国际人权法 外文版
权利法案中英文版
权利法案中英文版The Rights Bill 英文原文：The Rights Bill, officially known as the Bill of Rights, is a crucial piece of legislation in many countries around the world, including the United States. Its purpose is to protect and guarantee certain fundamental rights and freedoms of individuals. The Bill of Rights forms an essential part of the constitution and ensures that the government respects and upholds the rights of its citizens.The Rights Bill is a cornerstone of democratic societies and embodies the principles of equality, justice, and liberty. It includes provisions that safeguard citizens' freedom of speech, freedom of religion, freedom of the press, and the right to bear arms. These rights are considered fundamental and are deemed necessary for the functioning of a free and fair society.One of the most significant aspects of the Rights Bill is its protection of individual rights against government abuse of power. It establishes rules and limitations on governmental actions, preventing encroachments on civil liberties. The Bill ensures that the government cannot unlawfully search or seize property without probable cause, guarantees the right to a fair trial, and prohibits cruel and unusual punishment.Moreover, the Rights Bill grants citizens the right to privacy and protects them from unreasonable searches and surveillance. It underscores the importance of personal autonomy and establishes clear boundaries regarding government intrusion into people's private lives.The Rights Bill also addresses issues of due process and protects individuals from arbitrary deprivation of life, liberty, or property. It ensures that all citizens are entitled to fair and impartial treatment by the legal system. Additionally, it guarantees the right to legal representation, the right to confront accusers, and the right to remain silent during police interrogations.In addition to protecting individual rights, the Rights Bill also includes provisions regarding the rights of minority groups. It prohibits discrimination based on race, gender, religion, or sexual orientation. This ensures equal treatment and opportunities for all individuals within society.The Rights Bill is not without controversy. Some argue that certain rights guaranteed by the Bill of Rights may conflict with the greater good or national security. There are ongoing debates regarding the interpretation and application of these rights in specific situations. Balancing individual freedoms with collective interests remains a challenge for lawmakers and the judiciary.In conclusion, the Rights Bill plays a vital role in safeguarding the rights and freedoms of individuals in democratic societies. Its provisions protect citizens from government encroachment, ensure due process, and promote equality. The Bill of Rights symbolizes the commitment to a fair and just society, where every individual is entitled to basic human rights and liberties.。
美国人权法案-英文版
The United States Bill of Rights. The Ten Original Amendments to the Constitution of the United StatesPassed by Congress September 25, 1789Ratified December 15, 1791“The United States Bill of Rights” is a publication of The Pennsylvania State University’s ElectronicClassic’s Series, Jim Manis, Senior Faculty Editor.The Pennsylvania State University is an equal opportunity University.This publication of “The United States Bill of Rights” is a publication of the Pennsylvania State University. This Portable Document file is furnished free and without any charge of any kind. Any person using this document file, for any purpose, and in any way does so at his or her own risk. Neither the Pennsylvania State University nor Jim Manis, Faculty Editor, nor anyone associated with the Pennsylvania State University assumes any responsibility for the material contained within the document or for the file as an electronic transmission, in any way.“The United States Bill of Rights” the Pennsylvania State University, Jim Manis, Faculty Editor, Hazleton, PA 18201-1291 is a Portable Document File produced as part of an ongoing student publication project to bring classical works of literature, in English, to free and easy access of those wishing to make use of them.Copyright © 1998 The Pennsylvania State UniversityThe Pennsylvania State University is an equal opportunity University.I Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the free-dom of speech, or of the press, or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to pe-tition the Government for a redress of griev-ances.II A well-regulated militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear arms, shall not be infringed.III No soldier shall, in time of peace be quar-tered in any house, without the consent of the owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law.IV The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers,and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shallThe United States Bill of Rights.The Ten Original Amendments to the Constitution of the United States Passed by Congress September 25, 1789Ratified December 15, 1791issue, but upon probble cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describ-ing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.V No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the Militia, when in actual service in time of War or public danger; nor shall any person be subject for the same of-fense to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use without just compen-sation.VI In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime shall have been com-mitted, which district shall have been previ-ously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining wit-nesses in his favor, and to have the assistance of counsel for his defense.VII In suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury shall be otherwise re-examined in any court of the United States, than according to the rules of the common law.The Bill of RightsVIII Excessive bail shall not be required nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and un-usual punishments inflicted.IX The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people. X The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States re-spectively, or to the people.The Bill of Rights。
INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS LAW(经济、社会和文化权利)
官方语言本
关于《经济、社会和文化权利国际公约》 ——与《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》比较
我国实施《经济、社会和文应该看到，我国现行宪法关于经社文权 利的保护在某些地方是超出了公约的保护范 围的，也就是说，比公约保护得更加全面。 如宪法的第45条、第134条。 这更可以成为我国政府向人权委员会提交报 告时突出我国政府在保障经济、社会和文化 权利方面取得显著成绩的主要内容。
经济、社会和文化权利的概述
1993年联合国在世界维也纳人权会议上强调：所有 人权是普遍的、相互依存的、不可分割的。得到了 所有与会国的同意与接受。《公民权利和政治权利 国际公约》和经社文权利公约通过以后，在制定的 其他人权公约中，都没有将这两类权利分割开来。 比如《儿童权利公约》，是至今拥有缔约国最多的 国际公约，将两类权利结合得非常好。一些区域性 公约比如《欧洲社会宪章》、《美洲人权公约》等 等，都是将两类权利融合在一起的。在国内法层面 上，宪法也并不排斥将这两项权利结合在一起。
人权研究及报告 政府分析 呼吁倡导 社区组织及鼓励 法律援助与诉讼 其他争议解决方式 与其他活动者和组织 联合 立法提倡 经社文权利培训、实 习和专业发展 实用预算分析 小额贷款 运用国际人权制度和 其他相关的联合国程 序 具体介绍 监督
返回
关于《经济、社会和文化权利国际公约》 ——概述
参考资料
北京大学法学院人权研究中心 (/) 四川大学人权研究中心 （/) 上海交通大学法学院人权法研究中心 （/） 广州法学人权研究中心 （/index.html) 中国人权 （/cn/index.htm）
世界人权宣言(中英文对照)
世界人权宣言Universal Declaration of Human Rights1948年12月10日第217A(III)号决议通过1948年12月10日, 联合国大会采认世界人权宣言, 请求它的会员国公布该宣言, 并 "在无政治的考量下, 在各级学校及教育机构里, 传播、张贴、研读及解说其内容。
"On December 10, 1948 the General Assembly of the United Nations adopted and proclaimed the Universal Declaration of Human Rights the full text of which appears in the following pages. Following this historic act the Assembly called upon all Member countries to publicize the text of the Declaration and "to cause it to be disseminated, displayed, read and expounded principally in schools and other educational institutions, without distinction based on the political status of countries or territories."序言PREAMBLE鉴於对人类家庭所有成员的固有尊严及其平等的和不移的权利的承认, 乃是世界自由、正义及和平的基础,Whereas recognition of the inherent dignity and of the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family is the foundation of freedom, justice and peace in the world,鉴於对人权的忽视及侮蔑已发展为野蛮暴行, 这些暴行玷污了人类的良心, 而一个人人享有言论和信仰自由并免於恐惧和匮乏的世界的来临, 已被宣布为普通人民的最高愿望,Whereas disregard and contempt for human rights have resulted in barbarous acts which have outraged the conscience of mankind, and the advent of a world in which human beings shall enjoy freedom of speech and belief and freedom from fear and want has been proclaimed as the highest aspiration of the commonpeople,鉴於为使人类不致迫不得已铤而走险, 对暴政和压迫进行反抗, 有必要使人权受法治的保护,Whereas it is essential, if man is not to be compelled to have recourse, as a last resort, to rebellion against tyranny and oppression, that human rights should be protected by the rule of law,鉴於有必要促进各国间友好关系的发展,Whereas it is essential to promote the development of friendly relations between nations,鉴於联合国国家的人民已在联合国宪章中重申他们对基本人权、人格尊严和价值以及男女平等权利的信心, 并决心促成较大自由中的社会进步和生活水平的改善,Whereas the peoples of the United Nations have in the Charterreaffirmed their faith in fundamental human rights, in the dignity and worth of the human person and in the equal rights of men and women and have determined to promote social progress and better standards of life in larger freedom,鉴於各会员国都已誓愿同联合国合作, 以促进对人权和基本自由的普遍尊重和遵行,Whereas Member States have pledged themselves to achieve, in co-operation with the United Nations, the promotion of universal respect for and observance of human rights and fundamental freedoms,鉴於对这些权利和自由的普遍了解, 对於这个誓愿的充分实现, 有很大的重要性,Whereas a common understanding of these rights and freedoms is of the greatest importance for the full realization of this pledge,因此, 现在,Now, Therefore,大会THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY宣告proclaims这一世界人权宣言, 作为所有人民和所有国家努力实现的共同标准,以期每一个人和社会机构经常铭念本宣言, 努力通过教诲和教育, 促进对权利和自由的尊重, 并通过国家的和国际的渐进措施, 使这些权利和自由在各会员国本身人民及在其管辖下领土的人民中, 得到普遍和有效的承认和遵行。
国际公法 第十五章 国际人权法
Part III 普遍性人权保护制度
• 防止性别歧视的规定
ICCPR第3条：本公约缔约各国承担保证男子和 妇女在享有本公约所载一切公民和政治权利方面 有平等的权利。 ICESCR第3条：本公约缔约各国承担保证男子和 妇女在享有本公约所载一切经济、社会和文化权 利方面有平等的权利。 ICESCR第7.1.1条:公平的工资和同价工作同酬 而没有任何歧视，特别是保证妇女享受不差于男 子所享受的工作条件，并享受同工同酬。
一、国际人权宪章 (international bill of human rights) ❒ 1948年《世界人权宣言》 ❒ 1966年《经济、社会、文化权 利国际公约》（ICESCR） ❒ 1966年《公民权利和政治权利 国际公约》（ICCPR）
❒ 1966年《公民权利和政治权利国际公 约任择议定书》 ❒ 1989年《旨在废除死刑的〈公民权利 和政治权利国际公约〉第二任择议定书》
• 人权委员会职能的终止
（二）促进和保护人权小组委员会 • 该小组委员会是人权委员会的附属机构， 1947年建立，原名为“防止歧视及保护少数小 组委员会” • 该小组委员会由人权专家组成，以个人身份工 作，不代表任何国家。最初有成员12名，现增 至26名。1999年，人权委员会通过第1999/31 号决定，改名为“促进和保护人权小组委员会” • 职权主要包括：就防止对人权和基本自由的任 何种类的歧视以及保护少数的问题进行研究并 向人权委员会提出建议，还可以由经社理事会 或人权委员会授权行使委托给它的其他职责
6.非居住国公民和移徙者的权利
❒《保护所有移徙工人及其家庭成员权利国际 公约》 （ICPMW）
7.难民权利（refugee）
（1）概念
❒ 1951年关于难民地位的公约及其1967年议定书 ❒ 有正当理由畏惧由于种族、宗教、国籍、属于某一 社会团体或具有某种政治见解的原因遭受迫害留在其本国 以外，并由于此项畏惧而不能或不愿受该国保护的人，或 者不具有国籍而留在他以前经常居住国家以外而现在不能 或由于畏惧不愿返回该国的人
中英文公民权利和政治权利国际公约
INTERNATIONAL COVENANT ON CIVIL AND POLITICAL RIGHTS公民权利和政治权利国际公约Preamble 序言The States Parties to the present Covenant, Considering that, in accordance with the principles proclaimed in the Charter of the United Nations, recognition of the inherent dignity and of the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family is the foundation of freedom, justice and peace in the world, Recognizing that these rights derive from the inherent dignity of the human person, Recognizing that, in accordance with the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the ideal of free human beings enjoying civil and political freedom and freedom from fear and want can only be achieved if conditions are created whereby everyone may enjoy his civil and political rights, as well as his economic, social and cultural rights, Considering the obligation of States under the Charter of the United Nations to promote universal respect for, and observance of, human rights andfreedoms, Realizing that the individual, having duties to other individuals and to the community to which he belongs, is under a responsibility to strive for the promotion and observance of the rights recognized in the present Covenant, Agree upon the following articles:本公约缔约各国，考虑到，按照联合国宪章所宣布的原则，对人类家庭所有成员的固有尊严及其平等的和不移的权利的承认，乃是世界自由、正义与和平的基础，确认这些权利是源于人身的固有尊严，确认，按照世界人权宣言，只有在创造了使人人可以享有其公民和政治权利，正如享有其经济、社会、文化权利一样的条件的情况下，才能实现自由人类享有公民及政治自由和免于恐惧和匮乏的自由的理想，考虑到各国根据联合国宪章负有义务促进对人的权利和自由的普遍尊重和遵行，认识到个人对其他个人和对他所属的社会负有义务，应为促进和遵行本公约所承认的权利而努力，兹同意下述各条：PART I 第一部分 Article 1 第一条1. All peoples have the right of self-determination. Byvirtue of that right they freely determine their political status and freely pursue their economic, social and cultural development.2. All peoples may, for their own ends, freely dispose of their natural wealth and resources without prejudice to any obligations arising out of international economic co-operation, based upon the principle of mutual benefit, and international law. In no case may a people be deprived of its own means of subsistence.3. The States Parties to the present Covenant, including those having responsibility for the administration of Non-Self-Governing and Trust Territories, shall promote the realization of the right of self-determination, and shall respect that right, in conformity with the provisions of the Charter of the United Nations.一、所有人民都有自决权。
case_国际人权法_伊斯特拉诉乌拉圭酷刑和不人道待遇案
case_国际⼈权法_伊斯特拉诉乌拉圭酷刑和不⼈道待遇案伊斯特拉诉乌拉圭——酷刑和不⼈道待遇案Estrella v.Uruguay[案例⽂书]判决书[案例状态]已审结[涉案国家]乌拉圭阿根廷[审理机关]United Nations human rights commission（联合国⼈权委员会）[案情摘要]伊斯特拉是⼀位阿根廷钢琴家，住在乌拉圭。
1977年，他接到官⽅通知：作为庇隆主义者，他被认为是乌拉圭政府的反对者。
他和朋友在蒙得维地亚的家中被绑架，并遭受了酷刑，绑架者要求伊斯特拉承认他参加了⼀个在乌拉圭和阿根廷实施军事⾏动的计划。
1977年12⽉23⽇，伊斯特拉被转移到⼀个军营，1978年1⽉20⽇，他被带到另外的监狱，继续受到不⼈道的酷刑的对待。
伊斯特拉在监狱⼀直被关押到1980年2⽉13⽇，他出狱后向联合国⼈权委员会对乌拉圭提出了控诉。
⼈权委员会最后认为，乌拉圭违反了《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》第7条和第10（1）条。
因此，委员会要求乌拉圭为其违反公约⽽使伊斯特拉遭受的痛苦对伊斯特拉提供有效的救济，包括赔偿，并采取措施避免类似的事件再次发⽣。
[学理词]⼈权[法律点]联合国⼈权委员会是否可以受理违反⼈权的控诉？联合国⼈权委员会的决定是否有法律效⼒？[案件背景]⼀、庇隆主义简介庇隆1895年出⽣于阿根廷，1946年出任阿根廷总统。
他提出以“社会正义、政治主权、经济独⽴”为⼝号的庇隆主义。
1947年，庇隆将阿根廷正义党改称为庇隆主义党。
1974年庇隆去世。
⼆、《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》相关内容第七条任何⼈均不得加以酷刑或施以残忍的、不⼈道的或侮辱性的待遇或刑罚。
特别是对任何⼈均不得未经其⾃由同意⽽施以医药或科学试验。
第⼗条1、所有被剥夺⾃由的⼈应给予⼈道及尊重其固有的⼈格尊严。
2、（甲）除特殊情况外，被控告的⼈应与被判罪的⼈隔离开，并应给予适合于未判罪者⾝份的分别待遇；（⼄）被控告的少年应与成年⼈分隔开，并应尽速予以判决。
欧洲人权法律 英文版
The reform of the European court of human rights
LOGO
The Convention prohibits in particular
torture and inhuman or degrading treatment or
punishment
slavery and forced labour death penalty arbitrary and unlawful detention discrimination in the enjoyment of the rights and
LOGO
whose image is known worldwide. From here,
the Court monitors respect rightsthe human 1959 The European court of human for , established in rights of 800 million Europeans in the 47
In December 1977, Ireland to the European Court of Human Rights lawsuit to sue the However, the Courtthe British Government had United Kingdom, another five means of implementation, and the beating of prisoners, even violated the "freedom from torture and ifinhuman treatment, freedom provisions, some non-tortured, still constitutes a "freedom from torture and inhumancourt case was into the people without the treatment, freedom" in violation The court held that although the British prison. of the Convention. Government to the imprisonment of those who, in violation of the Convention rights, but in this case can be considered the violation is a violation to have a legitimate reason.
人权法律法规
人权法律法规人权是指每个人都享有的基本自由和尊严。
为了保护和促进人权，各国制定了一系列的人权法律法规。
本文将介绍一些国际、国内人权法律法规的重要内容和作用。
一、国际1. 《世界人权宣言》（Universal Declaration of Human Rights，UDHR）《世界人权宣言》是国际人权法律法规的重要基石，于1948年12月10日由联合国大会通过。
该宣言中确立了普世人权的基本原则，如人人生而自由、享有平等权利、不受歧视、言论、信仰和思想自由等。
它被公认为国际人权保护的核心文件。
2. 国际人权公约国际人权公约是指《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》（International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights）和《经济、社会和文化权利国际公约》（International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights）。
这两个公约于1966年通过，旨在确保个人的公民权利和经济、社会、文化权利的保障。
3. 其他国际除了上述两个公约外，还有《消除一切形式种族歧视国际公约》（International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination）、《妇女权利公约》（Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women）等。
这些国际法律法规在保护和促进全球人权方面发挥着重要作用。
二、中国1. 《中华人民共和国宪法》我国宪法是最高法律法规，也是具有人权保护属性的重要文件。
其中第一章明确规定了公民的基本权利和义务，如人人生而自由、享有人格尊严、宗教信仰自由、言论、出版、集会、结社自由等。
2. 《中华人民共和国刑法》刑法是我国重要的法律法规之一，其中确保了人权的保护机制。
国际法学课件第5章 人权的国际保护
西方天赋人权思想在资产阶级革命取得胜利 后在一些国家被法律化和规范化.
在美国，在人权宣言中提出的那些权利和自 由被规定在美国国会1790年以宪法修正案形 式通过的《权利法案》。在法国，1791年宪 法把1789年人权宣言作为序言固定下来， 1798年宪法中又加以修改和补充。
二、人权概念的发展
二战以前，人权概念主要包括各国国内法所规定的公民权利和政 治权利。二战以后，随着国际人权法的发展，人权概念及内容都 发生了重大变化。
第五章 人权的国际保护
international protection of human an rights)是指一个人享有或应该享有的基本权利。人
权及人权概念都是历史发展的产物。人权概念的内涵和外延都不 是一成不变的。 人权概念最早是由资产阶级启蒙思想家提出的。他们认为人权是 天赋的，目的在于反对中世纪的神权和封建贵族和僧侣的特权。 最初，人权的内容主要指生命权、自由权、平等权和反抗压迫的 权利、追求幸福的权利等。 人权作为一个明确的理论体系或政治法律概念是伴随着资本主义 社会的产生而出现的。1776年美国《独立宣言》。1789年法国 《人权和公民权宣言》。 人权概念进入国际法领域，一般认为是第二次世界大战以后的事 情。《联合国宪章》率先表现出对人权保护的重视。 宪章序言、第1条、第55条。
第一代人权:公民权利和政治权利
第二代人权:经济、社会、文化权利
第三代人权:人民自决权等集体人权
总之，人权概念和理论在以后的二百多年间，经历了从政治、道 德概念到法律意识、法律实践， 从国内法到国际法的演变过程。
三、人权的基本内容
1、生存权是指人民享有人身自由权和人身安全权， 即人民自由自在地生活的权利。生存权在人权中居 于首要地位，常被称为第一人权或者首要人权。
世界人权宣言英文版
《世界人权宣言》（Universal Declaration of Human Rights）是一份由联合国大会于1948年通过的宣言，旨在保护和促进全球范围内的人权和基本自由。
以下是这份宣言的英文版：Article 1: All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights.Article 2: Everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration, without distinction of any kind, including distinction based on race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status.Article 3: Everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of person.Article 4: No one shall be held in slavery or servitude; slavery and the slave trade shall be prohibited in all their forms.Article 5: No one shall be subjected to torture or to inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment.Article 6: Everyone has the right to recognition everywhere as a person before the law.Article 7: All are equal before the law and are entitled without any discrimination to the equal protection of the law.Article 8: Equality before the law shall include the right to equal access to justice and to all public authorities and institutions.Article 9: Everyone has the right to personal freedom and movement; this right shall be subject only to such restrictions as are determined by law and are necessary in a free society for the protection of national security or public order.Article 10: The family is the fundamental group of society and is entitled to protection by society and the State.Article 11: The best interest of the child is a primary consideration in any measures concerning him or her.Article 12: The right to education shall be recognized as a fundamental right.This Declaration recognizes that human rights defenders contribute to promoting and protecting human rights on the ground and are an indispensable element for a peaceful, safe and secure environment.In conclusion, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights is a powerful document that sets out fundamental principles for the protection of human rights globally. It is a reminder that all human beings are created equal and have inherent worth that must be respected and protected. It is acall for all nations to uphold these principles and to ensure that all people can enjoy their full range of rights and freedoms without discrimination or fear of violence.。
国际人权法推荐阅读资料
教材1. Buergenthal, Thomas, Dinah Shelton and David Stewart, International Human Rights ina Nutshell, West, 4th edn, 2008.［美］托马斯·伯根索尔、戴娜·谢尔顿、戴维·斯图尔特：《国际人权法境要》，黎作恒译，法律出版社2010年版。
2. De Schutter, Olivier, International Human Rights Law: Cases, Materials, Commentary, Cambridge University Press, 2010.3. Hannum, Hurst, S. James Anaya and Dinah Shelton, International Human Rights: Problems of Law, Policy, and Practice, Aspen Publishers, 5th edn, 2011.4. Kälin, Walter, and Jörg Künzli, The Law of International Human Rights Protection, Oxford University Press, 2009.5. Krause, Catarina, and Martin Scheinin (eds.), International Protection of Human Rights:A Textbook, Institute for Human Rights, Åbo Akademi University, 2009.6. Martin, Francisco Forrest, et al., International Human Rights and Humanitarian Law: Treaties, Cases, and Analysis, Cambridge University Press, 2006.7. Nowak, Manfred, Introduction to the International Human Rights Regime, Martinus Nijhoff, 2003.［奥］曼弗雷德·诺瓦克：《国际人权制度导论》，柳华文译、孙世彦校，北京大学出版社2010年版。
国际人权法
第五章：国际人权法International Human Right Law●人权的概念及其人权的历史发展●国际人权法的基本内容●—《世界人权宣言》●—《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》●—《经济、社会及文化权利国际公约》●—国际人权保护的专门性公约●—区域性人权公约●国际人权的实施机制●—国际人权机构的设置●—国际人权的保护制度一、人权的概念及其人权的历史发展●（一）人权的概念●1.人权的定义。
国际上不存在普遍接受的人权的定义。
人权可以从不同的角度来进行研究：哲学、道德、历史、法律和政治等。
●人权，即作为一个人所享有或应享有的基本权利。
——程晓霞编《国际法》。
●“人权”这个术语表明了其性质和渊源：他们只要是人就可以享有的权利。
所有人都享有人权，尽管当其作为市民、家庭成员、工人或任何公、私机构、社团的成员时可能享有或不享有某些其他权利、负担或不负担某些义务。
根据1948年《世界人权宣言》的用语，人权是普遍的权利。
——《国际人权法教程》（第一卷），中国人民政法大学出版社2002年出版。
人权的定义（续1）●如果人们享有人权只是因为他们是人，那么，人权应为所有人平等地享有。
人之为人是不能否定、丢弃或褫夺的，所以人权是一种不可剥夺的权利，即使是最残忍的暴徒和最卑微的受难者也仍然是人。
●人权基本上是被压迫或被剥夺权利的人的话语，其人权主张主要用来挑战或追求改变国内政治与法律实践，因而人权主张旨在自我实现。
●人权是一项特殊权利，其最基本的含义基于它们是至高无上的道德权利。
●人权为一国国内政治的合法性提供了一个道德上的标准，……只有当公民不再需要经常用人权与政府抗争时，此政府才可能被当今世界认为是合法的。
●—杰克·唐纳利著《国际人权法》，引自《国际人权法教程》人权的定义（续2）●“人权是普遍的、不可分的、相互依存和联系的。
”●定义人权是困难的，一般来说，人权指的是那些人之生存所必需的、基本的、不可剥夺的权利，但是这些权利应当包含哪些内容，人们还未达成共识，对人权的解释也随着特定经济、社会和文化的变化而有所不同，因此人权没有一个公认的定义，这给国际立法提出了难题。
国际人权法的渊源
The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights(ICESCR):
Right of people to work and make a “decent living for themselves and their families” Right to safe and healthy working conditions Right to form trade unions with the right to strike Right of everyone to Social Security, including social insurance “widest possible protection and assistance should be accorded to the family, which is the natural and fundamental group unit of society”
the Convention on the Status of Refugees (1951)《难民地位公约》
Sources of International Human Rights
Specialised international agreements(cont.)
The Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Racial Discrimination(1966) 《消除 一切形式种族歧视公约》
Sources of International Human Rights
general international agreements
【精品】国际法条文英文版
文档来源为:从网络收集整理.word 版本可编辑.欢迎下载支持.【关键字】精品INTERNATIONAL LAWPART I ............................................................................................................................ 1 PART II ........................................................................................................................... 2 PART III ......................................................................................................................... 8 PART IV ....................................................................................................................... 11 PART V ........................................................................................................................ 14 PART VI ....................................................................................................................... 20 PART VII ...................................................................................................................... 23 PART VIII ..................................................................................................................... 30 PART IX ....................................................................................................................... 30 PART X ........................................................................................................................ 31 PART XI ....................................................................................................................... 32 PART XII ...................................................................................................................... 54 PART XIII ..................................................................................................................... 65 PART XIV .................................................................................................................... 71 PART XV ..................................................................................................................... 74 PART XVI .................................................................................................................... 79 PART XVII ................................................................................................................... 80 FINAL PROVISIONS . (80)PART IINTRODUCTIONArticle 1Use of terms and scope1. For the purposes of this Convention:(1) "Area" means the seabed and ocean floor and subsoil thereof, beyond the limits of national jurisdiction;(2) "Authority" means the International Seabed Authority;(3) "activities in the Area" means all activities of exploration for, and exploitation of, the resources of the Area;(4) "pollution of the marine environment" means the introduction by man, directly or indirectly, of substances or energy into the marine environment, including estuaries, which results or is likely to result in such deleterious effects as harm to living resources and marine life, hazards to human health, hindrance to marine activities, including fishing and other legitimate uses of the sea, impairment of quality for use of sea water and reduction of amenities; (5) (a) "dumping" means:(i) any deliberate disposal of wastes or other matter from vessels, aircraft, platforms or other man-made structures at sea;(ii) any deliberate disposal of vessels, aircraft, platforms or other man-made structures at sea;(b) "dumping" does not include:(i) the disposal of wastes or other matter incidental to, or derived from the normal operations of vessels, aircraft, platforms or other man-made structures at sea and their equipment, other than wastes or other matter transported by or to vessels, aircraft, platforms or other man-made structures at sea, operating for the purpose of disposal of such matter or derived from the treatment of such wastes or other matter on such vessels, aircraft, platforms or structures;(ii) placement of matter for a purpose other than the mere disposal thereof, provided that such placement is not contrary to the aims of this Convention.2. (1) "States Parties" means States which have consented to be bound by this Convention and for which this Convention is in force.(2) This Convention applies mutatis mutandis to the entities referred to in article 305, paragraph l(b), (c), (d), (e) and (f), which become Parties to this Convention in accordance with the conditions relevant to each, and to that extent "States Parties" refers to those entities.文档来源为:从网络收集整理.word 版本可编辑.欢迎下载支持.PART IITERRITORIAL SEA AND CONTIGUOUS ZONESECTION 1. GENERAL PROVISIONSArticle2Legal status of the territorial sea, of the air space over the territorial sea and of its bed and subsoil1. The sovereignty of a coastal State extends, beyond its land territory and internal waters and, in the case of an archipelagic State, its archipelagic waters, to an adjacent belt of sea, described as the territorial sea.2. This sovereignty extends to the air space over the territorial sea as well as to its bed and subsoil.3. The sovereignty over the territorial sea is exercised subject to this Convention and to other rules of international law.SECTION 2. LIMITS OF THE TERRITORIAL SEAArticle3Breadth of the territorial seaEvery State has the right to establish the breadth of its territorial sea up to a limit not exceeding 12 nautical miles, measured from baselines determined in accordance with this Convention.Article4Outer limit of the territorial seaThe outer limit of the territorial sea is the line every point of which is at a distance from the nearest point of the baseline equal to the breadth of the territorial sea.Article5 Normal baselineExcept where otherwise provided in this Convention, the normalbaseline for measuring the breadth of the territorial sea is the low-water line along the coast as marked on large-scale charts officially recognized by the coastal State.Article6 ReefsIn the case of islands situated on atolls or of islands having fringing reefs, the baseline for measuring the breadth of the territorial sea is theseaward low-water line of the reef, as shown by the appropriate symbol on charts officially recognized by the coastal State.Article7 Straight baselines1. In localities where the coastline is deeply indented and cut into, or if there is a fringe of islands along the coast in its immediate vicinity, the method of straight baselines joining appropriate points may be employed in drawing the baseline from which the breadth of the territorial sea is measured.2. Where because of the presence of a delta and other naturalconditions the coastline is highly unstable, the appropriate points may be selected along the furthest seaward extent of the low-water line and, notwithstanding subsequent regression of the low-water line, the straight baselines shall remain effective until changed by the coastal State in accordance with this Convention.3. The drawing of straight baselines must not depart to any appreciable extent from the general direction of the coast, and the sea areas lying within the lines must be sufficiently closely linked to the land domain to be subject to the regime of internal waters.4. Straight baselines shall not be drawn to and from low-tide elevations, unless lighthouses or similar installations which are permanently above sea level have been built on them or except in instances where the drawing of baselines to and from such elevations has received general international recognition.5. Where the method of straight baselines is applicable under paragraph 1, account may be taken, in determining particular baselines, ofeconomic interests peculiar to the region concerned, the reality and the importance of which are clearly evidenced by long usage.文档来源为:从网络收集整理.word 版本可编辑.欢迎下载支持.6. The system of straight baselines may not be applied by a State in such a manner as to cut off the territorial sea of another State from the high seas or an exclusive economic zone.Article8 Internal waters1. Except as provided in Part IV, waters on the landward side of the baseline of the territorial sea form part of the internal waters of the State.2. Where the establishment of a straight baseline in accordance with the method set forth in article 7 has the effect of enclosing as internal waters areas which had not previously been considered as such, a right of innocent passage as provided in this Convention shall exist in those waters.Article9 Mouths of riversIf a river flows directly into the sea, the baseline shall be a straight line across the mouth of the river between points on the low-water line of its banks.Article10 Bays1. This article relates only to bays the coasts of which belong to a single State.2. For the purposes of this Convention, a bay is a well-markedindentation whose penetration is in such proportion to the width of its mouth as to contain land-locked waters and constitute more than a mere curvature of the coast. An indentation shall not, however, be regarded as a bay unless its area is as large as, or larger than, that of the semi-circle whose diameter is a line drawn across the mouth of that indentation.3. For the purpose of measurement, the area of an indentation is that lying between the low-water mark around the shore of the indentation and a line joining the low-water mark of its natural entrance points. Where, because of the presence of islands, an indentation has more than one mouth, the semi-circle shall be drawn on a line as long asthe sum total of the lengths of the lines across the different mouths.Islands within an indentation shall be included as if they were part of the water area of the indentation.4. If the distance between the low-water marks of the natural entrance points of a bay does not exceed 24 nautical miles, a closing line may be drawn between these two low-water marks, and the waters enclosed thereby shall be considered as internal waters.5. Where the distance between the low-water marks of the natural entrance points of a bay exceeds 24 nautical miles, a straight baseline of 24 nautical miles shall be drawn within the bay in such a manner as to enclose the maximum area of water that is possible with a line of that length.6. The foregoing provisions do not apply to so-called "historic" bays, or in any case where the system of straight baselines provided for in article 7 is applied.Article11 PortsFor the purpose of delimiting the territorial sea, the outermostpermanent harbour works which form an integral part of the harbour system are regarded as forming part of the coast. Off-shore installations and artificial islands shall not be considered as permanent harbour works.Article12 RoadsteadsRoadsteads which are normally used for the loading, unloading and anchoring of ships, and which would otherwise be situated wholly or partly outside the outer limit of the territorial sea, are included in the territorial sea.Article13 Low-tide elevations1. A low-tide elevation is a naturally formed area of land which issurrounded by and above water at low tide but submerged at high tide. Where a low-tide elevation is situated wholly or partly at a distance not exceeding the breadth of the territorial sea from the mainland or an文档来源为:从网络收集整理.word 版本可编辑.欢迎下载支持.island, the low-water line on that elevation may be used as the baseline for measuring the breadth of the territorial sea.2. Where a low-tide elevation is wholly situated at a distanceexceeding the breadth of the territorial sea from the mainland or an island, it has no territorial sea of its own.Article14Combination of methods for determining baselinesThe coastal State may determine baselines in turn by any of the methods provided for in the foregoing articles to suit different conditions.Article15Delimitation of the territorial sea between Stateswith opposite or adjacent coastsWhere the coasts of two States are opposite or adjacent to each other, neither of the two States is entitled, failing agreement between them to the contrary, to extend its territorial sea beyond the median line every point of which is equidistant from the nearest points on the baselines from which the breadth of the territorial seas of each of the two States is measured. The above provision does not apply, however, where it is necessary by reason of historic title or other specialcircumstances to delimit the territorial seas of the two States in a way which is at variance therewith.Article16Charts and lists of geographical coordinates1. The baselines for measuring the breadth of the territorial sea determined in accordance with articles 7, 9 and 10, or the limitsderived therefrom, and the lines of delimitation drawn in accordance with articles 12 and 15 shall be shown on charts of a scale or scales adequate for ascertaining their position. Alternatively, a list ofgeographical coordinates of points, specifying the geodetic datum, may be substituted.2. The coastal State shall give due publicity to such charts or lists of geographical coordinates and shall deposit a copy of each such chart or list with the Secretary-General of the United Nations.SECTION 3. INNOCENT PASSAGE IN THE TERRITORIAL SEASUBSECTION A. RULES APPLICABLE TO ALL SHIPSArticle17Right of innocent passageSubject to this Convention, ships of all States, whether coastal orland-locked, enjoy the right of innocent passage through the territorial sea.Article18 Meaning of passage1. Passage means navigation through the territorial sea for the purpose of:(a) traversing that sea without entering internal waters or calling at a roadstead or port facility outside internal waters; or(b) proceeding to or from internal waters or a call at such roadstead or port facility.2. Passage shall be continuous and expeditious. However, passage includes stopping and anchoring, but only in so far as the same are incidental to ordinary navigation or are rendered necessary by force majeure or distress or for the purpose of rendering assistance to persons, ships or aircraft in danger or distress.Article19Meaning of innocent passage1. Passage is innocent so long as it is not prejudicial to the peace, good order or security of the coastal State. Such passage shall take place in conformity with this Convention and with other rules of international law.2. Passage of a foreign ship shall be considered to be prejudicial to the peace, good order or security of the coastal State if in the territorial sea it engages in any of the following activities:(a) any threat or use of force against the sovereignty,文档来源为:从网络收集整理.word 版本可编辑.欢迎下载支持.territorial integrity or political independence of the coastal State, or in any other manner in violation of the principles of international law embodied in the Charter of the United Nations;(b) any exercise or practice with weapons of any kind; (c) any act aimed at collecting information to the prejudice of the defence or security of the coastal State;(d) any act of propaganda aimed at affecting the defence or security of the coastal State;(e) the launching, landing or taking on board of any aircraft;(f) the launching, landing or taking on board of any military device;(g) the loading or unloading of any commodity, currency or person contrary to the customs, fiscal, immigration or sanitary laws and regulations of the coastal State; (h) any act of wilful and serious pollution contrary to this Convention;(i) any fishing activities;(j) the carrying out of research or survey activities; (k) any act aimed at interfering with any systems ofcommunication or any other facilities or installations of the coastal State;(l) any other activity not having a direct bearing on passage.Article20Submarines and other underwater vehiclesIn the territorial sea, submarines and other underwater vehicles are required to navigate on the surface and to show their flag.Article21Laws and regulations of the coastal State relating to innocent passage 1. The coastal State may adopt laws and regulations, in conformity with the provisions of this Convention and other rules of international law, relating to innocent passage through the territorial sea, in respect of all or any of the following:(a) the safety of navigation and the regulation of maritime traffic;(b) the protection of navigational aids and facilities and other facilities or installations;(c) the protection of cables and pipelines;(d) the conservation of the living resources of the sea; (e) the prevention of infringement of the fisheries laws and regulations of the coastal State;(f) the preservation of the environment of the coastal State and the prevention, reduction and control of pollution thereof;(g) marine scientific research and hydrographic surveys; (h) the prevention of infringement of the customs, fiscal, immigration or sanitary laws and regulations of the coastal State.2. Such laws and regulations shall not apply to the design, construction, manning or equipment of foreign ships unless they are giving effect to generally accepted international rules or standards.3. The coastal State shall give due publicity to all such laws and regulations.4. Foreign ships exercising the right of innocent passage through the territorial sea shall comply with all such laws and regulations and all generally accepted international regulations relating to the prevention of collisions at sea.Article22Sea lanes and traffic separation schemes in the territorial sea文档来源为:从网络收集整理.word 版本可编辑.欢迎下载支持.1. The coastal State may, where necessary having regard to the safety of navigation, require foreign ships exercising the right ofinnocent passage through its territorial sea to use such sea lanes and traffic separation schemes as it may designate or prescribe for the regulation of the passage of ships.2. In particular, tankers, nuclear-powered ships and ships carrying nuclear or other inherently dangerous or noxious substances ormaterials may be required to confine their passage to such sea lanes. 3. In the designation of sea lanes and the prescription of trafficseparation schemes under this article, the coastal State shall take into account:(a) the recommendations of the competent international organization;(b) any channels customarily used for international navigation;(c) the special characteristics of particular ships and channels; and(d) the density of traffic.4. The coastal State shall clearly indicate such sea lanes and traffic separation schemes on charts to which due publicity shall be given.Article23Foreign nuclear-powered ships and ships carrying nuclear or other inherently dangerous or noxious substancesForeign nuclear-powered ships and ships carrying nuclear or other inherently dangerous or noxious substances shall, when exercising the right of innocent passage through the territorial sea, carrydocuments and observe special precautionary measures established for such ships by international agreements.Article24Duties of the coastal State1. The coastal State shall not hamper the innocent passage of foreign ships through the territorial sea except in accordance with thisConvention. In particular, in the application of this Convention or of any laws or regulations adopted in conformity with this Convention, the coastal State shall not:(a) impose requirements on foreign ships which have the practical effect of denying or impairing the right of innocent passage; or(b) discriminate in form or in fact against the ships of any State or against ships carrying cargoes to, from or on behalf of any State.2. The coastal State shall give appropriate publicity to any danger to navigation, of which it has knowledge, within its territorial sea.Article25Rights of protection of the coastal State1. The coastal State may take the necessary steps in its territorial sea to prevent passage which is not innocent.2. In the case of ships proceeding to internal waters or a call at a port facility outside internal waters, the coastal State also has the right to take the necessary steps to prevent any breach of the conditions to which admission of those ships to internal waters or such a call is subject.3. The coastal State may, without discrimination in form or in fact among foreign ships, suspend temporarily in specified areas of its territorial sea the innocent passage of foreign ships if such suspension is essential for the protection of its security, including weapons exercises. Such suspension shall take effect only after having been duly published.Article26Charges which may be levied upon foreign ships1. No charge may be levied upon foreign ships by reason only of their passage through the territorial sea.2. Charges may be levied upon a foreign ship passing through theterritorial sea as payment only for specific services rendered to the ship. These charges shall be levied without discrimination.SUBSECTION B. RULES APPLICABLE TO文档来源为:从网络收集整理.word 版本可编辑.欢迎下载支持.MERCHANT SHIPS AND GOVERNMENT SHIPS OPERATED FOR COMMERCIAL PURPOSESArticle27Criminal jurisdiction on board a foreign ship1. The criminal jurisdiction of the coastal State should not beexercised on board a foreign ship passing through the territorial sea to arrest any person or to conduct any investigation in connection with any crime committed on board the ship during its passage, save only in the following cases:(a) if the consequences of the crime extend to the coastal State;(b) if the crime is of a kind to disturb the peace of the country or the good order of the territorial sea; (c) if the assistance of the local authorities has been requested by the master of the ship or by a diplomatic agent or consular officer of the flag State; or(d) if such measures are necessary for the suppression of illicit traffic in narcotic drugs or psychotropic substances.2. The above provisions do not affect the right of the coastal State to take any steps authorized by its laws for the purpose of an arrest or investigation on board a foreign ship passing through the territorial sea after leaving internal waters.3. In the cases provided for in paragraphs 1 and 2, the coastal State shall, if the master so requests, notify a diplomatic agent or consular officer of the flag State before taking any steps, and shall facilitate contact between such agent or officer and the ship's crew. In cases of emergency this notification may be communicated while the measures are being taken.4. In considering whether or in what manner an arrest should be made, the local authorities shall have due regard to the interests of navigation.5. Except as provided in Part XII or with respect to violations of laws and regulations adopted in accordance with Part V, the coastal State may not take any steps on board a foreign ship passing through theterritorial sea to arrest any person or to conduct any investigation in connection with any crime committed before the ship entered theterritorial sea, if the ship, proceeding from a foreign port, is only passing through the territorial sea without entering internal waters.Article28Civil jurisdiction in relation to foreign ships1. The coastal State should not stop or divert a foreign ship passingthrough the territorial sea for the purpose of exercising civil jurisdiction in relation to a person on board the ship.2. The coastal State may not levy execution against or arrest the ship for the purpose of any civil proceedings, save only in respect of obligations or liabilities assumed or incurred by the ship itself in the course or for the purpose of its voyage through the waters of the coastal State.3. Paragraph 2 is without prejudice to the right of the coastal State, in accordance with its laws, to levy execution against or to arrest, for the purpose of any civil proceedings, a foreign ship lying in the territorial sea, or passing through the territorial sea after leaving internal waters.SUBSECTION C. RULES APPLICABLE TO WARSHIPS AND OTHER GOVERNMENT SHIPS OPERATED FOR NON-COMMERCIAL PURPOSESArticle29 Definition of warshipsFor the purposes of this Convention, "warship" means a ship belonging to the armed forces of a State bearing the external marks distinguishing such ships of its nationality, under the command of an officer dulycommissioned by the government of the State and whose name appears in the appropriate service list or its equivalent, and manned by a crew which is under regular armed forces discipline.Article30Non-compliance by warships with the laws and regulationsof the coastal State文档来源为:从网络收集整理.word 版本可编辑.欢迎下载支持.If any warship does not comply with the laws and regulations of the coastal State concerning passage through the territorial sea and disregards any request for compliance therewith which is made to it, the coastal State may require it to leave the territorial sea immediately.Article31Responsibility of the flag State for damage caused by a warship or other government ship operated for non-commercial purposes The flag State shall bear international responsibility for any loss or damage to the coastal State resulting from the non-compliance by a warship or other government ship operated for non-commercial purposes with the laws and regulations of the coastal Stateconcerning passage through the territorial sea or with the provisions of this Convention or other rules of international law.Article32Immunities of warships and other government shipsoperated for non-commercial purposesWith such exceptions as are contained in subsection A and in articles 30 and 31, nothing in this Convention affects the immunities ofwarships and other government ships operated for non-commercial purposes.SECTION 4. CONTIGUOUS ZONEArticle33 Contiguous zone1. In a zone contiguous to its territorial sea, described as the contiguous zone, the coastal State may exercise the control necessary to:(a) prevent infringement of its customs, fiscal, immigration or sanitary laws and regulations within its territory or territorial sea;(b) punish infringement of the above laws and regulationscommitted within its territory or territorial sea.2. The contiguous zone may not extend beyond 24 nautical miles from the baselines from which the breadth of the territorial sea is measured.PART IIISTRAITS USED FOR INTERNATIONAL NAVIGATIONSECTION 1. GENERAL PROVISIONSArticle34Legal status of waters forming straits used for international navigation 1. The regime of passage through straits used for internationalnavigation established in this Part shall not in other respects affect the legal status of the waters forming such straits or the exercise by the States bordering the straits of their sovereignty or jurisdiction over such waters and their air space, bed and subsoil.2. The sovereignty or jurisdiction of the States bordering the straits is exercised subject to this Part and to other rules of international law.Article35 Scope of this PartNothing in this Part affects:(a) any areas of internal waters within a strait, except where the establishment of a straight baseline in accordance with the method set forth in article 7 has the effect of enclosing asinternal waters areas which had not previously been considered as such;(b) the legal status of the waters beyond the territorial seas of States bordering straits as exclusive economic zones or high seas; or(c) the legal regime in straits in which passage is regulated in whole or in part by long-standing international conventions in force specifically relating to such straits.。
国际人权法
二、国际人权保护的实施制度
1. 报告制度 各主要国际人权公约一般都规定，缔约国应按公约规定的 时间和程序向有关机构提交报告，说明在履行公约方面采 取了哪些措施、取得了什么样的进展、有何具体的困难。 有关人权机构对此类报告进行审议，并可就报告的内容发 表无法律约束力的评论或提出建议。 2. 国家来文及和解制度 是指缔约国通过有关国际机构监督其他缔约国履行人权公 约义务的一项重要制度。
Page 8
4. 废除奴隶制和禁止强迫劳动。
《废止强迫劳动公约》 1930年公约：除法院判定有罪而被迫从事劳动的罪犯之 外，不得强迫劳动。 1957年公约删除此条，规定不得以劳动作为惩罚手段， 强迫任何人劳动。 5. 司法方面个人权利的保障 《禁止酷刑公约》
《囚犯待遇最低标准规则》
Page 11
新的发展：UN Resolution no. 251
2006年6月19日成立的人权理事会取代先前隶属经社文理 事会的人权委员会，作为隶属联合国大会的专门机构负责 全面促进人权保护的国际合作与对话，有效地协调联合国 人权公约的实施。设立席位：47个。 一项全新的工作：普遍定期审查 universal periodic review, UPR 即每4年一次对联合国成员国的人权记录进行独立、全面、 客观的审查，以促进各国尊重所有人权及基本自由，并履 行其保护的责任。
第二部分：公民的经济、社会和文化权利：人人享有工作 的权利；人人享有受教育的权利
Page 6
2. 人权两公约
中国：1997年10月签署经社文公约 1998年10月签署公民权利和政治权利公约 2000年年底批准。
两公约将世界人权宣言的保护的人权具体化，规定若干新 的人权，使得人权保护的国际范围更加完整，具有可实施 性，并分别设立经济、社会及文化权利委员会和人权委员 会负责实施。
《联合国人权宣言》中英文对照
《联合国人权宣言》中英文对照《世界人权宣言》是人权史上具有里程碑意义的文件。
它由来自世界各个地区不同法律和文化背景的代表起草，于1948年12月10日在巴黎召开的大会会议上以第217A(III)号决议通过。
《世界人权宣言》作为所有国家和所有人民的共同成就，第一次规定了基本人权应得到普遍保护。
《世界人权宣言》已被翻译成近500种语言。
《宣言》是1948年12月10日第三届联合国大会通过的，是有组织的国际社会第一次就人权和基本自由作出的世界性宣言。
《宣言》由联合国人权委员会起草，并由联合国经济和社会理事会正式提交联合国大会，在一系列修正案的基础上，大会经过认真讨论、审议后予以通过。
《宣言》是国际人权宪章体系的第一个文件。
它明确提出了联合国系统人权活动的基本原则。
《宣言》在序言中称：鉴于“对人类家庭所有成员的固有尊严及其平等的和不移的权利的承认，乃是世界自由、正义与和平的基础”，及“各会员国业已誓愿同联合国合作以促进对人权和基本自由的普遍尊重和遵行”，因此制定这一宣言。
序言中还说，宣言作为所有人民和国家努力实现的共同标准，期望每一个人和社会机构努力促进权利和自由的实现，并通过国家和国际社会的措施，使这些权利和自由得到普遍和有效的承认与尊重。
《宣言》共30条。
它第一次在国际范围内系统地提出了人权的基本内容和奋斗目标。
《宣言》提出，人人生而自由，在尊严和权利上一律平等；人人都有资格享受本《宣言》所载的一切权利和自由，不论其种族、肤色、性别、语言、财产、宗教、政治或其他见解、国籍或其他出身、身份。
这些权利和自由可分为公民权利和政治权利以及经济、社会和文化权利两大类。
其中，公民权利和政治权利包括：生命权、人身权、不受奴役和酷刑权、人格权、法律面前人人平等权、无罪推定权、财产权、婚姻家庭权、思想良心和宗教自由权、参政权和选举权等等；经济、社会和文化权利包括：工作权、同工同酬权、休息和定期带薪休假权、组织和参加工会权、受教育权、社会保障和享受适当生活水准权、参加文化生活权等等。