高等数学 上册 (黄立宏 廖基定 著) 复旦大学出版社 第二章 课后答案
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3.解:曲线上任意一点 ( x, y ) 处的切线斜率为 k = 2 x .因此过(3,8)且与曲线相切的直线方
⎧ y − 8 = 2 x( x − 3) ⎨ y = x2 程为: y − 8 = 2 x ( x − 3) ,且与曲线的交点可由方程组解得 ⎩
为(2,4),(4,16)即为切点. 故切线方程为: y − 4 = 4( x − 2),
f ′(0) =
3 25
f ′(2) =
19. 证明:
p′( x) 1 = [ f1′ ( x) f 2 ( x)⋯ f n ( x) + f1 ( x) f 2′ ( x )⋯ f n ( x ) + ⋯ + f1 ( x ) f 2 ( x )⋯ f n′ ( x )] p ( x) p ( x) f ′ ( x) f1′ ( x) f 2′ ( x) + +⋯+ n . f1 ( x) f 2 ( x) f n ( x) 3x ′ 20.解:⑴ y = 3e ; 2x y′ = 1 + x4 ; ⑵ 1 1 y′ = e 2x +1 ⋅ e ⋅2 = 2 2x + 1 2x + 1 ⑶
f −′(0) = lim−
(3) 解:因为
x →1+ x →1−
x →1+
lim f ( x) = lim(2 − x) = 1 +
x →1
lim f ( x) = lim x =1 −
x →1
lim f ( x ) = lim f ( x ) = f (1) = 1 −
x →1
,故函数在 x=1 处连续.
′ ⑶解:令 h (t ) = 10 − gt = 0 ,得
12 −
1 1 g ×1.44 − 10 + g 2 2 = −0.78 (m ⋅ s −1 ) 0.2 10 (s) g ,
t=
t=
即物体到达最高点的时刻为 14. 解:设此角速度值为 ω ,则
10 s. g
θ (t 0 + ∆ t ) − θ ( t 0 ) = θ ′(t0 ) ∆t . Q (T + ∆T ) − Q (T ) ν = lim = Q′(T ) ∆T → 0 ∆T 15. ⑴ 解: ′ ⑵ 解:ν = Q (T ) = a + 2bT . ω = lim
(2) 解: 故 (3) 解:
f ( x) f ( x) = − lim = − f ′( x0 ) x → x 0 x − x x0 − x 0
A = − f ′( x0 )
f ( x0 + h) − f ( x0 − h) ⎡ f ( x0 + h) − f ( x0 ) f ( x0 − h) − f ( x0 ) ⎤ = lim ⎢ − ⎥ h→0 h→0 h h h ⎣ ⎦ f ( x0 + h) − f ( x0 ) f ( x0 − h) − f ( x0 ) = lim + lim h →0 h → 0 h −h = f ′( x0 ) + f ′( x0 ) = 2 f ′( x0 ) A = 2 f ′( x0 ). 故
− sin x f ( x) − f (0) = lim− = −1, x →0 x →0 x−0 x 又 f ( x) − f (0) sin x f +′(0) = lim+ = lim+ = 1, → x →0 x 0 x−0 x f −′(0) ≠ f +′(0) ,故此函数在 x = 0 处不可导. 1 lim x 2 sin = 0 = y (0), x →0 x (2) 解:因为 故函数在 x = 0 处连续. 1 x 2 sin f ( x) − f (0) x =0 y′(0) = lim = lim x →0 x → 0 x−0 x , 又 故函数在 x = 0 处可导.
1 1 y ′ = sin x + x cos x − sin x = sin x + x cos x 2 2 18.⑴解:
1 π π π 2 π y′ x = π = sin + cos = (1 + ) 2 4 4 4 4 2 4
f ′( x) =
⑵ 解:
3 2 + x 2 (5 − x) 5
y − 16 = 8( x − 4).
∵ lim
4.(1) 解: 故
∆x → 0
f ( x0 − ∆x) − f ( x0 ) f ( x0 − ∆x ) − f ( x0 ) = − lim = − f ′( x0 ) ∆x → 0 ∆x −∆x
A = − f ′( x0 ) 。
x → x0
lim
令
a2 a2 , y′ = − 2 , y′ x x
x y a2 + y0 = 0 0 + y0 = 2 y0 x0 x0
(0, 2 y0 ) ,
得切线与 y 轴的交点为 故
S△ =Fra Baidu bibliotek
1 2 x0 2 y0 = 2 x0 y0 = 2a 2 . 2
h(1.2) − h(1) = 1.2 − 1 13.⑴ 解: ′ ⑵ 解: v (t ) = h (t ) = 10 − gt . v=
lim
y = −2 x sin x(1 − sin x) + (1 − x 2 ) cos x(1 − sin x) + (1 − x 2 ) sin x( − cos x)
= 2 x sin 2 x − 2 x sin x + cos x − x 2 cos x − sin 2 x + x 2 sin 2 x − cos x(1 − cos x) − (1 − sin x) sin x 1 − sin x − cos x y′ = = (1 − cos x) 2 (1 − cos x) 2 ⑷解:
f ′(1) = f +′(1) , 要使 f ( x ) 在 x = 1 处可导,则必须 −
即 a = 2. 故当 a = 2, b = −1 时, f ( x ) 在 x = 1 处连续且可导. 11. (1) 解:因为 x → 0
lim y = 0 = y x = 0,
所以此函数在 x = 0 处连续.
10.解:因 x →1
x →1+
x →1
lim f ( x) = lim( ax + b) = a + b +
x →1
要使 f ( x ) 在 x = 1 处连续,则有 a + b = 1,
f ( x) − f (1) x2 −1 = lim = 2, x →1 x →1− x − 1 x −1 又 ax + b − 1 ax − a f +′(1) = lim = lim = a, + x →1+ x → 1 x −1 x −1 f −′(1) = lim −
∆x → 0
f ( x) − f (0) x3 = lim− = 0, x →0 x →0 x x−0 f ′(0) ≠ f −′(0) ,故函数在 x0 = 0 处不可导. 因 + f ( x) − f (0) 1 f +′(0) = lim = lim 1 = 0, + + x →0 x →0 1 + e x x − 0 (2) 证明: f −′(0) = lim− f ( x) − f (0) 1 = lim 1 = 1, − x →0 x →0 1 + e x x−0 f ′(0) ≠ f −′(0) ,故函数在 x0 = 0 处不可导. 因 + f ( x) − f (1) x −1 1 f +′(1) = lim = lim = , + x →1+ x → 1 x −1 x −1 2 (3)证明: f −′(0) = lim− f ( x) − f (1) x2 −1 = lim = 2, x →1 x →1− x − 1 x −1 f ′(1) ≠ f −′(1) ,故函数在 x0 = 1 处不可导. 因 + ′ 9.解:当 x < 0 时, f ( x ) = cos x, ′ 当 x > 0 时, f ( x ) = 1, f −′(1) = lim −
当 x = 0 时,
f −′(0) = lim−
x →0
sin x − 0 = 1, x−0
f +′(0) = lim+
x →0
x−0 = 1, x−0
′ 故 f (0) = 1.
x < 0, ⎧cos x, f ′( x) = ⎨ x ≥ 0. ⎩1, 综上所述知 lim f ( x) = lim x 2 = 1 = f (1) − −
⑶解: ⑸
′ 解: y = sec x
2
x sec x tan x − sec x − 3sec x tan x x2 ⑹ 解: 1 1 1 1 2 3 + 3⋅ = (1 − + y′ = − 2 ) x ln10 ⋅ x ln 2 ⋅ x x ln10 1n 2 ⑺ 解: −(1 + 2 x) y′ = (1 + x + x 2 ) 2 ⑻解: y′ =
=
2x +1
;
y′ = 2 x ⋅ ln( x + 1 + x 2 ) + (1 + x 2 ) ⋅
⑷
1
x + 1 + x2
⋅ (1 +
2x 2 1 + x2
)
= 2 x ln( x + 1 + x 2 ) + 1 + x 2 ; 1 1 2 y′ = 2 x sin 2 + x 2 cos 2 ⋅ (− 3 ) x x x ⑸ 1 2 1 = 2 x sin 2 − cos 2 x x x ; 3 3 2 2 3 ′ ⑹ y = 2 cos ax ⋅ (− sin ax ) ⋅ 3ax = −3ax sin 2 ax ;
,故函数在 x=1 处不可导. 12. 证明:在双曲线上任取一点
M ( x0 , y0 ),
=−
a2 x =0 2 x0 则 , a2 y − y0 = − 2 ( x − x0 ) x0 则过 M 点的切线方程为: 2 x0 y0 x0 a 2 y = 0 ⇒ x = 2 + x0 = 2 + x0 = 2 x0 a a 令 (2 x0 , 0) , 得切线与 x 轴的交点为 y= x =0⇒ y =
f ( x) − f (1) x −1 f −′ (1) = lim = lim =1 − − x →1 x →1 x − 1 x −1 又 f ( x) − f (1) 2 − x −1 f +′ (1) = lim = lim = −1 + x →1+ x 1 → x −1 x −1 f −′ (1) ≠ f +′ (1)
∆t → 0
f ( x0 + α h) − f ( x0 − β h) h 16. 证明: h →0 f ( x0 + ah) − f ( x0 ) f ( x0 − β h) − f ( x0 ) = α lim + β lim h →0 h →0 αh −β h = α f ′( x0 ) + β f ′( x0 ) = (α + β ) f ′( x0 ). 3 S′ = t 17. ⑴ 解: 1 1 1 y′ = ln x + x ⋅ = (ln x + 2) x 2 x 2 x ⑵ 解:
lim
y′ =
5.(1)解:
1 2 x
2 −5 ′ y =− x 3 3 (2);解:
(3)解: y = x
2 5 2+ − 3 2
=x
1 6
y′ =
1 −5 x 6. 6
6.解: x →0
3
lim 3 x = 0 = f (0)
2 − 3
,故函数在 x = 0 处连续. ,故函数在 x = 0 处不可导.
lim
x →0
又 7. 证明:
x −0 = lim x x →0 x−0
=∞
f (∆x ) − f (0) f (−∆x ) − f (0) = lim ∆ x → 0 ∆x ∆x f (−∆x) − f (0) = − lim = − f ′(0), ∆x → 0 −∆x ′ 故 f (0) = 0. f ( x) − f (0) sin x f +′(0) = lim+ = lim+ = 1, x →0 x →0 x−0 x 8.(1)证明: f ′(0) = lim
17 15 4 x2 − 3x − 1 f ( x) − f (1) = lim =5 f +′ (1) = lim x →1+ x →1+ x −1 x −1 ⑶ 解: f ( x) − f (1) 5x − 4 −1 f −′ (1) = lim = lim =5 − − x →1 x →1 x −1 x −1 ′ 故 f (1) = 5.
习题二
ds ds = 2g = gt d t t = 2 d t 1.解: ,故 .
f ′( x0 ) = f ′( x) x = x = −
0
2.(1) 解:
1 . x 02
f ′(0) = lim
(2) 解:
f ( x) − f (0) = lim( x − 1)( x − 2) ⋅⋯ ⋅ ( x − n) x →0 x →0 x−0 n = (−1) n !