语言学导论

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外国语言文学专业课程总结模板语言学导论

外国语言文学专业课程总结模板语言学导论在外国语言文学专业的学习过程中，课程总结是非常重要的一环。

本文将以语言学导论为例，通过总结模板的方式来帮助学生整理知识并提高写作水平。

一、课程概述语言学导论是外国语言文学专业的基础课程之一，旨在帮助学生建立对语言学基本理论的认知和理解。

该课程的学习目标包括了解语言学的基本概念、掌握语言学的研究方法和理论框架，并能够运用语言学知识进行语言分析和研究。

二、课程收获通过学习语言学导论课程，我取得了以下几方面的收获：1. 理论基础：在语言学导论课程中，我系统学习了语言学的基础理论，如音系学、形态学、句法学、语义学等。

这些理论帮助我深入了解语言的结构和规则，提升了我的语言分析和解读能力。

2. 方法论意识：课程中，我学习了语言学的研究方法，如实证研究、对比研究、历史语言学等。

这些方法论意识的培养让我能够运用科学的方法进行语言学的研究和分析，从而更好地理解语言的本质和变化规律。

3. 学术论文写作：语言学导论课程为我提供了大量的写作实践机会。

在撰写学术论文的过程中，我学会了正确引用和参考文献的使用，提高了写作的规范性和准确性。

这对于未来进行学术研究和写作毕业论文有着积极的促进作用。

三、课程亮点语言学导论课程的亮点主要体现在以下几个方面：1. 经典案例：课程中教授多次引用经典案例，如乔姆斯基的生成语法理论、萨帕尔的语用学理论等。

通过深入解读和分析这些案例，我在理解和掌握语言学理论上收获颇丰。

2. 实证研究项目：课程中设置了语言学实证研究项目，要求学生运用所学的理论和方法进行课题研究。

这个环节帮助我将理论知识与实际问题相结合，并提高了自己的实际操作能力。

3. 互动教学：语言学导论课程注重学生的互动参与，教授常常组织小组讨论和演示，学生可以在小组内互相交流和分享心得。

这样的教学形式促进了学生们之间的互动和合作，提升了课程的学习效果。

四、个人感悟通过语言学导论课程的学习，我逐渐认识到语言是人类交流和思维的重要工具，语言学的研究对于了解人类社会和文化具有重要意义。

《语言学导论》(练习题及答案)

《语言学导论》(练习题及答案)语言学导论练题及答案1. 什么是语言学？语言学是研究语言的科学。

它涉及语言的结构、演化、语音、语法、语义、语用等方面的研究。

2. 语言学的主要分支有哪些？- 语音学：研究语音的产生、传播和感知。

- 语法学：研究语言的规则和结构。

- 语义学：研究语言意义的构成和理解。

- 语用学：研究语言在特定情境下的使用和交际功能。

- 社会语言学：研究语言与社会的关系。

3. 什么是语言的结构？语言的结构是指语言中各个层次（如语音、词汇、句子等）的组织方式和规则。

4. 语音学研究的是什么？语音学研究语音的产生、传播和感知。

它关注语音的音素、音位、音节以及音系等方面。

5. 语法学研究的是什么？语法学研究语言的规则和结构。

它涉及句子的构成和分析，包括词类、短语、句法关系等。

6. 语义学研究的是什么？语义学研究语言意义的构成和理解。

它关注词汇、句子和篇章层面的语义关系和意义表达。

7. 语用学研究的是什么？语用学研究语言在特定情境下的使用和交际功能。

它关注言语行为、话语策略和交际意图等。

8. 社会语言学研究的是什么？社会语言学研究语言与社会的关系。

它探讨语言在不同社会群体中的变化、语言的地位和使用情境等。

9. 语言学在日常生活中的应用有哪些？- 语言教育：帮助人们研究和教授语言。

- 语音技术：开发语音识别和合成等技术。

- 翻译和口译：促进不同语言之间的交流和理解。

- 语言规范：制定语法规则、文字标准等。

- 语义分析：帮助机器理解和处理自然语言。

10. 语言学为理解人类语言能力提供了哪些洞见？语言学研究揭示了语言是人类认知和交流的基本工具，提供了对语言产生、理解、学习和变化的深入认识。

导论语言学概论导论

线条性：就单个符号的音与义来说，语言符号只能一个跟着一个依次出现，在时间的线条上绵延，不能在空间的面上铺开。
语言符号的系统性
语言符号相互间存在着规律性的联系。
语言符号具有二层性：音位层、符号层。组合关系和聚合关系。
语言系统是人类特有的
语言能力语言是其他动物和人类之间无法逾越的鸿沟
人类语言和所谓动物“语言”的根本区别
第二章语言是符号系统
语言符号的性质和特点
什么是符号
所谓符号，就是指代某种事物的标记、记号，它是由一个社会的全体成员共同约定用来表示某种意义的标记和记号。语言是一种符号系统。
与征候的区别。
语言符号的任意性和线条性
任意性：创制符号时，音和义的结合是任意的，由社会约定俗成。形成了人类语言的多样性。
第一章语言的社会功能
第一节语言是人类最重要的交际工具
语言和说话
语言是把人和其他动物区别开来的一个重要的标志。无限的句子中包含着有限的词和为数不多的规则。语言是说话和表达思想的工具，而说出来的话则是人们运用这种工具表达思想所产生的结果。语言是音义结合的符号系统。说话是人们运用语言工具跟人们交流思想的行为。
“语言”和“言语”
(3)“语言”是主要的，而“言语”是次要的、从属的和偶然的。语言学应该以“语言”为研究对象，而“言语”问题可以另行研究。(4)区分了“语言” 和“言语”，就纯化了语言学的研究对象，把研究对象限制在一个内部均质的系统范围内，这就使语言学成为一门现代意义上的真正科学。区分“语言” 和“言语”对现代汉语的研究也有重大意义，要求研究者从相对均质的语料中去寻找具体语言的内部一致规律。
语言学概论
语言学的对象和任务
语言学的对象：语言。

《语言学导论》课件

D
语言的要素
02
语音
01
语音的物理属性
包括音高、音长、音强和音质等，这些属性决定了语音的音质和音色。
03
02
语音的生理机制
发音器官如声带、口腔、鼻腔等在发音过程中的作用，以及语音的感知器官如耳朵在接收和感知语音中的作用。
音位和音素
音位是语言中具有区别意义作用的最小语音单位，而音素是构成音位的语音单位，包括元音和辅音。
语序灵活的语言是指一种词语之间的顺序较为灵活的语言，语法关系不完全依赖于词序。
详细描述
语序灵活的语言的词语顺序较为灵活，语法关系不完全依赖于词序，而是可以通过其他方式来表达。例如英语和荷兰语就是典型的语序灵活的语言，它们的词语顺序较为灵活，可以通过介词、连词等虚词来表达语法关系。
04 语言的演变
深远影响。
语言与社会变迁的互动
03
语言随着社会变迁而发展变化，同时又影响着社会文化的传播
和发展。
语言的文化功能
表达情感与思想
语言是人们表达情感和思想的主要方式，通过语言表达人们的内心世界。
传承文化
语言是文化传承的重要途径，通过语言将文化遗产传递给下一代。
维系社会关系
语言在维系社会关系中发挥重要作用，通过语言交流加强人际关系的纽带。
句法学
研究语言的句子结构，包括句子成分、词组结构、句法规则等。
语义学
研究语言的意义，包括词汇意义、句子意义、语境意义等。
社会语言学
研究语言与社会的关系，包括方言、语言变异、语言接触等方面的研究。
语言学与其他学科的关系
A
与心理学关系密切
语言学与心理学共同探讨人类认知和思维的过程，研究语言使用和理解的心理学机制。

《语言学导论》中文笔记

《语言学导论》中文笔记语言学导论中文笔记(完整)什么是语言学?- 语言学是研究语言的科学- 研究语言的性质、结构和功能- 研究语言的发展、变化和使用语言学的分支1. 语音学: 研究语音的产生、传播和认知2. 词汇学: 研究单词的构成、意义和使用3. 句法学: 研究句子的结构和语法规则4. 语义学: 研究词语和句子的意义5. 语用学: 研究语言在特定情境中的使用方式语言的特点1. 语言是人类特有的沟通工具2. 语言具有拟态性，即能通过语言表达事物的形状、动作等特征3. 语言具有符号性，即语言中的单词和语法符号代表着特定的意义4. 语言是可以研究和教授的，通过语言能够传递文化和知识语言的功能1. 意指功能: 通过语言表达思想、情感和意图2. 表示功能: 通过语言描述和描绘事物、现象和过程3. 交际功能: 通过语言实现沟通和交流4. 记忆功能: 通过语言记录和传递信息5. 心理功能: 通过语言影响和塑造个体的心理活动语言与文化- 语言是文化的一部分，反映了社会和文化的价值观和观念- 不同的语言体现了不同的文化方式和思维方式- 语言的变化和发展与文化的变迁和演变相互关联语言的变化和发展- 语言是动态的，不断发展和变化- 语言变化的原因包括：社会文化变迁、语言接触和语言演化- 语言变化常常由语言使用者的创新和共同接受推动语言的使用- 语言使用涉及语言使用者的语法知识、语境理解和交际目的- 语言的使用方式受到社会、文化、地域等因素的影响- 语言的使用也受到个体因素和语言使用者之间的关系影响以上是《语言学导论》的简要笔记，介绍了语言学的定义、分支、特点、功能、与文化关系、变化和使用等方面的内容。

对于进一步学习语言学的人来说，这份笔记能够提供一个全面的概览，并为深入研究打下基础。

《语言学导论(1)》课件

短语和句子
短语是由词汇组成的固定搭配，句子由单词和短语组成，用于表达完整的意思。
四、语言的语法
什么是语法？
语法是研究句子构成和句子内部关系的学科，包括形态、句法和句子语义。
语法的分类
语法可以分为形态语法、句法语法和语义语法，各自研究不同的语言现象。
语法的规则
语法规则描述语言中单词和短语的组合方式，以及句子的结构和语义。
《语言学导论(1)》PPT课件
# 语言学导论(1) PPT课件
一、引论
什么是语言学？
语言学是研究语言的科学，涉及语言的结构、语音、语法、语义和语用等方面。
为什么要学习语言学？
学习语言学可以帮助我们更好地理解语言及其使用规律，并提升我们的语言表达能力。
二、语音学
语音学的概念和研究对象
语音学研究语音的产生、传播和接收，探索语音的各种特征及其规律。
言语交际原则
言语交际原则包括合作原则、准Βιβλιοθήκη 原则、追踪原则等，指导有效的交际沟通。
语用学的应用
语用学的应用领域包括教育、社会科学、人机交互等，帮助改进语言使用和交流。
七、总结
语言学的作用
语言学有助于深入理解语言及其运作规律，对语言教学和语言技能提升具有重要意义。
学习语言学的建议
学习语言学可以通过阅读经典著作、参与学术讨论和实践语言技能等方式进行。
展望语言学的未来
语言学将继续深入发展，结合技术的进步，突破更多语言现象的研究。
五、语义学
语义学的概念和研究对象
语义学研究词义和句义，探索语言中词汇和句子的意义及其逻辑关系。
词义和句义
词义指单词的意义，句义指句子的意义，两者都与语境有关。

语言学导论教学设计

语言学导论教学设计1. 导论语言学作为一门学科，它对人类的了解是深刻而广泛的。

学生通过语言学导论，可以了解语言的本质和语言学研究的各个领域。

本文将详细介绍语言学导论课程的教学设计。

2. 教学目标通过学习语言学导论，使得学生能够掌握语言的基本概念和研究方法，具有批判思维和分析问题的能力，并能在现实生活中对语言现象进行分析和解释。

3. 教学内容3.1. 语言的基本概念•语言的定义•语言的结构•语言的功能3.2. 语言的起源和演化•语言的起源•人类语言的演化•语言的多样性与共性3.3. 语言技能和语言运用•语音、语法、词汇、语用和话语分析•语言变化和语言演变3.4. 语言学研究的方法与研究范式•语言学的研究方法•语言学研究的各个领域•研究范式的比较分析4. 教学方法4.1. 课堂讲解采用讲述的方式进行教学，让学生听取教师在学科理论和实践方面的经验。

4.2. 课堂讨论引导学生分析语言学现象，与教师和其它同学讨论自己的理解和观点。

鼓励学生就关键问题发表自己的看法，让课堂更加多元化。

4.3. 小组讨论将学生分成小组，在小组内讨论自己的疑问和观点，与小组内的同学分享自己的想法和学习成果。

4.4. 项目研究由学生自己或小组开展一个项目研究，例如设计一个语言分析的项目，或者是介绍某一语言学领域的研究成果。

4.5. 作业鼓励学生自主学习，将课程中所学习的知识进行整合，并撰写思考性论文、书评或介绍某一领域的研究成果。

5. 教学评价除了课堂作业外，为了总结学生对于语言学导论课程的掌握程度和能力提升程度，可以通过两个方式对学生进行评价：•期中考试：主要考察学生对文献、概念、实践知识的理解和掌握程度。

•总结作业：学生可以根据所学知识，撰写一份总结论文，对学习成果进行总结；或者是设计一份语言分析项目，展示出在语言分析方面的实践能力。

6. 结语通过本文所介绍的教学设计，学生可以全面了解语言学导论所包含的各个知识领域，具备语言学分析的能力。

英语语言学导论笔记

一、语言学总论1. design feature of language（语言的定义特征)defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication1）Arbitrariness(任意性): 象似性iconicity定义：the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning.举例：书, book, livre喜欢，like，aimer2）Duality（二层性）:定义：the property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level.举例：Sounds > syllables > words > phrases > clauses > sentences> texts/discourses3）Creativity/Productivity（创造性）:定义：Language can be used to create new meanings because of its duality.举例1：/k/ ,/a:/, /p/---- carp or park举例2：England, defeated, FranceEngland defeated France.France defeated England.4）Displacement（替代性、移位性）:定义：Human languages enable their users to symbolize something which are not present at the moment of communication.5）Cultural Transmission（文化传递性）:定义：language is passed on from generation to generation through teaching and learning rather than instinct.反例：印度狼孩2. Important Distinctions in Linguistics(语言学研究中几对重要的概念)1) Descriptive （描述性）vs. Prescriptive （规定性）Descriptive: describing how things are.prescriptive: prescribing how things ought to beImportant Distinctions in Linguistics举例：Don't say X.People don't say X.The first is a prescriptive command, while the second is a descriptive statement.2). Synchronic（共时性）vs. Diachronic （历时性）synchronic: takes a fixed instant as its point of observation.diachronic: the study of a language through the course of its history.举例：研究1800年的英语发音Synchronic studies (共时性研究)研究1800-1900的法语语法变化Diachronic studies (历时研究)3). langue（语言）& parole （言语）Theorist：Saussure（索绪尔）, father of modern linguisticslangue: abstract linguistic systemparole: actual realization of langueImportant Distinctions in Linguistics4) Competence（语言能力）and performance （语言运用）theorist: Chomsky(乔姆斯基)competence: user's knowledge of rules about the linguistic system.performance: the actual realization of this knowledge in concrete situations.二、语音学和音系学1.语音学(phonetics)和音系学(phonology)的定义和区别2.语音学重要概念: 清音和浊音3.音系学重要概念: 音子，音位, 超音段特征Phonetics studies all speech sounds in human languages: how they are produced, transmitted and how they are received.Phonology: aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patternsand how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.区别: meaning(是否研究和表达意义有关的语音）举例:too 和tea 中的/t/发too中的/t/时, 舌位更靠近口腔前部发tea中的/t/时，舌位更靠近口腔后部语音学要研究这种/t/发音的不同之处, 音系学不研究语音学分类articulatory phonetics(发音语音学): speakers productionacoustic phonetics（声学语音学）: transmission’s mediumauditory phonetics(听觉语音学): receiver’s receptionHow speech sounds are madeSpeech organsPosition of the vocal folds(声带): voicing(浊音) and voiceless (清音)Voiceless(清音)：vocal cords are drawn wide apart, letting the air stream go through without causing obstruction清音举例：[p,s,t]Voicing/Voiced（浊音）：vocal cords held together, letting the air stream vibrates浊音: [b,z,d]The distinction between vowels and consonants lies in the obstruction of air stream.As there is no obstruction of air in the production of vowels, the description of the consonants and vowels cannot be done along the same lines.音系学重要概念:Phone(音子)：a phonetic unit; the speech sounds we hear and produce during communication are all phones举例:too 和tea 中的/t/发too中的/t/时, 舌位更靠近口腔前部发tea中的/t/时，舌位更靠近口腔后部所以too 和tea 中的/t/两个不同的音子Phoneme(音位): phonological and abstract unit, a unit of distinctive value;the smallest unit of sound in a language which can distinguish two words.举例：tea 和sea, /t/和/s/是两个不同的音位morphemeSuprasegmental features (超音段特征)Suprasegmental features: phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments .The principal suprasegmentals are:stress （重音）举例: perfect (adj) 和perfect (v)tone (声调)/pitch (音高):定义: sound feature which are caused by the differing rate of vibration of the vocal folds.举例: mā妈, má麻, mă马，mà骂比较：英语单词，如meintonation （语调）：pitch, stress, and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation.三、Morphology 形态学1. 学科定义2. 语素的定义和分类3. 词的分类（classification of words）形态学研究的基本单位1. morpheme(语素）. The most basic element of meaning in language，an element that cannot be further divided into smaller units without altering its meaning.举例：ballfootballballsTypes of MorphemesFree morphemes vs. Bound morphemes（自由语素和黏着语素）:Free morphemes: those that may constitute words by themselves, eg boy, girl, table, nation. Bound morphemes: those that cannot occur alone, eg -s, -ed, dis-, un-.Types of Bound MorphemeInflectional morpheme (屈折语素)=inflectional affix(屈折词缀)：change the grammatical meaning (number, aspect, case, tense)Derivational morpheme（派生语素）=derivational affix (派生词缀）: change the lexical meaningDerivational morpheme(改变词义):改变词义：dis-, un-, multi-, micro-改变词性：en-, -full, -mentInflectional morpheme（改变语法含义）:改变名称的性，数，格：-ess, -s,改变动词的时, 态，体: -ing, -ed,改变形容词的级：-er, -est如何区分派生词（derivational word）和合成词(compound word) : 拆开后看各个组成的语素能否都单独成词，如果可以，就是合成词，如果不能就是派生词。

语言学导论期末总结

语言学导论期末总结一、引言语言学是研究语言的科学，它的研究对象是语言本身。

通过学习语言学导论课程，我深入了解了语言学的理论基础和研究方法，了解了语言的结构、功能和变化等方面的知识。

在本文中，我将对语言学导论的学习进行总结，并对自己在这门课程中的收获进行分析和反思。

二、语言学的基本概念语言学是研究语言的学科，它研究语言的结构、功能、变化和使用等方面的问题。

语言学的基本概念包括语音学、语法学、语义学和语用学等。

通过学习这些基本概念，我对语言学的研究内容和方法有了更深入的了解。

1. 语音学语音学研究语音的组成和运用规律，包括语音的产生、传播和感知等方面的问题。

在语音学中，声音的特征（如音高、音量和音色等）以及语音的表达方式（如辅音和元音等）都是研究的重点。

通过学习语音学，我了解了声音的产生和相关的声学原理，了解了声音的分类和语音的表达方式。

2. 语法学语法学研究语言的内部结构和规则，包括句子的形成和组织方式等。

在语法学中，常常关注句子的结构和成分，以及句子中的词汇和短语等。

通过学习语法学，我了解了句子的基本结构和常用的句型类型，了解了句子的组成成分和语义关系。

3. 语义学语义学研究语言的意义和表达方式，包括词义和句义等方面的问题。

在语义学中，常常关注词汇的意义和句子的意义，以及其中的逻辑关系和修辞手法等。

通过学习语义学，我了解了词汇的义项和搭配规律，了解了句子的语义结构和关联关系。

4. 语用学语用学研究语言的使用和交际功能，包括语言的言外之意和语境依赖等方面的问题。

在语用学中，常常关注语言的交际和沟通功能，以及语言使用者之间的信息传递和意图表达等。

通过学习语用学，我了解了语用推理和言外之意的表达方式，了解了语言的交际功能和语境的重要性。

三、语言学的研究范式语言学的研究范式包括描述性研究和理论性研究两种类型。

描述性研究是对语言事实的描述和总结，旨在建立语言学的基础知识和研究方法。

理论性研究是对语言问题的解释和分析，旨在建立语言学的理论体系和解释框架。

1.语言学导论

第一章语言学导论一. Why Study Language?二. What is Language?三. Design Features of LanguageThe features that define our human languages can be called Design Features.What makes language unique to human beings?The design features of language which refer to the defining properties of human language tell the difference between human language and any system of animal communication.Arbitrariness is a core feature of language, which means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. Duality, which means the property of having 2 levels of sturctures, such that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the 2 levels has its own principles of organization. Creativity means language is resourceful because of its duality and its recursiveness. Because of duality, the speaker is able to combine the basic linguistic unites to form an infinite set of sentences, most of which are never heard before. Displacement means that language can be used to refer to things which are present or not present, real or imagined matters, in the past, present, or future, or in far-away places.So all these features make language unique to human beings.Design features refer to the distinctive features of human language that essentially make human langugae distinguishable from any animal system of communication.ARBITRARINESSBy ‘language is arbitrary’ we mean there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. For example, there is no reason why English speakers use the sounds /dog/ to denote the animal ‘dog’, or /pig/ to refer to the animal ‘pig’ while Chinese speakers use different sounds (狗and 猪respectively) to indicate them. There are different levels of arbitrariness.(1) Arbitrary relationship between the sound of a morpheme and its meaning.We must admit that there are certain words with different degrees of onomatopoeia in every language which imitate natural sounds, such as ‘bang, crash, and roar’ in English, and ‘叮叮当，咔嚓，扑哧’ in Chinese. However arbitrariness and onomatopoeic effect may work at the same time. Widdowson’s illustration of a line ‘The murmurous haunt of flies on summer eves’ in Keats’Ode to a Nightinggale by attempting the substitution of ‘murderous’ for ‘murmurous’ shows that no connection will be established between sounds and the little noiseness of the flying flies. ‘It is only when you know the meaning that you infer that the form is appropriate.’(Widdowson, 1996:6)(2) Arbitrariness at the syntactic levelAs to arbitrariness at the syntactic level, there are 2 opposite points of view.According to some functional linguists (Halliday, 1985/1994), language is not arbitrary at the syntactic level because there may be a certain degree of correspondence between the sequenceof clauses and the real happenings. Put it differently, syntax is less arbitrary than words, especially in so far as word order is concerned. Compare: a). He came in and sat down. b). He sat down and came in. c). He sat down after he came in. Sentence a) means the actions occurred in this order. Sentence b) means the opposite sequence of the real happening—perhaps he got into his wheelchair and propelled himself into the room. In sentence c) with the help of the word ‘after’ we can reverse the order of the clauses.However, formal linguists underscore the autonomy of syntax. ‘Human cognition embodies a system whose primitive terms are non-semantic and non-discourse-derived syntactic elements and whose principles of combination make no reference to system-external factors.’ (Newmeyer, 1998:18) in other words, to them, syntax is purely arbitrary.(3) Arbitrariness and ConventionArbitrariness and Conventionality are 2 indispensable sides of the coin of language. Arbitrariness of language makes it potentially creative, and conventionality of languge makes learning a language laborious.DUALITYDuality is one of the characteristics of human language. It refers to the fact that language has 2 levels of structures, such that units of the primary level (words) are composed of elements of the secondary level (sounds) and each of the 2 levels has its own principles of organization.For example, a syllable is the smallest unit that is normally spoken by itself, and scores of syllables become the carriers of hundreds of meaningful segments of words that are called morphemes.Why do people take duality as one of the important design fuatures of human language? Can you tell us what language will be if it has no such desine feature?Duality makes our language productive. A large number of different units can be formed out of a small number of elements. For example, tens of thousands of words out of a small set of sounds. And out of the huge number of words, there can be astronomical number of possible sentences and phrases, which in turn can combine to form unlimited number of texts. Most animal communication systems do not have this design feature of human language.If language had no such design feature, then it would be like animal communicational system which consists only a number of basic sounds and this would be highly limited. Then we would not be able to produce a very large number of sound combinations (e.g. words), which are distinct in meaning. In other words, the number of messages one can send woud be restricted to the number of basic sounds.CREATIVITYOne of the design features of human language is creativity. What is it? And what makes it possible?By Creativity, we mean language is resourceful because of its duality and recursiveness. It is one of the design features that only human language has.Human language is resourceful because of its duality and its recursiveness. The speaker is able to combine the basic linguistic units to form an infinite set of sentences, most of which are never before produced or heard. The recursive nature of langugae provides a theoretical basis for creating endless sentences.DISPLACEMENTHuman languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present (in time and space) at the moment of communication. This quality is labeled as displacement.For example, we can talk about Hitler, who is already dead; we can even talk about next week, which is in the future.‘An refer to Confucius even though he was dead 2000 years ago.’ This shows that language has the design feature of displacement.四. Origin of LanguageTheory that primitive man made involuntary vocal noises while performing heavy work has been called the Yo-he-yo theory.The Bow-wow theory is a theory on the origin of language.五. Functions of LanguageWhat are the 7 functions of human language?According to Hu Zhuanglin, language has at least 7 functions, and they are illustrated as follows:(1)INFORMATIVE FUNCTION: it means that language is the instrument of thought and languageserves an informational function when used to tell something. It is also called ideational function in the framework of functional grammar. The declarative sentences such as ‘This is a book.’ are the typical illustration of this function.(2)INTERPERSONAL FUNCTION: it means people can use language to estabilish and maintaintheir status in a society. It is the most important sociological use of language. In the framework of functional grammar, this function is concerned with interaction between the addresser and addressee in the discourse situation and the addresser’s attitude toward what he speaks or writes about. For example, the ways in which people address others and refer to themselves (such as Dear Sir, Dear Professor, Johnny, yours, your obedient servant) indicate the various grades of interpersonal relations.(3)PERFORMATIVE FUNCTION: it is primarily to change the social status of persons, as inmarriage ceremonies, the sentencing of criminals, the blessing of children, the naming of a ship at a launching ceremony, and the cursing of enemies. The kind of language employed in performative verbal acts is usually quite formal and even ritualized. The performative function can extend to the control of reality as on some magical or religious occasions. For example, in Chinese when someone breaks a bowl or a plate, the host or the people present are likely to say 碎碎平安(every year be safe and happy) as a means of controling the forces which the believers feel might affect their lives.(4)EMOTIVE FUNCTION: it is one of the most powerful uses of language because it is so crucialin changing the emotional status of an audience for or against someone or something. It is a means of getting rid of the nervous energy when people are under stress, for example, swearwords, obscenities, involuntary verbal reactions to beautiful art or scenery; conventional words/phrases, for example, God, My, Damn it, Wow, Ugh, Ow, etc.(5)PHATIC COMMUNION: it originates form Malinowski’s study of the functions of languageperformed by Trobrind Islanders. It refers to the social interaction of language . People always use some small, seemingly meaningless expressions such as ‘Good morning, God bless you, Nice day, etc.’ to maintain a comfortable relationship between people without any factual content.(6)RECREATIONAL FUNCTION: it means people use language for the sheer joy of using it, such asa baby’s babbling or a chanter’s chanting.(7)METALINGUAL FUNCTION: it refers to the fact that people can use language to talk aboutitself. For example, I can use the word ‘book’ to talk about a book, and I can also use the expression ‘the word book’ to talk about the sign ‘b-o-o-k’ itself.六. What is Linguistics?Linguistics is usually defined as the science of language or the scientific study of language.七. Main Branches of LinguisticsPHONETICS and PHONOLOGYPhonetics mainly studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription.The branch of linguistics which studies the sound patterns of a language is called phonology.Illustrate the significance of studying speech sounds in linguistics.Language is first and foremost a ‘system of vocal symbols’. Human beings are capable of making all kinds of sounds, but only some of these sounds have become units in the language system, as we have seen in the discussion of language speech sounds had existed long before writing was invented, and even today, in some parts of the world, there are still languages that have no writing systems. Therefore, the study of speech sounds is a major part of linguistics.Analysis of speech sounds can be approached on 2 levels: phonetics and phonology. Phonetics deals with speech organs and their functions, speech sounds, waves carrying speech sounds, analysis and processing of the sounds by the listener. Phonology is concerned with the organization of speech within specific languages, or with the systems and patterns of sounds that occur in particular languages. Both phonetics and phonology are main branches of linguistics.To study speech sounds, linguistics need to analyze the minute processes and acticities of the speaker and explain the way speech organs move to convey meaning. The theory and methods thus developed can be applied to numerous other fields. For example, people who work in recording, language description and language teaching will have some interest in phonetic knowledge while those who work in audiology, speech therapy and speech pathology must have a solid foundation in phonetics and phonology.MORPHOLOGYThe branch of grammar which studies the internal stucture of words is called Morphology.SYNTAXThe branch of grammar which studies the internal structrue of sentence is called Syntax.In linguistics, Syntax refers to the study of the rules governing the way words are combined to form sentences in a language, or simply, the study of the formation as sentence.SEMANTICS and PRAGMATICSSemantics and pragmatics investigate different aspects of linguistic meaning.Pragmatics can be defined as the study of language in use.Is it possible to separate semantics and pragmatics?Though both semantics and pragmatics have to do with the meaning of language, and link language to the world, we think it is possible to separate semantics and pragmatics in linguistic study.Semantics is the study of literal meaning of linguistic expressions, particularly meaning of words, phrases and sentences. In using the term sense rather than reference, the focus of semantics is on the way people relate words to each other within the framework of their language. Pragmatics starts from the observation that people use language to accomplish many kinds of acts, broadly known as speech acts thus it is the study of how to do things with words or of the meaning of language in context. This kind of meaning in pragmatics usually refers to as speaker’s meaning, utterence meaning, or contextual meaning. Its interpretation depends more on who the speaker of the sentence is, who the hearer is, when and where it is used.Thus the distinction between semantics and pragmatics is clear: the former is more closely related to the words used, the more constant, inherent side of meaning; the later is more closely related to the context, the more indeterminate side, or something extra.八. MacrolinguisticsMacrolinguistics studies how linguistics is related with other disciplines such as psychology, sociology, ethnography, the science of law and artificial intelligence etc.Psycholinguistics is concerned primarily with investigating the psychological reality of linguistic structures.Sociolinguistics is an umbrella term which covers a variety of different interests in languge and society, including the social functions of langugae and the social characteristics of its users. It attempts to show the relationship between language and society.九. Important Distinctions in LinguisticsDESCRIPTIVE vs. PRESCRIPTIVEDescriptive study attempts to tell what is in the language, while Prescriptive study tells people what should be in the language. Most comtemporary linguists believe that whatever occurs naturally in the language should be described.An approach in linguistic study which attempts to lay down rules of correctness as to how language should be used is Prescriptive.Modern linguistic is Descriptive in the sense that the linguist tries to discover what language is rather than lay down some rules for people to observe.SYNCHRONIC vs. DIACHRONICThe description of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic linguistic study. Diachrony is concerned with the evolution of language over time.The study of language at one point in time is a Synchronic study.Synchrony refers to the state of a language as it exists at any given time.LANGUE /PAROLE and COMPETENCE/PERFORMANCESaussure puts forward the concept of Langue and Parole, and Chomsky puts forward the concept of Competence and Performance. Please dwell upon the differences and similarities, if any, of the 2 pairs: Langue and Parole vs. Competence and Performance.According to F. de Saussure, Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community; while Parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use. We can compare them along the following dimensions: Langue is abstract; Parole is specific to the situation in which it occurs. Langue is not actually spoken by someone; Parole is always a naturally occurring event. Langue is relatively stable and systematic; Parole is subject to personal and situational constraints. The linguists’proper object is the Langue of each community, the lexicon, grammar and phonology implied in each individual by his upbringing in society, and on the basis of which he speaks and understands his language.For Chomsky, a fundamental distinction between linguistic Competence and Performance should be made. A language user’s underlying knowledge about the system of rules is called linguistic Competence. And Performance refers to the actual use of language in concrete situations. In light with this, Competence enables a speaker to produce and understand an indefinite number of sentences and to recognize grammatical mistakes and ambiguities. A speaker’s Competence is stable but his Performance is often influenced by psychological and social factors, and thus would involve imperfections such as slips of tongue, false starts, unnecessary pauses, and so on. Thus, the point is that a speaker’s Performance does not always match his Competence.Saussure’s distinction is somewhat similar with Chomsky’s in the sense that the both refer to the constant factor which underlies the utterances that constitute Parole/Performance. However, their difference is quite obvious. Saussure’s Langue is a social product, a set of conventions for aspeech community. Chomsky regards Competence as a property of the mind of each individual. Saussure looks at Language more from a sociological point of view while Chomsky looks at it more from a psychological point of view.Linguistic potential is similar to Saussure’s langue and Chomsky’s competence.。

语言学导论

语言学导论1章导论一、语言学的定义科学或系统学习语言，这始终是由三经科学指导性，一致性和经济。

二。

语言学与传统语法语言学不同于传统语法，至少有三种基本方法。

1。

语言学描述语言并没有制定正确的规则。

2。

语言学把口语作为主要的，而不是书面的。

3。

语言学对每一种语言都有其自身的优点。

语言学的范畴微观语言学：语音；语音；形态学；语法；语义；语用学宏观语言学：sociolinguitics；心理语言学；神经语言学；文体学；话语分析；计算语言学；认知语言学；应用语言学语言的定义语言是人类交际中使用的任意性的语音符号系统。

五、语言的起源鼎东理论：人的语言从原始人的声音表达到他所遇到的对象。

唱歌理论：语言从原始的仪式歌曲的赞美。

呸呸说：语言是感叹词，表达说话人的情感。

哟何理论：语言是从发出的呼声，在工作期间。

助教理论：语言是从某些手势和舌头运动的结合中产生的。

弓哇理论：语言来自模仿动物的叫声和其他声音在自然中听到。

六、语言的结构特征1。

任意性：这是指没有逻辑或内在特定的声音和意义，它是与之间的连接。

2。

二元性：语言在2个层次上运作。

在一个层面上，这些元素本身没有意义，但在另一个层次上结合起来，构成了另一个层次，这就意味着。

3。

生产力：生产力或创造力是指人的语言能力，使他能够产生和理解一个无限大量的句子在我们的母语。

4。

互换：互换性和互惠性是指人能够产生和接收的信息，和他作为一个演讲者和听众可以交换安心的角色。

5。

位移：位移是一种语言的特性，使人们可以在空间或时间上谈论事情的遥远。

6。

专业化：专业化指的是，人在沟通的过程中没有完全的身体参与。

7。

文化传播：语言是文化传播的。

它不能通过遗传传递。

七。

语言功能1。

交际功能/交流：语言是用来建立一个气氛或保持说话人和听话人之间的社会联系。

问候、告别和天气服务这一功能的评论。

2。

指令功能：语言是用来让听话人做某事。

最重要的句子是这个函数。

3。

信息功能：语言是用来告诉一些东西，给信息，或是对事物的原因。

语言学导论

language is cultural-dependant
language mirrors culture
4. Functions of language in communication
(1) Phatic
(2) Directive function
(3) Informative function
② ideal knowledge of language user
performance ① isn’t equal to everybody
② influenced by psychological and social
factors.
※ Performance is the realization of the knowledge
symbols : people use it to represent objects, ideas, opinions or actions.
Used for human communication : human specific (人类特有）
2. Design features of language
(1) Communicative means (the most important one)
(2) The means for conceptual thinking and recognition of
the world.
(3) The vehicle and transmitter of culture.
Scope of linguistics: Phonetics Phonology Morphology Microlinguistics Syntax

语言学导论基础知识

【语言学】语言学是以语言为研究对象的科学。

【“小学”】“小学”是中国传统的语文学，围绕解释和解读先秦典籍来展开研究，从而诞生了分析字形的文字学、研究字音的音韵学、解释字义的训诂学。

因此又被人们称为经学的附庸。

【思维】思维是认识现实世界时的动脑筋的过程，也指动脑筋时进行比较、分析、综合以认识现实的能力。

【符号】符号是由一定的形式构成的表示一定意义的记号或标记，包括形式和意义两个方面，其作用是指称现实现象。

【语言符号】语言符号是由音、义结合构成的，能代表或指称现象。

“音”是语言符号的物质表现形式，“义”是语言符号的内容，只有音和义结合才能指称现实现象，构成语言的符号。

【征候】征候是事物本质的特征，它代表着事物，可以让我们通过它来推知事物。

【组合规则】构成线性序列的语言成分之间的结构关系，就是说，语言符号的单位互相组合为一个更大单位的规则。

【聚合规则】在同一个结构位置上不同结构单位的替换规则。

【音标】记录音素的标写符号。

【国际音标】国际语音协会指定的一套记音符号，是用来记录各民族语言的语音的。

国际音标符合“一个音素一个符号，一个符号一个音素”的原则。

【音位学】音位学是在了解语音的物理、生理特性的基础上从语言的社会功能的角度对语音的研究。

【音素】音素是人类语言从音质角度划分出来的最小的语音单位。

【清音、浊音】清音、浊音是语音中的发音特点。

辅音的发音体是阻碍气流的发音部位，但有时声带也参与发音。

发音时声带颤动的辅音叫浊辅音，不颤动的叫清辅音。

【音质音位】以音素为材料，从音质的角度分析的音位，叫做音质音位。

【非音质音位】有区别词的语音形式作用的音高、音重、音长叫做非音质音位。

【调位】有区别词的语音形式作用的音高变化，叫做调位。

【重位/势位】能区别词的语音形式的重音叫做重位或势位。

【时位】能区别词的语音形式的元音的长短叫时位。

【音位变体】处于互补关系中的各个音素被看成是同一个音位在不同位置上的代表，是同一个音位的不同的变异形式，我们把它们叫做音位变体。

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语言学导论基础知识