附表：外文翻译格式
外文翻译参考格式-副本.doc2
学号： 09436230常州大学毕业设计〔论文〕外文翻译〔2009届〕外文题目译文题目外文出处学生学院机械工程学院专业班级材料成型与控制工程092 校内指导教师李晓艳专业技术职务讲师校外指导教师〔宋体四号粗体〕专业技术职务〔宋体四号粗体〕二○一三年二月关于在动力学热处理系统下注射成型过程中的显微结构制模质量的研究Sascha Kuhn • August Burr • Michael Ku¨bler •Matthias Deckert •Christoph BleesenReceived: 15 January 2010 / Accepted: 17 May 2010 / Published online: 30May 2010 Springer-Verlag 2010摘要：注射模具的显微结构是一种具有开展前景的生产方法，这种方法适用于广泛材料的大规模生产。
然而值得注意的是，这些结构重复生产的质量依赖于灌浆阶段的热流动。
这篇论文中，5微米以下的骨架型和其他结构的注射以与加热的转移是在AFM 〔原子显微力〕和热理论的根底上研究所得。
一种数字模型得以研发，这种模型用来预测在注射填料阶段外表结构的填充。
这种模型的使用，暗示着完全开展的流动理论模型已经将幂律材料模型纳入考虑之中。
这就允许研究深入到另一个层面，这个层面是关于加工过程中的参数是通过那些途径来影响聚合物在外表结构上的流动。
模具壁的温度，显著的影响了聚合物的流动。
通过使用一种电子热模型温度控制系统来改变模具壁的温度，使得这种关于这种模型的建议有效。
1 介绍热塑性材料的注射成型，在很多不同领域，低本钱部件的生产中是很普遍的。
近年来，含有显微结构的聚合物部件的生产呈现出增长的态势。
具有高复杂度的微型流动设备，能够大规模的生产，并且具有高精度和再生性，这种设备广泛运用于，例如医疗，化学，生物等。
未来官能度在外表和X围的包含物不仅仅是流体系统的一项关键性技术，也是许多微型系统的技术和其他消费产品的普遍应用。
(范例)外文翻译格式
本科毕业设计（论文）外文翻译译文学生姓名：院（系）：经济管理学院专业班级：市场营销0301班指导教师：完成日期：2007年3 月22 日日本的分销渠道——对于进入日本市场的挑战与机会Distribution Channels in JapanChallenges and Opportunities for theJapanese Market Entry作者：Hokey Min起止页码：P22-35出版日期（期刊号）：0960-0035出版单位：MCB Univercity Press外文翻译译文：介绍尽管美国对日本的出口在过去两年已有大幅度的增长，然而美国对日本仍然存在着很大的贸易赤字。
尽管没有出现下降趋势，但越来越多的美国决策者及商务经理已经开始审查日本的贸易活动。
在这些人中，有一个很普遍的想法就是日本市场没有对美国产品开放，相反，美国市场对日本的贸易是开放的。
因此，克林顿政府试图采取强硬措施来反对日本的一系列贸易活动，包括商业习惯和政府政策，还企图通过贸易制裁的威胁来反对日本产品。
然而，这样的措施也会产生适得其反的结果。
它不仅会为美国消费者带来更高的商品价格和更少的商品选择，同时也会增加日本消费者的反美情绪。
最近Ginkota和Kotabe的调查表明：单独的贸易谈判不会提高美国商品进入日本市场的能力。
而对于提高美国公司进入日本市场能力的一个行之有效的方法就是研究日本近几个世纪以来所采用的商业活动。
由于法律障碍或者是日本公司对外封锁商业渠道，日本当地的分销渠道往往对外国公司不利，而这样的商业活动被认为是进入日本市场的主要障碍。
事实上，Yamawaki美国商品成功出口到日本市场在很大程度上取决于美国解决协议合同的能力。
尽管进入日本市场意义重大，然而对西方人而言，日本的经销体系经常会被人误以为是充满神秘感的。
这种误解源于日本复杂的分销惯例特征。
而这种分销惯例沿袭古老的而又严谨的建设体系。
在尝试美国贸易在日本市场成功获利减少不必要的贸易冲突过程中，我们揭露了日本分销中获利的事实，探索出了能成功进入日本市场的战略性武器。
外文翻译实用模板
Ⅲ.外文翻译
外文翻译之一
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外文翻译之二
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外文翻译与文献综述模板格式以及要求说明
外文翻译与文献综述模板格式以及要求说明
外文中文翻译格式：
标题：将外文标题翻译成中文，可以在括号内标明外文标题
摘要：将外文摘要翻译成中文，包括问题陈述、研究目的、方法、结果和结论等内容。
关键词：将外文关键词翻译成中文。
引言：对外文论文引言进行翻译，概述问题的背景、重要性和研究现状。
方法：对外文论文方法部分进行翻译，包括研究设计、数据采集和分析方法等。
结果：对外文论文结果部分进行翻译，介绍研究结果和统计分析等内容。
讨论：对外文论文讨论部分进行翻译，对研究结果进行解释和评价。
结论：对外文论文结论部分进行翻译，总结研究的主要发现和意义。
附录：如果外文论文有附录部分，需要进行翻译并按照指定的格式进行排列。
文献综述模板格式：
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结论：总结文献综述，概括主要发现和意义。
要求说明：
1.外文中文翻译要准确无误，语句通顺流畅，做到质量高、符合学术
规范。
2.文献综述要选择与所研究领域相关的文献进行综述，覆盖面要广，
内容要全面、准确并有独立思考。
4.文献综述要注重整体结构和逻辑连贯性，内容要有层次感，段落间
要过渡自然。
5.外文中文翻译和文献综述要进行查重，确保原文与译文的一致性，
并避免抄袭和剽窃行为。
外文翻译译文模板
要求：1、外文资料翻译内容要求：外文资料的内容应为本学科研究领域，并与毕业设计（论文）选题相关的技术资料或专业文献，译文字数应不少于3000汉字以上，同时应在译文末注明原文的出处。
不可采用网络中直接有外文和原文的。
2、外文资料翻译格式要求：译文题目采用小二号黑体，居中；译文正文采用宋体小四号，段前、段后距为0行；行距：固定值20磅。
英文原文如果为打印的话用新罗马（Times New Roman）小四号字。
装订时原文在前，译文在后。
文章中有引用的地方在原文中也要体现。
参考文献也要翻译成中文！用于无线传感器网络数据估算的节能协调算法摘要：无线传感器网络的各节点是用电池供电的，网络的生存期取决于各节点的能耗大小。
考虑到这类传感器网络在不同地方，节点都是检测单一现象并发送信息到汇聚中心(Fusion Center， FC为其缩写形式)，以便汇聚中心能够处理实时信息。
在传统的系统中，数据处理任务是由汇聚中心来完成的，在传输之前是没有进行加工处理的。
在综合各种适值计算方法基础上，把网络分成了多个簇，数据分两个部分进行处理。
第一个部分是在各个簇的各个传感器节点上完成本地数据共享。
第二部分将在汇聚中心从各簇节点接收到所有的信息后完成。
本地数据共享将会使比特数据传输方面更高效。
在每个簇的所有节点上，我们可以采用相同的数据备份和一个虚拟的多输入-多输出（V-MIMO）架构，在簇到汇聚（FC）中心之间进行数据传输。
一个虚拟V-MIMO网络是由一组的分布式节点组成，每个节点都有自己的天线。
通过他们之间的数据共享，这些节点将变成传统的MIMO 系统。
在协同/虚拟的MIMO架构提出之前，协同阶段是没有进行任何数据处理或压缩的。
我们改变现有的V-MIMO网络算法来适应我们所关心的特殊类别的传感器网络。
我们用正交的时空分组码（STBC）作为MIMO部分。
通过仿真表明，这种算法相比于传统系统更加节能。
I.简介一个典型的无线传感器网络是由一组小型的、低价的和只有有限能源的传感器节点组成。
外文翻译格式说明
山东理工大学毕业设计（外文翻译材料）学院：专业：学生姓名：指导教师：电气与电子工程学院自动化于小涵季画外文翻译材料格式要求：1.页边距：上3.8磅；下3.8磅；左3.2，右3.2；页眉距边界2.8，页脚距边界32.原文题目：Arial，小三；间距：段前18磅，段后12磅，间距21磅3.原文正文：Times New Roman，小四；间距：段前0磅，段后6磅，间距21磅4.译文题目：黑体，小三；间距：同原文题目5.译文正文：宋体，小四；间距同原文正文6.页眉页脚：原文页眉处写：外文翻译（原文），宋体，五号。
译文页眉处写：外文翻译（译文），宋体，五号。
原文译文的页脚统一编页码（不要单独编页码）。
Plant Model Generation for PLC SimulationHyeong-Tae ParkAbstract:This paper reports an automated procedure for constructing a plant model for PLC simulation. Since PLC programs contain only the control logic without information on the plant model, it is necessary to build the corresponding plant model to perform the simulation. Conventionally, a plant model for PLC simulation has been constructed manually, which requires much effort and indepth knowledge of the simulation. As a remedy for this problem, we propose an automated procedure for generating a plant model from the symbol table of a PLC program. To do so, we propose a naming rule for PLC symbols so that the symbol names include sufficient information on the plant model. By analysing such symbol names, we extract a plant model automatically. The proposed methodology has been implemented and test runs performed.Keywords: agile manufacturing; CAD/CAM; CAPP; simulation1. IntroductionTo survive and prosper in the modern manufacturing era, manufacturers need to continuously improve their products, as well as their production systems. A modern manufacturing line is a highly integrated system composed of automated workstations, such as robots with tool-changing capabilities, a hardware handling system and storage system, and a computer control system that controls the operations of the- 1 -entire system.Since the implementation of a manufacturing line requires heavy investment, proper verification of a line’s operational status sho uld be performed to ensure that the highly automated manufacturing system will successfully achieve the intended benefits. Simulation technology is considered to be an essential tool in the design and analysis of complex systems that cannot be easily described by analytical or mathematical models . Simulation is useful for calculating utilisation statistics, finding bottlenecks, pointing out scheduling errors, and even for creating manufacturing schedules. Traditionally, various simulation languages, including ARENA and AutoMod, have been used for the simulation of manufacturing systems. These simulation languages have been widely accepted both by industry and by academia; however, they remain as analysis tools for the rough design stage of a production line, because their simulation models are not sufficiently realistic to be utilised for a detailed design or for implementation purposes. For example, real production lines are usually controlled by PLC (Programmable Logic Controller) programs (Rullan 1997), but conventional simulation languages roughly describe the control logic with independent entity flows (job flows) between processes.- 2 -Production systems typically consist of simultaneously operating machines, which are controlled by PLCs, currently the most suitable and widely employed industrial control technology. A PLC emulates the behaviour of an electric ladder diagram. As they are sequential machines, to emulate the workings of parallel circuits that respond instantaneously, PLCs use an input/output symbol table and a scanning cycle. When a program is being run in a PLC it is continuously executing a scanning cycle. The program scan solves the Boolean logic related to the information in the input table with that in the output and internal relay tables. In addition, the information in the output and internal relay tables is updated during the program scan. In a PLC, this Boolean logic is typically represented using a graphical language known as a ladder diagram (IEC 2003).Since the abstraction levels of conventional simulators and PLC programs are quite different, the control logic of conventional simulators cannot be reused for the generation of PLC programs. Usually, electrical engineers manually write PLC programs by referring to the rough control logic of conventional simulators, as shown in Figure 1. Since PLC programming is a very tedious and error-prone job, it is essential to verify the PLC programs offline to reduce the stabilisation time of a production system.Previous approaches to a PLC program can be categorised into two groups:- 3 -(1) verification of a given PLC programand (2) generation of a dependable PLC program. In the first group, various software tools have been developed for the verification of PLC based systems via the use of timed automata, such as UPPAAL2k, KRONOS, Supremica and HyTech, mainly for programs written in a statement list language, also termed Boolean (Manesis and Akantziotis 2005). Such software tools verify PLC programs to a certain extent; however, they remain limited. Since they mainly focus on the checking of theoretical attributes (safety, liveness, and reachability), it is not easy for users to determine whether the PLC programs actually achieve the intended control objectives. In the second group, many researchers have focused on the automatic generation of PLC programs from various formalisms including state diagrams, Petri nets, and IDEF0. These formalisms can help the design process of control logics; however, it is still difficult to find hidden errors, which is the most difficult part of verifying a control program.Figure 2. The concept of PLC simulation.To overcome the aforementioned problems, it is necessary to utilise simulation techniques for PLC program verification. By simulating PLC programs, it is possible to analyse the control logic in various ways and recognise hidden errors more intuitively (David 1998). Although PLC simulation can be a very powerful tool for the detailed verification of a production system, the accompanying construction of a plant model is a major obstacle (the counterpart model of a control program). Since PLC programs only contain the control information, without device models, it is necessary to build a corresponding plant model to perform simulation, as shown in- 4 -Figure 2. However, constructing a plant model requires an excessive amount of time and effort. Sometimes, the plant model construction requires much more time than the PLC programming. This serves as the motivation for exploring the possibility of finding an automatic procedure for generating a plant model from a given PLC program.Figure3.Symbol table of a PLC program.Although the objective of a PLC program is not to describe a plant model (device models), the symbol table of a PLC program can provide a glimpse of the plant model. As shown in Figure 3, symbols in a PLC program usually contain some information related to the plant. For example, ‘EXLINE_MB_AGV_P1’ means that the symbol is a signal that is related to the control of an ‘AGV’ (Auto Guided Vehicl e) belonging to the ‘MB’ station of ‘EXLINE’ line. The above scenario reveals the key idea of the present study. If we can develop a proper naming rule for PLC symbols, then it might be possible to extract a plant model by analysing the symbol names.This paper has two major objectives: (1) to propose a proper naming rule for PLC symbols and (2) to develop a procedure for generating a plant model by analysing the symbol names. The application area of the proposed methodology includes all types of automated manufacturing systems controlled by PLC programs, such as automotive production lines, FMSs (flexible manufacturing systems), and ASRSs (automatic storage and retrieval systems). The overall structure of the paper is as follows. Section 2 addresses the specifications of a plant model for PLC simulation. Section 3 describes a naming rule for PLC symbols, which enables the automatic generation of a plant model. Finally, concluding remarks are given in Section 4.2. Plant model for PLC simulationBefore explaining the specification of a plant model enabling PLC simulation, we want to address the importance of the PLC simulation. Chuang et al. (1999) proposed a procedure for the development of an industrial automated production system that- 5 -- 6 -consists of nine steps, as follows: (1) define the process to be controlled; (2) make a sketch of the process operation; (3) create a written sequence of the process; (4) on the sketch, add the sensors needed to carry out the control sequence; (5) add the manual controls needed for the process setup or for operational checks; (6) consider the safety of the operating personnel and make additions and adjustments as needed;(7) add the master stop switches required for a safe shutdown; (8) create a ladder logic diagram that will be used as a basis for thePLC program; and (9) consider the possible points where the process sequence may go astray. The most time-consuming task for the control logic designers is the eighth step, which is usually done by the repetitive method of code writing, testing, and debugging until the control objectives are achieved (Manesis and Akantziotis 2005). This is the reason why conventional PLC programming is often inefficient and prone to human error. As the configurations of production lines and their control programs become more complicated, there is a strong need for a more efficient PLC simulation environment. It is hoped that this paper will take positive steps in this direction.A PLC can be considered as a dedicated computer system having input and output signals. To run a PLC, the corresponding plant model (the counterpart system) is required to interact with the input and output of the PLC. The behaviour of the plant model should be the same as that of the actual system to achieve PLC verification. Since a production line consists of various devices, including robots, transporters, jigs, solenoids, proximity sensors, and light sensors (Groover 2006), we can consider a plant model as a set of device models. To build such a device model, this paper em ploys Zeigler’s DEVS (Discrete Event Systems Specifications) formalism (Zeigler 1984, Kim 1994), which supports the specification of discrete event models in a hierarchical, modular manner. The semantics of the formalism are highly compatible with object-oriented specifications for simulation models. We use the atomic model of the DEVS formalism to represent the behavior of a device model. Formally, an atomic model M is specified by a 7-tuple:M =〈X, S,Y, sin δ,ext δ,λ ,t a 〉X input events setS sequential states setY output events setsin δ S→S: internal transition functionext δQ*X→S: external transition functionQ={(s, e)∣s ∈S, 0≤e ≤t a (s)}: total state of MλS →Y: output function- 7 -t a S →Real: time advance functionThe four elements in the 7-tuple, namely sin δ,ext δ,λand t a , are called the characteristic functions of an atomic model. The atomic model of the DEVS formalism can be considered as a timed-FSA (finite state automata), and it is suitable for describing the behaviour of a device model. Once the device models (plant model) are obtained, it becomes possible to perform the PLC simulation. Currently, device models should be construed manually, which takes much time and effort. To cope with the problem, the objective of the paper is to propose an automated generation procedure for device models.Before explaining the automatic generation procedure of a plant model, let us take a look at the manual procedure to construct device models. To construct a device model, first it is necessary to identify the set of tasks that are assigned to the device. The activation of each task is normally triggered by an external signal from PLC programs. Once the set of tasks is identified for a device, it is then possible to extract the state transition diagram, which defines an atomic model of the DEVS formalism. Figure 4(a) shows a simple example of an AGV (Automatic Guided Vehicle) with two tasks, T1 (movement from p1 to p2) and T2 (movement from p2 to p1). As the two tasks should be triggered by external events, the shell part of the AGV must have two input ports, termed here as Signal_1 and Signal_2, as shown in Figure 4(b).From the set of tasks, it is possible to instantiate the state transition diagram. For this example, there are four states, P1, DoT1, P2 and DoT2. While P1 and P2 take external events from the input ports (Signal_1, Signal_2) for state transitions, DoT1 and DoT2 take internal events that are the end events of the two tasks (T1 and T2). The DEVS atomic model of the virtual device, corresponding to the AGV, can be described as follows:- 8 -Shell of a virtual device:M=〈X,S,Y,sin δ,ext δ,λ ,t a 〉}2_,1_{Signal Signal =X S={P1,DOT1,P2,DOT2} Y={T1Done,T2Done}sin δ(DOT1)=P2 s i nδ(DOT2)=P1 ext δ(P1,Signal_1)=DOT1 ext δ(P2,Signal_2)=DOT2λ(DOT1)=T1Done λ(DOT2)=T2Donet a (DOT1)=Time_1 t a (DOT2)=Time_2Once a plant model has been constructed, it is possible to perform the PLC simulation, which enables the intuitive verification of a PLC program. Figure 5 shows the connections between a PLC program and a plant model. The plant model includes all device models of a production system, and the PLC program contains the control logic for the plant model. To integrate the plant model and the PLC program, it is necessary to define the mapping between the plant model and the PLC program, which is described by I/O mapping. To enable the visual verification of a PLC program, it is necessary to import 3D graphic models, which are controlled by the logical device models (the state transition diagrams). Since 3D graphic models are not always necessary, they are optional for PLC simulation. As mentioned already, the objective of this paper is to extract device models from the symbol names of PLC programs. To do so, it is necessary to develop a proper naming rule for PLC symbols. The naming rule will be addressed in the next section.3. Symbol naming for plant model generationAlthough IEC 61131-3 provides various standard specifications for a PLC, the naming rules of PLC symbols have rarely been brought into focus. Since there have been no standard rules for the naming of PLC symbols, it has been fully dependent on individual PLC programmers.To generate device models from PLC symbols, it is necessary to make PLC symbols that include enough information concerning the plant model. To achieve this objective, we interviewed many PLC programmers and analysed various conventional rules. As a result, we came up with a naming structure consisting of five fields: (1) line name, (2) process number, (3) device name, (4) input or output, and (5) task name (or state name). Figure 6 shows the naming structure for PLC symbols.If the PLC symbols are named according to the proposed naming structure, then it becomes possible to extract device models (atomic models of DEVS formalism) by simply analysing the symbol names. There are two types of symbols (signals), input or output, which are specified by the fourth field. The purpose of the output signal is to trigger a task that is specified by the fifth field. Thus, it is possible to identify the set of tasks of a device by analysing the output symbols. As mentioned already, once the set of tasks is identified for a device, it is then possible to extract the state transition diagram for the device model, which defines an atomic model of the DEVS formalism. While an output signal (symbol) is issued by a PLC to trigger a task, an input signal (symbol) is issued by a device to report the completion of the task to theδand internal transition functions PLC. This means that external transition functionsextδof a device model can be automatically extracted from the output and input sinsymbols, respectively. We demonstrate the generation procedure of a plant modelfrom PLC symbols using an example, as shown in Figure 7.- 9 -- 10 -In the example cell, we assume a part is loaded manually on the AGV by a worker. When the AGV senses the existence of a part, it moves to transfer the part to the machine. After the transfer, the machine performs machining to convert the part into a finished product. In this case, the plant model consists of two device models: an AGV model and a machine model. The PLC program to control the simple manufacturing cell is shown in Figure 8(a), and its symbol table is shown in Figure 8(b).As shown in Figure 8(b), the AGV model has two output symbols and two input symbols. From the output symbols (EX_OP_AGV_O_GOP1, EX_OP_AGV_O_GOP2), we can intuitively recognise that the AGV has two tasks- 11 -(movement from P2 to P1, and movement from P1 to P2). By using the output symbols, we can extract the state transition diagram, as well as the external transitionfunctions, as shown in Figure 9(a).As mentioned already, an output symbol triggers a task of a device model, and an input symbol is made by the device to notify the completion of the task. Since the execution of a task is performed internally by the device, the internal transition functions of a device model can easily be extracted from the input symbols(EX_OP_AGV_I_DONEGOP1, EX_OP_AGV_I_DONEGOP2). In this way, the device model of the machine can be extracted from the related symbols(EX_OP_MC_, etc.), as shown in Figure 9(b). The procedure for the construction of a device model can be described as follows.- 12 -(1) Identify all corresponding pairs between output symbols and input symbols. While an output symbol triggers a task, the corresponding input symbol reports the completion of the task. For example, EX_OP_AGV_O_GOP1 corresponds toEX_OP_AGV_I_DONEGOP1. (2) Define the states of a device mode using the last naming fields of input/output symbols. In the case of the AGV, we can define four states, GoP1, DoneGoP1, GoP2, and DoneGoP2. (3) Define external (internal) transition functions using output (input) symbols. Once a plant model has been obtained, it becomes possible to perform the PLC simulation by defining the I/O mapping relations between the plant model and the PLC symbols. Through the PLC simulation, we can efficiently check whether the PLC program achieves the control objectives or not.The proposed methodology was implemented in C++language, and test runs were made on a personal computer, as shown in Figure 10. The PLC program shown in Figure 8(a) was written using GX IEC developer version 7.0 provided byMitsubishi Electric Corporation. The GX IEC developer can export a symbol table in the form of an Excel file, as shown in Figure 8(b). The exported symbol table becomes the input for the generation of a plant model. Figure 10 shows that the generated device models by analysing the exported symbol table.4. Discussion and conclusionsThrough PLC simulation, it is possible to analyse control logic in various ways and recognise hidden errors more intuitively. Although PLC simulation can be a very powerful tool for the detailed verification of a production system, the accompanying construction of a plant model requires too much time and effort. To remedy this problem, we have proposed an automated procedure to generate a plant model from the symbol table of a PLC program. To do so, we have also proposed a naming rule for PLC symbols so that the symbol names include sufficient information on the plant model. By analysing the symbol names, a plant model can be extracted automatically. Since a plant consists of various manufacturing devices, we can consider a plant model as a set of device models. To represent such a device model, the proposed method employs Zeigler’s DEVS formalism. We use the atomic model of the DEVS formalism to describe the logical behavior of a device model. In other words, it is necessary to extract the device models from the symbol table in the form of an atomic model of the DEVS formalism. Although the proposed methodology only deals with the local verification of PLC programs, it is also possible to extend the methodologyto include the verification of mechanical aspects of the plant .- 13 -工厂模型生成PLC仿真Hyeong-Tae Park摘要 :本文介绍一个自动程序可编程序控制器(PLC)生成工厂模型仿真。
外文翻译及外文原文(参考格式)
外文翻译要求：1、外文资料与毕业设计（论文）选题密切相关，译文准确、质量好。
2、阅读2篇幅以上（10000字符左右）的外文资料，完成2篇不同文章的共2000汉字以上的英译汉翻译3、外文资料可以由指导教师提供，外文资料原则上应是外国作者。
严禁采用专业外语教材文章。
4、排序：“一篇中文译文、一篇外文原文、一篇中文译文、一篇外文原文”。
插图内文字及图名也译成中文。
5、标题与译文格式（字体、字号、行距、页边距等）与论文格式要求相同。
下页附：外文翻译与原文参考格式2英文翻译 (黑体、四号、顶格)外文原文出处：(译文前列出外文原文出处、作者、国籍，译文后附上外文原文)《ASHRAE Handbook —Refrigeration 》.CHAPTER3 .SYSTEM Practices for ammonia 3.1 System Selection 3.2 Equipment3.10 Reciprocating Compressors第3章 氨制冷系统的实施3.1 系统选择在选择一个氨制冷系统设计时，须要考虑一些设计决策要素，包括是否采用（1）单级压缩（2）带经济器的压缩（3）多级压缩（4）直接蒸发（5）满液式（6）液体再循环（7）载冷剂。
单级压缩系统基本的单级压缩系统由蒸发器、压缩机、冷凝器、储液器（假如用的话）和制冷剂控制装置（膨胀阀、浮球阀等）。
1997 ASHRAE 手册——“原理篇”中的第一章讨论了压缩制冷循环。
图1.壳管式经济器的布置外文翻译的标题与译文中的字体、字号、行距、页边距等与论文格式相同。
英文原文(黑体、四号、顶格)英文翻译2（黑体，四号，顶格）外文原文出处：（黑体，四号，顶格）P. Fanning. Nonlinear Models of Reinforced and Post-tensioned Concrete Beams. Lecturer, Department of Civil Engineering, University College Dublin. Received 16 Jul 2001.非线形模型钢筋和后张法预应力混凝土梁摘要:商业有限元软件一般包括混凝土在荷载做用下非线性反应的专用数值模型。
论文及外文翻译格式(标准)
负责教师（宋体，四号，首行缩进6字符）
（空7行）
沈阳航空航天大学（宋体，四号，居中）
2010年6月（宋体，四号，居中）
附录2 摘要格式示例（设置成三号，空2行）
摘 要（黑体，加粗，三号，居中，两个字之间空两格）
（空1行）
我国已经步入经济全球化发展的21世纪，随着市场经济的快速增长和对外开放的进一步深化，我国金融市场发生了巨大的变化。一方面，投资理财所涉及到的领域越来越广，不仅仅是政府、企业、社会组织进行投资理财，居民也逐步进入到金融市场中，开始利用各种投资工具对个人、家庭财产进行打理，以达到资产保值、增值，更好的用于消费、养老等的目的；另一方面，我国居民投资理财观念逐渐趋于成熟化、理性化；同时，其投资理财工具以及方式手段亦越来越向多元化、完善化发展。
附件5 论文及外文翻译写作格式样例
附录1 内封格式示例（设置成小二号字，空3行）
我国居民投资理财现状及发展前景的研究
（黑体，加粗，小二，居中，空2行）
The ResearchonStatus and Future of Inhabitants’ Investment and Financial Management inChina
关键词：（宋体，小四，加粗，左缩进：0）投资理财 资理财工具通货膨胀（宋体，小四，每个关键词之间空两格，关键词的个数在3到5个之间）
（空2行）
Abstract（Time New Roman体，三号，加粗，居中）
（空1行）
Our country has already entered into The Economic Globalization Development’ 21st century. Along with the fast growth of our country economy and opening to the outside world furthermore, our country finance market has had the hugely changed. On one hand, the investment and financial management involve in more and more fields.Not only governments, enterprises and social organizations carry on the investing to make money, but also the inhabitants start investing in the finance market, who make money by all kinds of investment tools for spending, caring for the aged and so on. On the other hand, the idea of our country inhabitants for investment and financial management has becoming mature and rational; At the same time, their investment tools as well as the methods for investment and financial management tend to more and more multiplication and consummation.
外文翻译要求and格式
外文文件翻译要求依据《一般高等学校本科毕业设计（论文）指导》的内容，特对外文文件翻译提出以下要求：一、翻译的外文文件的字符要求许多于万（或翻译成中文后起码在 3000 字以上）。
字数达到的文件一篇即可。
二、翻译的外文文件应主要选自学术期刊、学术会议的文章、有关著作及其余有关资料，应与毕业论文（设计）主题有关，并作为外文参照文件列入毕业论文（设计）的参照文件。
并在每篇中文译文首页用“脚注”形式注明原文作者及出处，中文译文后应附外文原文。
三、需仔细研读和查阅术语达成翻译，不得采纳翻译软件翻译。
四、中文译文的编排构造与原文同，撰写格式参照毕业论文的格式要求。
参照文件不用翻译，直接使用原文的（字体，字号，标点符号等与毕业论文中的参照文件要求同），参照文件的序号应标明在译文中相应的地方。
详细可参照毕业设计（论文）外文文件翻译模板。
五、封面一致制作，封面格式请勿自行变动，学号请写完好（注：封面上的“翻译题目”指中文译文的题目）。
按“封面、译文一、外文原文一、译文二、外文原文二”的次序一致装订。
假如只有一篇译文，则能够删除“翻译（ 2）题目”这一行。
外文文件翻译格式要求（ 1）纲要，重点词：宋体五号（此中“纲要”和“重点词”为宋体五号加粗），行间距设置为 18 磅，段前段后间距设置为行，对齐方式选择“两头对齐”方式；各个重点词之间以分号（；）或许（，）分开，最后一个重点词后不加标点；（2）正文一级标题：采纳黑体小三号加粗，行间距设置为20 磅，段前段后间距设置为行，一般采纳“ 1 前言”款式，此中 1 和“前言”之间用一个空格分开；正文二级标题：采纳黑体小三号，行间距设置为 20 磅，段前段后间距设置为行，一般采纳“ 系统原理”款式，此中 1 和“系统原理”之间用一个空格分开；；一级标题和二级标题采纳“左对齐”方式；（3）正文内容：采纳宋体小四号，行间距设置为20 磅，段前段后间距设置为0 行，首行缩进 2 字符，正文对齐方式在段落格式设置中选择“两头对齐” ，遇正文中有公式的，设置该行（段）行间距为“单倍行距”（4）插图：请设置图片版式为“浮于文字上方” ，并勾选“居中”，图片大小依据版面，按比率适合进行缩放，图示说明采纳“图 1 主控制器的构造图”款式置于图下，图序与说明以一个空格字符间隔，图示说明采纳宋体五号，居中对齐，行间距设置为“单倍行距”，段前段后距设置为行；（ 5）表格：在表格属性中选择“居中”对齐方式，表格说明采纳“表 1 两种方法试验数据比较”款式置于表格上方，表序与说明以一个空格字符间隔，表格说明采纳宋体五号，居中对齐，行间距设置为“单倍行距”，段前段后距设置为行；（6）参照文件：“参照文件”格式同一级标题格式，参照文件内容采纳宋体五号，行间距设置为 18 磅，段前段后间距设置为 0 行，对齐方式选择“左对齐”方式，此中出现的标点一律采纳英文标点；以上纲要，重点词，正文，标题及参照文件中出现的英文字符和数字，一律设置为“Times New Roman”字体。
附表：外文翻译格式
英文翻译(原文)说明书题目：系别：专业：学生姓名：学号：指导教师：职称：题目类型：理论研究实验研究工程设计工程技术研究软件开发年月日英文翻译(译文)说明书题目：系别：专业：学生姓名：学号：指导教师：职称：题目类型：理论研究实验研究工程设计工程技术研究软件开发年月日附件二：范例摘要(“摘要”之间空两格，采用三号字、黑体、居中，与内容空一行) （内容采用小四号宋体）注：毕业设计（论文）摘要或总说明书要概括研究课题的内容、方法和观点以及取得的成果和结论，应反映整个内容的精华，字数在300字左右。
关键词：(小四号、黑体、顶格)☆☆☆；☆☆☆；☆☆☆（内容采用小四号、宋体、接排、各关键词之间有分号）Abstract（三号加粗）：(采用三号字、Times New Roman字体、加黑、居中、与内容空一行) There is a kind of automatic access system that use automatic indemnification technology to identify user’s ID and rights, and according to user’s rights to control the door.••••••（内容采用小四号Times New Roman字体，要求300-500单词）Key words（小四号加粗、Times New Roman字体、顶格）：（内容采用小四号、Times New Roman字体、接排、各关键词之间有分号）目录（三号、黑体、居中、目录两字空四格、与正文空一行）引言 (1)1（空两格）☆☆☆☆，☆☆（四号黑体） (3)1.1（空一格）☆☆☆，☆☆☆（小四号黑体） (3)1.2 ☆☆☆、☆☆☆☆ (4)2 ☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆ (6)2.1 ☆☆☆、☆☆，☆ (6)2.1.1☆☆☆☆☆ (6)2.1.2☆☆☆☆☆☆ (7)••••••5 结论 (34)谢辞 (35)参考文献 (35)附录 (36)注：目录按三级标题编写（即：1 ……、1.1 ……、1.1.1 ……），要求标题层次清晰。
外文文献翻译封面格式及要求(模版)
毕业论文外文文献翻译院年级专业：2009级XXXXXXXXXXX 姓 名：学 号：附 件：备注：（注意：备注页这一整页的内容都不需要打印，看懂了即可）1.从所引用的与毕业设计（论文）内容相近的外文文献中选择一篇或一部分进行翻译（不少于3000实词）；2.外文文献翻译的装订分两部分，第一部分为外文文献；第二部分为该外文文献的中文翻译，两部分之间用分页符隔开。
也就是说，第一外文文献部分结束后，使用分页符，另起一页开始翻译。
3.格式方面，外文文献的格式，除了字体统一使用Times new roman 之外，其他所有都跟中文论文的格式一样。
中文翻译的格式，跟中文论文的格式一样。
（注意：备注页这一整页的内容都不需要打印，看懂了即可,定稿后,请删除本页.）范文如下：注意,下面内容每一部份均已用分页符分开了,如果用本模板,请将每一模块单独删除,直接套用到每一模板里面,不要将全部内容一次性删除.【Abstract】This paper has a systematic analysis on outside Marco-environment of herbal tea beverage industry and major competitors of brands inside the herbal tea market. Based onthe theoretic framework, this paper takes WONG LO KAT and JIA DUO BAO herbal tea as an example, and researches the strategy on brand positioning and relevant marketing mix of it. Through analysis on the prevention sense of WONG LO KAT herbal tea, it was positioned the beverage that can prevent excessive internal heat in body, a new category divided from the beverage market. the process of brand positioning of it in Consumers brain was finished. Based on this positioning strategy, WONG LO KAT reasonably organized and arranged its product strategy, price strategy, distribution strategy and promotion strategy, which not only served for and further consolidated the position of preventing excessive internal heat in body, but also elevated the value of brand. The JDB and WONG LO KAT market competition brings us enlightenment. Reference the successful experience from the JDB and lessons from the failure of the WONG LO KAT.，Times New Roman.【Key Words】Brand positioning; Marketing mix; Positioning Strategy; enlightenment, lessons；ABC（本页为英文文献摘要，关键词两项一起单独一页，字体为：Times New Roman，小四号，1.5倍行距）(注:以下为英文文献正文内容,英文全文3000字.具体标题以原文为准.全文字体为Times New Roman.行间距为1.5倍.字号大小与论文正文的各级标题一致.如下:)I.Times New Roman ，Times New Roman，Times New RomanTimes New Roman, Times New Roman, Times New Roman, Times New Roman,This paper has a systematic analysis on outside Marco-environment of herbal tea beverage industry and major competitors of brands inside the herbal tea market. Based on the theoretic framework, this paper takes WONG LO KAT and JIA DUO BAO herbal tea as an example, and researches the strategy on brand positioning and relevant marketing mix of it. Through analysis on the prevention sense of WONG LO KAT herbal tea, it was positioned the beverage that can prevent excessive internal heat in body, a new category divided from the beverage market. the process of brand positioning of it in Consumers brain was finished. Based on this positioning strategy, WONG LO KAT reasonably organized and arranged its product strategy, price strategy, distribution strategy and promotion strategy, which not only served for and further consolidated the position of preventing excessive internal heat in body, but also elevated the value of brand. The JDB and WONG LO KAT market competition brings us enlightenment. Reference the successful experience from the JDB and lessons from the failure of the WONG LO KAT.This paper has a systematic analysis on outside Marco-environment of herbal tea beverage industry and major competitors of brands inside the herbal tea market. Based on the theoretic framework, this paper takes WONG LO KAT and JIA DUO BAO herbal tea as an example, and researches the strategy on brand positioning and relevant marketing mix of it. Through analysis on the prevention sense of WONG LO KAT herbal tea, it was positioned the beverage that can prevent excessive internal heat in body, a new category divided from the beverage market. the process of brand positioning of it in Consumers brain was finished. Based on this positioning strategy, WONG LO KAT reasonably organized and arranged its product strategy, price strategy, distribution strategy and promotion strategy, which not only served for and further consolidated the position of preventing excessive internal heat in body, but also elevated the value of brand. The JDB and WONG LO KAT market competition brings us enlightenment. Reference the successful experience from the JDB and lessons fromthe failure of the WONG LO KAT.II.Times New Roman ，Times New Roman，Times New RomanTimes New Roman, Times New Roman, Times New Roman, Times New Roman,This paper has a systematic analysis on outside Marco-environment of herbal tea beverage industry and major competitors of brands inside the herbal tea market. Based on the theoretic framework, this paper takes WONG LO KAT and JIA DUO BAO herbal tea as an example, and researches the strategy on brand positioning and relevant marketing mix of it. Through analysis on the prevention sense of WONG LO KAT herbal tea, it was positioned the beverage that can prevent excessive internal heat in body, a new category divided from the beverage market. the process of brand positioning of it in Consumers brain was finished. Based on this positioning strategy, WONG LO KAT reasonably organized and arranged its product strategy, price strategy, distribution strategy and promotion strategy, which not only served for and further consolidated the position of preventing excessive internal heat in body, but also elevated the value of brand. The JDB and WONG LO KAT market competition brings us enlightenment. Reference the successful experience from the JDB and lessons from the failure of the WONG LO KAT.This paper has a systematic analysis on outside Marco-environment of herbal tea beverage industry and major competitors of brands inside the herbal tea market. Based on the theoretic framework, this paper takes WONG LO KAT and JIA DUO BAO herbal tea as an example, and researches the strategy on brand positioning and relevant marketing mix of it. Through analysis on the prevention sense of WONG LO KAT herbal tea, it was positioned the beverage that can prevent excessive internal heat in body, a new category divided from the beverage market. the process of brand positioning of it in Consumers brain was finished. Based on this positioning strategy, WONG LO KAT reasonably organized and arranged its product strategy, price strategy, distribution strategy and promotion strategy, which not only served for and further consolidated the position of preventing excessive internal heat in body, but also elevated the value of brand. The JDB and WONG LO KAT market competition brings us enlightenment. Reference the successful experience from the JDB and lessons from the failure of the WONG LO KAT.III.Times New Roman ，Times New Roman，Times New RomanTimes New Roman, Times New Roman, Times New Roman, Times New Roman,This paper has a systematic analysis on outside Marco-environment of herbal tea beverage industry and major competitors of brands inside the herbal tea market. Based on the theoretic framework, this paper takes WONG LO KAT and JIA DUO BAO herbal tea as an example, and researches the strategy on brand positioning and relevant marketing mix of it. Through analysis on the prevention sense of WONG LO KAT herbal tea, it was positioned the beverage that can prevent excessive internal heat in body, a new category divided from the beverage market. the process of brand positioning of it in Consumers brain was finished. Based on this positioning strategy, WONG LO KAT reasonably organized and arranged its product strategy, price strategy, distribution strategy and promotion strategy, which not only served for and further consolidated the position of preventing excessive internal heat in body, but also elevated the value of brand. The JDB and WONG LO KAT market competition brings us enlightenment. Reference the successful experience from the JDB and lessons from the failure of the WONG LO KAT.This paper has a systematic analysis on outside Marco-environment of herbal tea beverage industry and major competitors of brands inside the herbal tea market. Based on the theoretic framework, this paper takes WONG LO KAT and JIA DUO BAO herbal tea as an example, and researches the strategy on brand positioning and relevant marketing mix of it. Through analysis on the prevention sense of WONG LO KAT herbal tea, it was positioned the beverage that can prevent excessive internal heat in body, a new category divided from the beverage market. the process of brand positioning of it in Consumers brain was finished. Based on this positioning strategy, WONG LO KAT reasonably organized and arranged its product strategy, price strategy, distribution strategy and promotion strategy, which not only served for and further consolidated the position of preventing excessive internal heat in body, but also elevated the value of brand. The JDB and WONG LO KAT market competition brings us enlightenment. Reference the successful experience from the JDB and lessons from the failure of the WONG LO KAT.This paper has a systematic analysis on outside Marco-environment of herbal teabeverage industry and major competitors of brands inside the herbal tea market. Based on the theoretic framework, this paper takes WONG LO KAT and JIA DUO BAO herbal tea as an example, and researches the strategy on brand positioning and relevant marketing mix of it. Through analysis on the prevention sense of WONG LO KAT herbal tea, it was positioned the beverage that can prevent excessive internal heat in body, a new category divided from the beverage market. the process of brand positioning of it in Consumers brain was finished. Based on this positioning strategy, WONG LO KAT reasonably organized and arranged its product strategy, price strategy, distribution strategy and promotion strategy, which not only served for and further consolidated the position of preventing excessive internal heat in body, but also elevated the value of brand. The JDB and WONG LO KAT market competition brings us enlightenment. Reference the successful experience from the JDB and lessons from the failure of the WONG LO KAT.This paper has a systematic analysis on outside Marco-environment of herbal tea beverage industry and major competitors of brands inside the herbal tea market. Based on the theoretic framework, this paper takes WONG LO KAT and JIA DUO BAO herbal tea as an example, and researches the strategy on brand positioning and relevant marketing mix of it. Through analysis on the prevention sense of WONG LO KAT herbal tea, it was positioned the beverage that can prevent excessive internal heat in body, a new category divided from the beverage market. the process of brand positioning of it in Consumers brain was finished. Based on this positioning strategy, WONG LO KAT reasonably organized and arranged its product strategy, price strategy, distribution strategy and promotion strategy, which not only served for and further consolidated the position of preventing excessive internal heat in body, but also elevated the value of brand. The JDB and WONG LO KAT market competition brings us enlightenment. Reference the successful experience from the JDB and lessons from the failure of the WONG LO KAT.【摘要】本文是对凉茶饮料的宏观环境以及凉茶市场内部主要品牌的竞争对手进行了系统分析。
外文翻译及外文原文参考格式
外文翻译要求：1、外文资料与毕业设计（论文）选题密切相关，译文准确、质量好。
2000的共字符左右）的外文资料，完成2篇不同文章、阅读22篇幅以上（10000 汉字以上的英译汉翻译。
严禁采用专业外国作者可以由指导教师提供，外文资料原则上应是3、外文资料外语教材文章。
插图、排序：“一篇中文译文、一篇外文原文、一篇中文译文、一篇外文原文”4 内文字及图名也译成中文。
与论文格式要求相同。
5、标题与译文格式（字体、字号、行距、页边距等）下页附：外文翻译与原文参考格式英文翻译黑体、四号、顶格()外文原文出处：)(译文前列出外文原文出处、作者、国籍，译文后附上外文原文 .CHAPTER3 .SYSTEM Practices for ammonia —Refrigeration》《ASHRAE Handbook System Selection 3.1Equipment3.2外文翻译的标题与译Reciprocating Compressors3.10 字号文中的字体页边距等与论文距、式相同。
章氨制冷系统的实施第3 3.1 系统选择）在选择一个氨制冷系统设计时，须要考虑一些设计决策要素，包括是否采用（1）液体再64）直接蒸发（5）满液式（）多级压缩（单级压缩（2）带经济器的压缩（3 7循环（）载冷剂。
单级压缩系统基本的单级压缩系统由蒸发器、压缩机、冷凝器、储液器（假如用的话）和制冷剂手册——“原理篇”中的第一章讨论控制装置（膨胀阀、浮球阀等）。
1997 ASHRAE了压缩制冷循环。
图1.壳管式经济器的布置文件可采用外文原文有PDF 文件直接插入。
PDF英文原文)(黑体、四号、顶格2英文翻译（黑体，四号，顶格）外文原文出处：（黑体，四号，顶格）Lecturer, Concrete Beams. Reinforced and Post-tensioned Models P. Fanning. Nonlinear ofDepartment of Civil Engineering, University College Dublin. Received 16 Jul 2001.非线形模型钢筋和后张法预应力混凝土梁商业有限元软件一般包括混凝土在荷载做用下非线性反应的专用数值模型。
外文翻译格式模板
附件1：外文资料翻译译文译文标题（3号黑体，居中）作者（小4号新罗马体，居中）（不译）单位（5号新罗马体，居中）（不译）（空一行）摘要（5号黑体）设计方法是。
（5号宋体）关键词（5号黑体）压缩机活塞环（5号宋体）（空一行）×××××××××（小4号宋体，1.25倍行距）×××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××…………。
（正文）正文要求：（1）小4号宋体，1.25倍行距；（2）小标题用小4号黑体；（3）图表中的文字、数字（包括图题和表头）一律用5号字体；（4）汉字用宋体；数字和字母用一律用新罗马体。
（5）代表物理量的字母要斜体，单位符号正体参考文献（见原文）注：有关收稿等日期及作者联系方式等相关内容全部删去。
附件2：外文原文（复印件）。
毕业论文外文翻译格式
因为学校对毕业论文中的外文翻译并无规定，为统一起见，特做以下要求：1、每篇字数为1500字左右，共两篇；2、每篇由两部分组成：译文 +原文。
3 附件中是一篇范本，具体字号、字体已标注。
外文翻译（包含原文）（宋体四号加粗）外文翻译一（宋体四号加粗）作者：（宋体小四号加粗）Kim Mee Hyun Director, Policy Research & Development Team, Korean Film Council （小四号）出处：（宋体小四号加粗）Korean Cinema from Origins to RenaissanceP358~P34C）韩国电影的发展及前景（标题：宋体四号加粗）1996~现在在过去的十年间，韩国电影经历了难以置信的增长。
上个世纪60年代，韩国电影迅速崛起，然而很快便陷入停滞状态，直到90年代以后，韩国电影又重新进入繁盛时期。
在这个时期，韩国电影在数量上并没有大幅的增长，但多部电影的观影人数达到了上千万人次。
1996年，韩国本土电影的市场占有量只有23.1%。
但是到了1998年，市场占有量增长到35.8%,到2001年更是达到了50% 虽然从1996年开始，韩国电影一直处在不断上升的过程中，但是直到1999年姜帝圭导演的《生死谍变》的成功才诞生了韩国电影的又一个高峰。
虽然《生死谍变》创造了韩国电影史上的最高电影票房纪录，但是1999年以后最高票房纪录几乎每年都会被刷新。
当人们都在津津乐道所谓的“韩国大片”时，2000年朴赞郁导演的《共同警备区JSA〉和2001年郭暻泽导演的《朋友》均成功刷新了韩国电影最高票房纪录。
2003年康佑硕导演的《实尾岛》和2004年姜帝圭导演的又一部力作《太极旗飘扬》开创了观影人数上千万人次的时代。
姜帝圭和康佑硕导演在韩国电影票房史上扮演了十分重要的角色。
从1993年的《特警冤家》到2003年的《实尾岛》，康佑硕导演了多部成功的电影。
外文文献译文(格式详细)
CHONGQMGCOuKifOFMOO11E C OMMUNKATION毕业论文（设计）外文文献译文译文题目 _____________________________________学院专业班级学生姓名学生学号指导教师所有信息居中学院、专业：写全称班级：写“1班”“卓越1班”“专升本\班”等如有多名指导教师，按署名先后依次填写，中间用逗号隔开，如:“张XX,李XX”20××年月译文要求1所选的原文内容必须与课题或专业方向紧密相关,反映该领域新发展（近5年）的期刊文章、专业书籍、技术手册资料或网站资料等，由指导教师提供或经过指导教师同意的自选文献，并注明详细出处。
2 .外文文献译文应在指导教师指导下，学生在毕业论文（设计）前4周内独立完成,译文不少于1500个汉字。
3 .译文准确、严谨，忠实原文内容，应遵循“能直译则直译，不能直译则意译”的原则，避免“英化汉语”。
4 .外文文献译文后附原文（或复印件）。
顶格，按英文参考文献格式完整写出,字体：TimesNewRoman.字号:小四,一行距：固定值22磅（行距下同）一J 空一行，宋体，小四黑体，小三号，左对齐，顶格写I 引文标识应全文统一，采用方括号上标的形式置于所引内容最末句的右上角（标点符号之前），引文编号用阿拉伯数字置于半角方括号中，用小四号字体，如：“结果显示：2001~2008年期间，碳排放总量由1.52亿吨增长到2.84亿吨，年均增幅9.29%∏J 引用多篇文献或同一作者多篇文献时，只需将各篇文献的/I 批注I 刖:文献格式,如本段标黄的二:处序号在方括号内全部列出，各序号间用分开；如遇连续序号，可用“〜”连接，略去中间序号，如：“早期的研究结果表明亿4∙59j,……”各级标题不得使用引文标识。
正文中如需对引文进行阐述时，引文序号应以逗号分隔并排列于方括号中，如“文献［1,2,6~9J 从不同角度阐述了……”|2名词术语 全文应统一科技名词术语、行业通用术语以及设备、元器件的名称。
毕业论文外文翻译格式
毕业论文外文翻译格式(2009-05-26 10:20:22)转载标分类：毕业论文写作规范签：杂谈根据《普通高等学校本科毕业设计（论文）指导》的内容，特对外文文献翻译提出以下要求：一、翻译的外文文献一般为1～2篇，外文字符要求不少于1.5万（或翻译成中文后至少在3000字以上）。
二、翻译的外文文献应主要选自学术期刊、学术会议的文章、有关著作及其他相关材料，应与毕业论文（设计）主题相关，并作为外文参考文献列入毕业论文（设计）的参考文献。
并在每篇中文译文首页用“脚注”形式注明原文作者及出处，中文译文后应附外文原文。
三、中文译文的基本撰写格式为题目采用小三号黑体字居中打印，正文采用宋体小四号字，行间距一般为固定值20磅，标准字符间距。
页边距为左3cm，右2.5cm，上下各2.5cm，页面统一采用A4纸。
四、封面格式由学校统一制作（注：封面上的“翻译题目”指中文译文的题目，附件1为一篇外文翻译的封面格式，附件二为两篇外文翻译的封面格式），若有两篇外文文献，请按“封面、译文一、外文原文一、译文二、外文原文二”的顺序统一装订。
毕业论文外文翻译格式要求标签：格式规范分类：教学相长2008-02-26 16:20标题（20字以内，可用副标题补充说明，4号黑体加粗.居中）(5号空一行)外文作者署名（Times New Roman5号，居中）(5号空一行)（外文翻译成中文的内容）（5号宋体）(5号空一行)外文著录（填写此项内容）（5号宋体）按照：著录/ 题名/ 出版事项顺序排列注明期刊——著者，题名，期刊名称，出版年，卷号（期号），起始页码。
书籍——著者，书名，版次（第一版不标注），出版地，出版者，出版年，起始页码。
说明：译文前面附被翻译的外文原件复印件，复印件用与论文稿纸相同大小的白纸（A4纸张）复印。
外文翻译规范要求及模版格式
(二)外文翻译
每位学生必须阅读2篇以上(10000字符左右)的外文材料，应完成5000汉字以上的英译汉翻译。
加“外文翻译”封面，全文1.5倍行距。
原文可用A4纸复印,每篇原文后附译文(即中文不要直接翻译在原文的同一页)。
模板
外 文 翻 译
毕业设计题目：
原文1
译文1
原文2
译文2：
封面
左边距：3.0cm 右边距：2.5cm 上边距：2.5cm 下边距：2.5cm
(
(原文1)Headaches: A slowdown in traditional newspaper advertising. The proliferation of media choices, especially the Internet, threaten to cannibalize both readership and prestige.
出处：
正文
左边距：3.0cm 右边距：2.5cm
上边距：2.5cm
下边距：2.5cm
段落缩进：2字符
行距：1.5倍
另起一页(译文标题)
(译文1)最头痛的事：传统报纸广告量下降。
随着越来越多的媒体出现在人们面前，
出处：
特别说明：如原文系纸质的，请按A4尺寸复印，字迹清晰，页面正直(不要歪斜)，周边干净，如是PDF格式提供PDF文档，装订时再打印。
外文翻译排版格式参考
毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译系别：电子信息系专业：通信工程班级： B100309姓名：张杨学号： B10030942外文出处：附件： 1. 原文； 2. 译文2014年03月An Introduction to the ARM 7 ArchitectureTrevor Martin CEng, MIEETechnical DirectorThis article gives an overview of the ARM 7 architecture and a description of its major features for a developer new to the device. Future articles will examine other aspects of the ARM architecture.Basic CharacteristicsThe principle feature of the ARM 7 microcontroller is that it is a register based load-and-store architecture with a number of operating modes. While the ARM7 is a 32 bit microcontroller, it is also capable of running a 16-bit instruction set, known as "THUMB". This helps it achieve a greater code density and enhanced power saving. While all of the register-to-register data processing instructions are single-cycle, other instructions such as data transfer instructions, are multi-cycle. To increase the performance of these instructions, the ARM 7 has a three-stage pipeline. Due to the inherent simplicity of the design and low gate count, ARM 7 is the industry leader in low-power processing on a watts per MIP basis. Finally, to assist the developer, the ARM core has a built-in JTAG debug port and on-chip "embedded ICE" that allows programs to be downloaded and fully debugged in-system.In order to keep the ARM 7 both simple and cost-effective, the code and data regions are accessed via a single data bus. Thus while the ARM 7 is capable of single-cycle execution of all data processing instructions, data transfer instructions may take several cycles since they will require at least two accesses onto the bus (one for the instruction one for the data). In order to improve performance, a three stage pipeline is used that allows multiple instructions to be processed simultaneously.The pipeline has three stages; FETCH, DECODE and EXECUTE. The hardware of each stage is designed to be independent so up to three instructions can be processed simultaneously. The pipeline is most effective inspeeding up sequential code. However a branch instruction will cause the pipeline to be flushed marring its performance. As we shall see later the ARM 7 designers had some clever ideas to solve this problem.InstructionFig 1 ARM 3- Stage pipelineARM7 Programming ModelThe programmer's model of the ARM 7 consists of 15 user registers, as shown in Fig. 3, with R15 being used as the Program Counter (PC). Since the ARM 7 is a load-and- store architecture, an user program must load data from memory intotheCPU registers, process this data and then store the result back into memory. Unlike other processors no memory to memory instructions are available.M1M2M34,R 1,R 2 (R 4=R 0+R 2)3Fig 2 Load And Store ArchitectureAs stated above R15 is the Program Counter. R13 and R14 also have special functions; R13 is used as the stack pointer, though this has only been defined as a programming convention. Unusually the ARM instruction set does not have PUSH and POP instructions so stack handling is done via a set of instructions that allow loading and storing of multiple registersin a single operation. Thus it is possible to PUSH or POP the entire register set onto the stack in a single instruction. R14 has special significance and is called the "link register". When a call is made to a procedure, the return address is automatically placed into R14, rather than onto a stack, as might be expected. A return can then be implemented by moving the contents of R14 into R15, the PC. For multiple calling trees, the contents of R14 (the link register) must be placed onto the stack.15 User registers +PCR13 is used as the stack pointer R14 is the link registerR14 is the Program Counter Current Program Status RegisterFig 3 User Mode Register ModelIn addition to the 16 CPU registers, there is a current program status register (CPSR). This contains a set of condition code flags in the upper four bits that record the result of a previous instruction, as shown in Fig 4. In addition to the condition code flags, the CPSR contains a number of user-configurable bits that can be used to change the processor mode, enter Thumb processing and enable/disable interrupts.31 30 29 28 27Negative Carry OverflowIRQ System UserUndefined instruction AbortThumb instruction setFig 4 Current Program Status Register and Flags Exception And Interrupt ModesThe ARM 7 architecture has a total of six different operating modes, as shown below. These modes are protected or exception modes which have associated interrupt sources and their own register sets.User: This mode is used to run the application code. Once in user mode the CPSR cannot be written to and modes can only be changed when an exception is generated.FIQ: (Fast Interrupt reQuest) This supports high speed interrupt handling. Generally it is used for a single critical interrupt source in a system IRQ: (Interrupt ReQuest) This supports all other interrupt sources in a systemSupervisor: A "protected" mode for running system level code to access hardware or run OS calls. The ARM 7 enters this mode after reset Abort: If an instruction or data is fetched from an invalid memory region, an abort exception will be generatedUndefined Instruction: If a FETCHED opcode is not an ARM instruction, an undefined instruction exception will be generated.The User registers R0-R7 are common to all operating modes. However FIQ mode has its own R8 -R14 that replace the user registers when FIQ is entered. Similarly, each of the other modes have their own R13 and R14 so that each operating mode has its own unique Stack pointer and Link register. The CPSR is also common to all modes. However in each of the exception modes, an additional register 一the saved program status register (SPSR)，is added. When the processor changes the current valueof the CPSR stored in the SPSR，this can be restored on exiting the exception mode.System&User FIQ Supervisor Abort IRQ UndefinedFig 5 Full Register Set For ARM 7Entry to the Exception modes is through the interrupt vector table. Exceptions in the ARM processor can be split into three distinct types.(i) Exceptions caused by executing an instruction, these include software interrupts, undefined instruction exceptions and memory abort exceptions (ii) Exceptions caused as a side effect of an instruction such as a abort caused by trying to fetch data from an invalid memory region.(iii) Exceptions unrelated to instruction execution, this includes reset, FIQ and IRQ interrupts.In each case entry into the exception mode uses the same mechanism. On generation of the exception, the processor switches to the privileged mode, the current value of the PC+4 is saved into the Link register (R14) of the privileged mode and the current value of CPSR is saved into the privileged mode's SPSR. The IRQ interrupts are also disabled and if the FIQ mode is entered, the FIQ interrupts are also disabled, Finally the Program Counter is forced to the exception vector address and processing of the exception can start. Usually the first action of the exception routine will be to push some or all of the user registers onto the stack.Prefetch Abort(instruction fetch memory abort)Software interrupt (SWI)Undefined instruction ResetData Abort (data access momory abort)IRQ (interrupt)FIQ (fast interrupt)Supervisor Undefined Supervisor Abort Abort IRQ FIQ0x000000000x0000001C0x000000040x0000000C 0x000000080x000000100x00000018Fig 6 ARM 7 Vector TableA couple of things are worth noting on the vector table. Firstly, there is a missing vector at 0x000000014. This was used on an earlier ARM architecture and is left empty on ARM 7 to allow backward compatibility. Secondly, the FIQ interrupt is at the highest address so the FIQ routines could start from this address, removing the need for a jump instruction to reach the routine. It helps make entry into the FIQ routine as fast as possible.Once processing of the exception has finished, the processor can leave the privileged mode and return to the user mode. Firstly the contents of any registers previously saved onto the stack must be restored. Next the CSPR must be restored from the SPSR and finally the Program Counter is restored by moving the contents of the link register to R15, (i.e. the Program Counter). The interrupted program flow can then restart.Data TypesThe ARM instruction set supports six data types namely 8 bit signed and unsigned, 16 bit signed and unsigned plus 32 bit signed and unsigned. The ARM processor instruction set has been designed to support these data types in Little or Big-endian formats. However most ARM silicon implementations use the Little-endian format.ARM instructions typically have a three-operand format, as shown belowADD Rl，R2, R3 ; Rl=R2+R3ARM7 Program Flow ControlIn all processors there is a small group of instructions that are conditionally executed depending on a group of processor flags. These are branch instructions such as branch not equal. Within the ARM instruction set, all instructions are conditionally executable.31 28CONDFig. 7 Instruction Condition Code BitsThe top four bits of each instruction contain a condition code that must be satisfied if the instruction is to be executed. This goes a long way to eliminating small branches in the program code and eliminating stalls in the pipeline so increasing the overall program performance. Thus for small conditional branches of three instructions or less, conditional execution of instructions should be used. For larger jumps, normal branching instructions should be used.Fig. 8 Instruction Condition CodesThus our ADD instruction below could be prefixed with a condition code, as shown. This adds no overhead to instruction executionEQADD R1，R2，R3 ;If(Zero flag = 1)then R1 = R2+R3The ARM7 processor also has a 32-bit barrel shifter that allows it to shift or rotate one of the operands in a data processing instruction. This takes place in the same cycle as the instruction. The ADD instruction could be expanded as followsEQADD R1，R2 R3，LSL #2 ; If ( Zero flag = 1) then R1 = R2+ (R3 x 4)Finally the programmer may decide if a particular instruction can set the condition code flags in the CPSR.EQADDS R1，R2 R3，LSL #2; If (Zero flag = 1) then R1 = R2 + (R3 x4)and set condition code flagsIn the ARM instruction set there are no dedicated call or return instructions. Instead these functions are created out of a small groupof branching instructions.The standard branch (B) instruction allows a jump of around+-32Mb. A conditional branch can be formed by use of the condition codes. For example, a "branch not equal" would be the branching instruction B and the condition code "NE" for not equal giving "BNE". The next form of the branch instruction is the branch with link.This is the branch instruction but the current value of the PC +4 is saved into R14, the link register. This acts as a CALL instruction by saving the return address into R14. A return instruction is not necessary since a return can be implemented by moving R14 into the PC. The return is more complicated in the case of an interrupt routine. Depending on the type of exception, it may be necessary to modify the contents of the link register to get the correct return address. For example, in the case of an IRQ or FIQ interrupt, the processor will finish its current instruction, increment the PC to the next instruction and then jumping to the vector table. This means that the value in the link register is PC+4 or one instruction ahead of the return address. This means we need to subtract 4 from the value in the link register to get the correct return address. This can be done in a single instruction thus: SUBS pc, r14, #4// PC=Link register-40x80000x400PC=0x80000x4000x8000Fig 9 Branch and Branch Link Instruction OperationBranching instructions are also used to enter the 16-bit Thumb instruction set. Both the branch and branch-with-link may perform an exchange between 32-bit and 16-bit instruction sets and vice versa .The Branch exchange will jump to a location and start to execute 16-bit Thumb instructions. Branch link exchange will jump to a location, save PC+4 into the link register and start execution of 16-bit Thumb instructions. In both cases, the T bit is set in the CPSR. An equivalent instruction is implemented in the Thumb instruction set to return to 32-bit ARM instruction processing.0x8000T=1Y=10x4000x4000x8000Fig. 10 Branch Exchange and Branch Link Exchange Instruction Operation Software InterruptsThe ARM instruction set has a software interrupt instruction. Execution of this instruction forces an exception as described above; theprocessor will enter supervisor mode and jump to the SWI vector at 0x00000008.Fig. 11 Software Interrupt InstructionThe bit field 0-23 of the SWI instruction is empty and can be used to hold an ordinal. On execution of an SWI instruction, this ordinal can be examined to determine which SWI procedure to run and gives over 16 million possible SWI functions.…Swi_ #1 . call swi function one…Tn the swi handlerregister unsigned*link ptr asm ("r14")； // define a pointer to the hnk registerSwitch ((*(link-ptr-1))&Ox00FFFFFF) //calculate the number of the swi function{Case 0x01 : SWI_unction (); //Call the function…}This can be used to provide a hardware abstraction layer. In order to access OS calls or SFR registers, the user code must make a SWI call . All these functions are the running in a supervisor mode, with a separate stack and link register.As well as instructions to transfer data to and from memory and to CPU registers, the ARM 7 has instructions to save and load multiple registers. It is possible to load or save all 16 CPU registers or a selection of registers in a single instruction. Needless to say, this is extremely useful when entering or exiting a procedure.M0Fig. 12 Load and Store Multiple Instruction OperationThe CPSR and SPSR are only accessed by two special instructions to move their contents to and from a CPU register. No other instruction can act on them directly.MSRMRSR15R15Fig. 13 Programming The SPSR And CPSR Registers THUMB SupportThe ARM processor is capable of executing both 32-bit (ARM) instructions and 16- Bit (Thumb instructions). The Thumb instruction set must always be entered by running a Branch exchange or branch link exchange instruction and NOT by setting the T bit in the CPSR. Thumb instructions are essentially a mapping of their 32 bit cousins but unlike the ARM instructions, they are unconditionally executed except though for branch instructions.Fig. 14 Thumb Instruction ProcessingThumb instructions reduced number of only have unlimited access to registers RO-R7 and R13一Rl5. A instructions can access the full register set.Fig.15 Thumb programmers modelThe Thumb instruction set has the same load and store multiple instructions as ARM and in addition, has a modified version of these instructions in the form of PUSH and POP that implement a full descending stack in the conventional manner. The Thumb instruction set also supports the SWI instruction, except that the ordinal field is only 8 bits long to support 256 different SWI calls. When the processor is executing Thumb code and an exception occurs, it will switch to ARM mode in order to process the exception. When the CPSR is restored the, Thumb bit will be reset and the processor continues to run Thumb instructions.BCXBXFig.16 Thumb Exception ProcessingThumb has a much higher code density than ARM code, needing some 70% of the space of the latter. However in a 32-bit memory, ARM code is some 40% faster than Thumb. However it should be noted that if you only have 16-bit wide memory then Thumb code will be faster than ARM code by about 45%. Finally the other important aspect of Thumb is that it can use up to 30% less power than ARM code.ARM7的体系结构介绍特里沃马丁曾，鼠技术总监本文给出了ARM 7架构的概述和开发新的设备，以及主要功能的描述，未来将研究ARM体系结构的其他方面。
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英文翻译(原文)说明书
题目：
系别：
专业：
学生姓名：
学号：
指导教师：
职称：
题目类型：理论研究
实验研究工程设计
工程技术研究软件开发
年月日
英文翻译(译文)说明书
题目：
系别：
专业：
学生姓名：
学号：
指导教师：
职称：
题目类型：理论研究
实验研究工程设计
工程技术研究软件开发
年月日
附件二：
范例
摘要
(“摘要”之间空两格，采用三号字、黑体、居中，与内容空一行) （内容采用小四号宋体）
注：毕业设计（论文）摘要或总说明书要概括研究课题的内容、方法和观点以及取得的成果和结论，应反映整个内容的精华，字数在300字左右。
关键词：(小四号、黑体、顶格)☆☆☆；☆☆☆；☆☆☆
（内容采用小四号、宋体、接排、各关键词之间有分号）
Abstract（三号加粗）：
(采用三号字、Times New Roman字体、加黑、居中、与内容空一行) There is a kind of automatic access system that use automatic indemnification technology to identify user’s ID and rights, and according to user’s rights to control the door.••••••（内容采用小四号Times New Roman字体，要求300-500单词）
Key words（小四号加粗、Times New Roman字体、顶格）：
（内容采用小四号、Times New Roman字体、接排、各关键词之间有分号）
目录
（三号、黑体、居中、目录两字空四格、与正文空一行）
引言 (1)
1（空两格）☆☆☆☆，☆☆（四号黑体） (3)
1.1（空一格）☆☆☆，☆☆☆（小四号黑体） (3)
1.2 ☆☆☆、☆☆☆☆ (4)
2 ☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆ (6)
2.1 ☆☆☆、☆☆，☆ (6)
2.1.1☆☆☆☆☆ (6)
2.1.2☆☆☆☆☆☆ (7)
••••••
5 结论 (34)
谢辞 (35)
参考文献 (35)
附录 (36)
注：目录按三级标题编写（即：1 ……、1.1 ……、1.1.1 ……），要求标题层次清晰。
目录中标题应与正文中标题一致。
☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆(首行缩进两个字，宋体小四号)
前言部分要说明本课题的意义、目的、研究范围及要求达到的技术参数；简述本课题应解决的主要问题。
1（空两格）☆☆☆☆☆☆，☆☆☆☆(黑体四号)
正文……(首行缩进两个字，宋体小四号)
1.1（空一格）☆☆☆☆☆☆(黑体小四号)
正文……(首行缩进两个字，宋体小四号)
2 ☆☆☆☆☆☆(黑体四号)
正文……(首行缩进两个字，宋体小四号)
2.1 ☆☆☆☆、☆☆☆☆☆☆，☆☆☆(黑体小四号)
正文……(首行缩进两个字，宋体小四号)
2.1.1☆☆☆，☆☆☆☆☆，☆☆☆☆ (楷体小四号)
正文……(首行缩进两个字，宋体小四号)
（1）……
①……
正文部分是作者对研究工作的详细表述，其内容包括：问题的提出，研究工作的基本前提、假设和条件，基本概念和理论基础，模型的建立，实验方案的拟定，基本概念和理论基础，设计计算的方法和内容，实验方法、内容及其分析，理论论证，理论在课题中的应用，课题得出的结果及结果的讨论等。
撰写设计（论文）正文部分的具体要求是：
1.理论分析部分应写明所作的假设及其合理性，应以简练的文字概略地表达。
所用的分析方法、计算方法、实验方法等，要写明哪些为人所用，哪些为己所改进，哪些为己所创造，以便指导教师审查和纠正。
2.对于用实验方法研究的课题，应具体说明实验用的装置、仪器的性能，并对所用装置、仪器作出检验和标定；对实验的过程和操作方法，力求叙述简明扼要；对于由理论推导达到研究目的的课题，内容要精心组织，做到概念准确，判断推理符合客观事物的发展规律。
3.结果与讨论是全文的心脏，对必要而充分的数据、现象、认识等要作为分析的依据进行具体撰写。
在对结果作定性和定量分析时，应说明数据的处理方法以及误差分析，说明现象出现的条件及其可证性，交代理论推导中认识的由来和发展；对结果进行分析后得出的结论，应说明其适用的条件与范围。
此外，作为结果与分析的图、表，应精心制作、整洁美观。
☆☆☆☆☆☆(首行缩进两个字，宋体小四号)
结论包括对整个研究工作进行归纳和综合而得出的总结，所得结果与已有结果的比较和本课题尚存在的问题，以及进一步开展研究的见解与建议。
结论集中反映作者的研究成果，表达作者对所研究的课题的见解，结论要概括、简短。
结论撰写时应注意以下几点：
1.结论要简洁明确，措辞应严密、易懂；
2.结论要反映个人的研究工作；
3.要实事求是地介绍研究的成果，切忌言过其实。
谢辞(黑体四号)
☆☆☆☆☆☆(首行缩进两个字，宋体小四号)
另起一页，“谢辞”二字中间空两格、四号字、黑体、居中。
内容限1页，采用小四号宋体。
应以简短的文字对课题研究与设计（论文）报告撰写过程中直接给予帮助的人员(例如指导教师、答疑教师及其他人员)表示谢意。
参考文献(黑体四号、顶格)
参考文献要另起一页，一律放在正文后，不得放在各章之后。
只列出作者直接阅读过或在正文中被引用过的文献资料，作者只写到第三位，余者写“等”，英文作者超过3人写“et al”。
几种主要参考文献著录表的格式为：
⑴专(译)著：[序号]著者.书名（译者）[M].出版地：出版者，出版年：起~止页码.
⑵期刊：[序号]著者.篇名[J].刊名，年，卷号（期号）：起~止页码.
⑶论文集：[序号]著者.篇名[A]编者.论文集名[C].出版地：出版者，出版者.出版年：
起~止页码.
⑷学位论文：[序号]著者.题名[D] .保存地：保存单位，授予年.
⑸专利文献：专利所有者.专利题名[P] .专利国别：专利号，出版日期.
⑹标准文献：[序号]标准代号标准顺序号—发布年，标准名称[S] .
⑺报纸：责任者.文献题名[N].报纸名，年—月—日（版次）.
举例如下：
[1]王传昌.高分子化工的研究对象[J].天津大学学报，1997，53（3）：1~7.
[2]李明.物理学[M].北京：科学出版社，1977：58~62.
[3]Gedye R，Smith F，Westaway K，et e of Microwave Ovens for Rapid Orbanic
Synthesis.Tetrahedron Lett，1986，27：279.
[4] 王健.建筑物防火系统可靠性分析[D].天津：天津大学，1997.
[5] 姚光起.一种痒化锆材料的制备方法[P].中国专利：891056088，1980-07-03.
[6] GB3100-3102 0001—1994，中华人民共和国国家标准[S].
（以上，序号用中扩号，与文字之间空两格。
如果需要两行的，第二行文字要位于序号的后边，与第一行文字对齐。
中文的用五号宋体，外文的用五号Times New Roman字体。
）
桂林电子科技大学信息科技学院毕业设计（论文）说明书第5 页共5 页
附录（居中,黑体四号）
☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆(首行缩进两个字，宋体小四号)
（另起一页。
附录的有无根据说明书（设计）情况而定，内容一般包括正文内不便列出的冗长公式推导、符号说明（含缩写）、计算机程序等。
“附”“录”中间空两格、四号字、黑体、居中。
）
5。