究了后缀“子”的类型和意义后指出：“子”不是意义单纯的单一语缀，而是语缀聚合-语缀族。
此外，不少学者也对英汉词缀进行了对比分析。
如付海波从汉语和英语词缀的形式位置和语义功能两大方面入手，对汉英派生构词法词缀问题进行了比较研究。
徐若冰（2006）从形态构词法的角度对英汉两种语言的派生构词法进行比较，说明其异同。
英语的词缀可分为三类：前缀、中缀和后缀。
同样，汉语的词缀种类除了前、中、后缀外，还包括多重后缀现象。
（颜天惠、宗世海，2003）本文选取了常见的表示否定意义的词缀“非”“无”和“non-”“un-”进行对比研究。
先对其进行归类，然后利用AntConc3.2.1软件对LOB语料库进行检索，统计出表示英文否定词缀的使用情况。
英语否定前缀的构词特点及语义特征_高学群
英语否定前缀的构词特点及语义特征高 学 群(怀化职业技术学院, 湖南 怀化 418000) 摘 要:英语否定前缀在构词上各有特色。
精确地把握否定前缀的语义特征是学习和应用的关键。
同根异缀词的词义规律表现为:不同的前缀蕴涵着不同的词义,词性的变化有时会导致前缀的变异。
关键词:否定前缀;构词法;语义特征中图分类号:H31文献标识码:A文章编号:1671-1785(2006)03-0065-03 在繁多的英语前缀中,表示否定含义的前缀非常多。
如: a-,an-,ab-,anti-,in-,im-,il-,ir-,des-,dis-,dy s -,mal-,mis-,no n-和un-等。
这些否定前缀构词能力极强。
据笔者统计,《英汉大词典》一书中共收集了以un-开头且有否定含义的词约3200之多。
如果把所有带否定前缀的词都加起来,其数量可想而知。
肯定和否定是人们用得最多最广的两种截然相反的表达方法。
有肯定必有否定,如“喜欢、不喜欢;高兴、不高兴;同意、不同意;赞成、不赞成”等。
不过中文和英文表示否定的方法有所不同,汉语是通过添加否定词,如“不、非、反、逆、无、未,没有、对立、缺乏”等来达到否定的目的。
而英语则是通过否定前缀来表达相反的概念和动作。
如;“like喜欢,dislike不喜欢;agr ee赞成,disagr ee不赞成;no rmal正常的,abnor mal反常的,异常的;polit ical政治, apolitical非政治的,无政治意义的,不关心政治的; emplo yment就业,unemplo yment失业。
由于语源不同,这些否定前缀具有各自不同的构词特点和语义特征,给初学者造成了极大的障碍和困惑。
一、否定前缀的构词特点由于英语否定前缀的语源不同,发音不同,语义不同,因此在构词上各有特色。
a-,源于希腊语,一般加在形容词之前,构成意思截然不同的形容词,其基本含义是“无,非,没有”。
段敏维-duan关于英语词汇否定前缀的总结 DMW
中公考研，双十一优惠:/zhuanti/shuang11/1 中公考研学员专用资料 报名专线：400-6300-966关于单词否定前缀的总结段敏维之前总结英语单词复习策略和学习方法的时候，建议大家对词汇进行理解性记忆和归纳性的记忆，也就是用词根词缀法对单词进行记忆，这样不仅可以提高大家记忆单词的速度，而且通过对单词进行理解性的记忆，大家对单词遗忘的速度也会比死记硬背慢。
大家在对单词进行理解性记忆的同时，一定要记得对单词进行重复记忆，注重对单词的复习，只有这样大家才能把单词记牢，才能对单词记忆的程度达到大家对初中高中的英语词汇这么熟悉。
在大家做阅读的过程中，大家会碰到很多不认识的词汇。
那么在考试的过程中，我们是没有词典的，对于这样的词汇，我们该如何处理呢？其实，除了通过上下文对单词词义进行推测之外，我们还可以通过词根词缀法对单词进行拆分，推测单词的词义。
那么，今天我们就对常见的否定前缀进行总结，以后大家在掌握有这些否定前缀的单词时，下次在阅读过程中再次碰到这些词汇时，我们就能做到得心应手了。
主要的否定前缀有，a -，ab -，dis-,de -，il -，im -，ir -，in -，mal -，mis -，non -，un -等。
a -，ab -主要加在形容词动词前，例如typical （adj.典型的），atypical →（adj.非典型性的），normal （adj.正常的）→abnormal （adj.非正常的）；dis -主要加在名词、形容词，动词之前，dis -为否定前缀的词有：agreement （n.同意）→disagreement （n.意见不同），agreeable （adj.使人愉快的）→disagreeable （adj.不愉快的），agree （v.同意）→disagree （v.不同意）；de -加在名词、形容词前，常见的有decrease 减少，deteriorate 恶化，demobilize 遣散 使…复员 il-加在以i 开头的形容词之前,如legal （adj.法律的, 法定的）→illegal （adj.违法的）,logical （adj.合乎逻辑的）→illogical （adj.不合逻辑的）；im-加在以b,m,p 开头的形容词之前，如possible （adj.可能的）→impossible （adj.不可能的），balanced （adj.平衡的）→imbalanced （adj.不平衡的），moral （adj.道德的）→immoral （adj.不道德的）；ir-加在以r 开头的形容词之前，如regular （adj.规则的）→irregular （adj.不规则的），rational （adj.理性的）→irrational （adj.无理性的）；in-主要用于其它字母开头的词之前，如human （adj.人性的）→inhuman （adj.野蛮的），correct （adj.正确的）→incorrect （adj.不正确的），justice （n.正义,公平）→injustice （n.不正义,不公平）；mal -主要加在形容词名词之前，例如function （n.作用，功能）→malfunction 功能紊乱，malicious 恶意的；mis -加在动词、名词前，常见的词有understand （v.理解）→misunderstand 误解，judge （v.判断，评价）→misjudge （v.误判），fortune （adj.幸运的）→misfortune （adj.不幸的）；2 中公考研学员专用资料 non -加在形容词、名词前，这样以non -为否定前缀的词有non -existence 不存在，non -essential 不主要的，non -electrical 非电的；un 只能用于形容词和动词之前，如friendly （adj.友好的）→unfriendly （adj.不友好的），lucky （adj.幸运的）→unlucky （adj.不幸的），unexpected （adj.未预料到）→unhurt （adj.没有受伤的）；用于动词之前表示做相反的动作tie （vt.系,打结）→untie （vi.松开,解开），cover （vt.覆盖）→uncover （vt.揭开,揭露）。
英文否定前缀总结
常用英语单词前缀大全（否定前缀篇）im-加在字母m，b，p之前impossible（不顺能的），impolite（不礼貌的），impudence（厚颜无耻）in-加在形容词，名词之前incorrect（不正确的），inability（无能，无力），inaccurate（不准确的）ir-加在以r开头的词前irregular（不稳定的），irresistable（不可抵抗的），irresolvable（不能分解的，不能解决的）un-加在名词，形容词，副词之前unfinished（未完成的）undoubted（无疑的）unemployment（失业）还有一些前缀的规则：non-加在形容词，名词前non-existence（不存在），non-essential（不主要的），non-electrical（非电的）8.mis－加在动词、名词之前misunderstand（误解），misjudge（误判），misleading（误导），misfortune（不幸）9.dis-加地动词之前disappear（消失），disarm（解除武装），disconnect（失去联系）10.de-加在名词，形容词之前demobilize（遣散；使…复员） decolor （脱色，漂白）11.anti-加在名词、形容词之前anti-Japanese（抗日战争），anti-social（厌恶社会的，反社会的），antidite（解毒药）12.counter-加在名词、动词前counterattack（反攻，反击），counteract（抵抗，阻碍）counterrevolution（反革命）dis(not, the opposite of)disadvantage, dislike, disagree, disappear, disarm, disaster, disastrous, disap point, disable, disability, discharge, disclose, discount, discourage, discove r, discovery, discrepancy, disease, disgrace, disguise, disgust, dishonor, dish onest, dislike, dismay, disorder, dispatch, disperse, displace, displacement, d isplease, disregard, dissatisfy, distort , distract, disintegrate, isparage, di spassion, disproportionate2) in- (not, in, into)inability, incorrect, inability, incapable, indirect, inhuman, injustice, infor mal, inside, include, inclusive, income, increase, increasingly, incredible, in definite, independence, independent, indifferent, indirect, indispensable, indi vidual, indoor, inertia , inevitable, infamous , infinite, inhabit , inhabitan t, inherent , inject, inland , inlet , inner, innocent, innumerable , input, in quire, inquiry, insane, insensitive, insert, inside, insight, insist, inspect, inspiration , inspire, install, installation, installment , instance, instant, instinct, insulate , intense, interior, internal, into, intrinsic, invade, inva lid , invaluable , invariably , invasion, invert , investigate, invisible, invo lve, inward, incomplete, indecisive, inedible, inept, inevitably, infection, in firm, injection, innate, insatiable, insecurity, insider, insidious3) im-(not, in, into) impossible, imbalance, immature, immoral, impatient, implicit , impress, impression, import, immigrate, imprison, immerse4) il- (not)illegal, illiterate, illogical ir- (not) irregular, irresponsible, irrespective 5) un- (not)unable, uncover, undo, undoubtedly, undress , uneasy, unemployment , unexpecte d, unfold , unfortunately, unimportant, unlike, unload, unusual, unaware, enlig htened, unparalleled, unsustainable,6) non- (not)nonsmoker, nonexistence, non-cooperation, nonstop, nonmetal, nonresident, nonse nse, nonfundamentalist, nonspecialist7) mis- (wrong, wrongly)mislead, misspell, misstep, misfortune, misuse, misguided, misinformation8) de- (showing the opposite, to remove, to reduce)deform, deface, demobilize, destruction, deforest, denationalize, depress, depr ession, decode, decrease, degenerate , degrade , descend, descendant , descent。
语料库与英语构词法教学——以否定前缀为例
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简单 告诉学 生某个单 词的意义 及用法 ； 另一 方面 ， 多学 生 诸 为 了过级或 不挂科 。习惯 生硬 地接受教 师灌输 给他 们 的知 识 ， 干脆 捧着词 汇手册死记硬背 。的确 ， 或 他们 可能在 某个 时
以鱼不如授人以渔 。况且 ， 使用语 料教学还可 以培养学生 自 பைடு நூலகம்学 习英 语 的能力 。以及 激发他 们对 英语学 习的兴趣 和热 情。
参 考文献 ：
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进行第 二步 ， 把学生 分为几 个小组 ， 他们讨 论并 分享在 语 让 料库中的发现。最后 。 学生们归纳出以下两个 以 ｉ一 ｎ 作为否定 前缀 的否定词的构词 规律 ： 其一 ． ｉ一 与 ｎ 这个 否定前缀搭 配的
该 语 料 库 语 料 来 自 １９ — ０ ９０ ２ １ １年 ｓ ｋｎ ｆ ｔ ｎ ｍ ｇｚ ｅ ｏ ｐ ｅ 、ｃ ｏ 、 ａａｉ 、 ｉｉ ｎ ｎ ｗ ｐｐ ｒ ａａ ｅ ｉ 这五大领域 ， ｅ ｓａｅ 及 ｃｄ ｍ ｃ 是美 国最 新的语料库 ， 也 是 当今世界 上最大的英语平衡语 料库 。在语 言教学方面 ， 传
初中英语形容词否定前后缀语法归纳
2011级英语总复习构词法-2初中英语形容词否定前后缀语法归纳☆特别提醒：◇初中阶段，形容词否定前缀大多以un-构成，除去少数几个以-less否定后缀结尾外，不是以un-否定前缀构成的形容词基本上只有7个。
即上表中以dis-, im-, in-, ir-开头的七个例词。
换言之，如果把这七个词烂熟于心，那么记忆形容词否定前缀就将事半功倍。
◇以un-开头的形容词其前面的冠词用的是an。
例如：an unusual boy。
◇dis-否定前缀除了形容词dishonest外，还常常用在动词前构成否定形式，如dislike, disagree, disappear等。
用所给单词的适当形式填空：1. You will be_____________ (able) to pass the exam if you don’t study hard.2. There are lots of ________ (common) kinds of birds in Zhalong. Many people like to go birdwatching there.3. It is ___________ (necessary) for you to walk the little dog once a week to the park.4. It is ___________ (important) to keep quiet when you watch the birds and insects.5. He feels _________(happy) because he lost his wallet.6. There is a ________ (regular) rain in Sahara desert every year.7. Is it __________(possible) to get to the city by train?8. Some people are ___________ ( friendly) to birds. They throw stones to them.9. Some people feel ____ (happy) that government give poor people such small and ____(comfortable) flats.10. It is _______ (safe) to walk on the street at night.11. We should keep students staying away from the ________ (healthy) books.12. These trainers are too small. They are ______________(comfortable) to wear.13. If someone does not show good manners to others, he is ____________(polite).14. Jim never tells lies and he is an ___________ (honest) boy.15. This girl is so __________(care) that she often makes mistakes in her homework.◇江苏13城市中考试题汇编◇1. It's ________(friendly) of him to say such bad words to his classmates. (08常州)2. Don't get _________(patient) about your personal trouble. (08无锡)3. He seemed ______(friend) at first, but now I've got to know him and I realize he's warm and kind. (08徐州)4. If someone doesn't show good manners to others, he or she is __________(polite). (08宿迁)5. It’s so ___________(不公平的)! Mary gets more money for less work. (09镇江)6. The basketball team was __________(luck) to lose in the final minute of the game. (09徐州)7. In some ways, the space shuttles travel fast, but the journey to Mars may be very___(comfortable). (09泰州)8. it’s ___________(possible) for us to finish s o much work within so little time. We need help. (2010南通)9. Simon is such a __________(honest) person that no one believes him. (2010扬州)10. Don’t be ________(patient)! You should listen to what he is saying first. (2010常州)11. It is _________(possible) for me to design the poster without your help. (2010泰州)12. it’s not easy for those superstars to face ___________(无穷无尽的)interviews and doubts. (2010镇江)Keys:用所给单词的适当形式填空1. unable2. uncommon3. necessary4. important5. unhappy6. irregular7. possible8. unfriendly9. unhappy,uncomfortable 10. unsafe 11, unhealthy 12. uncomfortable 13. impolite 14. honest 15. careless江苏13城市中考试题汇编1. unfriendly2. impatient3. unfriendly4. impolite5. unfair6. unlucky7. uncomfortable8. impossible9. dishonest 10. impatient 11. impossible 12. endless。
语言学否定前缀的文献综述
Literature ReviewC08英语（3）班赵雁081323327The term morphology was coined by August Schleicher in 1859. In linguistics, morphology is the identification, analysis and description of the structure of a given language's morphemes and other linguistic units, such as words, affixes, parts of speech, intonation/stress, or implied context . However, English acquisition is a difficult part in English learning, for the vocabulary is very large and it is enlarged continuously with the rapid development of modern society. No matter how large the English vocabulary is, words are formed according to certain word-formation rules. Affix knowledge is considered to be an important aspect of vocabulary knowledge. It plays an important part in vocabulary development and reading. The master of affix is of great importance to both language teaching and language learning. Affix knowledge contributes to determining how well a learner reads new words. Thus, the English learners must master the rules in word-formation so well that they can use and remember the vocabulary fluently. Through two months’ efforts in searching, collecting and reading an abundance of scholars and professors’ literature concerning the usage of negative prefixes in morphological aspects , I made a detail analysis of the morphology and created the following essay which summoned up the essence of the negative prefixes used in the BNC corpus.Morphology by Matthews demonstrates the definition of morphology in the modern social life from many aspects. The paper points out that the morphology has many meanings. Words are usually treated as the basic and minimal units of a language to make sentences, which are combinations of words according to syntactic rules. Structurally, however, a word is not the smallest unit because many words can be separated into even smaller meaningful units. These minimal meaningful units are known as morphemes. Since the morphology can develop the people’s knowledge and good values, it is quite important for the researchers to study on it. In this sense, goodacademic knowledge in the study is a part of the tough task. This paper offers much practical ideas for me to think about the meaning of the research on the negative prefixes. Morphemes vary in functions. Accordingly, we can classify morphemes into several general categories: free versus bound, derivational versus inflectional, and lexical versus grammatical. However, their boundaries are not as clear-cut as they appear to be due to some overlapping. For the sake of discussion, we shall define each type in terms of its characteristics.The negative prefixes that the essay researched here are under the circumstances of morphology. It is quite significant for me to start my paper.English V ocabulary Learning Course by Zhang Weiyou is a book that points out a large number of views on word formation. The word itself is an elusive notion, which needs immediate consideration. The relationship between words and vocabulary, between sound and meaning, and between sound and form demands explanation as well. Language is not a fixed list of words but a growing and developing store, which is quite formidable. However, the huge unstable vocabulary of English can be classified into a few manageable categories by different criteria. This is also part of our concern. The expansion of vocabulary in modern English depends chiefly on word formation. There is a variety of means being at work now. According to Pyles and Algeo, words produced through affixation constitute 30% to 40% of the total number of new words. Affixation is generally defined as the formation of words by adding word-formation or derivational affixes to bases. This process is also known as derivation, by which new words are derived from old or base forms. The words created in this way are called derivatives. According to the positions affixes occupy in words, affixation falls into two subcategories: prefixation and suffixation. Prefixation is the formation of new words by adding prefixes to bases. Prefixes do not generally change the word-class of the base but only modify its meaning. For convenience of study, we shall present prefixes on a semantic basis, that is, we shall group prefixes into semantic sets, each consisting of all the major prefixes that have similar meaning and functions. At the same time, the author exactly gives a complete theory of word-formation. It makes me have a better understanding offormation---- how the prefixes are formed.On Ten Semantic Classifications of English Prefixes by Mao Donghui makes an analysis on semantic meanings of negative prefixes. The richness and abundance of English vocabulary is closely related to its prefixes as they provide semantic meanings to the roots in limitation, modification and supplement. In analyzing and generalizing English prefixes, grammarians are also likely to study them from the angle of their semantic functions, and therefore, in learning and studying affixes, it is critical to be in semantic awareness of English prefixes. They are classified into ten kinds of prefixes. All of them are mentioned as follows: negative prefixes, reversative prefixes, pejorative prefixes, prefixes of degree or size, prefixes of orientation and attitude, locative prefixes, prefixes of time and order, number prefixes, miscellaneous neo-classical prefixes and conversion prefixes. Prefixes are very dynamic in word formation. Actually, word-formation mainly has five types. It is called derivation which is made out by adding affixes. Derivation is the most active way in word-formation. And meanwhile, prefixes play an important role in derivation. In many circumstances, prefix and suffix have exactly different functions. Prefix changes the meaning of the roots. But the suffix not only changes its semantic meaning, but also changes its natural characteristic. We can see “in-” and “non-” are part of negative prefixes, but “un-” is part of reversative prefixes. This paper makes me pay more attention to the semantic meanings of negative prefixes.Analyses on Usage of Negative Prefixes “IN-”“UN-”“NON-” by Chen Huanfu discusses the such aspects as prefix’s productivity, origin, distribution and distinctive characteristics in meaning. He also presents a description of three negative prefixes in English, “IN-”, “UN- ” and “NON-”, each of which tends to combine with positive adjectives and the resultant derived adjectives are often lexicalized and assigned negative sense. Being more productive than “IN-”and less productive than “NON-”, “UN-” shows features from both sides, depending on the given stems with which it combines. It also mentions the distinctive semantic features. It contains the difference of concepts and difference of tones. The author also finds out that “NON-”mainly forms the contradictory and complementary opposites. Learning that helps me to havea better understanding in the usage of the negative prefixes.Negative Prefixes and Their Extended Meanings in English by Zhao Chunfeng makes a detail of analysis of their extended meanings. The expansion of vocabulary in modern English depends chiefly on word formation. There are a variety of means being at work now. The most productive are affixation, compounding and conversion. Prefixation is the formation of new words by adding prefixes to bases. Prefixes do not generally change the word-class of the base but only modify its meaning. This essay tries to express the extended meanings of negative prefixes, such as "negative, opposite, and reverse" etc. in the view of word - building of English. The author does not only try to explain these negative prefixes, but to expound their extended meanings as well. We get to know by means of studying them that these prefixes have undergone through a course from their original simple meanings to their various ones of today, which helps us further and better understand English affixes. It struck me again that the negative prefix plays an essential part; therefore, the study of it seems to be significant.A Contrastive Study of the Characteristics of the Lexical Structural Systems Between English and Chinese by Zhang Weiyou gives me a quite comprehensive knowledge of the lexical structural system. English and Chinese have their own conspicuous characteristics in structural systems of lexis, which are reflected in the morphological structures of words and word-formation. The most productive are affixation, compounding and conversion. According to the positions affixes occupy in words, affixation falls into two subcategories: prefixation and suffixation. Prefixes do not generally change the word-class of the base but only modify its meaning. For convenience of study, we shall present prefixes on a semantic basis, that is, we shall group prefixes into semantic sets, each consisting of all the major prefixes that have similar meaning and functions. A contrastive study of the lexical systems of English and Chinese in such respects of morphemes and words, morphemes and affixes, positions of morphemes in words, words and non-words, word-formation and syntax, etc. discloses that there are both similarities and differences in the vocabularies of the two languages, but the differences overwhelm similarities. This paper teaches me howto choose the factors to study and analyze the different concepts and gives me the idea of trying to analyze usage in special ways by the BNC corpus.A Corpus-based Study on Derivational Affixes in English for Science and Technology by Leng Hui gives a comprehensive summarization of negative prefix’s similarities and differences. The study is aimed at finding out the basic similarities and differences among “IN-”, “UN –”and “NON-”. Description of the negative prefix’s productivity, distribution and distinctive characteristics in meaning are also mentioned. This paper briefly analyzes the diachronic study of English word-formation in an attempt to depict English negative prefixes from an etymological perspective. One way to distinguish English synonyms is to detect their origins: “IN-”, and “UN-”are separately attached to word bases that share origins. Studying the word-formation characteristics and semantic features of negative prefix can help us understand its word-formation, semantic features and master the usage features. Thus, we can improve our ability of word-formation, expand vocabulary effectively and improve the ability of reading, listening, writing, speaking and understanding. Thereby we can reduce remembering-vocabulary failure caused by the structures of each word. And the idea leads me to think more about the ways and results the vocabulary differences among words can change by affixes.A Corpus-based Study of Morphological Productivity of Negative Prefixes in English by Du Lifang focuses on the influences of the productivity of negative prefixes. In English, there are at least ten prefixes that denote negative meaning, and it’s often very confusing to English learners as to the subtle differences in their usage. English learners are especially puzzled about the phenomenon that the same base takes different negative prefix to express its negative, like immoral and unmoral; inhuman, unhuman and non-human. Although some research has been done in this field as to the application/combination rules concerning the different negative prefixes, e.g. factors that influence the productivity of a particular one, there seems to be a gap as to the quantitative study of productivity of these negative prefixes. So the author would like to make an attempt in this field. In this paper, five commonly-usednegative prefixes in English are selected for the present study :a-，dis-, in- (including its variants il-, ir-, im- )，non- and un-.Scholars have been trying to provide effective ways of accessing the productivity of affixes quantitatively. However, it seems that no one of the measurements is hardly without any objections, either in theoretical point of view or in practical application. However, each measure does reflect a different aspect of productivity. When applying those measures, one should have a clear view in mind about that. In view of theoretical and methodological problems in practical application, and also of its significance of the results for the future, this paper adopts two measures to assess the productivity of negative prefixes in English: one is type frequency, which is to gauge past productivity, that is to make a survey of how many members each of the prefixes has so far generated. It imposes me to enlarge my thinking span.Talking about the English Negative Prefixes by Leng Hui gives me a general and detailed outlook of the English negative prefixes. Among all the English prefixes, the ability of word formation in negative prefixes is very strong. And the words formed by negative prefixes hold a large proportion in amount of the derivation. However, due to its own characters on word-formation and semantic in negative prefixes, it seems to be changeable for the learners who are begin to learn English. Meanwhile, it is difficult for them to remember the new words. Thus, in order to know these negative prefixes well, the learners must learn from two aspects. These are their features of word-formation and the characters of their semantic. The elements that affect the word formation of the negative prefixes can be summarized into three rules, namely homologous rules, collocation rules and assimilation rules. Studying the word-formation characteristics and semantic features of negative prefix can help us understand its word-formation, semantic features and master the usage features. Thus, we can improve our ability of word-formation, expand vocabulary effectively and improve the ability of reading, listening, writing, speaking and understanding. And this paper offers much to the frame of my paper; its idea is beneficial to my paper.Prefixal Negation and Non-prefixal negation of English Adjectives written byHu Youxin and Li Xuzhong gives me a quite comprehensive knowledge of negation of English adjectives.There are various negative prefixes in English word formation. It is essential to grasp the negative features of the prefixes in the study and practice of English. This paper focuses on prefixal negation and non-prefixal negation of English adjectives. The authors begin by discussing the lexical gaps, contextual constraints and semantic differences. They found out that it did have the pragmatic and semantic differences between the prefixal negation and non-prefixal negation, which seem to have the same meaning. The paper aims to find out their situation when to use and factors which are restricted. At the end, they conclude the theory about adjectives by many examples in the sentences with an emphasis on each semantic feature. Results analyzed in the following chapters are meaningful for my paper where is stating the differences in their semantic meanings, and impose me to enlarge my thinking span.Having read the above literature concerning English negative prefixes of their usages, we have no difficulty in finding that we should focus more on the usage of negative prefixes “IN-”, “UN –”and “NON-”. Meanwhile, we also realize the corpus-based research play an important role in the study of linguistics. More and more scholars and professors both at home and abroad are paying more attention to the field of negative prefixes. From the literature, we know some important ideas and information about negative prefixes, how to classify negative prefixes according to different word formations and their natural characters. Teachers of English need also do some experimental research to see how the findings from the study could be used to teach words containing negative prefixes efficiently and effectively. In order to learn English well and communicate with people better, we should learning much about morphology, use them reasonably. Because it is the foundation of learn English. Besides, morphology is useful for us to pursue research into negative prefixes. I hope that I can make some contribution to this field by reading and researching extensively and analyzing the morphology.ReferencesAdams, V. An Introduction to Modern English Word-Formation[M]. Harlow, Essex, UK: Longman Group Ltd, 1973:23-25.Algeo, J. The Voguish Use of non-, American Speech[J]. 1971:87-105.Barber, C. The English Language: A Historical Introduction[M]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993:45-46.Lipka, L. An Outline of English Lexicology: Lexical Structure, Word Semantics and Word-Formation[M]. Tubingen: Max Niemeyer Verlag. 1990:63-65. Mattews. Morphology[M]. 2nd ed. Beijing: Foreign language teaching and research press, 2000.程焕福。
否定词前缀总结(5篇)
否定词前缀总结第1篇im-polite-impolite礼貌的- 不礼貌的adj.possible-impossible可能的- 不可能的adj.in-correct-incorrect正确的- 错误的adj.convenient-inconvenient方便的- 不方便的adj.dependent-independent依赖的- 独立的adj.dis-agree-disagree同意- 不同意v.able-disabled有能力的- 丧失能力的，有残疾的adj. il-legal-illegal合法的- 不合法的adj.ir-regular-irregular有规律的- 无规律的adj.挖掘“活跃词”的深意否定词前缀总结第2篇●Everyone should learn how to be ________ in our daily life. (depend) （2021年长宁区一模）解析：independentbe independent in our daily life在日常生活中要独立●Eventually students will graduate from schools to live as fully ________ adults. (depend) （2021 年青浦区一模）解析：independentfully independent adults完全独立的成年人●Studying abroad has made me much more ________ in many ways.(depend) （2020年宝山区一模）解析：independentmake sb. independent使某人独立通过如上三题，你会惊人地发现，一些经常出现的单词里，原来暗藏着老师们的谆谆教诲，希望我们养成优秀的品质啊！所以我们继续来探索，除了独立，我们还需要摒弃哪些陋习呢？否定词前缀总结第3篇否定前缀dis-往往可以加在动词、形容词之前构成否定，这些是大家平日学习中不太熟悉的，一定要特别注意。
从认知和功能语言学角度看汉语否定表达——评《汉语否定表达的认知研究和逻辑分析》
由袁毓林撰写的《汉语否定表达的认知研究和逻辑分析》一书，从认知和功能语言学角度阐述了汉语几种否定表达的句法、语义和语用特点，运用逻辑语义学方法分析显性否定表达和隐性否定表达的语义结构特点，揭示了它们在断言、推论、预设和焦点结构方面的同异。
该书构建了语言使用者在获取复杂的否定表达的语义解释时，可能采用的自上而下的概率性的处理策略，以及所受到的惯例、仪式和道义等社会心理原则约束，从而展示了一种基于语言运用的汉语语法的研究范式。
第一，分析了否定结构的语义学理论。
在否定句的焦点结构、预设和辖域歧义论述中，阐述了否定的辖域和预设、语用预设和否定的焦点、否定范畴的线性表达与语义效用、预设的可取消性和否定的辖域歧义、内外部否定的消解理论和关于预设投射的三种理论等。
在外部否定理论方案和悖论认识功能方面，阐述了否定的缺省约定、自然语言逻辑的非单调性、用语言层阶理论清除“断言否定预设”之悖论。
第二，分析了显性否定格式的语义。
在否定式偏正结构的跨维度考察中，重点阐述了副词性状语、形容词状语和其他几种状语的否定表达问题；在并列结构的否定表达中，主要阐述了汉语并列结构的否定表达、直陈式与假设式否定、汉语和英语的比较等问题；在连谓结构的否定表达中，主要阐述了连动与递系结构的否定形式、前段是介词结构的连谓结构的否定形式问题；等等。
第三，分析了隐性否定动词的语义。
在动词内隐性否定的语义层次和溢出条件中，主要阐述了“防止与避免”类、“差欠”类、“拒绝与否认”类、“小心”类、“后悔与责怪”类、“怀疑”类等隐性否定动词，以及隐性否定、语义溢出、冗余否定的交际动因、限制条件，否定的“上升与下降”“溢出与倒灌”等问题；在“怀疑”的意义引申机制和语义识解策略中，阐述了“怀疑”的意义与分布的不完全对称性、“怀疑”意义的识解策略及其概念基础、“怀疑”的使用规则和偏误分析等；在隐性否定溢出实例的合格性调查和博弈论分析中，重点阐述了隐性否定的语义溢出和冗余否定、隐性否定语义溢出的真实文本例句分析、隐性否定是否溢出实现的博弈论分析、隐性否定溢出句的使用和理解策略等问题。
关于否定前缀“不、无、非”和类词缀“不、无、非”的对照研究
关于否定前缀“不、無、非”和类词缀“不、无、非”的对照研究中日两国是一衣带水的邻邦,两国之问的交流更是源远流长。
特别是在文化方面,公元前二、三世纪左右,中国的汉字经朝鲜半岛传入日本,使日本首次拥有了可以记录历史、文化的文字。
而到了近现代,日本在学习西方文化的过程中,利用汉字创造了大量的新词汇,如“民主”“经济”等,并且传入中国,不仅推动了中国近代化的进程,更丰富了中国的汉字体系。
在这个相互交流的过程中,我们注意到了中日两国语言中都存在着“不景气”“不治”“无党派”“无敌”“非金属”这类以否定词开头的词语。
在作为黏着语的日语和作为孤立语的汉语中,这类词语究竟有什么样的区别和联系?本论文将以『国语大辞典』和『汉语大词典』中抽出的以上述否定词开头的词语为研究对象进行对比研究,找出这类词语中存在的一些规律,并弄清中日两语之间存在的联系与区别。
本论文由以下几个部分组成。
第一章中介绍了“不、无、非”在日语和汉语中的定位。
第二章以『国语大辞典』和『汉语大词典』中抽出的词语为对象,分析了日语和汉语中与“不、无、非”结合的词根的词性以及在与“不、无、非”结合后所形成的词语的词性。
第三章中重点对日语和汉语中“不、无、非”在复合词中的意义进行了对比研究,并对中日两国语言中“不”的否定意义添加功能以及“不”否定意义的弱化进行了分析。
同时,本章中还通过对日语中「不」和「无」的读音变化及不同读音下构词力和意思的差别进行对照来力求发现古代汉语对日语的影响。
第四章中以网络词典『中华诗词网—词语大全』和『国语大辞典』中抽出的词语为对象,分析了日语和汉语中“不、无、非”的否定范围。
最后,对本论文中对比研究后得出的结论进行总结,对中国学习者提出建议,并对今后的研究课题进行展望。
医学英语中否定词缀的词源探究
agraphia loss of the ability to write, resulting from a brain lesion
akinesia loss of normal motor function
alexia
loss of the ability to read
anakmesis arrest of maturation
否定前缀a来源于希腊语的alpha剥离出来的和英语的否定前缀un意义一样意思是缺少lackinginsomething没有without或?not现代英语中这种前汉语意义步??能无心畸形血液二氧化碳缺乏无头畸形无胆汁无咬合面无指症味觉缺失失写症运动失能失读症成熟受阻全聋痛觉丧失贫血症无脑畸形嗅觉缺失说示?能缺氧血症缺氧症无?症失语症失声症无呼吸心?失常无菌无性异步失衡心搏停止萎缩lowconcentrationofcarbondioxideinthebloodcongenitalabsenceoftheheadanabsenceofbilesecretionabsenceofocclusionoftheopposingteethsurfacecongenitalabsenceoffingersortoeslackofthesenseoftastelossoftheabilitytowriteresultingfromabrainlesionlossofnormalmotorfunctionlossoftheabilitytoreadarrestofmaturationcompletedeafnessabsenceofthesenseofpainwithoutlossofconsciousnessreductionbelownormalofthenumberoferythrocytesquantityofhemoglobinadefectinbrainconcerningsmallormissingbrainlossofthesenseofsmellinabilitytounderstandoruseacquiredsymbolsabnormalreductionintheoxygencontentofthebloodapathologicaldeficiencyofoxygenespeciallyhypoxiatheabsenceofurineformationinabilitytoarticulateideaslossofthevoicelossofrespirationirregularityintheforceorrhythmoftheheartbeatthestateofbeingfreeofpathogenicmicroorganismsthesateofhavingnoevidentsexorsexo
现代汉语词缀研究
现代汉语词缀研究现代汉语词缀研究在语言学领域具有重要意义。
通过对词缀的深入了解，我们可以更好地理解汉语词汇的构成和使用，为语言教学、词典编纂、语言风格研究等领域提供有力支持。
本文将概述现代汉语词缀研究的意义和现状，分类探讨词缀的特性，并分析词缀在语言应用中的重要角色。
最后，文章将总结现代汉语词缀研究的主要内容，强调其必要性和重要性。
一、现代汉语词缀研究概述词缀是指在词根前或后附加的语素，如“子”、“头”等。
现代汉语中，词缀现象较为普遍，涉及的词缀种类繁多。
通过对现代汉语词缀的研究，我们可以了解词语产生的历史背景、演变过程以及使用规范，有助于解释汉语词汇体系的构成和发展。
二、现代汉语词缀分类研究1、前缀：前缀是指在词根前面的附加成分，如“老”、“阿”等。
前缀通常不改变词根的词性，但在语义上往往对整个词语产生一定的影响。
例如，“老”加在姓氏前表示对对方的尊称，“阿”加在人名前表示亲切。
2、后缀：后缀是指在词根后面的附加成分，如“儿”、“化”等。
后缀通常也不改变词根的词性，但在语法和语用上往往对整个词语产生一定的影响。
例如，“儿”用于名词后表示“小”或“可爱”，“化”用于动词后表示“变为”或“成为”。
3、中缀：中缀是指在词根中间插入的语素，如“不”、“里”等。
中缀可以改变词语的语法和语义关系，使词语具有新的意义和用法。
例如，“不”加在“好”的前面表示否定，“里”加在长度单位前表示内部。
三、现代汉语词缀语义研究词缀在语义上具有一定的象征性，这种象征性主要通过隐喻、比喻、借代等修辞手法实现。
例如，“X族”中的“族”表示一类人或事物，通过隐喻手法将具有某一共同特点的一类人或事物归为一个语义场，方便人们理解和记忆。
此外，词缀还承载着一定的文化内涵和情感色彩，如“阿妈”、“老爹”等词语中的“阿”、“老”等词缀体现了亲昵、尊敬等情感色彩。
四、现代汉语词缀应用研究现代汉语词缀研究在语言教学、词汇学习、语言风格等方面具有广泛的应用价值。
英语语法：否定意义的前缀
3）表示反动作的意思
de-, defend, demodulation（解调）
dis-, disarm, disconnect
un-, ui-, ant- antiknock（ 防震）, antiforeign,（排外的）
ne-, n-, none, neither, never
non-, noesense
neg-, neglect
un- unable, unemployment
2）表示错误的`意义
male-, mal-, malfunction, maladjustment（失调）
mis-, mistake, mislead
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英语语法：否定意义的前缀
英语语法:否定意义的前缀
表示否定意义的前缀
1）纯否定前缀
a-, an-, asymmetry（不对称）anhydrous（无水的）
dis- dishonest, dislike
in-, ig-, il, im, ir, incapable, inability, ignoble, impossible, immoral, illegal, irregular
表示术语的前缀
1）aud-, 表示听，声audience,
2）bio-, 表示生命，生物biography（传记）
3）ge-, 表示地球，大地geography
contra-, contre-, contro-, contradiction, controflow（逆流）
counter-, counterreaction, counterbalance
现代汉语否定焦点研究综述
现代汉语否定焦点研究综述焦点本来是个光学上的术语，现在它已成为当代语言学的一个重要概念。
由于理论背景的差异与思考模式的不同，至今，语法学界对焦点的概念、分类、数量、标记方式等问题尚未达成共识，对否定焦点等特殊问题的研究还相当薄弱。
否定是语用平面的重要概念，属于句子表达的口气范畴。
汉语中常使用“不”“没”“别”等标记进行否定。
可以说，否定焦点既是现代汉语否定句研究的子课题，也是焦点理论研究的子课题，是一个具有交叉性质的课题。
就现有文献看，汉语否定句研究中最引人注意的问题是否定中心（即否定焦点，为行文方便，下文所涉及到的“否定中心”一律称为“否定焦点”）的识别和否定句的歧义问题，而目前汉语否定焦点研究存在的主要分歧也在于此，即否定焦点与否定句的焦点是否一致。
谈到否定焦点，就必然要涉及否定范围（即否定辖域，为行文方便，文中所涉及到的“否定辖域”一律称为“否定范围”）的问题。
否定焦点和否定范围是R.Quirk,G.Leech等人在研究英语否定句时提出的概念。
近年来，汉语语法界对否定焦点的研究主要有：沈开木（1984）从语用的角度把“不”的作用分为两大类：一为没有语音停顿的，二为有语音停顿的。
没有语音停顿的，“不”字的否定范围可以明确地表达出来，包括以下两种情况：第一，当一个短语不是主谓短语的时候，“不”字的否定范围常常是从它后面的那个词开始，到动词的宾语为止，即是说管到逻辑宾语为止。
如“不在他面前说笑话”中“不”字的否定范围是从“在”开始，到动词的宾语“笑话”为止。
如果逻辑宾语以副动词（介词）的宾语的姿态出现，“不”字的否定范围便管到副动词的宾语。
如“对他不关心”中副动词的宾语“他”属于“不”字的否定范围。
第二，当一个短语是主谓短语的时候，否定范围管到主语。
因为主语有的是逻辑宾语，有的是逻辑主项的组成部分。
如“他不洗衣服”中主语“他”是逻辑主项的组成部分，与“洗衣服”合起来表示一件事，因而属于否定范围。
英语语言学文献综述范文
关键词：English language learning foreign language language teaching 杭州论文文献综述论文题目：英语******调查分析论文语种：英文您的研究方向：英语是否有数据处理要求：否您的国家：杭州您的学校背景：普通大学要求字数：1500论文用途：本科文献综述是否需要盲审（博士或硕士生有这个需要）：否补充要求和说明：Literature ReviewResearch abroadEnglish dictionary is not only the indispensable reference book in the English language learning, but also a kind of good textbook. Dictionary can give learners a large number of useful information includes spelling, pronunciation, meaning and grammar. Therefore, in the process of learning a foreign language, the role of dictionary must be emphasized. The use of dictionary has not been a kind of associative activity for listening, speaking, reading, writing and transformation but a component of language learning. It is reported that Chinese students majoring in English suffer various kinds of issues upon how to learn English efficiently and how to use dictionaries effectively. In order to use dictionary effectively, dictionary users must have certain skills and the requirement of the skills needs certain kind of trainings. Some foreign countries have made some achievements in the dictionary users and relevant research situations. The study has found that the retrieval ability of dictionary users is quite low and it can not meet /language/2012/0113/lw201201131711534474.html the need of dictionary retrieval. And the reason is that people are lack of necessary training. In addition, the language teachers do not pay adequate attention to the cultivation of dictionary retrieval skills and they do not take the cultivation of dictionary retrieval skills into account as a part of language teaching. Furthermore, some foreign scholars also study the specific process of dictionary retrieval as well as retrieval skills in the process. For example, Scholfield’s model captures the main procedures of dictionary use in the comprehension activity. In his model, he has pointed out several main steps in d/language/2012/0113/lw201201131718469559.htmlictionary use. When the learner identifies a vocabulary problem, he should make the decision to use a dictionary to solve the problem. When he or she looks up in the dictionary, the right specific entry or part of an entry has to be located. In all, his model was one of the early efforts to make procedures of dictionary use.Domestic researchReferences[1] Cowie, A. P. (2000). English Dictionaries for Foreign Learners: A History [M].北京：外语教学与研究出版社[2] Hartmann R R K, James G. (1998). The Dictionary and the Language Learner [M]. London, New York: Rutledge[3] Berwick G, Horsfall P. (1996). Making Effective Use of the Dictionary [M].。
浅析英语否定前缀
浅析英语否定前缀
冷卉
【期刊名称】《西南农业大学学报（社会科学版）》
【年(卷),期】2011(009)009
【摘要】英语否定前缀在英语派生词缀中占有重要地位,对它们的熟练掌握能够使英语学习者更加高效、精确地学习和积累英语词汇。
本文简要分析了英语否定前缀的构词特点和语义特征,以期能够对英语学习者的词缀学习和词汇积累起到一定的指导作用。
【总页数】2页(P128-129)
【作者】冷卉
【作者单位】辽东学院外语学院,辽宁丹东118003
【正文语种】中文
【中图分类】H314.1
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Literature ReviewC08英语（3）班赵雁081323327The term morphology was coined by August Schleicher in 1859. In linguistics, morphology is the identification, analysis and description of the structure of a given language's morphemes and other linguistic units, such as words, affixes, parts of speech, intonation/stress, or implied context . However, English acquisition is a difficult part in English learning, for the vocabulary is very large and it is enlarged continuously with the rapid development of modern society. No matter how large the English vocabulary is, words are formed according to certain word-formation rules. Affix knowledge is considered to be an important aspect of vocabulary knowledge. It plays an important part in vocabulary development and reading. The master of affix is of great importance to both language teaching and language learning. Affix knowledge contributes to determining how well a learner reads new words. Thus, the English learners must master the rules in word-formation so well that they can use and remember the vocabulary fluently. Through two months’ efforts in searching, collecting and reading an abundance of scholars and professors’ literature concerning the usage of negative prefixes in morphological aspects , I made a detail analysis of the morphology and created the following essay which summoned up the essence of the negative prefixes used in the BNC corpus.Morphology by Matthews demonstrates the definition of morphology in the modern social life from many aspects. The paper points out that the morphology has many meanings. Words are usually treated as the basic and minimal units of a language to make sentences, which are combinations of words according to syntactic rules. Structurally, however, a word is not the smallest unit because many words can be separated into even smaller meaningful units. These minimal meaningful units are known as morphemes. Since the morphology can develop the people’s knowledge and good values, it is quite important for the researchers to study on it. In this sense, goodacademic knowledge in the study is a part of the tough task. This paper offers much practical ideas for me to think about the meaning of the research on the negative prefixes. Morphemes vary in functions. Accordingly, we can classify morphemes into several general categories: free versus bound, derivational versus inflectional, and lexical versus grammatical. However, their boundaries are not as clear-cut as they appear to be due to some overlapping. For the sake of discussion, we shall define each type in terms of its characteristics.The negative prefixes that the essay researched here are under the circumstances of morphology. It is quite significant for me to start my paper.English V ocabulary Learning Course by Zhang Weiyou is a book that points out a large number of views on word formation. The word itself is an elusive notion, which needs immediate consideration. The relationship between words and vocabulary, between sound and meaning, and between sound and form demands explanation as well. Language is not a fixed list of words but a growing and developing store, which is quite formidable. However, the huge unstable vocabulary of English can be classified into a few manageable categories by different criteria. This is also part of our concern. The expansion of vocabulary in modern English depends chiefly on word formation. There is a variety of means being at work now. According to Pyles and Algeo, words produced through affixation constitute 30% to 40% of the total number of new words. Affixation is generally defined as the formation of words by adding word-formation or derivational affixes to bases. This process is also known as derivation, by which new words are derived from old or base forms. The words created in this way are called derivatives. According to the positions affixes occupy in words, affixation falls into two subcategories: prefixation and suffixation. Prefixation is the formation of new words by adding prefixes to bases. Prefixes do not generally change the word-class of the base but only modify its meaning. For convenience of study, we shall present prefixes on a semantic basis, that is, we shall group prefixes into semantic sets, each consisting of all the major prefixes that have similar meaning and functions. At the same time, the author exactly gives a complete theory of word-formation. It makes me have a better understanding offormation---- how the prefixes are formed.On Ten Semantic Classifications of English Prefixes by Mao Donghui makes an analysis on semantic meanings of negative prefixes. The richness and abundance of English vocabulary is closely related to its prefixes as they provide semantic meanings to the roots in limitation, modification and supplement. In analyzing and generalizing English prefixes, grammarians are also likely to study them from the angle of their semantic functions, and therefore, in learning and studying affixes, it is critical to be in semantic awareness of English prefixes. They are classified into ten kinds of prefixes. All of them are mentioned as follows: negative prefixes, reversative prefixes, pejorative prefixes, prefixes of degree or size, prefixes of orientation and attitude, locative prefixes, prefixes of time and order, number prefixes, miscellaneous neo-classical prefixes and conversion prefixes. Prefixes are very dynamic in word formation. Actually, word-formation mainly has five types. It is called derivation which is made out by adding affixes. Derivation is the most active way in word-formation. And meanwhile, prefixes play an important role in derivation. In many circumstances, prefix and suffix have exactly different functions. Prefix changes the meaning of the roots. But the suffix not only changes its semantic meaning, but also changes its natural characteristic. We can see “in-” and “non-” are part of negative prefixes, but “un-” is part of reversative prefixes. This paper makes me pay more attention to the semantic meanings of negative prefixes.Analyses on Usage of Negative Prefixes “IN-”“UN-”“NON-” by Chen Huanfu discusses the such aspects as prefix’s productivity, origin, distribution and distinctive characteristics in meaning. He also presents a description of three negative prefixes in English, “IN-”, “UN- ” and “NON-”, each of which tends to combine with positive adjectives and the resultant derived adjectives are often lexicalized and assigned negative sense. Being more productive than “IN-”and less productive than “NON-”, “UN-” shows features from both sides, depending on the given stems with which it combines. It also mentions the distinctive semantic features. It contains the difference of concepts and difference of tones. The author also finds out that “NON-”mainly forms the contradictory and complementary opposites. Learning that helps me to havea better understanding in the usage of the negative prefixes.Negative Prefixes and Their Extended Meanings in English by Zhao Chunfeng makes a detail of analysis of their extended meanings. The expansion of vocabulary in modern English depends chiefly on word formation. There are a variety of means being at work now. The most productive are affixation, compounding and conversion. Prefixation is the formation of new words by adding prefixes to bases. Prefixes do not generally change the word-class of the base but only modify its meaning. This essay tries to express the extended meanings of negative prefixes, such as "negative, opposite, and reverse" etc. in the view of word - building of English. The author does not only try to explain these negative prefixes, but to expound their extended meanings as well. We get to know by means of studying them that these prefixes have undergone through a course from their original simple meanings to their various ones of today, which helps us further and better understand English affixes. It struck me again that the negative prefix plays an essential part; therefore, the study of it seems to be significant.A Contrastive Study of the Characteristics of the Lexical Structural Systems Between English and Chinese by Zhang Weiyou gives me a quite comprehensive knowledge of the lexical structural system. English and Chinese have their own conspicuous characteristics in structural systems of lexis, which are reflected in the morphological structures of words and word-formation. The most productive are affixation, compounding and conversion. According to the positions affixes occupy in words, affixation falls into two subcategories: prefixation and suffixation. Prefixes do not generally change the word-class of the base but only modify its meaning. For convenience of study, we shall present prefixes on a semantic basis, that is, we shall group prefixes into semantic sets, each consisting of all the major prefixes that have similar meaning and functions. A contrastive study of the lexical systems of English and Chinese in such respects of morphemes and words, morphemes and affixes, positions of morphemes in words, words and non-words, word-formation and syntax, etc. discloses that there are both similarities and differences in the vocabularies of the two languages, but the differences overwhelm similarities. This paper teaches me howto choose the factors to study and analyze the different concepts and gives me the idea of trying to analyze usage in special ways by the BNC corpus.A Corpus-based Study on Derivational Affixes in English for Science and Technology by Leng Hui gives a comprehensive summarization of negative prefix’s similarities and differences. The study is aimed at finding out the basic similarities and differences among “IN-”, “UN –”and “NON-”. Description of the negative prefix’s productivity, distribution and distinctive characteristics in meaning are also mentioned. This paper briefly analyzes the diachronic study of English word-formation in an attempt to depict English negative prefixes from an etymological perspective. One way to distinguish English synonyms is to detect their origins: “IN-”, and “UN-”are separately attached to word bases that share origins. Studying the word-formation characteristics and semantic features of negative prefix can help us understand its word-formation, semantic features and master the usage features. Thus, we can improve our ability of word-formation, expand vocabulary effectively and improve the ability of reading, listening, writing, speaking and understanding. Thereby we can reduce remembering-vocabulary failure caused by the structures of each word. And the idea leads me to think more about the ways and results the vocabulary differences among words can change by affixes.A Corpus-based Study of Morphological Productivity of Negative Prefixes in English by Du Lifang focuses on the influences of the productivity of negative prefixes. In English, there are at least ten prefixes that denote negative meaning, and it’s often very confusing to English learners as to the subtle differences in their usage. English learners are especially puzzled about the phenomenon that the same base takes different negative prefix to express its negative, like immoral and unmoral; inhuman, unhuman and non-human. Although some research has been done in this field as to the application/combination rules concerning the different negative prefixes, e.g. factors that influence the productivity of a particular one, there seems to be a gap as to the quantitative study of productivity of these negative prefixes. So the author would like to make an attempt in this field. In this paper, five commonly-usednegative prefixes in English are selected for the present study :a-，dis-, in- (including its variants il-, ir-, im- )，non- and un-.Scholars have been trying to provide effective ways of accessing the productivity of affixes quantitatively. However, it seems that no one of the measurements is hardly without any objections, either in theoretical point of view or in practical application. However, each measure does reflect a different aspect of productivity. When applying those measures, one should have a clear view in mind about that. In view of theoretical and methodological problems in practical application, and also of its significance of the results for the future, this paper adopts two measures to assess the productivity of negative prefixes in English: one is type frequency, which is to gauge past productivity, that is to make a survey of how many members each of the prefixes has so far generated. It imposes me to enlarge my thinking span.Talking about the English Negative Prefixes by Leng Hui gives me a general and detailed outlook of the English negative prefixes. Among all the English prefixes, the ability of word formation in negative prefixes is very strong. And the words formed by negative prefixes hold a large proportion in amount of the derivation. However, due to its own characters on word-formation and semantic in negative prefixes, it seems to be changeable for the learners who are begin to learn English. Meanwhile, it is difficult for them to remember the new words. Thus, in order to know these negative prefixes well, the learners must learn from two aspects. These are their features of word-formation and the characters of their semantic. The elements that affect the word formation of the negative prefixes can be summarized into three rules, namely homologous rules, collocation rules and assimilation rules. Studying the word-formation characteristics and semantic features of negative prefix can help us understand its word-formation, semantic features and master the usage features. Thus, we can improve our ability of word-formation, expand vocabulary effectively and improve the ability of reading, listening, writing, speaking and understanding. And this paper offers much to the frame of my paper; its idea is beneficial to my paper.Prefixal Negation and Non-prefixal negation of English Adjectives written byHu Youxin and Li Xuzhong gives me a quite comprehensive knowledge of negation of English adjectives.There are various negative prefixes in English word formation. It is essential to grasp the negative features of the prefixes in the study and practice of English. This paper focuses on prefixal negation and non-prefixal negation of English adjectives. The authors begin by discussing the lexical gaps, contextual constraints and semantic differences. They found out that it did have the pragmatic and semantic differences between the prefixal negation and non-prefixal negation, which seem to have the same meaning. The paper aims to find out their situation when to use and factors which are restricted. At the end, they conclude the theory about adjectives by many examples in the sentences with an emphasis on each semantic feature. Results analyzed in the following chapters are meaningful for my paper where is stating the differences in their semantic meanings, and impose me to enlarge my thinking span.Having read the above literature concerning English negative prefixes of their usages, we have no difficulty in finding that we should focus more on the usage of negative prefixes “IN-”, “UN –”and “NON-”. Meanwhile, we also realize the corpus-based research play an important role in the study of linguistics. More and more scholars and professors both at home and abroad are paying more attention to the field of negative prefixes. From the literature, we know some important ideas and information about negative prefixes, how to classify negative prefixes according to different word formations and their natural characters. Teachers of English need also do some experimental research to see how the findings from the study could be used to teach words containing negative prefixes efficiently and effectively. In order to learn English well and communicate with people better, we should learning much about morphology, use them reasonably. Because it is the foundation of learn English. Besides, morphology is useful for us to pursue research into negative prefixes. I hope that I can make some contribution to this field by reading and researching extensively and analyzing the morphology.ReferencesAdams, V. An Introduction to Modern English Word-Formation[M]. Harlow, Essex, UK: Longman Group Ltd, 1973:23-25.Algeo, J. The Voguish Use of non-, American Speech[J]. 1971:87-105.Barber, C. The English Language: A Historical Introduction[M]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993:45-46.Lipka, L. An Outline of English Lexicology: Lexical Structure, Word Semantics and Word-Formation[M]. Tubingen: Max Niemeyer Verlag. 1990:63-65. Mattews. Morphology[M]. 2nd ed. Beijing: Foreign language teaching and research press, 2000.程焕福。