英国文学6
英国文学
English Literature 英国文学主要分类一、The Old English Literature中古英国文学二、The Renaissance Period文艺复兴时期文学（伊丽莎白时代，14-16世纪）三、The 17 century English Literature17世纪英国文学四、The18 century English Literature18世纪英国文学（启蒙时期）五、Literature of Romantic Age浪漫主义时期文学六、Literature in Victoria Period维多利亚时期文学七、Literature in Modern Period现在时期英国文学The main content to know•Background knowledge (from history,culture atmosphere) •Important Literary Terms•Important Writers and Literary WorksThe Old English Literature（一）General Introduction（总体介绍）The Old English literature（which lasted from 499 to 1066）isexclusively a verse（诗篇）literature in oral form.There were two groups of English poetry in this period-the first was the pagan（异教的）poetry represented by Beowulf，the second was the religious poetry represented by the works of Caedmon and Cynewulf.In the 8th century,Anglo-Saxon prose appeared.The most famous prose writers of that period were Venerable bede and Alfred the Great.After the Norman Conques,three languages existed in England,which were French spoken by the Normans,English spoken by the lower class and Latin spoken by the scholars and clergymen. The prevailing from of literature in the feudal England was the Romance.The Romance prospered for 300 years(1200-1500)from which we see an epitome（缩影）of the Middle Ages.In the 15th century,English ballads became very popular and the only important writer was Thomas Malory.（二）Important Literary TermsOld English（古英语）：language spoken by the Anglo-Saxons is called the Old English,which is the foundation of English language and literature.Romance(中世纪的传奇故事）：The Romance was the prevailing form of literature in the Middle Ages.It was a long composition, sometimes in verse, sometimes in prose, describing the life and adventures of a noble hero.（三）Important Writers and Literary Works1.Beowulf(《贝奥武甫》）Beowulf is the oldest poem in the English language and the most important spe-cimen of Anglo-Saxon literture.The main stories are based on the folk legends of the primitive northern tribes.2.Religious Poets(宗教诗人）Caedmon(卡德蒙，610-680)Caedmon is the first known religious poet of England.He is known as the father of English song, Caedmon’s Hymn (《卡德蒙的赞美诗》）is a praise poem in honor of god.Cynewulf(基涅武甫，公元九世纪）Cynewulf lived in the 9th century. He produced four poems, of which The Christ(《基督》）is the most characteristic. Throughout the poem, a deep love for Christ and reverence for Virgin Mary(圣母利亚）are expressed.3.Prose Writers（散文作家）Venerable Bede(可敬的比德，672-735)Bede,also referred to as Saint Bede(圣比德）or the Venerable Bede,is well known as an author and scholar,and his most famous work, Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum, or An Ecclesiastica History of the English People(《英吉利人教会史》）,gained him the title “The Father of English History”(英国史学之父）Alfred the Great(阿尔弗雷德大帝，849-899）Alfred is the only English monarch to be accorded the epithet “the Great”(唯一一个被授予“大帝”名号额英格兰国王）.He was the first King of the West Saxons to style himself “King of the Anglo-saxons”(将自己命名为“盎格鲁-撒克逊之王”的西撒克逊国王）.The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle(《盎格鲁-撒克逊编年史》）is a collection of annals(年鉴）in Old English chronicling the history of the Anglo-Saxons. original manusript of the Chronicle was created late in the 9th century, probably in Wessex,duing the reign of Alfred the Great.4.The Romance(传奇）Sir Gawain and the Green Knight（《高文爵士与绿衣骑士》）It is a romance of 2,530 lines derived from Celtic legend(凯尔特骑士）.Sir Cawain, nephew of King Arthur, accepted the challenge of the Green Knight in the Green Chapel（绿教堂）. At last, he got a girdle （腰带）as a gift from the Knight and his story became widely known.5.Age of Chaucer(乔叟时代）The 14th century is called “Age of Chaucer”.Chaucer and Langland(朗格兰，1332-1400，英国诗人），were the most important writers of age.Ceoffrey Chaucer(杰弗里·乔叟，1343-1400）Chaucer is acclaimed not only as “the father of English poetry”（英国诗歌之父），but also as “the father of English fiction (英国小说之父）.His masterpiece, The Canterbury Tales(《坎特伯雷故事集》），is one of the most famous works in all literatures.Chaucer wrote in vivid and exact language; his poetry is full vigor and swiftness.Book of the Duchess 《公爵夫人之书》The House of Fame《声誉之宫》The Parliament of Fowls 《百鸟会议》The Legend of Good Women 《贤妇传说》Troilus and Criseyde 《特洛伊罗斯与克丽西达》6. The 15th Century Ballads(民歌，歌谣）Thomas Malory(托马斯·马洛礼，1405-1471）Tomas Malory wrote an important work called Le Morte d’Arthur（《亚瑟王之死》）.The central concern is with the adventures of Arthur and his famous Knights of the Round Table（圆桌骑士）.The book is very important in English literature.Its Arthurian materials have a strong influence on literature of later centuries.The Renaissance Period伊丽莎白时代，14—16世纪一）General Introduction（总体介绍）The Renaissance（文艺复兴）was a European phenomenon, which originated in Italy. The English Renaissance encouraged the reformation of the Church.In Elizabethan（伊丽莎白）period, English literature developed with great speed. The most distinctive achievement of Elizabethan literature is drama. Next to drama is the lyrical poetry（抒情诗）,remarkable for its variety and freshness and romantic feeling.In that period, writing peotry became a fashion and England became “a nest of singing birds”. In tha same period, Francis Bacon wrote more than fifty excellent essays, which make him one of the best essayists（散文家）in English literature.（二）Important Literary Terms1）Renaissance：In the Renaissance Period, scholars began to emphasize the capacities of human mind and the achievements of human culture. So humanism（人文主义）became the keynote of English Renaissance. English Renaissance is divied into three periods:①the 1st period from 1516 to 1578 is called the beginning of the Renaissance.②The 2nd period from1578 to 1625 is known as the flowering period.③The 3rd period from 1625 to 1660 is the epilogue（尾声）of the Renaissance.2) Spenserian Stanza（斯宾塞诗体）Spenser invented a new verse form. Each stanza has nine lines, each of the first eight lines is in iambic pentameter and the ninth line is an iambic hexameter line.（每个诗节由九行组成，前八行为五步抑扬格，第九行为六步抑扬格。
《英国学生文学读本 英文版 套装共6册 》读书笔记思维导图
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英国学生文学读本（英文版 第2 册）
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01 WHAT IS FEAR?
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英国文学 PART 6
英国文学PART61.Critical Realism(批判现实主义)：Critical Realism is a term applied to the realistic fiction in the late19th and early20th centuries.It means the tendency of writers and intellectuals in the period between1875and1920to apply the methods of realistic fiction or the criticism of society and the examination of social issues.Realistic writers were all concerned about the fate of the common people and described what was faithful to reality.The critical realists, however,did not find a way to eradicate the social evils they know so well.They did not realize the necessity of changing the bourgeois society through conscious human effort. Their words do not point toward revolution but rather evolution or reforming.They often start with a powerful exposure of the ugliness of the bourgeois world in their works,but their novels usually have happy ending or an important compromise at the end.2.Gothic Novel(哥特式小说)：Gothic Novel is a type of romance very popular late in the18th century and at the beginning of the19th century.Gothic Novel emphasizes things which are grotesque,violent,mysterious,supernatural,desolate and horrifying.Gothic,originally in the sense of“medieval,not classical”.with its description of the dark,irrational side of human nature,Gothic Novel has exerted a great influence over the writers of the Romantic period.3.The People Charter(人民宪章)：In the Charterist Movement,the leaders drafted out their own creeds in1837in which the workers formulated their political demands.In February the London Workingman’s Association drew up a petition to Parliament,in which were put forward this six points.These six points were later called“The People’s Charter”.作家作品1.Austen.Jane简.奥斯丁She was a woman novelist of the18th-century,though she lived mainly in the19th century for her works show clearly her firm brief in the predominance of reason over passion,the sense of responsibility,good manners and clear-sighted judgment over the Romantic tendencies of emotion and individuality.Pride and PrejudicePride and Prejudice,which was originally drafted as First Impressions,mainly tells of the love story between a rich,proud young man Darcy and the beautiful and intelligent Elizabeth Bennet.In this novel,Darcy stands for Pride and Elizabeth represents Prejudice.In the endfalse pride is humbled and prejudice dissolved.2.Charlotte.Bronte夏洛蒂.勃朗特She is one of the three Bronte sisters.Her works are all about the struggle of an individual consciousness towards self-realization,about some lonely and neglected young women with a fierce longing for love,understanding and a full happy life.All her heroines’highest joy arises from some sacrifice of self or some human weakness overcome.Charlotte’s four novels are,to different agrees,based on her own experience and feelings and the life around her.Firstly,she exposes the cruelty,hypocrisy,inequality and other evils of the upper classes and on the other hand,she shows the misery and suffering of the poor and thus presents a vivid realistic picture of the English society.Secondly,she mainly writes from an individual perspective and puts her own feelings into her main characters.Thus she is a subjective writer,tending to write about themselves and to recreate a world of their life and experience. Thirdly,there is an intense love for the beauty of nature and she has an obvious contempt for worldly ambition and success for she believes only in hard-work,self-discipline and high intelligence.In Charlotte’s wors,it is easy to find that her writing is marked by an intensity of a volcanic imagination and fiery passions.Jane Eyre简.爱Jane Eyre is Charlotte’s masterpiece,and also one of the most popular and important novels for the Victorian Age.It is noted for its sharp criticism of the existing society,e.g.the religious hypocrisy of charity institutions such as Lowood School.It traces the passionate love between Jane Eyre and Rochester.The success of the novel is also due to its introduction to the English novel the first governess heroine,Jane Eyre.Jane Eyre is an orphan child with a fiery spirit and a longing to love and be loved,a poor,plain,little governess who dares to love her master,a man superior to her in many ways,and even is brave enough to declare to the man her love for him.In the novel Charlotte shapes a completely new woman image,a woman with the spirit of independence and self-dignity. The novel is a song of women’s struggle for recognition of their basic rights and equality as a human being.Charlotte gives us realistic pictures of the social life of the19th century in her novels.Its social criticism is vividly depicted and sharply presented.As the first manifestation of theawakening of the exploited and maltreated woman,the book is perceived as a representative work of feminist writings,i.e,works reflecting the experience and defending the interest of the weaker sex.2.Emily.Bronte艾米丽.勃朗特Emily.Bronte,a poet and novelist,profoundly metaphysical and original,mainly on the subjects of courage,compassion,and the mysterious workings of the cosmos.She is viewed as the most gifted of the three sisters.Wuthering Heights呼啸山庄Wuthering Heights is a morbid love story between Catherine and Heathcliff.It is also the story between two families.Wuthering is York shire dialect for“weathering”.The novel is a bitter attack on the bourgeois marriage system under which the pure love between the hero and herine is destroyed by class prejudice funded on wealth.4.Charles.Dickens查尔斯.狄更斯He is one of the greatest critical realistic writers of the Victorian Age.His works are intended to expose and criticize all the poverty,injustice,hypocrisy and corruptness of the19th century England,particularly London.The greatness of Dickens is of peculiar kind.He is on the one hand a great entertainer and a great artist on the other.He had the ability to sustain interest through all kinds of literary devices,such as suspension,coincidence,dramatic dialogues and melodrama,etc.Dickens is a great humorist and satirist and his novels are characterized by a mingling of humor and pathos.Oliver Twist雾都孤儿Oliver Twist criticizes the dehumanizing workhouse system and the dark,criminal underworld life.This novel is a powerful exposure of the bourgeois and a fierce attack on the social evils.However,while sympathizing with the miseries of the people,Dickens did not know what r who was responsible for such miseries and even cherished illusion about the rich,idle and benevolent people.David CopperfieldDavid Copperfield is about the debtor’s prison.In writing this novel,Dickens threw into it deep feelings and much of his own experience in his young days.Written at a time when Dickens’creative powers reached their height,the critical reputation is very high.Thereaders can see Dickens’democrative viewpoint in this novel.It is the low petty-bourgeois and proletarian characters who win the love and sympathy of the reader.The main impression of the book is one of good humor,tolerance and fun and the world now is still full of hope and sunshine.Great ExpectationsIt is a satire upon the society and those people who dream to enter the higher society.It exposes the overwhelming social environment which brings moral degeneration and destruction to people.Hard TimesHard Times lashes the Utilitarian principle that rules over the English education system and destroys young hearts and minds.Bleak HouseBleak House attacks the legal system and practices that aim at devouring every penny of the clients.Dombey and SonDombey and Son exposes the money-worship that dominates people’s life,corrupts the young and brings tragedy to Mr.Dombey’s family.The Pickwick Papers匹克威克外传The Pickwick Papers provides a panoramic view of the English society and affords the reader a whole gallery of vivid portraits of the petty-bourgeoisie.Though here the author attacks the ugly side of the political system of the time with formless plot,it is full of the gaiety and happy laughter of a youth.狄更斯的文学生涯第一时期（1836-1841）主基调是欢乐玩笑甚至是文学闹剧的倾向与感伤交替出现。
英国文学简史(6)
英国文学简史Part one: Early and Medieval English LiteratureHistorical Background1.When does early and medieval period refer to?“Early” here means English literature in primitive and slavery society.“Medieval” means English literature in feudal England before the Renaissance.2. What main events happened during this period?Roman conquestEnglish conquestNorman conquestLiterature Achievements in old English period1.two groups of English poetry in Anglo-Saxon period. The first group was the paganpoetry represented by Beowulf, the second was the religious poetry represented by the works of Caedmon and Cynewulf.2. In the 8th century, Anglo-Saxon prose appeared. The famous prose writers of thatperiod were Venerable Bede and Alfred the Great.Venerable Bede : is the first scholar and chronicler in England. The most important works : The Ecclesiastical History of the English People.Alfred the Great : started the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle.Beowulf1.Definition of epic:an extended narrative poem in elevated or dignified language, celebrating the feats ofa legendary or traditional hero.2.Story of Beowulf : P3-4Questions :1.setting :2. characters:3.plotIII. Some important points“Beowulf” is a folk legend brought to England by Anglo-Saxons from their continental homes. However it also reflected the features of the tribal society in Britain.Originally Beowulf, the great epic, was in oral form and it must be a collective creation.Beowulf in the epic is a legendary figure. In formal history you can not find a man named Beowulf.IV. Artistic features of “Beowulf''1. Using alliterationDefinition of alliteration: Words beginning with the same consonants alliterate with each other within each line. Each line of verse may contain an indefinite number ofwords or syllables but generally has four stresses, with a pause between the second and the third stresses.Some examples on P42. ·Using metaphor and understatementDefinition of understatement: expressing something in a controlled wayUnderstatement is a typical way for Englishmen to express their ideas. You may find some examples on P5Literary Features of the Anglo-Saxon Period1) secular(非宗教的) poetry,non religious poems but with Christian coloring;2) created collectively and orally;3) based on history, legend or events of the time;4) for entertainment;5) unknown writers, written down by the monks in the 10th centuryLiterature achievement in Middle English Period1.Romance: ( for noble )2.Ballads: ( folk literature) (oral)( for English people)3. Poetry:1) William Langland (popular literature)2) Chaucer ( the founder of English literature)1.Romance:It is the most prevailing kind of literature in England on feudal period. It is a long composition, in verse or in prose. It describes the life and adventures of a noble hero.The central theme is loyalty to king and Lord. The code of manners and morals of a knight is Chivalry. The most important romance is king Arthur and his knights of the Round Table.2. Ballads:1.It is the most important form of English folk literature.2.It is a story told in song, usually in 4-line stanzas with the second and fourthline rhymed.c.It is a literature of common people,( mainly the literature of the peasants) fromthem one is able to understand the outlook of the English common people in feudal society.d.It flourished in England in the 15th century.e.The most important ballads in England are Robin Hood .3. PoetryWilliam Langland:a. life:b. content:1.attack on the corruption of the rich and the wickedness of clergy2.the political situation of the time3.search for truth4. attack on the seven Deadly Sins:(pride, lechery (色欲），envy, wrath, Avarice, glutton, sloth)c. Social significance:1.a classic of popular literature2.kindled the toiling people’s sense of human dignity and equality before God3.arousing revolutionary sentimentd. artistic features:1.It is written in the form of a dream vision.2.It is an allegory which relates truth through symbolism. But in the main, it is arealistic picture of medieval England.3. The poem uses satire in his description of social abuses caused by the corruption4.The poem is written in alliteration.nguage style: lively speech of the countryside , blunt and unpolished words.Geoffrey ChaucerI. His lifeII. Literary career: 3 stagesIII. His works:a.Troilus and Criseydeb.The Canterbury TalesIV. His Contributions:∙I. His Life∙Born in a wine merchant's family∙Trip to the continent on diplomatic missions,two of which took him to Italy∙Buried in Westminster Abbey, the poets' corner∙Political background:relation with John of Gaunt∙II. Literary Career:∙French period:The Book of the Duchess∙Italian period: works adapted from the Italian: Troilus and Criseyde∙English period: The Canterbury TalesHe reached maturity and was free from dominant foreign influence.∙III. His works:∙The Book of the Dutchess 《公爵夫人之书》∙The House of Fame《声誉之堂》∙The Parliament of Fowls《百鸟议会》∙The Canterbury Tales《坎特伯雷故事集》∙Troilus and Criseyde 《特罗勒斯和克莱西》Troilus and Criseyde∙It is based on a poem by Boccaccio, his longest poem, written in the rhymed royal(君王体）(a seven-line stanza in iambic pentameter rhyming ababbcc.)The Canterbury Tales∙Questions :1. the organization of the book( the relationship between the general prologue and each tale)2.The main features of Chaucer's narration3.The image of Wife of Bath∙Basic informationform: most of the tales are written in heroic coupletsetting: Tabard Inncharacters: types of literature: courtly romance, folk tale.,beast fable, story of travel and adventure, saint's life, allegorical tale, sermon, alchemical account.Language: Middle English, vivid, exact, word- picturesLength: planned to be 120 stories. The General prologue,20 complete tales, 4 fragments, separate prologues to each tale with links, comments,quarrels ,etc. in between.Arrangement: linked through the host's comments and prologue.two ways: the personality of the host affords a clear string of connection from the 1st to the last tale.There is an intimate connection between the tales and prologue.Typical characters: almost all medieval figures from different sides of life except noble and serfs.Character of the wife of Baththe owner of a cloth factory, light-hearted, merry,somewhat vulgar and talkative. a lengthy account of her feelings about marriage.∙The Canterbury Tales' significancereflection of his times--- a panoramic view of his contemporary life; reflection of his humanist idea---- he exposed the evils of the church, the corruption of the upper class, praise man's intellect and love; he affirms men and women's right to pursue their happiness and oppose the dogma of asceticism preached by church.∙IV. Chaucer's contributions:∙Forerunner of humanism∙The first realistic writerc.Father of English poetryd.Master of the English languagePart Two: The English RenaissanceHistorical BackgroundRenaissance and HumanismMain literary form:poetry Edmund Spencerdrama: most important William Shakespeareessay: (prose) Francis BaconThe English Renaissance1. Renaissance in Europea. It began in the 14th century in Italy.b. nature: a cultural and intellectual movementc. content: there arose a current for the study of Greek and Latin authors; a generaldissatisfaction at the catholic and feudal ideas.d. two striking features: curiosity for classical literatureinterest in the activities of humanityII. Historical BackgroundThe establishment of Tudor Dynasty(1485-1603)Religious ReformationThe establishment of ProtestantismCommercial expansion abroadThe war with Spain(English bourgeoisie fought for existence and power)III. Renaissance and HumanismHumanism1.Nature: a literary and philosophical system of thought which attempt to placethe affairs of mankind at the center of its concerns.2.Origin: in Italyc.Source: based on a new reading of Greek and Roman literature, and anaffirmation of the importance of Platonic philosophy and reinterpretation of thewritings of Aristotle.d.Idea: It took the life of man in the presence as a major interest.e.Humanism was one of the most important factors giving rise to theRenaissance. It is an attitude rather than a philosophy.The main traits of the Renaissance Literaturea. Its chief characteristic is the expression of secular values with man instead of God asthe center of the universe.b. It emphasizes the dignity of man, affirms and eulogizes the value of man.c. It advocates the full expression of individualism and the fulfillment of one's abilitiesagainst the despotic rule of the feudalism.d. It affirms the delight of earthly achievement as well as men's desire for happinessand pleasure.Poetry1.Two poets before the Elizabethan Age:Thomas Wyatt; Henry Howard , Earl of Surreya. sonnet: an exact form of poetry in 14 lines of iambic pentameter rhymed,introduced to England from Italy by Sir Thomas Wyatt and Henry Howard, Earl ofSurrey.b. Surrey: the first English blank verse, the form of poetry to be later masterly handledby Shakespeare and Milton.Two poets before the Elizabethan Agec. the songs and sonnets by Wyatt and Surrey was the first anthology of English lyricpoems.II.Two poets of the Elizabethan Age1. Philip Sidneya. life: well-known as a poet and critic of poetry. He is Spencer's friend. Spencer wroteShepherd's Calendar to dedicate to him. He was a courtier, a scholar and soldier.b. his collection of love sonnets:Astrophel and Stellac. criticism:Apology for Poetry: represent the spirit of literary criticism of the Renaissance.2. Edmund Spencera. life : a minor noble family, good education, the Poet's poet ,buried in Westminster Abbey.b. works:1) The Shepherds' calendar2) Amorettia sequence of 88 sonnets, containing Spencer's love poems to his future wife, ElizabethBoyle.Question: what are most famous Sonnet sequences of the Elizabethan Age?3) Masterpiece : Faerie QueenPlanned in 12 books but only 6 finished.Content: In the epic each hero or heroine represents a virtue. In the course of their trials, they come to fully embody that virtue. The virtues are Holiness, Temperance, Chastity,Friendship, Justice, and Courtesy.Form: allegoryLanguage: has sweet melody and its lines are very musicalVerse form: “Spenserian Stanza”Spenserian Stanza: First eight lines are iambic pentameter and ninth has two more syllables, rhyming ababbcbcc.theme: 1)nationalism 2) humanism 3) PuritanismInfluence: used by all the later poets, especially imitated by the romantic poets of the 19th century.( Byron, Shelley, Keats)Everything in the story has two levels —as part of the story and as part of the allegory, or symbolic meaning. This can be seen in Book I, which summarizes thewhole poem. As a Romantic adventure, this is the story of the Redcrosse Knight andLady Una searching for Una's parents, who are trapped by a dragon. The knight killsthe dragon and so wins the right to be the lady's husband. As a spiritual allegory, thisis the story of a soul's encounter with the seven deadly sins, its separation from andreunion with the one faith, and its final salvation by divine grace.c. school-belong: like Lyly and Sidney, Spencer was a court poet.d. position: as a model of poetical art among the Renaissance English poets, the 1st to makeEnglish the natural music in poetry.ProseI. Bible1.Translation of Bible: the first complete English Bible was translated by JohnWycliffe(1324-1384), the morning star of the Reformation, and his followers.( fromLatin to English)2.The authorized version of Bible: translated under the auspice of James I in1611 and so it was called the King James Bible. This version is simple and dignifiedin language.( modern English has been fixed and confirmed.)II.The greatest humanist: Thomas Morea.was born in a middle-class family. humanist leader of the early 16th century,a scholar, master of Latin, witty talker, music lover, great thinker; once LordChancellor; beheaded on a false charge of treason.b.Masterpiece∙Utopia in 1516(in Latin) translated into English in 1551.∙Form: a conversation between More and a returned voyager.∙Comment :a. He is a far-sighted thinker, living on the eve of the bourgeois revolution.b. More was the first to see the relation between wealth and poverty and to bring up theideal of communist society. He was one of the forerunner of modern socialist thought.∙Question:What is More's Limitation?3.Bacon( the most important prose writer)Sir Francis Bacon was an English writer, philosopher and statesman and was educated in Cambridge. When he was fourteen, Bacon finished his education and went to Paris. In the French capital, he began to know humanism.In 1584, Francis Bacon was elected for the House of Commons and started his political career. Bacon advised for the union of England and Scotland and suggested ways to deal with Roman Catholics. For all these he had done, he was given the title of knight in 1603. By the time of James I, he was named as Lord Chancellor in 1618.In 1621, he was accused by Parliament and they said that he had accepted bribes. For this reason his political career ended.Drama:1. Three kinds of drama:a. the Miracle play: it is the root of English drama. It is based on Bible stories.Miracles were first performed in the church.b. the Morality play: It presents the conflict of good and evil with allegoricalpersonages such as Mercy, Peace, Hate, Fally, etc.)( eg: Everyman)c. the Interlude: a short performance during the break.( eg: the play of the weather)2. Two influences on Elizabethan Drama1) influence from the classics. (Greek and Latin drama)2) influence from the popular drama.3. Gammer Gurton's needle is the first English comedy, describing a quarrel over theloss of a needle.Gorboduc is the first English tragedy.The morality play Everyman at the end of 15th century makes the beginning of modern English drama.4. The London theatre and the audience5. playwrights:a. the university wits: they are Lily, Peele, Marlowe, Greene, Lodge and Nash, etc. Themost influential is Marlowe. They had studied at the Universities of Oxford or Cambridge and then set up as professional writers, selling their learning and their “ wits” to the London public of playgoers and reading public as well.b. Marlowec. Shakespeared. Ben Jonsonb. MarloweWorks: (tragedies)Doctor Faustus( for knowledge)Tamburlaine ( based on a German Legend, ambition)Jew of Malta ( greed for wealth)Themes of his plays:scorn of orthodox creedspraise of individuality , freed from the restraints of medieval dogmas and law.Position and achievements:He was the predecessor of ShakespeareHe was the greatest pioneer of English drama.achievements: 1) He first made blank verse (unrhymed iambic drama), the principal instrument of English drama.2) He replaced the stilted heroes of drama in the past by men of vitalityand passion. He created the Renaissance hero for English drama.Shakespeareo Life :o Four periods in play- writingo His comedieso His tragedieso Historical playso Poetical workso Features of Shakespeare's dramaoo Four periods in play-writing1st period:Features:a) It's Shakespeare's early experimental period. It is marked by youthfulness and richimagination.b) by extravagance of languagec) by the frequent use of rhymed couplets with blank versed) He looked down upon the world as a just one. Justice would eventually win inthe end.e) Love, faith, work and duty were the four elements that made the world right.Works: P 582nd period:Features:1.He worked as a master in play writing2.It was a period of rapid growth and development of his artistic power.c.He had a keen insight into human nature, great power of expression and geniusfor constructing a play.d.This period belongs to his best history plays.Works: P603rd period:features:1.The period of gloom and depression2.He was concerned with deposit matters of human life.c.He grew in experience, in vision and in sympathyd.His belief and trust in mankind had been shattered.e.He produced his four greatest tragedies.Works: P624th period:features:1. a period of unrealistic compromise and fantasy2. a period of restored serenity and tolerant resignationc.He sounds again a note of calm and hope and serene wisdom.d.His latest plays including Tempest have happy endings.Works:P63o His comediesShakespeare wrote his comedies in his early period. In these plays he portrayed the young people who had just freed themselves from the feudal fetters. He sang of their youth, their love and ideal of happiness. The heroes and heroines were sons and daughters of the Renaissance. They trust not in God or King but in themselves.o Two groups of characters:o Women characters:o16 comedies together. His main comedies are: Merchant of Venice; A Midsummer Night's Dream; As you like it; Twelfth Night.His tragedieso Shakespeare's great tragedies are associated with a period of gloom and sorrow in his life. During this period, England witnessed a general unrest, and social contradictions became very sharp. What caused the writer's personal sadness is unknown to us. It is generally attributed to the political misfortune of his friend and patron, Earl of Essex, who was killed by the Queen. Shakespeare wrote 11 tragedies.His main tragedies are: Hamlet; Othello; King Lear; Macbeth. All these plays expressa profound dissatisfaction with life. They show the struggle and conflicts betweengood and evils, between justice and injustice. In these plays, the writer Shakespeare condemns the dark and evil society.o Historical playsShakespeare's historical plays are political plays. The principal idea of these plays is the necessity for national unity under one sovereign. At his time, this idea was anti-feudal in nature; and it summed up the general opinion of the rising bourgeoisie in Shakespeare's own day. Among Shakespeare's 10 historical plays, Henry IV and Henry V are two remarkable plays.o Shakespeare's poetical worksVenus and Adonis ; Lucrece are two long narrative poems.The bulk of Shakespeare's sonnets were written between 1593 and 1598. Each line of a sonnet is in iambic pentameter, and the rhyme scheme is abab cdcd efef gg. His 154 sonnets seem to fall into two series:One series are addressed to W. H, evidently a patron, and the other addressed to "dark lady" who played the poet false. For depth of sentiment, for mastery of diction, for perfection of finish, they are among the most excellent of Elizabethan poetry.o Features of Shakespeare's dramaa) progressive significance of his themeb) successful character portrayalc) master hand in constructing playsd) the ingenuity of his poetrye) mastery of English languageBen Jonson1.Introduction:Poet, critic, poet's laureate; Successor of Shakespeare. He was the greatest writers of comedy after Shakespeare.2.His plays:1)His plays are written according to “ humors ”. Every character in his comedies personified a definite humor, so his characters are like caricature.2)His plays were not deep but had much surface energy.3)His masterpieces are Velpone and The AlchemistIII. His contribution:a) humorb) forerunner of classicismEnglish Literature in the seventeenth CenturyI .Social Backgroundthe English Revolution and the RestorationII. Literary characteristics:1. literature of the Revolution periodPuritan literature period is different from the literature of Elizabethan period in the following aspects:1) Elizabethan literature had a marked unity and the feeling of patriotism and devotion to the Queen, but in the Revolution Period，all this was changed, the king became the open enemy of the people, and the country was divided by the struggle for political and religious liberty. So literature was as divided in spirit as were the struggling parties.2) Elizabethan literature was generally inspiring. It throbbed with youth and hope and vitality．Literature in the Puritan Age expressed age and sadness. Even its brightest hours were followed by gloom and pessimism.3) Elizabethan literature was intensely romantic．The romantic spirit sprang from the heart of youth．People believed all things, even the impossible．But in literature of the Puritan period, we cannot find any romantic ardor.2.The main literary form of the period was poetry．Among the poets, Milton was the greatest. Besides him, there were two other groups of poets, the Metaphysical Poets and the Cavalier Poets.3. Puritanism was the religious doctrine of the revolutionary bourgeoisie during this period. It preached thrift, sobriety, hard work, but with very little extravagant enjoyment of the fruits of labor. Worldly pleasures were condemned as harmful. This was precisely the outlook needed by the bourgeoisie for the accumulation of capital. Though there were many clever men in England during the latter half of the seventeenth century, there were only two minds which possessed the imaginative faculty in a very eminent degree. One of these minds produced the Paradise Lost, the other The Pilgrim's ProgressJohn Bunyan(约翰·班扬)1.life:son of a tinker. After receiving his early education at the Bedford grammar school ,he followed his father' s trade. Later, He joined a Baptist society and became a preacher. Soon he became active both in preaching and writing. After restoration, he was arrested and kept in prison for preaching. He was the chief puritan writer toparticipate in the struggle against the corrupt fedual-aristocratic regimes of charlies II and James II after John Milton.2.Works: Pilgrim's Progress<<天路历程>>Bunyan’s most important work and one of the most popular books in the English languages, was written in the form of an allegory.∙Allegory(寓言)It loosely describes any writing in verse or prose that has a double meaning. This fictional literary narrative acts as an extended metaphor in which persons, abstract ideas, or events represent not only themselves on the literal level, but also stand for something else on the symbolic level. An allegorical reading usually involves moral or spiritual concepts that may be more significant than the actual, literal events described in a narrative.∙It is a prose narrative symbolically concerning the human soul's pilgrimage through temptation and doubt to reach salvation.∙Other important allegorical works include Spencer's Faerie Queen and Swift's Gulliver's travels.∙Pilgrim's ProgressMain plots:The allegory takes the form of a dream by the author, in which he sees Christian , with a burden on his back and reading in a book, from which he learns that the city in which he and his family live will be burned with fire. On the advice of Evangelist, Christian flees form the City of Destruction, having failed to persuade his wife and children to accompany him.∙Part I describes his pilgrimage. On the way he encounters various allegorical personages, such as Mr. worldly Wiseman, Faithful. Part II relates Christian's wife sets out with her children on the same pilgrimage, accompanied by her neighbor Mercy. They are escorted by Great –heart, who overcomes Giant Despair and other monsters and brings them to their destination.∙Vanity Fair ( 名利场) Plot: P115∙Analysis:The vanity Fair contains all manners of material goods to tempt men. This allegorically refers to the real world where people have become so degenerated that al they are concerned about is to buy and sell everything. What they care about is material wealth. They have lost the sense of honor, uprightness and conscience. They are spiritually lost.a) It is written in the form of allegory and dream.b) The most famous part is Vanity Fair. (satirical picture of English society)c) the theme: to preach religion and expose social reality in England and alsoadvocate self-salvation.d) Main characters: Christian; Faithful; Hopeful.e) pilgrimage:Slough of Despond, Vanity Fair, Doubting Castle, the Valley of Humiliation, and the Valley of the Shadow of Death, Celestial City.f) allegorical personages: Mr. worldly Wiseman, Faithful, Hopeful, Giant Despair, thefoul fiend and etc.∙Questions:What is burden on Christian's back?What is the book?∙Answers:Burdens refers to sin that he carries with him everywhere.Book refers to the bible, from which he can be freed from his burden.∙Sum upPilgrim's Progress warns that a Christian in search of salvation will meet any difficulties and various kinds of temptation and trials. Only by steadfastness and faithfulness can win the way to heaven.∙Bunyan's writing styleThe simple and unaffected language of common people and details taken from ordinary circumstances of ordinary life are responsible for his successJohn MiltonI. life:Milton is the greatest writer of the seventeenth century. Mastering the ancient languages and literature : Greek, Latin；“ the lady of the Christ” “ spokesman of the Revolution”. Milton was sent to Christ’s college, Cambridge, where he acquired a good knowledge of Latin. He was famous for his personal beauty and strictness of his life and was nicknamed “ the lady of the Christ's”.II. literary career:a) up to 1641( First period)He was greatly influenced by humanism and the spirit of Elizabethan Age. His important poem is Lycidas, a pastoral elegy on the death of a college mate.b) From 1641 to 1654( second period)He wrote no poems but political essays and pamphlets.Areopafitica called for freedom of press. (prose)“ Defence of the English people”“ Second Defence of the English people”Pamphlets on marriagec) From 1655 to 1671( third period)Paradise Lost ( masterpiece)Paradise RegainedSamson AgonistesIII. works:a. Paradise Lost:epic in 12 books, written in blank versesource: old Testamenttheme: a revolt against God's authoritythe fall of men ; man's disobedience and the loss of paradise; the powers of man; craving for knowledgeimage: Satan1) the real hero of the poem2) He is a very firm revolt against God and makes man revolt against God3) Though defeated he won the respects of his angles.4) He is the spirit questioning the authority of God.b. Samson Agonistespoetical drama, modeled on the Greek tragedies, from the “ Book of Judges” in Old Testament”.Common between Samson and MiltonJohn MiltonIV. Features of Milton's poetry:a. Milton is a great revolutionary poet of the 17th century. He was also an outstandingpolitical pamphleteer of the revolution period. He dedicated himself to the revolutionary cause. He made a strong influence on the later English poetry. Every progressive English poet since Milton has drawn inspiration from him.b. Milton is a great stylistHis poetry has a grand style. That is because he made a life-long study of classical and Biblical literature. His poetry is noted for sublimity of thought and majesty of expression.c. Milton is a great master of blank verse.He is the glorious pioneer to introduce blank verse into non-dramatic poetry. He has used it as the main tool in his masterpiece “ Paradise Lost”. His blank verse is rich in every poetic quality and never monotonous.d. Milton wrote the greatest epic in English literature. He made a strong influence to laterEnglish poetry.V. Exercise:How do you understand these plots?1. God was surrounded by his angles, who never think of expressing any opinions oftheir own.。
英美国家概况Unit 6 British Literature (英国文学)
一、本单元重点内容
1. Beowulf {贝奥武夫(一首古英文史诗的名字，同时也是此诗中的英雄的名字)}
2. The Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer (杰弗里·乔叟的《坎特伯雷故事集》)
1). British literature concerned with Christianity: Anglo-Saxons’ illustrated versions of the bible: the most famous--- the Book of Kells
2). Beowulf --- a long poem, one of the oldest of these early “Old English”(AD 6th C. —AD 11th C.的盎格鲁˙撒克逊的英语) literary works (古英语文学作品指8th C. AD—11th C. AD)
2. Elizabethan Drama (伊丽莎白一世:1533.9.7—1603.5.24)
---a general flowering of cultural and intellectual life in Europe during 15th and16th C. which is known as “The Renaissance”
7. Charles Dickens (查理·狄更斯)
8. Sir Walter Scott (瓦尔特·司各特)
9. Robert Louis Stevenson (罗伯特·路易斯·斯蒂文森)
10. Modernism (现代主义)
英国文学各时期作家整理
英国文学（一）The Old&Middle Ages 中古时期449-1066 1066-13501、Geoffrey Chaucer 杰弗里·乔叟（二）The Renaissance 文艺复兴时期14th-mid 17th✧散文Essay1、Thomas More 托马斯·莫尔2、Francis Bacon 弗朗西斯·培根✧诗歌Poetry1、Thomas Wyatt 托马斯·怀特2、Edmund Spenser 埃蒙德·斯宾塞3、John Lyly 约翰·李利/黎里✧戏剧drama1、Christoper Marlowe 克里斯托弗·马洛2、William Shakespeare 威廉·莎士比亚（三）The Period of Revolution and Restoration资产阶级革命与王朝复辟时期17C1、John Donne 约翰·多恩2、John Milton 约翰·弥尔顿3、John Bunyan 约翰·班杨4、John Dryden 约翰·德莱顿（四）The Age of Enlightenment/Reason 启蒙运动时期18C 1688-17981、Daniel Defoe 丹尼尔·笛福2、Jonathan Swift 乔纳森·斯威夫特3、Henry Fielding 亨利·菲尔丁4、Richard Brinsley Sheridan 理查德·谢里丹5、Joseph Addison 约瑟夫·爱迪生6、Richard Steele 理查德·斯蒂尔（五）The Romantic Period 浪漫主义时期1798-1832✧诗歌Poetry1、William Blake 威廉·布莱克2、Robert Burns 罗伯特·彭斯3、William Wordsworth 威廉·华兹华斯✧小说Novel1、Jane Austin 简·奥斯汀2、Walter Scott 沃尔特·司各特（六）The Victorian Age 维多利亚时期1832-19021、Charles Dickens 查尔斯·狄更斯2、William Makepeace Thackeray 威廉·梅克比斯·萨克雷3、George Eliot 乔治·艾略特4、The Bronte Sisters 勃朗特三姐妹5、Alfred Tennyson 阿尔弗雷德·丁尼生6、Robert Browning 罗伯特·勃朗宁7、Elizabeth Barrett Browning 伊丽莎白·巴雷特·勃朗宁8、Mathew Arnold 马修·阿诺德（七）The 20th Century 二十世纪1、Thomas Hardy 托马斯·哈代2、John Galsworthy 约翰・高尔斯华绥3、Oscar Wilde 奥斯卡·王尔德4、wrence 大卫·赫伯特·劳伦斯5、Virginia Wolf 弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫6、Joseph Conrad 约瑟夫·康拉德7、James Joyce 詹姆斯·乔伊斯8、George Bernard Shaw 乔治·萧伯纳9、E.M.Forster 爱德华·摩根·福斯特10、William Golding 威廉·戈尔丁。
Chapters 5-6 英国文学简史ppt(English Literature)
John Bunyan (1628-1688)
Works
➢ The Pilgrim’s Progress
✓ It is an allegory ✓ It abounds in acute social criticism
Bunyan in prison
✓ It is noted for its prose style. It is a nice amalgam of the basic features of the language of the Bible and popular speech. Simple, lucid and forceful
the sea, and had plundered and brought in a tremendous amount of wealth from its colonies.
The Classic Age An Introduction
Economic and Political Situation ➢ Inside the British Isles, things appeared basically all
➢ There are also writers taking a close look at the social problems.
➢ The novel appeared.
The Classic Age
An Introduction
Features of Neoclassicism ➢ Frequent allusions and references to Greek and Roman
emphasis on clarity of thought and orderly structure; ➢ Focus on formal perfection like metric regularity, aversion
Unit_6_British_Literature
哈姆雷特
• 《哈姆雷特（Hamlet）》是由威廉· 莎士比 亚创作于1599年至1602年间的一部悲剧作 品。戏剧讲述了叔叔克劳狄斯谋害了哈姆 雷特的父亲，篡取了王位，并娶了国王的 遗孀乔特鲁德；哈姆雷特王子因此为父王 向叔叔复仇。
• 奥赛罗是威尼斯公国一员勇将。他与元老 的女儿苔丝狄梦娜相爱。因为两人年纪相 差太多，婚事未被准许。两人只好私下成 婚。奥赛罗手下有一个阴险的旗官伊阿古， 一心想除掉奥赛罗。他先是向元老告密， 不料却促成了两人的婚事。他又挑拨奥赛 罗与苔丝狄梦娜的感情，说另一名副将凯 西奥与苔丝狄梦娜关系不同寻常，并伪造 了所谓定情信物等。奥赛罗信以为真，在 愤怒中掐死了自己的妻子。当他得知真相
. Christopher Marlowe(15641593 )克里斯托弗· 马洛
His style is thought to have been a great influence on Shakespeare. Most famous play: The Tragical
History of Dr. Faustus.
《凯尔斯书》
• 《凯尔斯书》是爱尔兰中世纪手抄本中 最精美的一部，其美丽的插图作品、彩色 装饰字母代表了中世纪爱尔兰凯尔特美术 的最高成就。《凯尔斯书》手抄本出现在8 世纪。现藏爱尔兰都柏林，三一学院图书 馆。
夫》
• One of the oldest of these early “Old English” literary works is long poem from Anglo-Saxon times called Beowulf. • 这些早期的最古老的古英语文学作品之一 是长诗来自盎格鲁-撒克逊时代叫做贝奥武 夫。
的时代那就是著名的“文艺复兴”。
英国文学(诗人及其代表作)
英国文学一、古英语时期的英国文学（499-1066）1、贝奥武夫2、阿尔弗雷德大帝：英国散文之父二、中古英语时期的英国文学1、 allegory体非常盛行['?l?ɡ？ri] 寓言2、 Romance开始上升到一定的高度3、高文爵士和绿衣骑士4、 Willian Langlaud 《农夫皮尔斯的幻象》5、乔叟坎特伯雷故事集（英雄双韵体）6、托马斯.马洛礼《亚瑟王之死》三、文艺复兴时期的英国文学（伊丽莎白时代）（14-16世纪）1、托马斯.莫尔《乌托邦》2、 Thomas Wyatt 和Henry Howard引入sonnet3、 Philips Sidney 《The defense of Poesie》《阿卡迪亚》描述田园生活；现代长篇小说的先驱4、斯宾塞《仙后》诗人中的诗人；斯宾塞体诗节；5、莎士比亚：长篇叙事诗：《维纳斯和阿多尼斯》、《露克丝受辱记》四大悲剧：哈姆雷特、李尔王、奥赛罗、麦克白7、本.琼森风俗喜剧（comedy of manners）《人性互异》8、约翰.多恩“玄学派”诗歌创始人9、 George Herbert 玄学派诗圣10、弗朗西斯.培根现代科学和唯物主义哲学创始人之一《Essays》英国发展史上的里程碑《学术的推进》和《新工具》四、启蒙时期（18世纪）1、约翰、弥尔顿：《失乐园》、《为英国人民争辩》2、约翰、班扬：《天路历程》religious allegory3、约翰、德莱顿：英国新古典主义的杰出代表、桂冠诗人；《论戏剧诗》4、亚历山大.蒲柏：英国新古典主义诗歌的重要代表；英雄双韵体的使用达到登峰造极的使用；《田园组诗》是其最早田园诗歌代表作5、托马斯、格雷：感伤主义中墓园诗派的代表人物《墓园挽歌》6、威廉、布莱克：天真之歌、经验之歌；7、罗伯特、彭斯：苏格兰最杰出的农民诗人；8、 Richard Steel和Joseph Addison合作创办《The tatler》和《the spectator》9、 Samuel defoe 英国现实主义小说的奠基人之一；《鲁滨逊漂流记》；《铲除非国教徒的捷径》，仪表达自己的不满；10、Jonathan Swift 《一个小小的建议》；《格列佛游记》；《桶的故事》；11、Samuel Richardson 英国现代小说的创始人；帕米拉；克拉丽莎；查尔斯.格蓝迪森爵士的历史；12、Henry Fielding 英国现实主义小说理论的奠基人；《约瑟夫。
英国文学6个时期的简介
英国文学6个时期的简介：）1. The term Middle English literature refers to the literature written in the form of the English language known as Middle English, from approximately 1066, the date of the Norman Conquest, up until the 1470s, when the Chancery Standard, a form of London-based English, became widespread and the printing press regularized the language. During this period of English literature, Geoffrey Chaucer wrote The Canterbury Tales, the Pearl Poet wrote Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, William Langland wrote Piers Plowman, and many morality plays and miracle plays were produced. Sidrak and Bokkus is an example of late Middle English literature. There are three main categories of Middle English Literature: Religious, Courtly love, and Arthurian.2. The English Renaissance was a cultural and artistic movement in England dating from the early 16th century to the early 17th century. It is associated with the pan-European Renaissance that many cultural historians believe originated in northern Italy in the 14th century. This era in English cultural history is sometimes referred to as "the age of Shakespeare" or "the Elizabethan era", the first period in English and British history to be named after a reigning monarch.Poets such as Edmund Spenser and John Milton produced works that demonstrated an increased interest in understanding English Christian beliefs, such as the allegorical representation of the Tudor Dynasty in The Faerie Queen and the retelling of mankind’s fall from paradise in Paradise Lost; playwrights, such as Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare, composed theatrical representations of the English take on life, death, and history. Nearing the end of the Tudor Dynasty, philosophers like Sir Thomas More and Sir Francis Bacon published their own ideas about humanity and the aspects of a perfect society, pushing the limits of metacognition at that time. England came closer to reaching modern science with the Baconian Method, a forerunner of the Scientific Method.3.European literature of the 18th century refers to literature (poetry, drama and novels) produced in Europe during this period. The 18th century saw the development of the modern novel as literary genre, in fact many candidates for the first novel in English date from this period, of which Daniel Defoe's 1719 Robinson Crusoe is probably the best known. Subgenres of the novel during the 18th century were the epistolary novel, the sentimental novel, histories, the gothic novel and the libertine novel.18th Century Europe started in the Age of Enlightenment and gradually moved towards Romanticism. In the visual arts, it was the period of Neoclassicism. During the Age of Sensibility, literature reflected the worldview of the Age of Enlightenment (or Age of Reason) – a rational and scientific approach to religious, social, political, and economic issues that promoted a secular view of the world and a general sense of progress and perfectibility.4. The Age of Romanticism5. Victorian literature6. The Modern Period / The 20th century English LiteratureIt has witnessed wars and revolutions. And the postwar economic dislocation and spiritual disillusion produced a profound impact upon the British people, who came to see the prevalent wretchedness in capitalism.Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels put forward the theory of scientific socialism; Darwin’s theory of evolution caused many people to lose their religious faith; the social Darwinism, under the cover of “survival of the fittest”, strongly advocated colonialism and jingoism.Ps: 4,5 部分的内容实在太多可说了，到时候课堂上再说，大家自己可以查询相关资料去补充！赶快加我QQ54332678。
十大经典英国小说推荐
十大经典英国小说推荐英国是一个文学大国，有着丰富的文学遗产。
在英国文学史上，有很多经典的小说，这些小说不仅具有历史价值，也是文学艺术的珍品。
下面，就让我们一起来看看十大经典英国小说。
1. 《双城记》《双城记》是英国作家狄更斯的代表作之一，它讲述了法国大革命期间英法两国的故事。
小说以人道主义思想为主线，塑造了一批伟大的人物形象，表现了社会历史的深刻内涵。
2. 《呼啸山庄》《呼啸山庄》是英国女作家勃朗特的代表作之一，它是一部充满激情和神秘的爱情小说。
小说讲述了傲慢的希思克利夫和倔强的卡瑟琳之间的复杂爱情故事，深刻揭示了人性的各种纠葛。
3. 《简·爱》《简·爱》是英国女作家勃朗特的另一部代表作品，它是一部自传式的小说。
小说以自主、独立和坚强为主要特点，主人公简在不屈服于社会、家庭和个人压力的同时，也展现出了丰富的爱情和情感。
4. 《傲慢与偏见》《傲慢与偏见》是英国女作家奥斯汀的代表作之一，它主要讲述了伊丽莎白·班纳特和达西先生之间的爱情故事。
小说把作为一个女人在那个年代的处境，以及父母为子女所设的婚姻和爱情观刻画得淋漓尽致，久留经典。
5. 《简爱的情人》《简爱的情人》是英国女作家珍·埃尔的代表作之一，小说通过以情感为主线故事，向人们表现出一种独立、自由和自主的精神，同时也在一定程度上揭示了社会和家庭中的困难和挫折。
6. 《玛丽·珍》《玛丽·珍》是英国女作家奥斯汀的一部代表作，小说讲述了年轻女子玛丽·珍在经历了种种人生坎坷之后，终于实现了人生梦想的故事。
作品通过对人物的细致描写和社会背景的深入分析，再现了当时的英国社会和女性的处境。
7. 《戴安娜贝利》《戴安娜贝利》是英国女作家乔治·艾略特的代表作之一，小说揭示了19世纪初英国社会的种种弊端和荒唐，同时也呈现出人性中的同情和善良。
8. 《大卫·科波菲尔》《大卫·科波菲尔》是英国作家狄更斯的经典之作，他通过对主人公大卫·科波菲尔的成长经历的生动描写，表现了人类勇气和智慧的天性。
英国文学 6. The 17th Century
2. The conflict between the Puritans and the king.
Ⅱ
(a) Literature in the revolution period:
· John Milton
（约翰· 弥尔顿）:
• Metaphysical Poets （玄学派诗人）P.130,Para.4 • John Donne （约翰· 邓恩）:
(3) Paradise Lost: background knowledge
The poem consists of 12 books, each made up of approximately 800 lines. The story is based on Genesis. The epic tells how the first man and woman, Adam and Eve, are tempted by Satan (the serpent) to disobey God by eating the forbidden fruit from the Tree of Knowledge and how they are consequently punished by God and driven out of the Garden of Eden, with the prospect of redemption of mankind by Jesus Christ, the son of God.
What is considered by Satan as “ignominy” and “shame”?
What is Satan advising his followers to do in this part of Paradise Lost?
● Major Writers 6- 二战后的英国文学：诗人
二战后的英国文学：诗人·小说家·戏剧家I. Novel小说1. 奥威尔George Orwell原名艾力克·阿瑟·布莱尔(Eric Arthur Blair)。
(1903,印度孟加拉蒙蒂哈里～1950.1.21,英格兰伦敦)orig. Eric Arthur Blairborn 1903, Motihari, Bengal, Indiadied Jan. 21, 1950, London, Eng.British novelist, essayist, and critic.Instead of accepting a scholarship to a university, Orwell went to Burma to serve in the Indian Imperial Police (1922–27), an experience that changed him into a literary and political rebel. On returning to Europe, he lived in self-imposed poverty, gaining material for Down and Out in Paris and London (1933), and became a socialist. He went to Spain to report on the Spanish Civil War and stayed to join the Republican militia. His war experiences, which gave him a lifelong dread of communism (he would later provide British intelligence services with lists of his fellow British communists), are recounted in Homage to Catalonia(1938). His novels typically portray a sensitive, conscientious, emotionally isolated individual at odds with an oppressive or dishonest social environment. His most famous works are the anti-Soviet satirical fable Animal Farm (1945) and Nineteen Eighty-four (1949), a dystopic vision of totalitarianism whose influence was widely felt in the post-war decades. His literary essays are also admired.英国小说家、散文家和评论家。
王守仁《英国文学选读》(第3版)课后习题详解(第6单元 浪漫主义诗人(1))【圣才出品】
第6单元浪漫主义诗人（1）William BlakeThe Lamb1.Does this poem describe a lamb or the mind of the child who is speaking to the lamb?What is the relation of the lamb and the child to God?Key:The poem describes the mind of the child who is speaking to the lamb by which shows the gentleness and tenderness of the lamb.The lamb is the symbol of the child to the God.It shows the love of God that he creates the lamb and Jesus is often called the lamb of the God.So,the poem not only appreciates the kindness of the lamb but also praise the mysterious power which creates the lamb.In this sense,God,Jesus and the lamb combine together.2.What does the Lamb stand for?Key:The Lamb stands for Jesus Christ,who was offered by God as the final sacrifice for the sins of humankind.The Lamb and Jesus have virtues in common: gentleness,tenderness,kindness and compassion.So,the Lamb also stands for these good attributes.The Tiger1.Why does the poet mention the Lamb?Do you think both the Lamb and theTiger can illuminate each other?Key:The Tiger is corresponding to The Lamb.Both the poems show the poet’s exploration,understanding and plaint of the mysterious creation.In this poem, the poet implies that the Tiger as well as the Lamb are both created by God.So the Tiger and the Lamb share the same creator and have some kind of relationship.Yes,I think both the Lamb and the Tiger can illuminate each other.The lamb represents the kind and gentle humanities,but it lacks the motivation to make progress.While the tiger will cause the social misery,unrest or even disruption, but it can stimulate people’s creativity.So the tiger becomes the symbol of strength and courage.In this sense,the Tiger and the Lamb can illuminate each other.2.What is the symbolic meaning of the tiger?What idea does the poet want to express?Key:The tiger symbolizes the God’s power in creation and it becomes the embodiment of beauty,strength,vitality and complexity.The poet’s idea is that God not only create the kind lamb but also create the tough tiger.So God is mysterious and complicated and nobody can indeed know about God.The Sick Rose1.In what sense do you think the rose is“sick”?Key:On a superficial and literal level,the rose is invaded by the worm and become sick.On a deeper level,the“sick”rose has several symbolic meanings: a)the rose symbolizes young girls,and the worm refers to impure love of men, which defiles the girls’chastity.Thus,the girls are destroyed.b)The rose symbolizes the toiling masses that are under the exploitation and oppression of the capitalism represented by the worm.It means that there is something wrong with the whole social system.c)The rose symbolizes the soul and spirit of man, while the worm symbolizes the ugly and evil aspects of humanity.The rose is “sick”,because that innocence is replaced by experience,and the virtues are replaced by the evil as well.2.Should there be any symbolic meanings for the night and the storm?If so,what meanings would you suggest?Key:Yes,there are some symbolic meanings for the night and the storm.Based on the symbolic meanings of the rose and the worm,we can find that the night and the storm symbolize the deceit and impure love of men,the progress of capitalism and the process of gaining experience.Robert BurnsA Red,Red Rose1.How does the narrator in the poem express his love?Key:The narrator uses rhetoric devices in this poem to express his love,such as simile and exaggeration.At first,the poet compares his lover to a red rose and beautiful melody,which are very lovely and attractive to himself and arouse the love in his heart.And then,the poet say that he will not change his love for his lover even though“the seas gang dry”and“the rocks melt wi’the sun”as well as“the sands o’life shall run”.What’s more,the narrator directly speaks out his love as well-“So deep in luve am I/And I will luve thee still,my dear”.2.Why is this poem so touching to the readers?Key:Because this poem shows a kind of true love and real feelings of the poet toward his lover,which is always touching to people.In the poem,the poet expresses his ardent and steadfast love in a very powerful and efficient way,and it really can arouse the love feelings in the readers’hearts.Auld Lang Syne1.What does“cup o’kindness”imply?Key:The poem is a narrative poem praising friendship.After reading the whole poem we can find that“cup o’kindness”implies the friendship between the narrator and his friends.2.How do you know the people in the poem used to be friends and are now old? Key:“Cup o’kindness”is mentioned twice in this poem-in the second and thelast sections-which refer to their reunion.The people in the poem used to be friends and now they are old.After the first“cup o’kindness”,the author begins to recall their joyful life;they have run in the brae,picked up the fine gowans,and wandered a long and weary journey,paddled in the stream all the day.But all the nice memory has been the history“Sun’auld lang syne”.Then comes to the present gathering,there is one more“cup o’kindness”to imply that how much the author really cherishes the friendship and wish it to last forever.William Wordsworth1.What is the relation between the poet and nature as described in the poem? Key:The beauty of the nature can make the poet happy and joyful,make his mind pure with little thought,and offer him consolation and serenity.2.Do you think nature can have healing effect on mind?Key:Yes,I think that nature can have healing effect on mind.Nature is free from pressure and worries.It is full of beauty and attractions.While human beings have to deal with many troubles,and every now and then they need to have a good rest and get rid of their troubles from their minds.Throwing oneself into the bosom of nature is an effective way to relax and enjoy the true pleasure and beauty.When you are in nature,you will forget about those annoying matter that troubles you and your soul will be purified.Samuel Taylor Coleridge1.Coleridge claimed that the poem was“composed in a sort of reverie brought on by two grains of opium”.Could you find similar cases in the Chinese literary history?Key:Yes,Li Bai liked drinking and sometimes he wrote poems in a trance state.2.Can we say this poem has no coherent meaning and is wrapped up in an atmosphere of the supernatural and the fantastic?Give your opinions.Key:Yes,we can.The poet wrote this poem after he took the opium,and his thoughts were fragmental.He just wrote down what occurred to him.Thus,there were only pieces of meaning rather than coherent meaning.At the same time,the poem is wrapped up in an atmosphere of the supernatural and the fantastic.The poet mentioned“Alph,the sacred river”,“a waning moon was haunted/By woman wailing for her demon-lover”,and“His flashing eyes,his floating hair!/Weave a circle round him thrice”…-these give people a sense of the supernatural and fantastic.。
外教社2024新编英国文学史教程PPT课件 Unit 6
Key Words
Skepticism
Insufficient evidence to support religious claim Political turbulences staged the unresolved paradox between faith and reason.
Key Words
setting shape our interpretation of the work?
2. What are the features of Neoclassicism?
Writers and Works
John Bunyan (1628-1688)
1. Enlisted in the Parliamentary army and served in the English Civil War
Interpretation:
Paradise Lost
1. The story 2. The character of Satan
The Epic Style and Milton’s Political Standing
Satan Arousing the Rebel Angels William Blake (1808)
e.g. love, books, truth…
2. Testify arguments
“to try” or “to attempt”, to analyze with logic
Questions for Critical Thinking
1. Why did Bacon write most of his works in Latin but Essays in English?
6 英国文学
《坎特伯雷故事集》内容提要
• 4月的一天，一群香客去坎特伯雷朝圣，投宿在泰 巴旅店。次日，店主、香客与在此住宿的作者一 起出发。店主提议在去坎特伯雷的路上每人讲两 个故事，回来时再讲两个，被大家公认为最佳的 讲故事者可以在回来时白吃一顿丰盛的晚餐。乔 叟只完成计划中120个故事中的24个(包括两个未 完成的)，其中22个为诗体，两个散文体。每个故 事前均有开场语，全书有一个总序。作者用这种 方式把各个零散故事连成一体。
John Bunyan (1628-1688)
He is called “The tinker of Elstow” Masterpiece: – The Pilgrim‟s Progress – The most famous religious allegory, which describes a dream. – It is a powerful tale with deep meaning and for years it was along with Bible, a staple in Christian homes.
John Milton(1608-74)
• • • • Bound up in Puritan Revolution Wrote poems and pamphlets Famous works: Poem: Lycidas(短诗：利西达 斯，1637) • Pamphlets: ―Areopagitica‖ (论 出版自由，1644)
•
Christian, the pilgrim, flees from the City of Destruction. He encounters many difficulties, dangers, and temptations in such places as the Slough of Despond, Doubting Castle of the Giant Despair, and Vanity Fair.
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Ode The Ode is a lyric poem of some length that honors an individual, a thing, or a trait dealing with a lofty theme in a dignified manner. The form dates back to classical times and is originally intended to be sung at festivals or in plays.
Essay on Criticism
744 lines three parts criticizes the lack of true taste of literary criticism states the need to turn to nature as the best guide for critical judgments
Neoclassicism
Classical tendency which dominated the literature of the early period The result of a reaction against the fires of passions which had blazed in the late Renaissance It found its artistic models in the classical literature of the ancient Greek and Roman writers like Homer, Virgil, Horace, Ovid, Etc. Stress on the classical artistic ideals of order, logic, proportion, restrained emotion, accuracy, good taste and decorum
Narrative Poem A narrative poem tells a story in verse. Three traditional types of narrative poems include ballads, such as Robin Hood; epics, such as Beowulf; and metrical romances, such as sir Gawain and the Green Knight.
An Essay on Criticism: Part II
Alexander Pope
A little learning is a dangerous thing; Drink deep, or taste not the Pierian spring: There shallow draughts intoxicate the brain, And drink largely sobers us again. Fir’d at first sight with what the Muse imparts, In fearless youth we tempt the heights of Arts, While from the bounded level of our mind, Short views we take, nor see the lengths behind, But more advanc’d, behold with strange surprise New, distant scenes of endless science rise!
Sonnet
A sonnet is a 14-line lyric poem with a single theme. Sonnets vary but are usually written in iambic pentameter, following one of two traditional patterns: the Petrarchan or Italian sonnet and the Shakespearean or English sonnet.
Pictorialism Pictorialism is an important poetic device characterized by efforts to achieve striking visual effects. Among its features are irregularity of line, contrast or enchantment of light, color and images.
So pleas’d at first, the tow’ring Alps we try, Mount oé the vales, and seem to tread the sky; r Th’ eternal snows appear already past, And the first clouds and mountains seem the last; But those attained, we tremble to survey The growing labors of the lengthen’d way, Th’ increasing prospect tires our wand’ring eyes, Hills peep oé hills, and Alps on Alps arise! r
Alexander Pope (1688-1744)
Born in London Roman Catholic faith Feeble and sickly from childhood A highly sensitive and bitterly quarrelsome man Strong will to learn and read widely “赏我诗者有友而无妻, 缪斯陪伴了这一生的病体”
All the same I Intend to go on being A cat that like to Gallop about doing good So Now with my bald head I go, Chopping the untidy flowers down, to and fro.
Related Literary Terms
Poetry: ballads, epics, metrical romances Dramatic poetry: dramatic monologues, dramatic dialogues Lyrics: sonnets, odes, elegies, love poems
Limitation
Pope lacks lyrical gift, artificial and obscure. His satire is not always just. But Blake considered his works as elegant formalism while Byron thought highly of him.
Free verse
Free verse is poetry not written in a regular rhythmical pattern or meter. Instead of having metrical feet and lines, free verse has a rhythm that suits its meaning and that uses the sounds of spoken language in lines of different lengths.
Comments
The high priest and magistrate of the Age of Reason Style: Highly polished verse, perfect use of heroic couplet: lines of iambic pentameter that rhyme in pairs (aa, bb, cc…) tone and purposes: didactic or satirical
Importance
An outstanding enlightener, the greatest poet in the first half of the 18th century Brought Neo-classicism to its climax A technician in English verse, second to Shakespeare, Milton, equal to Wordsworth. In writing heroic couplets, no one has been able to approach him. As a representative of the Enlightenment, Pope was one of the first to introduce rationalism to England and strongly advocated neoclassicism, emphasizing the works should be judged by classical rule of order.
Such elegant styles were found in almost all the writings of the period, especially in those of John Dryden, Alexander Pope, Jonathan Swift, Joseph Addison, Henry Fielding, etc.